Device for delivering biological agents

[0002] This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/552,467, filed Nov. 9, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,906,599 the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] Much effort has been expended in recent years to find an effective and superior way of administering drugs to patients' bodies. Products such as the transdermal patch and once-a-day orally administered pills that more precisely deliver drugs have been developed. Such products are a boon to patients for they boost the effectiveness of the drugs and limit side effects by precisely controlling how quickly drugs are released in the body; by keeping drugs at a constant level and by delivering them exactly where needed.

[0004] One such development is the injection or implantation of drugs in the form of in microscopic particles or pellets at a disease site. The drugs are encapsulated in polymers or fatty compounds, such as liposomes which permit slow release of the encapsulated drug over time thereby potentially lowering the drugs toxicity.

[0005] In addition, there are times when it is desirable to deliver a biological agent that is in a non-conventional form to a disease site such as a drug in a loose particulate form, or a quantity of cells, cell clusters or cellular extracts in a biocompatible solution. A particulate biological agent can be in a granular, powdered, or microsphere form. The problem with biological agents in these forms is that they are difficult to properly deliver to a diseased tissue site.

[0006] The present invention provides a novel device with a distal end insertable into the tissue or a body cavity of a patient for delivering both particulate and liquid biological agents in a quick, predictable, safe and easy manner without damaging the biological agent. This is important in the delivery of cells or microspheres. The biological agent delivery device includes a cannula having a longitudinally extending wall and a distal end with a notch opening formed in the wall near the distal end. A flexible membrane disposed within the cannula notch opening has a support/delivery surface for supporting a quantity of a biological agent. Temperature controlled fluid is disposed within the wall of the cannula to laterally displace the support surface of the flexible membrane to deliver the biological agent to the desired tissue site.

[0007] In preferred embodiments, the temperature controlled fluid can be a liquid or a gas. The fluid is cooled or heated in order to cool or heat tissue surrounding the delivery site. Cooling the tissue surrounding the delivery site constricts blood vessels within the tissue and slows the rate at which the biological agent passes into the bloodstream. Heating the tissue surrounding the delivery site widens the blood vessels and increases the rate at which the biological agent passes into the bloodstream. The present invention biological agent delivery device further includes an outer tube mounted concentric with the cannula. The cannula is capable of sliding within the outer tube to retract or extend the cannula relative to the outer tube for enclosing the cannula notch within the outer tube for insertion into tissue or exposing the cannula notch beyond the outer tube to allow delivery of the biological agent after insertion into tissue. The flexible membrane is preferably a tubular member having a closed terminal end which extends within the cannula, with the support surface of the flexible membrane being located near the closed terminal end and positioned within the cannula notch. When the flexible membrane is in a non-displaced state, the support surface is indented into the flexible membrane to form a pouch. This pouch can optionally be preformed.

[0008] In still another preferred embodiment, the present invention biological agent delivery device is a flexible catheter with fiber optics being optionally provided within the cannula for delivering radiation to a desired tissue or body cavity site. A lens associated with the fiber optics enables viewing of regions external to the cannula.

[0009] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a plan view of the present invention biological agent delivery device.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the present invention biological agent delivery device with the distal end of the device inserted into tissue.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of the distal end of the biological agent delivery device with the outer tube 102 retracted to expose the cannula notch 104band the support surface 105aof the flexible membrane 105.

[0013] FIGS. 4 and 5 are side sectional views of the distal end of the biological agent delivery device of FIG. 2 depicting the delivery of a quantity of a biological agent to a tissue site.

[0014] FIGS. 6 and 7 are side sectional views of the distal end of another preferred biological agent delivery device depicting the delivery of a quantity of a biological agent to a tissue site.

[0015] FIG. 8 is a side sectional view of the distal end of yet another preferred biological agent delivery device.

[0016] FIG. 9 is a side sectional view of the distal end of still another preferred biological agent delivery device.

[0017] FIG. 10 is a side sectional view of the distal end of still another preferred biological agent delivery device.

