US 6,232,138 B1Grant
Relaxed InxGa(1-x)as buffers
Issue Date:2001-05-15
•26 Claims
•5 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
InxGa1−xAs structures with compositionally graded buffers grown with organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMPVE) on GaAs substrates. A semiconductor structure and a method of processing such a structure including providing a substrate of GaAs; and epitaxially growing a relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C.
Metadata
Assignee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Inventors
- Eugene A. Fitzgerald
- Mayank T. Bulsara
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/198,960
Filing Date:1998-11-24
Priority Date:1997-12-01
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
H01L 2100
Field of Search:
438 36438 37438 46438 47257190257141257 18
Patent Drawings (5 sheets)
Description
Priority Information
[0002] This application claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/067,189 filed Dec. 1, 1997.
Background of the Invention
[0004] The invention relates to the field of lattice-mismatched epitaxy, and in particular to the field of creating lattice-mismatched devices based on relaxed InGaAs alloys.
[0005] Most electronic and optoelectronic devices that require layers deposited by epitaxial growth utilize lattice-matched epitaxial layers, i.e. the crystal structure of the layer has the same lattice constant as that of the substrate. This lattice-matching criterion has been important in creating high quality materials and devices, since lattice-mismatch will create stress and in turn introduce dislocations and other defects into the layers. The dislocations and other defects will often degrade device performance, and more importantly, reduce the reliability of the device.
[0006] The applications of lattice-mismatched layers are numerous. In the InGaAs material system, one important composition is in the range of 20-30% In. These compositions would allow the fabrication of 1.3 μm optical devices on GaAs substrates, as well as high electron mobility transistors with superior performance on GaAs substrates. Alloys in the desired composition range are lattice-mismatched to GaAs and InP substrates, and therefore usually suffer from high dislocation densities. One known method to minimize the number of dislocations reaching the surface of a relaxed, mismatched layer is to compositionally grade the material (in this case through grading the In composition) so that the lattice-mismatched is reduced over a great thickness.
[0007] Compositional grading is typically accomplished in InGaAs alloys by grading the In composition at a low temperature of growth, typically less than 500° C. The dominant technique for depositing these relaxed layers in the InGaAs system has been molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The MBE has a limited growth rate, and therefore the growth of these relaxed buffers is tedious and costly. A supply of virtual InGaAs substrates (i.e., a GaAs substrate with a relaxed InGaAs layer of high quality at the surface) would be in demand commercially, since the user could buy the substrate and deposit the device layers without having to deposit the graded InGaAs layer. To create a supply of these wafers at low cost, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) offers greater potential.
[0008] There have been no successful reports of high quality relaxed graded InGaAs layers grown by MOCVD. There are fundamental materials problems with InGaAs graded layers grown in a certain temperature window. Thus, most attempts to grow relaxed layers with MOCVD have most likely failed for attempting to grow the layers under standard conditions, i.e. temperatures in the deleterious window.
Summary of the Invention
[0009] It is therefore an object of the invention that with the appropriate grading rate, there is an unforeseen higher temperature window, which can be accessed with MOCVD and not MBE, in which high quality relaxed InGaAs alloys can be grown. Relaxed InGaAs grown with MOCVD in this temperature range have the economic advantages of using the MOCVD technique, as well as creating completely relaxed InGaAs layers of high quality.
[0010] Another object of the invention is to allow the fabrication of relaxed high quality InGaAs alloys on GaAs substrate with the MOCVD deposition technique. These virtual InGaAs substrates can be used in a variety of applications, in particular 1.3 μm optical devices and high-speed microwave transistors can be fabricated on such substrates. It is a further object of the invention to disclose the appropriate conditions during growth in which it is possible to achieve high quality material and devices using this InGaAs/GaAs.
[0011] InxGa1−xAs structures with compositionally graded buffers grown with organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMPVE) on GaAs substrates and characterized with plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM and X-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface roughness experiences a maximum at growth temperatures near 550° C. The strain fields from misfit dislocations induce a deleterious defect structure in the <110> directions. At growth temperatures above and below this temperature, the surface roughness is decreased significantly; however, only growth temperatures above this regime ensure nearly complete relaxed graded buffers with the most uniform composition caps and highest quality material. With the optimum growth temperature for grading InxGa1−xAs determined to be 700° C., it was possible to produce In0.33Ga0.67As diodes on GaAs with threading dislocation densities <8.5×106/cm2.
