Systems for selectively separating CO2 from a multi-component gaseous stream

[0002] This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/330,251 filed on Jun. 10, 1999 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,595; which application is a continuation in part application of application Ser. No. 09/067,937 filed on Apr. 28, 1998 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,186; which application is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 08/923,172 filed on Sep. 4, 1997 and now abandoned; which application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/643,151 filed on Apr. 30, 1996 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,311; the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The field of this invention is selective absorption of CO₂gas.

[0005] 2. Introduction

[0006] In many applications where mixtures of two or more gaseous components are present it is often desirable to selectively remove one or more of the component gases from the gaseous stream. Of increasing interest in a variety of industrial applications, including power generation, chemical synthesis, natural gas upgrading, and conversion of methane hydrates to hydrogen and CO₂, is the selective removal of CO₂from multicomponent gaseous streams.

[0007] An example of where selective CO₂removal from a multicomponent gaseous stream is desirable is the processing of synthesis gas or syngas. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and CO₂that is readily produced from fossil fuels and finds use both as a fuel and as a chemical feedstock. In many applications involving syngas, the carbon monoxide is converted to hydrogen and additional CO₂via the water-gas shift process. It is then often desirable to separate the CO₂from the hydrogen to obtain a pure H₂stream for subsequent use, e.g. as a fuel or feedstock.

[0008] As man made CO₂is increasingly viewed as a pollutant, another area in which it is desirable to separate CO₂from a multicomponent gaseous stream is in the area of pollution control. Emissions from industrial facilities, such as manufacturing and power generation facilities, often comprise CO₂. In such instances, it is often desirable to at least reduce the CO₂concentration of the emissions. The CO₂may be removed prior to combustion in some cases and post combustion in others.

[0009] A variety of processes have been developed for removing or isolating a particular gaseous component from a multicomponent gaseous stream. These processes include cryogenic fractionation, selective adsorption by solid adsorbents, gas absorption, and the like. In gas absorption processes, solute gases are separated from gaseous mixtures by transport into a liquid solvent. In such processes, the liquid solvent ideally offers specific or selective solubility for the solute gas or gases to be separated.

[0010] Gas absorption finds widespread use in the separation of CO₂from multicomponent gaseous streams. In CO₂gas absorption processes that currently find use, the following steps are employed: (1) absorption of CO₂from the gaseous stream by a host solvent, e.g monoethanolamine; (2) removal of CO₂from the host solvent, e.g. by steam stripping; and (3) compression of the stripped CO₂for disposal, e.g. by sequestration through deposition in the deep ocean or ground aquifers.

[0011] Although these processes have proved successful for the selective removal of CO₂from a multicomponent gaseous stream, they are energy intensive. For example, using the above processes employing monoethanolamine as the selective absorbent solvent to remove CO₂from effluent flue gas generated by a power plant often requires 25 to 30% of the available energy generated by the plant. In most situations, this energy requirement, as well as the additional cost for removing the CO₂from the flue gas, is prohibitive.

[0012] Accordingly, there is continued interest in the development of less energy intensive processes for the selective removal of CO₂from multicomponent gaseous streams. Ideally, alternative CO₂removal processes should be simple, require inexpensive materials and low energy inputs, and be low in cost for separation and sequestration of the CO₂. For applications in which it is desired to effectively sequester the separated CO₂, of particular interest would be the development of alternative CO₂absorbents or adsorbents from which the absorbed or adsorbed CO₂could be effectively and efficiently stripped at high pressure prior to further compression and sequestration. Of particular interest would be the development of a system which minimizes parasitic energy losses for all process steps necessary to produce a high pressure CO₂gas stream for disposal (sequestration and utilization).

[0013] Relevant Literature

[0014] Patents disclosing methods of selectively removing one or more components from a multicomponent gaseous stream include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,150,942; 3,838,553; 3,359,744; 3,479,298; 4,253,607; 4,861,351; 5,387,553; 5,434,330; 5,562,891 and 5,600,044.

[0015] Reports summarizing currently available processes for reducing the CO₂content of multicomponent gaseous streams, such as coal fired power plant emissions, include: Smelser, S.C. et al., “Engineering and Economic Evaluation of CO₂Removal From Fossil-Fuel-Fired Powerplants, Vol. 1: Pulverized -Coal-Fired Powerplants,” EPRI IE-7365Vol. 1 and Vol. 2; Coal Gasification-Combined Cycle Power Plants, EPRI IE-7365, Vol. 2.