[0018] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, biological agent delivery device 100 is an apparatus suitable for single-handed subcutaneous delivery of a biological agent 106 such as a quantity of a loose particulate drug, or a quantity of cells, cell clusters or cellular extracts in solution with a biological compatible carrier. For purposes of illustrating the invention, we have selected a delivery device similar to the device disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/271,148 filed Jul. 6, 1994 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. However, other mechanisms for inserting and retracting the various members may substitute therefore. Additionally, for illustration purposes, the biological agent 106 depicted in the drawings is a particulate drug.

[0019] Delivery device 100 has a housing 12 with a pair of finger grips 14 extending transverse the longitudinal axis of the housing. A driving member 16 is slideably engaged with a track 20 formed along the longitudinal length of housing 12. The housing 12 has an external cylindrical bore 18 formed therein which extends along the longitudinal axis of the housing 12. A tubular member or cannula 104, having an internal bore 104cis mounted within the external cylindrical bore 18 and extends along the longitudinal axis of bore 18. A piston 108 is shown disposed within internal bore 104c. Cannula 104 has a solid distal tip 104awhich is angled for penetration into tissue. A radially lateral opening in the cannula 104 near tip 104aforms a cannula notch 104b(FIG. 3). An outer tube 102 is secured to housing 12 and is mounted concentrically about cannula 104. Cannula 104 is axially slideable relative to cylindrical bore 18 and outer tube 102 for extending or retracting cannula 104 relative to outer tube 102 in order to enclose or expose cannula notch 104c. A flexible membrane 105 having a collapsible support surface 105a, a tubular portion 105band a closed distal end 105cis positioned coaxially within bore 104cof cannula 104. The distal end 105cof membrane 105 extends into cannula notch 104band abuts the distal end 103 of cannula notch 104b. Flexible membrane 105 extends across the opening of cannula notch 104band prevents bore 104cfrom communicating with regions outside cannula 104 through cannula notch 104b. Piston 108 is mounted coaxially within the tubular portion 105bof the flexible membrane 105. Piston 108 is axially slideable relative to cannula 104 and tubular portion 105band acts as a displacement member for radially, laterally displacing support surface 105a. Since the bore 104cwithin cannula 104 terminates at the distal end 103 of cannula notch 104b, piston 108 is restricted from extending past cannula notch 104b.

[0020] The support surface 105aof flexible membrane 105 is located near the distal end 105cof the membrane 105 for supporting a quantity of a biological agent 106. The support surface 105ais changeable from an undisplaced or collapsed position to a displaced position. When membrane 105 is an undisplaced position, support surface 105ais indented downwardly (or inwardly) into flexible membrane 105 to form a pouch with support surface 105acontacting the opposite side of the membrane 105. The pouch is typically formed by pushing support surface 105adownwardly (inwardly). The support surface 105aprovides the surfaces of the pouch. Alternatively, the pouch can be preformed into membrane 105 such as by molding. When membrane 105 is in a displaced position, the pouch disappears with the support surface 105abeing relatively horizontal. Membrane 105 is preferably formed from a flexible polymeric material which can either be stretchable or non-stretchable and can be transparent. Alternatively, membrane 105 can also be formed from other suitable flexible materials such as fabrics. Although tubular portion 105bis typically flexible, alternatively, tubular portion 105bcan be rigid with only the support surface 105abeing flexible.

[0021] The piston 108 and cannula 104 are secured at their respective proximal ends by a piston grip 48, and a cannula grip 50. The proximal end of tubular portion 105bof membrane 105 of has a flange 105dwhich secures tubular portion 105bto cannula 104 at the proximal end of cannula grip 50. Additionally, if needed, tubular portion 105bcan be bonded within bore 104cwith an adhesive. The piston grip 48 and cannula grip 50 are disc-shaped with a diameter which approximates the diameter of the cylindrical bore. The piston grip 48 and the cannula grip 50 are slideably engaged within the housing bore 18. The piston grip 48 and cannula grip 50 have respective channels formed therein through which drive pins 32 and 34 respectively extend for engagement with the proximal ends of the piston 108 and cannula 104 respectively.

