Diversity handling moveover for CDMA mobile telecommunications

[0002] This patent application is related to U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 08/979,866 filed simultaneously, entitled “Multistage Diversity Handling For CDMA Mobile Telecommunications”, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention pertains to telecommunications, and particularly to any cellular/mobile telecommunications using diversity (soft) handover, such as occurs in spread spectrum or code division multiple access (CDMA) technology.

[0005] 2. Related Art and Other Considerations

[0006] In mobile telecommunications, a mobile station such as mobile telephone communicates over radio channels with base stations. Typically a plurality of base stations are, in turn, ultimately connected to a mobile switching center. The mobile switching center is usually connected, e.g., via a gateway, to other telecommunication networks, such as the public switched telephone network.

[0007] In a code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile telecommunications system, the information transmitted between a base station and a particular mobile station is modulated by a mathematical code (such as spreading code) to distinguish it from information for other mobile stations which are utilizing the same radio frequency. Thus, in CDMA, the individual radio links are discriminated on the basis of codes. Various aspects of CDMA are set forth in Garg, Vijay K. et al., Applications of CDMA in Wireless/Personal Communications, Prentice Hall (1997).

[0008] In addition, in CDMA mobile communications, typically the same baseband signal with suitable spreading is sent from several base stations with overlapping coverage. The mobile terminal can thus receive and use signals from several base stations simultaneously. Moreover, since the radio environment changes rapidly, a mobile station likely has radio channels to several base stations at the same moment, e.g., so that the mobile station can select the best channel and, if necessary, use signals directed to the mobile from various base stations in order to keep radio interference low and capacity high. This utilization of radio channels from multiple base stations by a mobile station in a CDMA scheme is termed “soft handover.”

[0009] FIG. 1 shows a radio access network (RAN) 20 which comprises radio network controllers (RNC) 22₂and 22₂respectively connected to mobile switching centers (MSC) 24₁and 24₂. Radio network controller (RNC) 22₁is connected to base stations (BS) 26_1,1,26_1,2, and 26_1,3; radio network controller (RNC) 22₂is connected to base stations (BS) 26_2,1, 26_2,2, and 26_2,3. At the moment shown in FIG. 1, and for reasons summarized above, mobile station MS is shown in FIG. 1 as having radio communication with two base stations, particularly base stations 26_1,2, and 26_1,3. The lines 28_1,2and 28_1,3each represent a communication path. Specifically, line 28_1,2depicts both the radio channel from mobile station MS to base station BS 26_1,2and the land line link channel from base station BS 26_1,2to radio network controller (RNC) 22₁; line 28_1,3depicts both the radio channel from mobile station MS to base station BS 26_1,3and the land line link channel from base station BS 26_1,2to radio network controller (RNC) 22₁. In the case of both lines 28_1,2and 28_1,3,the land line link is connected to a diversity handover unit (DHU) 30₁of radio network controller (RNC) 22₁.

[0010] Thus, as depicted with reference to FIG. 1, the mobile connection with mobile station MS potentially utilizes several “legs”, each leg being represented by the lines 28_1,2and 28_1,3in the case of mobile station MS of FIG. 1. As the overall connection between mobile station MS and any other party is viewed, the diversity handover unit (DHU) 30₁serves essentially both to combine and split the different legs utilized by a mobile station. The splitting occurs in the sense that information directed toward the mobile station is directed along the plural parallel legs to differing base stations. Information received from a base station may actually be obtained through several of the legs (e.g., from several base stations), in which sense the diversity handover unit (DHU) 30₁serves a combining function.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates the simple case in which the different legs of the connection, represented by lines 28_1,2and 28_1,3, are for base stations BS all of which are connected to radio network controller (RNC) 22₁. However, should the mobile station MS roam sufficiently to pick up signals from another base station controlled by another RNC, e.g., into or proximate a cell handled by base station BS 26_2,1, for example, a more complex situation occurs as shown in FIG. 1A.

[0012] In the situation depicted in FIG. 1A, the mobile connection involving mobile station MS employs base stations belonging to differing radio network controllers (RNC). Such situation involves a different type of handover—an inter-RNC soft handover. Inter-RNC soft-handovers are made between two or several RNCs. In the particular situation shown in FIG. 1A, an inter-RNC soft handover is made between radio network controller (RNC) 22₁, which is also known as the “Source” RNC, and radio network controllers (RNC) 22₂, which is also known as the “Target” RNC. Radio network controller (RNC) 22₂is the Source RNC since it has current control of the mobile radio connection. The Target RNC is an RNC, other than the Source RNC, that has, or has been decided to have, base stations utilized by the mobile radio connection.

[0013] To facilitate, e.g., inter-RNC soft-handovers, the radio network controllers (RNC) 22₂and 22₂are connected by an inter-RNC transport link 32. Inter-RNC transport link 32 is utilized for the transport of control and data signals between Source RNC 22₁and Target RNC 22₂, and can be either a direct link or a logical link as described, for example, in International Application Number PCT/U.S. Ser. No. 94/12419 (International Publication Number WO 95/15665).

[0014] Thus, in FIG. 1A, the mobile station MS communicates not only through the leg represented by line 28_1,3, but now also by the leg represented by line 28_2,1. The leg represented by line 28_2,1includes the radio link between mobile station MS and base station BS 26_2,1, as well as the information pertinent to the mobile connection which is carried over inter-RNC transport link 32.

[0015] As mobile station MS continues to move, it may eventually occur that all of the base stations utilized by the mobile station are served by the Target RNC 22₂, as is pictured in FIG. 11B. In such case, inter-RNC transport link 32 must carry both legs of the mobile connection, represented by lines 28_2,1and 28_2,2,respectively. Carrying multiple legs of the same mobile connection undesirably demands further resources from inter-RNC transport link 32. In FIG. 1B, diversity handover unit 30₁handles all combining and splitting operations, even though no base station owned by Source RNC 22₂is employed by the mobile connection with mobile station MS.