[0012] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of processing semiconductor materials, including providing a substrate of GaAs; and epitaxially growing a relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C.
[0013] The present invention also provides a semiconductor structure including a substrate of GaAs, and a relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs which is epitaxially grown at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C.
[0014] These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in light of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] FIG. 1 is a simplistic block diagram of a semiconductor structure in accordance with the invention;
[0016] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating RMS roughness for structures grown at different temperatures;
[0017] FIG. 3 is a table which shows the growth temperature, composition, and grading rate for nominal xIn=0.06 structures;
[0018] FIG. 4 is a X-TEM micrograph for a xIn=0.06 InxGa1−xAs structure grown at 550° C.;
[0019] FIG. 5 is a X-TEM micrograph for a xIn=0.06 InxGa1−xAs structure grown at 700° C.;
[0020] FIG. 6 is a PV-TEM micrograph of a xIn=0.06 InxGa1−xAs structure grown at 550° C.; (g=<220>);
[0021] FIG. 7 is an X-TEM micrograph of a xIn=0.33 InxGa1−xAs structure grown at 700° C.; and
[0022] FIG. 8 is a simplistic block diagram of a semiconductor structure of the invention with a device configured thereon.
Detailed Description of the Invention
[0023] Compositionally graded buffers are implemented in lattice mismatched heteroepitaxy to maintain a low threading dislocation density and to achieve a completely relaxed growth template. Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) is a well-established growth technique that is capable of growth rates that are significantly greater than growth rates in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Therefore, OMVPE is a more practical growth tool for fabricating graded buffers. The ability to grow InxGa1−xAs graded buffers with OMVPE facilitates the manufacture of commercial lattice-mismatched devices, including 1.3 μm wavelength emitting lasers on GaAs.
[0024] In accordance with the invention, InxGa1−xAs graded buffers are grown on GaAs substrates with atmospheric OMVPE at different growth temperatures. FIG. 1 is a simplistic block diagram of a semiconductor structure 100 including a substrate 102 of GaAs on which is grown a relaxed graded layer 104 of InxGa1−xAs. Exemplary samples were grown in a Thomas Swan atmospheric research reactor on n+GaAs substrates. The buffers were characterized with plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM and X-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The PV-TEM and X-TEM characterization was done with a JEOL 2000FX microscope. The XRD was performed with a Bede D3triple axis diffractometer. The AXM experiments were conducted with a Digital Instruments D3000 Nanoscope.
[0025] In order to explore graded InxGa1−xAs relaxation, exemplary samples were graded to xIn≈0.06 (≈0.4% mismatch). Such a small amount of mismatch should produce excellent relaxed layers independent of most growth parameters.
[0026] Undoped InxGa1−xAs graded buffers with nominal final indium concentration of xIn=0.06 were grown at temperatures between 500-700° C. In addition, xIn=0.15 and xIn=0.33 graded buffers were grown at 700° C. All growths were performed with a 5000 sccm H2carrier flow and 134 sccm AsH3flow. The trimethylgallium (TMG) flow was fixed at 0.030 sccm throughout the graded buffer growth sequence. Compositional grading was accomplished by stepping the trimethylindium (TMI) flow rate by approximately 0.005 sccm up to a final flow of 0.031 sccm for the xIn=0.06 graded buffer, 0.077 sccm for the xIn=0.15 graded buffer, and 0.163 sccm for the xIn=0.33 graded buffer. Sufficient vent times were incorporated after each change in TMI flow setting to ensure the expected composition, during which time the sample was kept at the growth temperature. All samples, except the structure with the xIn=0.33 graded buffer, had an undoped 1 μm uniform cap layer 106. The sample with a xIn=0.33 graded buffer had a 2 μm cap which incorporated a PIN diode structure.