[0022] Piston drive pin 32 and cannula drive pin 34 both extend through a single elongate slot 128 in housing 12. Housing slot 128 has a notch 128alocated at its distal end for engaging cannula drive pin 34 when cannula drive pin 34 is in the advanced position. Piston drive pin 32 extends through driving member 16 through a hole 32a. Cannula drive pin 34 extends through driving member 16 through an elongate driving member slot 126. Driving member slot 126 has a notch 126alocated at its distal end for engaging cannula drive pin 34.

[0023] The piston 108, cannula 104 and outer tube 102 are preferably formed of rigid sterilizable material such as stainless steel. Other components of the device, including the housing, driving member, piston and cannula grips, etc. are preferably made from low cost plastic material. The use of molded plastic components for the manufacture of the instrument is preferred to lower the cost so that the device can be disposed of after use.

[0024] In operation, in order to subcutaneously deliver a quantity of a biological agent 106 to a desired tissue site, the surface 112aof tissue 112 is first cut with a scalpel. The tip 104aof cannula 104 is then inserted into the incision within tissue 112 while driving member 16 is in a retracted position and the distal end 101 of delivery device 100 is advanced into tissue 112 until reaching a desired location. When driving member 16 is in a retracted position, cannula notch 104bis enclosed by outer tube 102 with the tip of piston 108 being at the proximal end of cannula notch 104b. Outer tube 102 protects the biological agent 106 and prevents it from spilling out of cannula notch 104bprematurely. Alternatively, tip 104aof cannula 104 can be inserted into tissue 112 by puncturing the surface 112aof tissue 112 with tip 104a.

[0025] Driving member 16 is then moved distally along track 20 toward the distal end 101 of delivery device 100. Cannula drive pin 34 is engaged within notch 126aof driving member slot 126 and piston drive pin 32 is engaged by hole 32a. As the driving member 16 is advanced, cannula 104 is extended from outer tube 102 such that cannula notch 104band the biological agent 106 are exposed beyond the tip 102aof outer tube 102 as seen in FIG. 4. At the same time, driving member 16 advances piston 108 by engaging piston drive pin 32 with hole 32asuch that the cannula 104 and the piston 108 advance together in unison. Cannula 104 is extended until cannula drive pin 34 reaches the distal end of housing slot 128 where cannula drive pin 34 engages housing slot notch 128a.

[0026] As driving member 16 is further advanced, cannula drive pin 34 disengages from notch 126ain driving member slot 126 and piston drive pin 32 is advanced further, thereby advancing piston 108 forward relative to cannula 104. As piston 108 is extended into cannula notch 104b, piston 108 laterally displaces the support surface 105aof membrane 105 thereby laterally displacing the biological agent 106 from cannula notch 104binto the surrounding tissue 112 as seen in FIG. 5. Piston 108 is extended into cannula notch 104buntil the proximal end of driving member slot 126 reaches cannula drive pin 34, thereby preventing further advancement of driving member 16. Further advancement of piston 108 is also prevented by the distal end 103 of cannula notch 104b.

[0027] Once the biological agent 106 is deposited into tissue 112, the distal end 101 of delivery device 100 can be removed from tissue 112. To remove distal end 101 from the tissue 112, the cannula 104 and the piston 108 are first retracted relative to outer tube 102 by retracting driving member 16. This leaves behind the biological agent 106 within tissue 112. Distal end 101 of delivery device 100 is then pulled from tissue 112 leaving behind a small puncture wound.

[0028] FIGS. 6 and 7 depict the distal end of biological agent delivery device 130 which is another preferred embodiment of the present invention differing from delivery device 100 in that piston 108 and the components associated with advancing and retracting piston 108 are omitted. Instead, in order to deliver a biological agent 106, a fluid 107asuch as a gas or a liquid is introduced into cavity 107 within membrane 105 to serve as a displacement member in order to laterally displace the support surface 105a. If desired, the fluid can outwardly displace support surface 105apast the outer surface of cannula 104 thereby forming an outward bulge in membrane 105. The fluid is preferably air if a gas is employed or saline solution if a liquid is employed and is preferably introduced into cavity 107 by a piston/plunger type mechanism or a closed loop pump mechanism within or attached to delivery device 130. Such a mechanism can be a syringe-type device or a calibrated ampoule-type device. Alternatively, the fluid can be introduced from a reservoir by a pump or from a pressurized tank and can be any other suitable gas or liquid.