[0016] Other publications discussing CO₂clathrate formation include Japanese unexamined patent application 3-164419, Nishikawa et al., “CO₂Clathrate Formation and its Properties in the Simulated Deep Ocean,” Energy Convers. Mgmt. (1992) 33:651-657; Saji et al., “Fixation of Carbon Dioxide by Clathrate-Hyrdrate,” Energy Convers. Mgmt. (1992) 33: 643-649; Austvik & Løken, “Deposition of CO₂on the Seabed in the Form of Clathrates,” Energy Convers. Mgmt. (1992) 33: 659-666; Golumb et al., “The Fate of CO₂Sequestered in the Deep Ocean,” Energy Convers. Mgmt. (1992) 33: 675-683; Spencer, “A Preliminary Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Options,” Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. (1991) 16: 259-273; Spener & North, “Ocean Systems for Managing the Global Carbon Cycle,” Energy Convers. Mgmt. (1997) 38 Suppl.: 265-272; and Spencer & White, “Sequestration Processes for Treating Multicomponent Gas Streams,” Proceedings of 23^rdCoal and Fuel Systems Conference, Clearwater, Florida (March 1998).

[0017] Methods are provided for the selective removal of CO₂from a multicomponent gaseous stream. In the subject methods, a multicomponent gaseous stream comprising CO₂is contacted with CO₂nucleated water in which hydrate precursors are contained under conditions of selective CO₂clathrate formation, conveniently in a reactor. The CO₂nucleated water (hydrate precursor water) employed in the subject invention comprises dissolved CO₂in the form of CO₂hydrate or clathrate precursors, where the precursors are in metastable form. The CO₂nucleated water (hydrate precursor water) may either be formed in situ in the reactor or in a separate reactor, where the water may be fresh or salt water. Once the CO₂nucleated water is formed, it serves as a selective CO₂liquid absorbent or adsorbent. Upon contact of the gaseous stream with the CO₂nucleated water, CO₂is selectively absorbed or adsorbed from the gaseous stream by the CO₂nucleated water and concomitantly fixed as CO₂clathrates to produce a CO₂depleted multicomponent gaseous stream and a slurry of CO₂clathrates. The resultant CO₂depleted multicomponent gaseous stream is then separated from the CO₂clathrate slurry, either in the reactor itself or in a downstream separator. In a preferred embodiment, the resultant slurry is then treated in a manner sufficient to decompose the CO₂hydrates to produce a moderate to high pressure CO₂gas and CO₂nucleated water. The process is suitable for use with a wide variety of multicomponent gaseous streams.

[0018] FIG. 1 provides a flow diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subject invention.

[0019] FIG. 2 provides a flow diagram of a second preferred embodiment of the subject invention.

[0020] Methods for selectively removing CO₂from a multicomponent gaseous stream are provided. In the. subject methods, a multicomponent gaseous stream is contacted with CO₂nucleated water under conditions of selective CO₂clathrate formation, conveniently in a reactor. The CO₂nucleated water may be prepared in situ in the reactor, or in a separate reactor, where the water may be either fresh or salt water. Upon contact of the gaseous stream with the CO₂nucleated water, CO₂is selectively absorbed from the gaseous stream by the CO₂nucleated water and concomitantly fixed in the form of the CO₂clathrates. Contact results in the production of a CO₂depleted gaseous stream and a slurry of CO₂clathrates, which are then separated. In a preferred embodiment, the CO₂clathrate or hydrate slurry is treated to decompose the CO₂hydrates to produce a moderate to high pressure CO₂gas and CO₂nucleated water. The subject invention finds use in the treatment of a variety of multicomponent gaseous streams.

[0021] Before the subject invention is described further, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments of the invention described below, as variations of the particular embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the appended claims. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. Instead, the scope of the present invention will be established by the appended claims.

[0022] In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”, “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0023] Critical to the subject invention is the use of CO₂nucleated water containing CO₂hydrate precursors as a liquid that selectively absorbs or adsorbs the gaseous CO₂from the multicomponent gas phase stream. The CO₂nucleated water employed in the subject invention comprises dissolved CO₂in the form of CO₂hydrate or clathrate precursors, where the precursors are in metastable form. The mole fraction of CO₂in the CO₂nucleated water ranges from about 0.01 to 0.10, usually from about 0.02 to 0.08, more usually from about 0.04 to 0.06. The temperature of the CO₂nucleated water will typically range from about −1.5 to 10° C., preferably from about −1.5 to 5° C., and more preferably from about −1.5 to 0.5° C.