[0016] For the situation shown in FIG. 1B, resources of inter-RNC transport link 32 can be preserved if the diversity handling operations are moved to Target RNC 22₂. Utilization of inter-RNC transport link 32 would be reduced in that, for example, multiple packets destined in parallel for base stations BS 26_1,2and 26_2,2need not be carried on link 32, but rather a diversity handover unit at Target RNC 22₂could instead perform the splitting. A similar economy results in having a diversity handover unit at Target RNC 22₂combining the signals from mobile station MS as received via the base stations BS 26_2,1and 26_2,2, and forwarding a resultant signal to Source RNC 22₁.

[0017] The movement of diversity handling operations (diversity handling “moveover”) to a Target RNC, such as Target RNC 22₂of FIG. 1B, is a complex endeavor, and can potentially result in an interruption of the established mobile connection. The prior art approach to moving diversity handling operations is shown in International Application Number PCT/U.S. Ser. No. 94/12419 (International Publication Number WO 95/15665). That approach, illustrated in FIG. 1C, involves a two step process. The first step of the process is routing the mobile connection, in a bypass mode, through a diversity handling unit (DHU) 30₂in the Target RNC 22₂upon first utilization by mobile station MS of the Target RNC (e.g., when a base station served by Target RNC is first invoked). In its bypass mode, diversity handling unit (DHU) 30₂in the Target RNC 22₂performs no combining or splitting operations. Rather, all combining and splitting operations remain the province of diversity handling unit (DHU) 30₁in Source RNC 22₂.

[0018] Only later, when (and if) all base stations utilized by mobile station are owned by the Target RNC 22₂, is the second step of the above-described approach implemented. In the second step, the combining and splitting functions are moved from diversity handover unit (DHU) 30₁of Source RNC 22₂to diversity handover unit (DHU) 30₂of Target RNC 22₂, and diversity handover unit (DHU) 30₁is bypassed as shown in FIG. 1C.

[0019] Prior art techniques of diversity handling moveover are problematic for several reasons. For example, at the time shown in FIG. 1B prior to actual transfer of combining/splitting operations to Target RNC 22₂, two transport connections (e.g., two legs of traffic for a single connection) are still wastefully used on inter-RNC transport link 32. Moreover, for each RNC that is used by the mobile radio connection, one diversity handover unit (DHU) 30 is necessary. The use of two diversity handover units (s) is a further waste of hardware.

[0020] What is needed therefore, and an object of the invention, is an efficient and economical diversity handling moveover technique.

[0021] In connection with a diversity handling moveover procedure, allocation of a replacement diversity handling unit in a target node occurs only after a moveover decision has been made by a source node. Initially, an original or source diversity handling unit at the source node performs connection combining and connection splitting functions for legs of a mobile connection routed through plural base stations serving a mobile station. In accordance with movement of the mobile station, the source node makes a decision to move the connection combining and connection splitting functions to the target node. The moveover decision can be based on factors such as base station utilization and/or actual and/or predicted directional movement of the mobile station, as well as transmission costs. In some embodiments, the diversity handling moveover procedure involves selection among plural nodes for situs of the replacement or target diversity handling unit.

[0022] In one mode of the invention, an anchor node performs the actual switchover which causes moveover of the diversity handoff unit. In addition, a change of mobile switching center (MSC) can be implemented.

[0023] The present invention optimizes the transmission path between network nodes and utilization of hardware in the nodes (e.g., diversity handover units and interfaces). The moveover of the present invention is executed independently from radio interface handover, allowing separation of optimizing radio resources and fixed line transmission resources. In accordance with the present invention, the moveover decision can thus also be based on transmission utilization and delay.

[0024] The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 1, FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, and FIG. 1C are each diagrammatic views showing prior art management of a mobile connection for a mobile station moving from base stations controlled by a Source radio network controller to base stations owned by a Target radio network controller.

[0026] FIG. 2, FIG. 2A, and FIG. 2B are each diagrammatic views showing differing stages of management of a mobile connection according to a mode of the present invention, including a mode of a diversity handling moveover from a first radio network controller to a second radio network controller according to the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a Source radio network controller (RNC) according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a diversity handover unit (DHU) included in the Source radio network controller (RNC) of FIG. 3.

[0029] FIG. 5, FIG. 5A, and FIG. 5B are schematic views of a Source radio network controller (RNC) according to an embodiment of the invention at points in time corresponding to FIG. 2, FIG. 2A, and FIG. 2B, respectively.

[0030] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a diversity handover unit (DHU) included in the Target radio network controller (RNC) of FIG. 5.

[0031] FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a sequence of operations involved in a diversity handling moveover procedure according to a mode of the invention involving two radio network control nodes.

[0032] FIG. 8, FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, and FIG. 8C are diagrammatic view of frames according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 9 and FIG. 9A are flowcharts showing different variations of logic for making a diversity handling moveover decision according to the invention.

[0034] FIG. 10 is diagrammatic view of a radio network area having more than two radio network controllers.

[0035] FIG. 11, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C are each diagrammatic views showing differing stages of management of the mobile connection of FIGS. 2-FIG. 2B as diversity handoff units moveover returns from a second radio network controller to a first radio network controller, with the mobile connection utilizing a MSC connected to the first radio network controller.

[0036] FIG. 12, FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, and FIG. 12C are diagrammatic views similar to FIG. 11, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C, respectively, but with the mobile connection utilizing a MSC connected to the second radio network controller.

[0037] FIG. 13 and FIG. 13A are diagrammatic views respectively showing before and after performance of a diversity handover unit moveover involving three distinct radio network control nodes.