[0027] A visual inspection of the surface morphology reveals a strong dependence on growth temperature, a surprising result for such a low lattice mismatch. AFM surface topology data taken on 10 μm×10 μm areas of each sample, including the xIn=0.15 and xIn=0.33 structures is depicted in the graph of FIG. 2. The data show that the rms roughness for the nominal xIn=0.06 sample grown at 550° C. has a significantly greater rms roughness value (52 nm) than the other structures which have an rms value of about 10 nm. In fact, despite the low mismatch, the sample grown at 550° C. is not specular to the eye, i.e., it is visibly rough. In addition, the surface roughness for the equivalent xIn=0.33 structure grown at 770° C. was less than the surface roughness of xIn=0.06 structures grown at all lower temperatures.
[0028] A criterion for applications is that there must be a great amount of strain relief and a low threading dislocation density. To determine the degree of strain relaxation and the indium composition, glancing exit (224) reciprocal space maps were conducted with triple axis XRD. Since the xIn=0.06 structures were of low mismatch and relatively thin (21 μm) the effect of epilayer tilt was expected to be negligible, and thus no glancing incidence (224) or (004) reciprocal space maps were acquired to extract this effect.
[0029] X-TEM was used to measure the thickness and in combination with the final composition, the grading rate. FIG. 3 is a table which shows the growth temperature, composition, and grading rate for the nominal xIn=0.06 structures. The table shows that the indium composition steadily increased with decreasing temperature (with the exception of the structure grown at 600° C.), which is due to the lower cracking temperature for TMI. In addition, the growth rate decreased with decreasing temperature, which in turn provided for a higher grading rate at lower temperature. It should be noted that there is a small error (≈300 Å) in the measurement of the graded buffer thickness due to the calibration of the TEM and the tilting of the TEM specimens.
[0030] FIG. 3 shows the residual strain in each of the nominal xIn=0.06 structures as a function temperature. The structure grown at 500° C. had a noticeably greater residual strain left in the structure, and there is no general trend among the other samples. However, since the compositions and grading rates differed, the efficiency of the graded buffers at relieving strain was compared after calculating the equilibrium plastic strain rate (strain/thickness) and the overall equilibrium plastic strain.
[0031] The equilibrium plastic rate is given by
[0032] where C𝑓is the mismatch introduction rate (misfit/thickness), Y is the Young's modulus, h is the film height and D=Gb/[2p(1−v)] with G, the shear modulus; v, Poisson's ratio; and b, the magnitude of the Bergers vector (60° dislocations are assumed). The expression for the overall plastic deformation in a graded buffer is:
[0033] δeq(h)=Cδ(h)h (2)
[0034] The percentage of the equilibrium strain relieved (i.e., percent relaxation) is also listed in the table of FIG. 3. All the samples showed a similar degree of relaxation (≈80-85%). At such a low mismatch it is difficult to distinguish the most effective growth conditions for strain relief The disparities in strain relief were expected to be more pronounced at higher indium compositions. In general, higher growth temperatures would allow for more efficient strain relief.
[0035] The X-TEM and XRD data exhibit differences in microstructure between the xIn=0.06 sample grown at 550° C. and the same structure grown at 700° C., in agreement with the drastic difference in surface morphology. FIGS. 4 and 5 show the X-TEM micrographs of these two structures. Both structures have threading dislocation densities below the X-TEM limit (<108/cm2). Thus, the very poor structure morphology of the 550° C. sample is not due to a very high defect density in the top InxGa1−xAs layer. The uniform cap layer of the structure grown at 550° C. does show additional semi-circular regions in the top of the film. These features are not dislocations, as the contrast is weak, and are believed to be variations in strain from neighboring regions that may have undergone phase separation during growth. However, recent studies show that high-energy defects are formed in this temperature range, and their origin is uncertain. Regardless, growth temperatures in this range near 550° C. lead to rough surface morphology which later leads to high threading dislocation densities.