[0024] CO₂nucleated water employed in the subject methods as the selective liquid absorbent or adsorbent may be prepared using any convenient means. One convenient means of obtaining CO₂nucleated water is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/291,593, filed Aug. 16, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,891, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. In this method CO₂is first dissolved in water using any convenient means, e.g. bubbling a stream of CO₂gas through the water, injection of CO₂into the water under conditions of sufficient mixing or agitation to provide for homogeneous dispersion of the CO₂throughout the water, and the like, where the CO₂source that is combined with the water in this first stage may be either in liquid or gaseous phase. Where gaseous CO₂is combined with water to make the CO₂nucleated water, the gaseous CO₂will typically be pressurized, usually to partial pressures ranging between6 to 50 atm, more usually between about 20 to 40 atm. The CO₂may be derived from any convenient source. In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the CO₂is gaseous CO₂obtained from a CO₂hydrate slurry decomposition step, as described in greater detail below. The water in which the CO₂is dissolved may be fresh water or salt water, e.g. sea water. An example of a process which employs freshwater based CO₂nucleated water is provided in FIG. 1 while an example of a process which employs sea water based CO₂nucleated water is provided in FIG. 2. The temperature of the water will generally range from about −1.5 to 10° C. , usually from about −1.5 to 5° C., more usually from about 0 to 1° C.

[0025] The water that is used to produce the nucleated water may be obtained from any convenient source, where convenient sources include the deep ocean, deep fresh water aquifers, powerplant cooling ponds, and the like, and cooled to the required reactor conditions. In certain embodiments, the nucleated water may be recycled from a downstream source, such a clathrate slurry heat exchanger/decomposition source (as described in greater detail below) where such recycled nucleated water may be supplemented as necessary with additional water, which water may or may not be newly synthesized nucleated water as described above.

[0026] The amount of CO₂which is dissolved in the water will be determined in view of the desired CO₂mole fraction of the CO₂nucleated water to be contacted with the gaseous stream. One means of obtaining CO₂nucleated water having relatively high mole fractions of CO₂is to produce a slurry of CO₂clathrates and then decompose the clathrates by lowering the pressure and/or raising the temperature of the slurry to release CO₂and regenerate a partially nucleated water stream. Generally, nucleated water having higher mole fractions of CO₂are desired because it more readily accepts CO₂absorption or adsorption and excludes formation of other hydrate compounds. By high mole fraction of CO₂is meant a mole fraction of about 0.06 to 0.10, usually from about 0.07 to 0.09.

[0027] The production of CO₂nucleated water may conveniently be carried out in a nucleation reactor. The reactor may be packed with a variety of materials, where particular materials of interest are those which promote the formation of CO₂nucleated water with hydrate precursors and include: stainless steel rings, carbon steel rings, and the like, to promote gas-liquid contact. To ensure that the optimal temperature is maintained in the nucleation reactor, active coolant means may be employed. Any convenient coolant means may be used, where the coolant means will typically comprise a coolant medium housed in a container which contacts the reactor, preferably with a large surface area of contact, such as coils around and/or within the reactor or at least a portion thereof, such as the lower portion of the reactor. Coolant materials or media of interest include ammonia, HCFCs, and the like, where a particular coolant material of interest is ammonia, where the ammonia is maintained at a temperature of from about 0 to 10° C. The surface of the cooling coils, or a portion thereof, may be coated with a catalyst material, such as an oxide of aluminum, iron, chromium, titanium, and the like, to accelerate CO₂hydrate precursor formation. Additionally, hydrate crystal seeding or a small (1-3 atm) pressure swing may be utilized to enhance hydrate precursor formation.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, the CO₂nucleated water is prepared by contacting water (e.g. fresh or salt water) with high pressure, substantially pure CO₂gas provided from an external high pressure CO₂gas source. In this embodiment, the water is contacted with substantially pure CO₂gas which is at a pressure that is about equal to or slightly above the total multicomponent gaseous stream pressure. As such, the pressure of the substantially pure CO₂gas typically ranges in many embodiments from about 5 to 7 atm above the multicomponent gaseous stream pressure, and may be 10 to 50, usually 10 to 40 and more usually 15 to 30 atm above the CO₂partial pressure of the multicomponent gaseous stream (CO₂overpressure stimulation of hydrate precursor and hydrate formation). By substantially pure is meant that the CO₂gas is at least 95% pure, usually at least 99% pure and more usually at least 99.9% pure. Advantages realized in this preferred embodiment include the production of CO₂saturated water that comprises high amounts of dissolved CO₂, e.g. amounts (mole fractions) ranging from about 0.02 to 0.10, usually from about 0.04 to 0.08. Additional advantages include the use of relatively smaller nucleation reactors (as compared to nucleation reactors employed in other embodiments of the subject invention) and the production of more CO₂selective nucleated water. In those embodiments where small nucleation reactors are employed, it may be desirable to batch produce the CO₂saturated water, e.g. by producing the total requisite amount of CO₂saturated water in portions and storing the saturated water in a high pressure reservoir. The CO₂saturated water is readily converted to nucleated water, i.e. water laden with CO₂hydrate precursors, using any convenient means, e.g. by temperature cycling, contact with catalysts, pressure cycling, etc.