[0038] FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a sequence of operations in a diversity handover moveover procedure according to a node of the invention involving three distinct radio network control nodes.

[0039] FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing operation involved in a plural DHU moveover.

[0040] In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.

[0041] FIG. 2 shows a portion of a radio access network 120 according to one mode of the present invention which comprises a first set of base stations (BS) 126_1,1, 126_1,2, and 126_1,3connected by land lines to Source radio network controller (RNC) 122₁, and a second set of base stations (BS) 126_2,1, 126_2,2, and 126_2,3connected by land lines to a second radio network controller (RNC) 122₂which serves as a Target radio network controller. Source RNC 122₁is connected to mobile switching center 124₁while Target RNC 122₂is connected to mobile switching center 124₂. Source RNC 122₁and Target RNC 122₂are connected by inter-RNC transport link 132. Inter-RNC transport link 132 can be either a direct link or a logical link. In the case of a logical link, inter-RNC transport link 132 is physically connected to a transport network or a public switched telephone network (such as ISDN or PSTN). Source RNC 122₁and Target RNC 122₂are considered as control nodes of radio access network 120 in that, among other things, these RNCs control or manage the sets of base stations respectively connected thereto.

[0042] As described in more detail herein, for a mobile connection controlled by Source RNC 122₁, in accordance with the present invention allocation of a diversity handover unit in Target RNC 122₂is not accomplished until Source RNC 122₁has made a decision to move diversity handling operations to Target RNC 122₂. In this regard, FIG. 2 depicts radio access network 120 at a time when Source RNC 122₁makes a decision for diversity handling moveover; FIG. 2A shows radio network area 120 at a subsequent time during which diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂is in the process of being allocated for Target RNC 122₂; and FIG. 2B shows radio access network 120 at a yet subsequent time when diversity handling moveover has been completed and a switchover has occurred in Source RNC 122₁.

[0043] Source RNC 122₁is shown in more detail in FIG. 3 as comprising a switch 140₁. Switch 140₁, which is controlled by RNC control unit 142₁, has a plurality of ports, some of which are connected to diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁and others of which are connected to various interfaces. Diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁is connected to a timing unit 141₁. The RNC control unit 142₁is connected to each element of RNC 122₁.

[0044] For reasons explained hereinafter, Source RNC 122₁is connected to a signaling network represented by line 143. Source RNC 122₁is connected to signaling network 143 via a signaling interface 143I₁. Signaling interface 143I₁is connected to RNC control unit 142₁.

[0045] The interfaces connected to ports of switch 140₁include MSC interface unit 144₁; RNC interface unit 146₁; and base station interface unit 148₁. MSC interface unit 144₁is connected to mobile switching center 124₁. RNC interface unit 146₁is connected to inter-RNC transport link 132. Base station interface unit 148₁is connected to the first set of base stations (BS) served by Source RNC 122₁. Although base station interface unit 148, is shown logically as one unit serving all base stations, it should be understood that physically base station interface unit 148₁can be a separate unit for each base station.

[0046] Diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁of Source RNC 122₁is shown in more detail in FIG. 4. In particular, diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁primarily comprises controller 160₁; frame splitter 162₁; a set of downlink buffers 164_1-1-164_1-n; a frame selector 166₁; and a set of uplink buffers 168_1-1-168_1-n. Both frame splitter 162₁and frame selector 166₁receive timing signals on line 170₁from timing unit 141₁, and are also connected to controller 160₁.

[0047] Frame splitter 162₁receives (via switch 140₁) input in the form of frames on line 172₁from mobile switching center 124₁, while frame selector sends output in the form of frames on line 174₁to mobile switching center 124₁. Lines 172₁and 174₁are connected to particular ports of switch 140₁which are internally connectable through switch 140₁to mobile switching center 124₁.

[0048] Frame splitter 162₁outputs frames received from mobile switching center 124₁on line 172₁to each of one of the buffers in set 164 which correspond to a base station currently involved in the mobile connection for the mobile station. Each of the buffers in set 164 is in turn connected to transmit the frames it receives to switch 140₁over lines 176₁-176_1-n. Lines 176_1-1-176_1-nare connected to respective input ports of switch 140₁, which input ports are internally cross connectable (e.g., switchable) through switch 140₁to the downlink land lines for the respective base stations BS participating in the mobile connection.

[0049] Frame selector 166₁receives frames from various ones of the buffers in the set of up-link buffers 168₁-168_n. Base stations (BS) participating in a mobile connection send frames to their corresponding up-link buffers 168₁-168_non corresponding ones of lines 178_1-1-178_1-n. Each of lines 178_1-1-178_1-nis connected to corresponding ports of switch 140₁, with those ports being internally switchable internally through switch 140₁to up-link land lines from the corresponding base stations (BS). Thus, when plural base stations are involved in a mobile connection, for plural frames representing the same up-linked information (e.g., frames having the same frame number) frame selector 166₁picks the best frames for transmission (via switch 140₁) to mobile switching center 124₁.

[0050] As indicated above, controller 160₁of diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁is connected to frame splitter 162₁and frame selector 166₁, for controlling operations thereof, as well as by line 180₁to RNC control unit 142₁. RNC control unit 142₁supervises operation of controller 160₁and coordinates operations of controller 160₁with other elements of Source RNC 122₁.

[0051] FIG. 5 shows Target RNC 122₂, according to an example embodiment of the invention, at a particular instance in time corresponding to the time of FIG. 2. Target RNC 122₂includes switch 140₂; timing unit 141₂; RNC control unit 142₂; base station interface unit (BS I/F unit) 148₂; MSC interface unit 144₂; and diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂. For simplicity, some connections within Target RNC 122₂are not shown, such as connections of all elements both to timing unit 141₂and RNC control unit 142₂.