[0036] A (224) glancing exit reciprocal space map of this structure shows a significantly greater spread in the 2θ direction for the uniform cap than any of the other samples grown at different temperatures. The FWHM data for the XRD peaks from the uniform caps are listed in the table of FIG. 3. It will be appreciated that the sharpest peak in the 2θ direction is from the sample grown at 700° C. The spread in the 2θ direction for the 550° C. sample is consistent with a spread in lattice constant due to indium composition variations or defect formations. In addition, the spread in the ω direction (FWHM data also tabulated in the table of FIG. 3) for the cap in the structure grown at 550° C. was less than that of the other xIn=0.06 samples, creating a circular projection of the (224) spot in reciprocal space, as opposed to the typical elliptical spot expected from a high quality relaxed heterostructure.
[0037] FIG. 6 shows a plan view TEM image of the xIn=0.06 InxGa1−xAs structure grown at 550° C. showing striations under a g=<220> diffraction condition in <110> directions (the same direction as the dislocations in the graded buffer), which may be attributed to compositional variations due to phase separation and/or defect formation at the boundaries between regions. These striations disappear under the other g=<220> condition and g=<400> conditions.
[0038] The data suggest that there is a correlation between the dislocations in the graded buffer and the observed boundary defects, which in turn cause the drastic surface roughening in the temperature regime where phase separation is favored. In the low temperature growth regime (500° C.), the surface roughening is kinetically limited, as the atoms do not have the mobility to attach to sites which cause the long range variations that are seen at higher growth temperatures. In the high temperature growth regime (>600° C.), thermodynamics dictate the growth conditions, as the growth occurs above the point at which such boundary defects are favorable.
[0039] At the growth temperatures within the range 500-600° C., the strained regions with boundaries form, as shown in FIG. 6. These features occur along the <110> direction since the misfit dislocations, their strain fields, and their cross-hatch surface lie along the <110> directions. As a consequence, the InxGa1−xAs layers roughen as surface energy is created and as strain energy is relieved. It will be appreciated that this roughening (i.e., very pronounced cross-hatch pattern), is much more severe than the roughening that occurs in systems which lack this apparent phase instability.
[0040] Although the X-TEM image of the xIn=0.06 structure grown at 550° C. did not show threading dislocations, it has been shown in the SixGe1−xmaterials system that a rough surface with increasing lattice mismatch will eventually lead to a high threading dislocation density even in structures with slow grading rates, as described in Samavedam et al., “Novel Dislocation Structure and Surface Morphology Effects in Relaxed Ge/SiGe/Si Structures”, J. Appl. Phys., 81(7), 3108 (1997), incorporated herein by reference. Grading to greater indium compositions at 550° C. produces very rough surfaces that eventually lead to high threading dislocation densities. Although surface roughness can be decreased by growing at lower temperature, this cannot be achieved without compromising the relaxation of the graded buffer. This implies that the only window for growth of InxGa1−xAs graded buffers which provides both relaxation and good surface morphology is at high temperature. It is important to note that MEB can not attain such high growth temperatures due to limited arsenic overpressure.
[0041] With surface roughness and relaxation conditions determined to be optimum at a growth temperature of 700° C., a xIn=0.33 device structure was grown. FIG. 7 is an X-TEM micrograph of this structure with no threading dislocations within the X-TEM limit. No threading dislocations could be observed in PV-TEM, showing that the threading dislocation density in this structure is <8.5×106/cm2given this size of viewable area in TEM. (224) glancing incidence and glancing exit θ/2θ double axis XRD scans showed the composition to be xIn=0.33 and the structure was 99.39% relaxed.
[0042] Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that growth of InxGa1−xAs graded buffers is sensitive to the growth temperature. In the temperature range approximately between 500 and 600° C., the surface morphology of the structures degrades and rapidly leads to poor quality layers, even at relatively low mismatch. Only growth at higher temperatures produces relaxed layers with sufficient relaxation, good surface morphology, and low threading dislocation densities. The low threading dislocation densities are sufficient for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices such as 1.3 μm wavelength emitting lasers.