[0029] The first step of the subject method is to contact the multicomponent gaseous stream with CO₂nucleated water under conditions of CO₂clathrate formation, preferably under conditions of selective CO₂clathrate formation. The CO₂nucleated water may be contacted with the gaseous stream using any convenient means. Preferred means of contacting the CO₂nucleated water with the gaseous stream are those means that provide for efficient absorption or adsorption of the CO₂from the gas through solvation of the gaseous CO₂in the liquid phase CO₂nucleated water. Means that may be employed include concurrent contacting means, i.e. contact between unidirectionally flowing gaseous and liquid phase streams, countercurrent means, i.e. contact between oppositely flowing gaseous and liquid phase streams, and the like. Thus, contact may be accomplished through use of spray, tray, or packed column reactors, and the like, as may be convenient.

[0030] Generally, contact between the multicomponent gaseous stream and the nucleated water is carried out in a hydrate or clathrate formation reactor. The reactor may be fabricated from a variety of materials, where particular materials of interest are those which promote the formation of CO₂clathrates or hydrates and include: stainless steel, carbon steel, and the like. The reactor surface, or a portion thereof, may be coated with a catalyst material, such as an oxide of aluminum, iron, chromium, titanium, and the like, to accelerate CO, hydrate formation. To ensure that the optimal temperature is maintained in the hydrate formation reactor, active coolant means may be employed. Any convenient coolant means may be used, where the coolant means will typically comprise a coolant medium housed in a container which contacts the reactor, preferably with a large surface area of contact, such as coils around or within the reactor or at least a portion thereof, such as the exit plenum of the reactor. Coolant materials or media of interest include ammonia, HCFCs and the like, where a particular coolant material of interest is ammonia, where the ammonia is maintained at a temperature of from about 0 to 10° C. Where the reactor comprises gas injectors as the means for achieving contact to produce clathrates, the reactor may comprise 1 or a plurality of such injectors. In such reactors, the number of injectors will range from 1 to about 20 or more, where multiple injectors provide for greater throughput and thus greater clathrate production. Specific examples of various reactors that may be employed for clathrate production are provided in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/067,937, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0031] The clathrate formation conditions under which the gaseous and liquid phase streams are contacted, particularly the temperature and pressure, may vary but will preferably be selected so as to provide for the selective formation of CO₂clathrates, to the exclusion of clathrate formation of other components of the multi-component gaseous stream, unless such gases can be efficiently removed with the CO₂, e.g. H₂S. Generally, the temperature at which the gaseous and liquid phases are contacted will range from about −1.5 to 10° C., usually from about −1.5 to 5° C., more usually from about 0 to 1° C. The CO₂partial pressure or the total pressure in the reactor will generally be at least about 3-5 atm to 6 atm, usually at least about 8 atm, and more usually at least about 10 atm, but will generally not exceed 60 atm, and more usually will not exceed 30 atm, where higher pressures are required when higher temperatures are employed, and vice versa, or where high pressure gases are conveniently available from the upstream process or processes.

[0032] Upon contact of the gaseous stream with the CO₂nucleated water, CO₂is selectively absorbed or adsorbed from the gaseous stream into the CO₂nucleated water liquid phase. The absorbed or adsorbed CO₂is concomitantly fixed as solid CO₂clathrates in the liquid phase. Contact between the gaseous and liquid phases results in the production of a CO₂depleted multicomponent gaseous stream and a slurry of CO₂clathrates. In the CO₂depleted multicomponent gaseous stream, the CO₂concentration is reduced by at least about 50%, usually by at least about 70%, and more usually by at least about 90%, as compared to the untreated multicomponent gaseous stream. In other words, contact of the multicomponent gaseous stream with the CO₂nucleated water results in at least a decrease in the concentration of the CO₂of the gaseous phase, where the decrease will be at least about 50%, usually at least about 70%, more usually at least about 90%. In some instances the concentration of CO₂in the gaseous phase may be reduced to the level where it does not exceed 1% (v/v), such that the treated gaseous stream is effectively free of CO₂solute gas.