[0052] At the time shown in FIG. 5, mobile station MS has just moved to a geographical location at which it is in radio communication with base stations (BS) 126_2,1and 126_2,2, but no longer in radio communication with any base station owned by Source RNC 122₁(see FIG. 2). At the time shown in FIG. 5, no diversity handover unit (DHU) in Target RNC 122₂has been allocated to the mobile connection for mobile MS. Rather, the legs of the connection are all routed through switch 140₂without being routed through diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂.

[0053] In the above regard, as shown in FIG. 5, switch 140₂has, among its many other ports, base station downlink ports PBD 1-1, PBD 1-2, PBD2-1 and PBD2-2; base station uplink ports PBU1-1, PBU1-2, and PBU2-2; ports PR1 and PR2 connected to downlink and uplink terminals respectively of RNC I/F unit 146₂; and diversity handover unit ports PD1-PD6. As shown in FIG. 5, base station uplink ports PBU1-1 and PBU1-2 and base station downlink ports PBD1-1 and PBD1-2 are connected through base station I/F unit 148₂to base station (BS) 126_2,1; while base station uplink ports PBU2-1 and PBU2-2 and base station downlink ports PBD2-1 and PBD2-2 are connected through base station I/F unit 148₂to base station (BS) 126_2,2. At the time shown in FIG. 5, base station uplink ports PBU1 and PBU2 are connected (via switch 140₂) to interface uplink port PR1; base station downlink ports PBD 1 and PBD2 are connected (via switch 140₂) to interface downlink port PR2.

[0054] Diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂of Target RNC 122₂shown in FIG. 6, is understood to have essentially the same structure as does diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁of FIG. 4, with one primary exception. That exception is that, in diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂, lines 172₂and 174₂will ultimately connected by switch 140₂to RNC I/F unit 146₂rather than to a mobile switching center. Specifically, as explained hereinafter, lines 172₂and 174₂are connectable by switch 140₂to switch ports PR1 and PR2 for respective application to downlink and uplink terminals of RNC I/F unit 146₂(see FIG. 5).

[0055] As mentioned above, at the time shown in FIG. 5, no diversity handover unit (DHU) in Target RNC 122₂has been allocated to the mobile connection for mobile MS. It should be realized that Target RNC 122₂likely does have other diversity handover units connected to switch 140₂, and that those other diversity handover units are handling mobile connections other than to the particular mobile station MS shown in FIG. 5. Such other diversity handover units would accordingly have routed therethrough frames involved in other mobile connections, e.g., frames routed from MSC 124₂to the other mobile station and frames routed from the other mobile station (and through various base stations) to MSC 124₂. However, for the purposes of the mobile connection to mobile MS here under discussion, at the time of FIG. 5 no diversity handover unit of Target RNC 122₂is yet involved.

[0056] FIG. 7 shows a sequence of operations involved in a diversity handling moveover procedure according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 shows in three separate parallel vertical lines the operations conducted by each of Source RNC 122₁, Target RNC 122₂, and the base stations (BS) served by Target RNC 122₂and involved in the mobile communication with mobile station MS.

[0057] Operation 7-1 of FIG. 7 shows RNC control unit 142₁of Source RNC 122₁making a decision that diversity handover unit moveover (e.g., diversity handling moveover) should occur. In essence, according to one mode of the invention, RNC control unit 142₁decides to make a diversity handling moveover when Source RNC 122₁no longer has any of its base stations (BS) 126₁-126₃involved in the mobile connection for mobile station MS. Logic of RNC control unit 142₁relating to the diversity handling moveover decision is discussed in more detail in connection with FIG. 9.

[0058] After RNC control unit 142₁has decided to make a diversity handling moveover, RNC control unit 142₁performs operation 7-2. Operation 7-2 involves RNC control unit 142₁allocating or setting up a connection on inter-RNC link 132. In connection with operation 7-2, RNC control unit 142₁allocates port of switch 140₁and a port of RNC interface unit 146₁to be used by the new connection on inter-RNC link 132 between Target RNC 122₂and Source RNC 122₁. The allocation at operation 7-2 is for a new connection, i.e., a connection for mobile station MS, since connections for other mobile stations may already exist.

[0059] Upon completion of the allocation of operation 7-2, at operation 7-3 RNC control unit 142₁sends a signaling message including a diversity handling (DHU) moveover request to Target RNC 122₂. Signaling messages between RNCs are transmitted over signaling network 143, and can be in accordance with signaling system no. 7, for example. Internally in Source RNC 122₁the diversity handover (DHU) moveover request is routed through switch 140₁and RNC interface unit 146₁for application on inter-RNC link 132. The diversity handover unit (DHU) moveover request instructs Target RNC 122₂to allocate a diversity handover unit (DHU) for the mobile connection for mobile station MS and to connect the allocated diversity handover unit (DHU) to the base stations currently used by mobile station MS. The signaling message which includes the diversity handover unit (DHU) moveover request carries the following information: (1) the identity of the connection on the inter-RNC link 132 to be associated with the connection between the newly allocated diversity handover unit (DHU) and the applicable MSC (e.g., MSC 124₁); and (2) the identities of the base stations previously allocated by diversity handover unit (DHU) 140₁of Source RNC 122₁and currently in use for the mobile connection with mobile station MS.

[0060] The signaling message from Source RNC 122₁(which includes the diversity handover unit (DHU) moveover request) is routed through switch 140₂to RNC control unit 142₂of Target RNC 122₂. The routing of the signaling message to RNC control unit 142₂may include routing through a signaling network. Upon receipt of the signaling message, RNC control unit 142₂performs operations 7-4, 7-5, and 7-6 as shown in FIG. 7. Performance of operations 7-4, 7-5, and 7-6 is reflected by FIG. 5A.