[0043] As shown in FIG. 8, once a virtual substrate of InxGa1−xAs is created, new optoelectronic and electronic devices can be configured on top of the structure. For example, analogous to heterostructures grown on GaAs substrate, heterostructure devices composed of other alloy compositions can now be fabricated on these substrates. Layers 808, 810, 812 provided on the structure 800 can be layers of the Aly(InxGa1−x)1−yAs alloy family. These alloys can be used to create 1.3 μm heterostructure layers on GaAs substrates, a great advantage over the 1.3 μm devices that need to be grown on InP substrates due to the lattice-matching criterion. In the illustrated embodiment, layers 808 and 812 are the cladding layers of a heterostructure laser, and 810 is the active region.
[0044] Similar heterostructures from the Aly(InxGa1−x)1−yAs alloy system on these virtual InxGa1−xAs buffer layers can be fabricated into high transconductance field effect transistors (FETs) useful in microwave applications. The virtual substrate allows the electron channel or active region (810 in FIG. 8) to be composed of much higher In concentrations than FETs grown on GaAs without the virtual buffer. The higher In concentration in the channel results in very high electron mobilities, and the large band off-sets that can be created in the Aly(InxGa1−x)1−yAs heterostructure system (810-812) create a very high electron concentration in the channel. Thus, the high mobility and high electron concentrations lead to transistors with very high transconductance.
[0045] Even greater quality buffers can be created through combining the invention with other known improvements for graded layers, such as the use of planarization techniques to lower defect densities in graded buffers.
[0046] Although the present invention has been shown and described with respect to several preferred embodiments thereof, various changes, omissions and additions to the form and detail thereof, may be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of processing semiconductor materials, comprising:
providing a substrate of GaAs; and
epitaxially growing an undoped, lightly doped or heavily p-type doped relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said growing step comprises epitaxially growing said relaxed graded layer at a temperature of approximately 700° C.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said growing step comprises epitaxially growing said relaxed graded layer with organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE).
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising growing a semiconductor material on said graded layer.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said semiconductor material comprises an III-V semiconductor material.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein said second semiconductor material is selected from the group consisting of In, Al, As, P and Ga.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the degree of relaxation of said relaxed graded layer is from about 90% to 100% for Inxless greater than 25%.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said growing step further comprises epitaxially growing said relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs at a temperature of approximately 700° C. while increasing the content of In at a gradient of less than about 15% per micrometer to a final composition in the range 0.1<×<1.0.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface of said relaxed graded layer has a low threading dislocation density and increased strain relief.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of configuring a device on said relaxed graded layer.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said device comprises a 1.3 μm wavelength emitting laser.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein said device comprises a FET.
13. A semiconductor structure comprising:
a substrate of GaAs; and
an undoped, lightly doped or heavily p-type doped relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs which is epitaxially grown on said substrate at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C.
14. The structure of claim 13, wherein said relaxed graded layer is epitaxially grown at a temperature of approximately 700° C.
15. The structure of claim 13, wherein said relaxed graded layer is epitaxially grown with organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE).
16. The structure of claim 11 further comprising a semiconductor material which is grown on said graded layer.
17. The structure of claim 16, wherein said semiconductor material comprises a III-V semiconductor material.
18. The structure of claim 16, wherein said second semiconductor material is selected from the group consisting of In, Al, As, P and Ga.
19. The structure of claim 13, wherein the degree of relaxation of said relaxed graded layer is from about 90% to 100% for Inxgreater than 25%.
20. The structure of claim 13, wherein said relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs is epitaxially grown at a temperature of approximately 700° C. while increasing the content of In at a gradient of less than about 15% per micrometer to a final composition in the range 0.1<×<1.0.
21. The structure of claim 13, wherein the surface of said relaxed graded layer has a low threading dislocation density and increased strain relief.
22. The structure of claim 13 further comprising a circuit device configured on said relaxed graded layer.
23. The structure of claim 22, wherein said device comprises a 1.3 μm wavelength emitting laser.
24. The structure of claim 22, wherein said device comprises a FET.
25. A method of processing semiconductor materials, comprising:
providing a substrate of GaAs; and
epitaxially growing a relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C. with a root means square roughness not exceeding 15 nm.
26. A semiconductor structure comprising:
a substrate of GaAs; and
a relaxed graded layer of InxGa1−xAs with a root means square roughness not exceeding 15 nm, which is epitaxially grown on said substrate at a temperature ranging upwards from about 600° C.
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