[0033] As discussed above, the CO₂absorbed or adsorbed by the CO₂nucleated water is concomitantly fixed in the form of stable CO₂clathrates. Fixation of the CO₂in the form of stable CO₂clathrates results in the conversion of the CO₂nucleated water to a slurry of CO₂clathrates. The slurry of CO₂clathrates produced upon contact of the gaseous stream with the CO₂nucleated water comprises CO₂stably fixed in the form of CO₂clathrates and water. Typical mole fractions of CO₂in stable clathrates are 0.12 to 0.15, as compared to 0.02 to 0.04 in the CO₂nucleated water.

[0034] As described above, the CO₂nucleated water that serves as the selective liquid absorbent or adsorbent for the CO₂solute gas of the multicomponent gaseous stream is produced by dissolving CO₂in water. As such, in some embodiments of the subject invention, CO₂free water may be contacted with the multicomponent gaseous stream under appropriate conditions to first produce the CO₂nucleated water, where contact will be subsequently maintained to produce the CO₂clathrate slurry. In other words, the separate steps of CO₂nucleated water production and the contact between the gaseous stream and the CO₂nucleated water are combined into one continuous process.

[0035] In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, the CO₂containing gas and the nucleated water are injected into the reactor in directions normal to each other, e.g. the CO₂containing gas is injected into the hydrate reactor along the centerline of the reactor while the nucleated water is injected into the reactor from the sides of the reactor such that the multicomponent gaseous stream is injected into the reactor in a direction substantially normal to the CO₂nucleated water. In certain preferred embodiments, the water flows into an annulus surrounding the multicomponent gaseous stream containing the CO₂and the two streams mix in the hydrate reaction zone. Thus, this nucleated water educts the CO₂containing gaseous stream into the hydrate reactor. This embodiment of the subject invention provides a number of advantages over other embodiments of the invention, as described above. These benefits include one or more of use of injection nozzels with smaller diameters; formation of CO₂hydrates at lower equivalent pressures, e.g. down to 3 to 6 atm; reduction in the number of CO₂hydrate reactors needed for a given volume of gas to be treated; enhancement of the mixing of the multicomponent gaseous stream with the nucleated water; and enhancement in the selectivity Of CO₂absorption or adsorption from the multicomponent gaseous stream.

[0036] In certain embodiments, an analogous step is employed in the nucleation reactor to produce the CO₂nucleated water. In these embodiments, the CO₂containing gaseous stream and the water are injected into the reactor in directions normal to each other, e.g. the CO₂containing gaseous stream is injected along the centerline of the nucleation reactor and the water is injected into the nucleation reactor in a direction substantially normal to the centerline of the reactor. In certain preferred embodiments, the water flows into an annulus surrounding the gaseous stream containing the CO₂and the two streams mix in the reaction zone.

[0037] The second step of the subject method is the separation of the treated gaseous phase from the CO₂clathrate slurry. As convenient, the gaseous phase may be separated from the slurry in the reactor or in a downstream gas-liquid separator. Any convenient gas-liquid phase separation means may be employed, where a number of such means are known in the art. In many preferred embodiments, the gas-liquid separator that is employed is a horizontal separator with one or more, usually a plurality of, gas off takes on the top of the separator. The subject invention provides for extremely high recovery rates of the multicomponent gaseous stream. In other words, the amount of non-CO₂gases removed from the multicomponent gaseous stream following selective CO₂extraction according to the subject invention are extremely low. For example, where the multicomponent gaseous stream is a shifted synthesis gas stream, the amount of combustible gases (i.e. H₂, CH₄and CO) recovered is above 99%, usually above 99.2% and more usually above 99.5%, where the amount recovered ranges in many embodiments from about 99.6 to 99.8%.

[0038] Where it is desired to sequester the CO₂clathrates produced by the subject method, the resultant CO₂clathrate slurry may be disposed of directly as is known in the art, e.g. through placement in gas wells, the deep ocean or freshwater aquifers, (See FIG. 2) and the like, or subsequently processed to separate the clathrates from the remaining nucleated water, where the isolated clathrates may then be disposed of according to methods known in the art and the remaining nucleated water recycled for further use as a selective CO₂absorbent in the subject methods, and the like.