[0061] Operation 7-4 involves allocating a diversity handover unit, particularly diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂, to the connection for mobile station MS. Allocating diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂to the connection for mobile station MS includes connecting, via switch 140₂, handover unit (DHU) 130₂to RNC interface unit 146₂. Such connection is accomplished by connecting port PD1 to port PR2 and connecting port PR1 to port PD2 [see FIG. 5A]. In terms of diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂, such connection means that line 174₂(connected to port PD1) is connected to port PR2, so that (upon completion of moveover) frames will be sent from frame selector 166₂to RNC I/F 146₂, and ultimately via switch 140₁to mobile switching center MSC 124₁[see FIG. 6]. In addition, line 172₂(connected to port PD2) is connected to port PR1, so that (upon completion of moveover) frames can be sent through switch 140₁and switch 140₂to frame splitter 162₂[see FIG. 6].

[0062] Operation 7-5 includes allocating new connections between Target RNC 122₂and the base stations controlled by Target RNC 122₂which are serving mobile station MS, particularly base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2. Allocating such new connections includes assigning ports PBU1-2 and PBD1-2 to the connection respecting base station (BS) 126_2,1, and assigning ports PBU2-2 and PBD2-2 to the connection respecting base station (BS) 126_2,2. Further, ports PBU1-2 and PBU2-2 are connected to ports PD3 and PD4, respectively, while ports PBD 1-2 and PBD2-2 are connected to ports PD5 and PD6, respectively. Ports PD3 and PD4 of switch 140₂are connected to uplink lines 178₂for eventually transmitting frames to frame selector 166₂[see FIG. 6]. Ports PD5 and PD6 of switch 140₂are connected to downlink lines 176₂for eventually obtaining frames from frame splitter 162₂[see FIG. 6].

[0063] Operation 7-6 shows RNC control unit 142₂of Target RNC 122₂sending a signaling message with an additional link setup request to each of the base stations owned by Target RNC 122₂which are serving mobile station MS. These signaling messages are sent over semipermanent connections established at start-up of the base stations. RNC control unit 142₂knows how to set up these signaling messages in view of the parameters received in the moveover request [see operation 7-3]. The signaling messages sent for operation 7-6 each include an identity of the transceiver and an identity of the allocated connection in the link between Target RNC 122₂and the respective base station. Although unillustrated, it should be understood that in sending the signaling messages that RNC control unit 142₂is connected internally through switch 140₂to ports PBD1 and PBD2.

[0064] The additional link setup request sent to base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2at operation 7-6 instruct the base stations to connect their transceivers in parallel to Target RNC 122₂via the connections specified in the additional link setup request. The transceivers are already connected to Source RNC 122₁, i.e., base station (BS) 126_2,1is already connected via ports PBU1-1 and PBD1-1; base station (BS) 126_2,2is already connected via ports PBU2-1 and PBD2-1. The new parallel connections for base station (BS) 126_2,1involve ports PBU2-1 and PBD2-1; the new parallel connections for base station (BS) 126_2,2involve ports PBU2-2 and PBD2-2. The involved base stations, i.e., base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2, each connect their transceiver to the connection and send a confirmatory response message to Target RNC 122₂Target RNC 122₂as operation 7-7 [see FIG. 7].

[0065] Operation 7-8 of FIG. 7 is a synchronization procedure between the involved base stations, i.e., base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2, and diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂. Aspects of the synchronization procedure are discussed subsequently.

[0066] At the time shown in FIG. 5A, base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2transmit information routed through Source diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁to mobile station MS in the downlink. In the uplink, on the other hand, both base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2send the same received data (although perhaps of differing quality) and control information to both Source diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁and Target diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂.

[0067] When all affected base stations have been synchronized, as operation 7-9 RNC control unit 142₂of Target RNC 122₂sends a signaling message to Source RNC 122₁. The signaling message of operation 7-9 includes a switchover request. Prior to switchover in Source RNC 122₁, all traffic on inter-RNC link 132 involving all legs of the mobile connection with mobile station MS from/to RNC I/F unit 146₁were routed through switch 140₁and diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁, as indicated by the lines PRE-X in FIG. 3. Upon receipt of the switchover request, RNC control unit 142₁of Target RNC 122₂performs a switchover procedure as indicated by operation 7-10 [see FIG. 7]. The switchover procedure preferably occurs in between frame transmission in order to avoid frame lost, else synchronization/time alignment must previously be reached between Source RNC 122₁and Target RNC 122₂.

[0068] In the switchover procedure of operation 7-10, RNC control unit 142₁operates switch 140₁to connect RNC I/F unit 146₁through switch 140₁to MSC IF/unit 144₁, as shown by the line POST-X in FIG. 3. As a result of the switchover, frames from MSC 124₁are routed through switch 140₁for application by RNC I/F unit 146₁to inter-RNC link 132, and in Target RNC 122₂through switch 140₂and to diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂. The frames are split in diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂for application to both of base station (BS) 126_2,1(through port PBD1-2) and base station (BS) 126_2,2(through port PBD2-2). Moreover, frames destined for MSC 124₁are routed through switch 140₂to diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂where they are combined, with a resultant (e.g., best) frame being routed via switch 140₂and applied by RNC I/F unit 146₂to inter-RNC link 132. In Source RNC 122₁the frames are routed through switch 140₁to MSC 124₁, bypassing diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁.

[0069] As indicated by operation 7-11, upon completion of switchover Source RNC 122₁sends a signaling message to Target RNC 122₂with a switchover confirmation. Upon receipt of the switchover confirmation, RNC control unit 142₂of Target RNC 122₂operates switch 140₂to release ports PBU1-1 and PBD1-1 formerly used by base station (BS) 126_2,1, and ports PBU2-1 and PBD2-1 formerly used by base station (BS) 126_2,2. The DHU at Source RNC 122₁thus then becomes an available resource. At this point, the mobile connection with mobile station MS involves only the legs which utilize the base station-connecting ports newly involved in connection with the diversity handling moveover. FIG. 5B shows the legs of the mobile connection for mobile station MS within Target RNC 122.