[0029] Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, flexible membrane 117 differs from flexible membrane 105 in that it does not include a tubular portion 105bbut consists of a flexible membrane extending across and sealed over the lateral opening of cannula notch 104b. As a result, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the piston 108 contacts and slides within bore 104cof cannula 104. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 9, the support surface 105aof membrane 117 is laterally displaced by a fluid such as gas or liquid introduced into bore 104cof cannula 104.

[0030] Referring to FIG. 10, biological agent delivery device 132 is a flexible catheter for insertion into body cavities of a patient. In order to provide flexibility of the catheter, the cannula 104 and outer tube 102 are made of flexible material. As in delivery device 130, the support surface 105aof flexible membrane 105 is displaced by fluid introduced into cavity 107. Cannula 104 has a blunt tip 115 to facilitate the passage of delivery device 132 through body cavities. Although delivery device 132 is shown to include flexible membrane 105, alternatively, flexible membrane 117 may be employed instead.

[0031] An optional fiber optic bundle 109 including optical fibers 109a, 109band 109cis positioned within bore 104cof cannula 104 alongside tubular portion 105bof membrane 105. Optical fiber 109cis directed laterally with respect to cannula 104 to provide light to a desired drug delivery site for optimized drug absorption. Illumination is also useful when delivering cells, subcellular extracts, plasmids or gene products for genetic therapy because it facilitates gene transfer. In addition, other forms of electromagnetic radiation can be delivered by optical fiber 109c, for example, ultra-violet light for altering cell membranes or for sterilization, or to increase cell membrane permeability with blue light. Furthermore, optics for viewing the delivery site are provided by laterally positioning optical fiber 109band lens 111. Finally, optics for forward viewing are provided by optical fiber 109aand lens 113.

[0032] The fluids (liquids or gases) employed for displacing the support surface 105ain the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 6, 7, 9 and 10 can be temperature controlled over a range of different temperatures for therapeutic purposes. The temperature of the fluid is controlled by a cooling/heating system which is coupled to the fluid delivery system. For example, a cold fluid can be used for cooling the tissue surrounding the delivery site for constricting the capillaries in that tissue so that the delivered biological agent passes into the bloodstream more slowly. Alternatively, a heated fluid can be used for heating the tissue surrounding the delivery site for widening the capillaries so that the delivered biological agent passes into the bloodstream more rapidly. In this manner, the delivery rate of the biological agent can be controlled. In addition, extreme cold or hot fluids can be used to freeze or coagulate tissue, if desired.

[0033] Although the present invention biological agent delivery device has been described for primarily delivering particulate or liquid biological agents, biological agents in pellet form can also be delivered. The term “biological agent” is meant to encompass any substance that can be introduced into tissue or a body cavity for treating a patient such as drugs, microspheres, cells, cell clusters, cells transfected with foreign DNA, cellular components, cellular extracts or gene products. The term “drug” as used herein is intended to have a broad construction so as to include any type of medication capable of being administered in the manner described herein. When biological agents in a liquid form are delivered, a sealing arrangement can be provided around cannula notch 104bto reduce the possibility that liquid will not leak prematurely from cannula notch 104bwhen outer tube 102 encloses cannula notch 104b.

[0034] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, other mechanisms can be employed for advancing and retracting cannula 104 and piston 108. Such mechanisms can include motor or hand-operated gears and power screws, or fluid operated cylinders. In addition, the present invention delivery device can be employed for implanting non-therapeutic, solid or rigid objects into tissue or body cavities such as tracking devices, radio transmitters or pumps.