[0039] Where desired, CO₂can easily be regenerated from the clathrates, e.g. where CO₂is to be a product, using known methods. The resultant CO₂gas may be disposed of by transport to the deep ocean or ground aquifers, or used in a variety of processes, e.g. enhanced oil recovery, coal bed methane recovery, or further processed to form metal carbonates, e.g. MgCO₃, for fixation and sequestration.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the CO₂hydrate slurry is treated in a manner sufficient to decompose the hydrate slurry into CO₂gas and CO₂nucleated water, i.e. it is subjected to a decomposition step. Typically, the CO₂hydrate slurry is thermally treated, e.g. flashed, where by thermally treated is meant that temperature of the CO₂hydrate slurry is raised in sufficient magnitude to decompose the hydrates and produce CO₂gas. Typically, the temperature of the CO₂hydrate slurry is raised to a temperature of between about 40 to 50° F., at a pressure ranging from about 20 to 50 atm, usually from about 40 to 60 atm. One convenient means of thermally treating the CO₂hydrate slurry is in a counterflow heat exchanger, where the heat exchanger comprises a heating medium in a containment means that provides for optimal surface area contact with the clathrate slurry. Any convenient heating medium may be employed, where specific heating media of interest include: ammonia, HCFC's and the like, with ammonia vapor at a temperature ranging from 20 to 40° C. being of particular interest. Preferably, the ammonia vapor is that vapor produced in cooling the nucleation and/or hydrate formation reactors, as described in greater detail in terms of the figures.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment, the decomposition of the CO₂hydrates is initiated using steam. In certain embodiments, moderate to high pressure steam is injected directly into the CO₂clathrate slurry. By moderate pressure steam is meant steam at a pressure ranging from about 3 to 20 atm, usually from about 6 to 10 atm. Where moderate pressure steam is employed, the temperature ranges from about 135 to 210° C., usually from about 160 to 182° C. By high pressure steam is meant steam at a pressure ranging from about 20 to 100 atm, usually from about 40 to 60 atm. Where high pressure steam is employed, the temperature of the steam ranges from about 215 to 400° C., usually from about 260 to 310° C. In an alternative embodiment, low to moderate pressure steam is employed in the heat exchanger without direct contact between the steam and the hydrate slurry. By low to moderate pressure steam is meant steam at a pressure ranging from about 2 to 20 atm, usually from about 3 to 6 atm. Where low pressure steam is employed, the temperature of steam ranges from about 120 to 215° C., usually from about 135 to 160° C. A number of advantages are provided by these embodiments in which steam is employed. These advantages include: increased ammonia cooling efficiency, decreased use of parasitic power, the opportunity to reduce or even eliminate water makeup requirements in those embodiments where steam is injected directly into the hydrate slurry, and the like.

[0042] Many embodiments of the subject invention provide for extremely efficient regeneration of moderate to high pressure CO₂gas from the CO₂slurry in the flash reactor. Thus, the subject methods can be used to regenerate a CO₂gaseous product that is at a pressure only slightly less than the total system pressure. As such, the CO₂gaseous product that is produced from the flash reactor may range in pressure from about 7 to 60 atm, usually from about 10 to 40 atm in those systems where the overall pressure ranges from about 10 to 65 atm, usually from about 15 to 45 atm. Furthermore, a substantial amount of the energy required to generate the moderate to high pressure CO₂product gas may be derived solely from the coolant medium (e.g. ammonia) that is employed elsewhere in the system, e.g. in cooling of the nucleation and/or hydrate formation reactors, etc., where by substantial amount is meant at least about 60%, usually at least about 70% and more usually at least about 80%, where in some cases as much as 85%, 90% or more of the energy required to produce the CO₂product gas in the flash step may be derived from the coolant medium. Thus, the subject invention efficiently provides for a very small pressure differential between the total system pressure and the pressure of the regenerated CO₂gaseous product and utilizes heat generated in forming the hydrates and other heat sources for regenerating the CO₂gaseous stream. This feature provides for an extremely energy efficient process in that the ammonia or other coolant medium is condensed at 10 to 15° C. as opposed to 25 to 40° C. which is required in other processes.

[0043] In certain preferred embodiments, a hydrate slurry high pressure pump is employed to pressurize the hydrate slurry to high pressures before it is subjected to the above hydrate decomposition procedure. In these embodiments, the hydrate slurry is pressurized to pressures ranging from about 75 to 170 atm, usually from about 80 to 100 atm. Any convenient high pressure slurry pump may be employed which is capable of pressurizing the slurry to the requisite pressure. Benefits which are provided by this embodiment include the ability to decompose the CO₂hydrate slurry into CO₂above its critical pressure and water. In these embodiments, the CO₂liquid/gas is above its critical pressure and does not require further compression for disposal or utilization. A supercritical CO₂/water separator is also employed, e.g. a horizontal separator.