[0070] In addition to signaling messages such as those described with reference to FIG. 7 (which can be similar to the MAP protocol employed in GSM), inter-RNC link 132 carries traffic or user frames as well as dummy frames and synchronization adjustment frames. Examples of traffic frame formats are shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 8A. FIG. 8 particularly shows an uplink traffic frame which has a frame type field 8-1; a frame number field 8-2; a quality indicator field 8-3; and, a user traffic data field 8-4. FIG. 8A shows a downlink traffic frame which has a frame type field 8A-1; a frame number field 8A-2; and, a user traffic data field 8A-4.

[0071] An example of contents of the quality indicator fields 8-3 and 8-4 is a received signal-to-noise ratio (SIR) for the frame. In addition, a checksum result for the frame could be included in the quality indicator fields 8-3 and 8-4. The quality indicator is used by the frame selector in the diversity handover unit (DHU) to select and forward (to the appropriate mobile switching center MSC) the user traffic data of the best frame, of all of the frames received with a given frame number from all base stations involved for the connection with mobile station MS. The frame splitter, on the other hand, copies the user traffic data to all base stations involved in the connection for mobile station MS, and attaches the frame number for field 8A-2 [see FIG. 8A]. The timing unit (e.g., timing unit 141₁) supplies the diversity handover unit (DHU) with a frame number and with a frame number clock reference.

[0072] A dummy frame, an example of which is illustrated in FIG. 8B, can be used for establishment of communication and synchronization when no real traffic is to be sent. The dummy frame is also used in the downlink from Target diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂to the base stations before switchover to establish synchronization. The example dummy frame of FIG. 8B includes a frame type field 8B-1, a frame number field 8B-2, and a dummy data field 8B-4.

[0073] A synchronization frame, such as that shown in FIG. 8C, is employed to carry synchronization adjustment values. The example of the synchronization frame shown in FIG. 8C includes a frame type field 8C-1 and an adjustment value data field 8C-4. In one mode of the invention, the adjustment value data field 8C-4 contains a positive or negative time offset value.

[0074] As mentioned above, such as with reference to operation 7-1 of FIG. 7, for example, RNC control unit 142₁of Source RNC 122₁determines when to initiate a diversity handover unit moveover procedure. In the preferred embodiment, such decision is based on optimization of transmission resources. One example of logic implemented in the course of the diversity handling moveover decision is reflected in FIG. 9.

[0075] The diversity handover unit moveover decision logic of FIG. 9 involves (after an initialization step 9-1) a periodic determination (at step 9-2) whether any base station managed by Source RNC 122₁is involved in the mobile connection with mobile station MS. If the determination at step 9-2 is negative (i.e. “yes”), execution loops back to re-check the determination of step 9-2 at a future time. However, should the determination of step 9-2 be positive, i.e., no base station managed by Source RNC 122₁is involved with mobile station MS, a Timer T1 is set (step 9-3). As seen hereinafter, Timer T1 is employed to counteract a potential ping-pong effect. As indicated by steps 9-4 and 9-5, if a base station managed by Source RNC 122₁is added to the mobile connection for mobile station MS before Timer T1 expires, the potential DHU moveover is quelched and (at step 9-6) Timer T1 is stopped and reset prior to looping back to step 9-2. If Timer T1 expires before a base station managed by Source RNC 122₁is added to the mobile connection for mobile station MS, steps 9-7 and 9-8 are performed. At step 9-7, another RNC is selected as the Target RNC. Once the Target RNC has been selected, the DHU moveover procedure as described in FIG. 7 is performed (as represented by step 9-8 of FIG. 9).

[0076] In connection with step 9-7 of FIG. 9 described above, it is possible that mobile station MS may be in radio contact with base stations, some of whom belonging to differing RNCs. For example, in the scenario depicted in FIG. 10, Source RNC 122₁would have to select between Target RNC 122₂and Target RNC 122₃as candidates for the diversity handling moveover procedure. It will be appreciated that yet more RNCs may be in contention for receipt of the diversity handling function, the configurations shown herein being exemplary and not limiting.

[0077] Variations of the diversity handling moveover decision logic of FIG. 9 occur in differing embodiments. Whereas the example of FIG. 9 requires that no base station be managed by Source RNC 122₁before the diversity handling moveover is performed, other variations have differing moveover criteria relative to the number of base stations managed by the Source RNC 122₁and the Target RNC 122₂. For example, moveover criteria may be satisfied in one variation in which Source RNC 122₁manages only one base station involved in the mobile connection, and Target RNC 112₂manages a predetermined number (greater than one) of base stations involved in the mobile connection.

[0078] As an example of another variation, information regarding directionality of movement of mobile station MS may be considered for determining when to perform the diversity handling moveover. In this regard, RNC control unit 142₁can administer a database wherein is stored a log of coordinates or other geographical indicative information ascertained from mobile station MS or actually reported by mobile station MS. By analysis of such log, RNC control unit 142₁can determine a vector of current movement for mobile station, or a prediction based on prior history of movement of mobile station, and use such vector or prediction for determining a point at which diversity handling moveover would optimize resources of the radio network area.

[0079] Information regarding directionality of movement of mobile station MS may be used as a factor when selecting among plural RNCs for a new DHU situs is required [see, for example, selection step 9-7 of FIG. 9].

[0080] Another variation of the diversity handling moveover decision logic of FIG. 9 is based on transmission cost. According to this variation, total transmission costs for an existing connection to mobile station MS (including all legs reaching all base stations) is first determined. Then, for each potential RNC to which diversity handling could be moved, a total cost is determined for the connection for mobile station (again including all legs reaching all base stations). Total cost is computed by an operator-defined or self-configured metric, and includes the cost of transmission between any pair of RNCs and the cost of transmission between an RNC and the base stations it manages. In accordance with this variation, the diversity handling moveover is performed when an RNC other than the current Source RNC is determined to provide lower transmission costs (including threshold margins).

[0081] FIG. 9A shows an example of diversity handing moveover decision-making which is based on such factors as transmission cost as summarized above. Step 9A-1 shows starting and initialization of the decision-making logic of FIG. 9A. At step 9A-2, it is determined whether a base station has been added or removed from the set of base stations involved in the soft handover servicing of the mobile connection. If there is no change in the membership of the set of base stations, the logic of FIG. 9A loops back to step 9A-1 so that the membership can be respectively monitored.

[0082] If the membership of the set does change, at step 9A-3 a pool of candidate RNC nodes is developed. The pool does not include the RNC node at which the DHU currently resides. Then, at step 9A-4 the fictive transmission cost for each candidate RNC node in the pool is calculated. Similarly, at step 9A-5 the fictive transmission cost for the node where the DHU currently resides is calculated.

[0083] At step 9A-6, it is determined whether it is cost effective to have a DHU moveover. The cost effectiveness is determined by (1) finding the candidate RNC node with the least fictive transmission cost, (2) adding a marginal or threshold margin cost factor to the fictive transmission cost of the least expensive candidate RNC node, and (3) comparing the same with the fictive transmission cost of the RNC node where the DHU currently resides. If the RNC node where the DHU currently resides remains the least expensive, no DHU moveover is necessary and the logic loops back to step 9A-1.

[0084] If it is determined at step 9A-6 that a DHU moveover is cost effective, at step 9A-7 the candidate RNC node with the least fictive transmission cost is selected to be the target RNC node. Then, at step 9A-8 the DHU moveover to the Target RNC node (selected at step 9A-7) is initiated. If it is determined at step 9A-9 that the DHU moveover was a success, the logic of FIG. 9A terminates as shown by step 9A-10. Otherwise, the logic of FIG. 9A is re-started by a loop back to step 9A-1.

[0085] The calculations of steps 9A-4 and 9A-5 to determine fictive transmission costs are now described for a representative node (RNC(i). It is assumed for sake of discussion that there are “j” number of base stations included in the set involved in soft handover for the mobile connection, and that each base station BS(I) is described as being controlled by RNC(r(j)). Then, the fictive transmission cost C(i) for node RNC(i) is determined as follows: $c\left(i\right)=\sum _1^j\mathrm{cost}\left(\mathrm{RNC}\left(i\right)\mathrm{to}\mathrm{RNC}\left(r\left(j\right)\right)\right)+\mathrm{cost}\left(\mathrm{RNC}\left(\mathrm{anchor}\right)\mathrm{to}\mathrm{RNC}\left(i\right)\right).$

[0086] The meaning of “anchor” will hereinafter be explained, but in the mode illustrated in FIG. 2. The anchor RNC can be presumed to be the Source RNC. The cost for the various RNC to RNC connections can be set or input by operation command. Alternately, information can be utilized from a routing protocol such as PNNI, specified by ATM-Forum. One possibility is to use the number of intermediate switching nodes as a metric. For example, the cost between two RNC nodes can be the number of intermediate switching nodes in the transmission path between the two RNC nodes.

[0087] In certain situations, a mobile connection for mobile station MS may be supported by two or more diversity handover units (DHUs) in parallel, e.g., for different logical channels/services. An example of such a situation is a mobile station having plural services (e.g. multimedia services), in which each service has one of a corresponding plurality of logical channels in parallel. These logical channels may have different requirements for bitrate, delay, and other characteristics. In this example, one DHU serves one logical channel. In the base station the logical channels for such a mobile connection are multiplexed with code channels. Thus, there is a base station-RNC(DHU)-MSC connection for each logical channel. Even if the logical channels are handled together over the radio interface (e.g., BS-MS), they can be treated separately after the base station. In such case, each DHU can be moved independently using the DHU moveover procedure of the present invention. The DHU for the control channel signaling defines the role of the Source RNC and thus is moved last.

[0088] As employed herein, synchronization includes the principle that existing timing on the radio interface is maintained, e.g., frames are exchanged between the base stations and the mobile station at, e.g., 10 millisecond intervals in a certain phase. After connections have been set up between Target RNC 122₂and all involved base stations (e.g., base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2), a series of events occur between Source RNC 122₁and Target RNC 122₂.

[0089] In the uplink between Source RNC 122₁and Target RNC 122₂, a base station transmits frames received from mobile station MS to both Target diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂and Source diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁. The set of uplink buffers 168 of diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂receive frames from different (e.g., both) base stations. For frames having the same frame number for the same connection, frame selector 166₂selects the frame with best quality indicator [see FIG. 8]. The uplink frames are forwarded to Source RNC 122₁(at least before the switchover is requested from Target RN 122₂). Target diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂indicates to RNC control unit 142₂when synchronization is established.

[0090] In the downlink, diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂determines an initial departure time for numbered downlink frames based on the received numbered uplink frames, and starts transmitting numbered downlink dummy frames [see FIG. 8B]. The base stations receive the numbered dummy frames and instruct diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂to adjust its departure time if the frames arrive too early or too late. Further, the base stations indicated to RNC control unit 142₂when synchronization is established.

[0091] When Target RNC 122₂determines that synchronization is established for both uplink and downlink, Target RNC 122₂so informs Source RNC 122₁using the switchover request of operation 7-9 [see FIG. 9]. At that point, Source RNC 122₁performs the switchover procedure 7-10 as described above. When valid frames start to arrive from Target RNC 122₂to each involved base station (e.g., base station (BS) 126_2,1and base station (BS) 126_2,2), the base stations start transmitting (to mobile station MS) the frames received from Target RNC 122₂rather than the frames received from Source RNC 122₁.