[0044] Following separation of the CO₂from the clathrate slurry, the resultant water may be recycled as CO₂partially nucleated water to separate CO₂from additional quantities of the multicomponent gaseous stream. Where the water is recycled for further use as nucleated water, it may be necessary to add additional quantities of water, e.g. make up water. The amount of water that is added typically does not exceed about 0.1%, and usually does not exceed about 0.05%. In addition, CO₂may be added. Where CO₂is added, the amount of CO₂that is added typically does not exceed about 6.0%, and usually does not exceed about 5.0%. In preferred embodiments, the CO₂that is added is high pressure, substantially pure CO₂, as described above.

[0045] In the particular embodiment where the partially nucleated water is recycled, this water may contain a homogenous dispersed or dissolved catalyst, such as a metal oxide, to promote hydrate precursor formation. Since nearly all of the hydrate water is recycled, there is minimal loss of the homogenous dispersed or dissolved catalyst, again making the process very efficient.

[0046] A variety of multicomponent gaseous streams are amenable to treatment according to the subject methods. Multicomponent gaseous streams that may be treated according to the subject invention will comprise at least two different gaseous components and may comprise five or more different gaseous components, where at least one of the gaseous components will be CO₂, where the other component or components may be one or more of N₂, O₂, H₂O, CH₄, H₂, CO and the like, as well as one or more trace gases, e.g. H₂S. The total pressure of the gas will generally be at least about 20 atm, usually at least about 40 atm and more usually at least about 70 atm. The mole fraction of CO₂in the multicomponent gaseous streams amenable to treatment according to the subject invention will typically range from about 0.25 to 0.65, usually from about 0.30 to 0.60, more usually from about 0.40 to 0.50. Generally, the partial pressure of CO₂in the multicomponent gaseous stream will be at least about 5 to 6 atm, where in many embodiments the partial pressure of the CO₂will be least about 10 atm and as great as 50 atm. As mentioned above, by controlling the clathrate formation conditions of contact appropriately, contact between the CO₂nucleated water and the gas can be controlled to provide for the selective formation of CO₂clathrates, e.g. through use of highly nucleated water containing hydrate precursors, and perhaps dissolved or dispersed catalysts, which further aids the selective absorption or adsorption of the CO₂gas. The particular conditions which provide for the best selectivity with a particular gas can readily be determined empirically by those of skill in the art. Particular multicomponent gaseous streams of interest that may be treated according to the subject invention include: oxygen containing combustion power plant flue gas, turbo charged boiler product gas, coal gasification product gas, shifted coal gasification product gas, anaerobic digester product gas, wellhead natural gas stream, reformed natural gas hydrates, and the like. Where the gaseous stream is at atmospheric pressure, it will generally be compressed to at least a minimal pressure required for CO₂hydrate formation, e.g. about 6 atm.

[0047] Generally, the partial pressure of each of the components of the multicomponent gaseous medium will be such that CO₂is selectively absorbed or adsorbed by the nucleated water and other components are not. As such, the partial pressure of CO₂in the multicomponent gaseous stream will be sufficiently high and the partial pressure of each of the other components of the multicomponent gaseous stream will be sufficiently low to provide for the desired selective CO₂absorption or adsorption.

[0048] Multicomponent gaseous mediums in which the partial pressures of each of the components are suitable for selective CO₂hydrate formation according to the subject invention may be treated directly without any pretreatment or processing. For those multicomponent gaseous mediums that are not readily suitable for treatment by the subject invention, e.g. in which the partial pressure of CO₂is too low and/or the partial pressure of the other components are too high, may be subjected to a pretreatment or preprocessing step in order to modulate the characteristics of the gaseous medium so that is suitable for treatment by the subject method. Illustrative pretreatment or preprocessing steps include: temperature modulation, e.g. heating or cooling, decompression, compression, incorporation of additional components, e.g. CO₂, and the like.

[0049] One particular multicomponent gas of interest that may be treated according to the subject invention is natural well head gas, e.g. natural gas comprising one or more lower alkyls, such as methane, ethane, butane and the like. Where the gas conditions are appropriate, CO₂may be separated from the gas according to the subject invention directly at the well head site without modification or processing of the gas. For example, if the wellhead gas has a total pressure of approximately 60 to 70 atm, a temperature of 0 to 5° C. and consists substantially of CO₂and methane, where the amount of CO₂present in the gas is greater than about 50 volume %, the wellhead gas can be treated without modification according to the subject invention. Conversely, where the temperature of the well head gas is closer to 10° C., as long as the partial pressure of CO₂in the methane/CO₂mixture is at least 30 atm and the partial pressure of methane is below 60 atm, the wellhead gas can be processed without pretreatment. Where the well head gas conditions are not directly suitable for treatment, the wellhead gas may be processed to make it suitable for treatment as described above, where processing includes temperature modulation, e.g. heating or cooling, decompression and/or recompression, incorporation of additional components, e.g. CO₂, and the like. For example, where the concentration of CO₂in the wellhead gas is from about 15 to 50% and the temperature is from 0 to 5° C., the gas stream can be treated by decompressing it in a manner sufficient to maintain the partial pressure of the CO₂component above 10 atm and achieve a partial pressure of methane that is below 20 atm.

[0050] For the treatment of a shifted coal gasification product gas, the untreated gas will typically comprise H₂, H₂O, CO₂and trace gases, where the mole fraction of CO₂will range from about 0.30 to 0.45, and will be at a temperature ranging from about 20 to 30° C. and a pressure ranging from about 20 to 40 atm. The product gas will first be cooled to a temperature ranging from −30 to 0° C. and then contacted with CO₂nucleated water, as described above, to produce CO₂depleted shifted coal gasification product gas and a slurry of CO₂clathrates. The resultant CO₂depleted product gas and CO₂clathrate slurry may then be separated and the product gas used as a fuel or for chemical synthesis. Where the shifted coal gas comprises trace amounts of H₂S, H₂S will generally be present in amounts ranging from 0 to 2.0 mole percent or 0 to 3.6 weight percent. In such cases, the H₂S will either be dissolved in the excess slurry water or will form hydrates along with the CO₂and therefore be separated from the multicomponent gaseous stream, obviating the need for subsequent H₂S removal steps.

[0051] Yet another type of multicomponent gas that is particularly suited for treatment according to the subject invention is powerplant gas produced by the use of pure oxygen instead of air in the combustion of organic fuels, such as coal, oil or natural gas. In a preferred embodiment, this powerplant flue gas is compressed to 6 to 20 atm and contacted with CO₂nucleated water. The resultant hydrate slurry is nearly pure and is then pumped to 75 to 170 atm, which can then be flashed as described above to produce CO₂gas and nucleated water, where the CO₂gas can then be disposed of or utilized, e.g. in coal bed methane recovery or enhanced oil recovery.

[0052] The subject methods and systems provide for a number of advantages. First, the subject methods provide for extremely high CO₂removal rates from the multicomponent gaseous stream. In many embodiments, the CO₂removal rate exceeds about 75%. In yet other embodiments, the CO₂removal rate may exceed about 90% or even 95%, and may be substantially 100% in many embodiments. The subject invention also allows for high recovery rates of selective non-CO₂gases, e.g. H₂S, in the multicomponent gaseous stream, where recovery rates of non-CO₂gases may be as high as 95% or higher, and in many embodiments are higher than 99%. Finally, the subject invention provides for low parasitic energy use, where the percentage of the total energy output of a given system that must be devoted to selective CO₂removal may be as low as 5% or lower, and in many embodiments may be as low as 3.5% or lower.

[0053] It is evident from the above that a simple and efficient method for the selective removal of CO₂from a multicomponent gaseous stream is provided. By using CO₂nucleated water containing hydrate precursors as a selective CO₂absorbents or adsorbents, great efficiencies are achieved through reductions in the overall energy input requirements and the number of steps necessary for complete CO₂removal, fixation and disposal. In particular, by using CO₂nucleated water as the absorbent or adsorbent, CO₂is readily removed from the gaseous stream and immediately fixed in a form suitable for disposal. By treating the resultant CO₂hydrate slurry to produce CO₂gas and nucleated water, even further reductions in parasitic energy loss are obtained, where such reductions stem from the use of recycled nucleated water, energy efficient recycled coolant medium, e.g. ammonia, and the like. Even further benefits are obtained in preferred embodiments where at least one of the following is present: (a) preparation of nucleated water with high pressure CO₂, i.e. the use of overpressure CO₂; (b) utilization of a dispersed or dissolved catalyst in nucleated water to promote hydrate precursor formation; (c) use of a hydrate reactor in which the multicomponent gaseous stream and the nucleated water are injected substantially normal to each other and mix in the reaction zone, e.g. the multicomponent gaseous stream is injected along the centerline of the reactor and the nucleated water is injected normally to the centerline, e.g. by injecting the water from an annulus surrounding the multicomponent gaseous stream; and (d) use of a heat decomposition step in which steam is employed, e.g. where a low to moderate pressure steam is employed in addition to the energy extracted from the coolant medium, e.g. ammonia.

[0054] All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0055] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.