[0092] If the total delay is increased using diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂of Target RNC 122₂, certain activities may occur. For example, if time alignment to the mobile switching center (MSC) is supported, diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₂can send commands to the mobile switching center (MSC) to adjust its timing. During this adjustment process, however, some frames may be lost. If time alignment to the mobile switching center (MSC) is not supported, a frame slip may occur. To avoid this problem, an initial connection should be set up with sufficient delay margins (e.g., some extra buffering in diversity handover unit (DHU) 130₁).

[0093] FIGS. 2-FIG. 2C illustrates diversity handling moveover, e.g. moveover from DHU 130₁of RNC 122₁to DHU 130₂of RNC 122₂, as mobile station MS traveled to utilize only base station BS 126_2,1and 126_2,2controlled by RNC 122₂. FIGS. 11-FIG. 11C progressively show stages of a return diversity handling moveover as mobile station MS travels back to utilize only base station BS 126_1,2and 126_1,3controlled by RNC 122₁.

[0094] The procedures and operations involved in the return of diversity handling moveover, especially as depicted in FIGS. 11A-FIG. 11C are understood from analog to the procedures and operations aforedescribed with respect to FIGS. 2-FIG. 2B, respectively. However, since the DHU allocated in RNC 122₁upon return diversity handling moveover is, in fact, newly allocated and not necessarily the same as former DHU 130₁, the new DHU of RNC 122₁is referenced in FIGS. 11B-FIG. 11C as DHU 130₁.

[0095] The return diversity handling moveover of FIGS. 11-FIG. 11C is conducted under the condition that DHU 130₂of RNC 122₂is connected via RNC 122₁to the MSC 124₁handling the mobile connection. Thus, until diversity handling moveover returns back to RNC 122₁as depicted in FIG. 11C, the inter-RNC link 132 carries both (1) frames between MSC 124₁and DHU 130₂, (2) frames between DHU 130₂and base station BS 126_1,2, and (3) frames between DHU 130₂and base station 126_1,3[see FIG. 11A]. MSC 124₁is connected to RNC 122₁.

[0096] The situation depicted in FIGS. 11A-FIG. 11C of having inter-RNC link 132 carrying so many frames can be obviated if, at an appropriate time (such as the time between the times shown by FIG. 2B and FIG. 11, for example) there is a change of MSC handling the mobile connection. For example, traffic on inter-RNC link 132 can be reduced if the mobile connection is changed such that MSC 124₂is utilized rather than MSC 124₁. When such a change of MSC is implemented, the return diversity handling moveover back to RNC 122₁is as shown in FIGS. 12-FIG. 12C rather than as in FIGS. 11-FIG. 11C. At the time shown in FIG. 12C, consideration ought to be given whether the mobile connection should change back to using MSC 124₁rather than MSC 124₂.

[0097] Modes of the invention previously described have involved a Source RNC 122₁and a Target RNC 122₂, one of which is connected to the MSC handing the mobile connection without an intermediate RNC. FIG. 13 and FIG. 13A depict a different mode in which the mobile connection utilizes MSC 124₀and wherein RNC 122₀functions as an “anchor” RNC. An “anchor” RNC is an RNC most closely connected to the pertinent MSC for the mobile connection and is the RNC which performs the switchover of a diversity handling moveover to connect a new DHU.

[0098] In reality, all modes of the invention involve three logical RNCs for performing diversity handling moveover: (1) an “anchor” RNC which performs the switchover to connect a new DHU; (2) a “source” RNC which controls the old DHU and which initiates the diversity handling moveover procedure; and (3) a “target” RNC which controls the new DHU (and which becomes the source RNC after the diversity handling moveover procedure is completed). In the preceding mode of FIGS. 2-FIG. 2B, RNC 122₁functioned both as the source RNC and the anchor RNC. In the modes of FIGS. 11-FIG. 11C and FIGS. 12-FIG. 12C, on the other hand, RNC 122₂functioned as the anchor RNC 122₀.

[0099] In the mode of the invention shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 13A, anchor RNC 122₀performs the switchover whereby the diversity handling is moved over from DHU 130₁of Source RNC 122₁to DHU 130₂of target RNC 122₂. FIG. 13 shows the situation prior to diversity handling moveover; FIG. 13A shows the situation after completion of diversity handling moveover.

[0100] FIG. 14 shows a sequence of operations involved in a diversity handling moveover procedure according to the mode of FIGS. 13-FIG. 13A (i.e., a mode in which an “anchor” RNC other than the source RNC or the target RNC perform the switchover). Operation 14-1 shows the Source RNC 122₁making a decision that a diversity handling moveover should occur. Such decision can be made according to any of the various criteria herein described, such as the criteria of FIG. 9 or FIG. 9A, for example. Once the diversity handling moveover decision has been made, set operation 14-2 source RNC 122₁sends a “diversity handling (DH) moveover initiation” message to anchor RNC 122₀. Then, at operation 14-3, anchor RNC 122₀sends a diversity moveover request message to Target RNC 122₂. In response, operation 14-4 shows Target RNC 122₂allocating a diversity handling unit (e.g., DHU 130₂) to be the recipient of the moveover. Details of DHU allocation of operations 14-4, like various other operations of FIG. 14, are understood with reference to analogous operations previously described in connection with FIG. 7. Upon completion of the DHU allocation, at operation 14-5 target RNC 122₂sends anchor RNC 122₀a “DH moveover proceed” message.

[0101] After Target RNC 122₂indicates set operation 14-5 that DH moveover may proceed, at operation 14-6 anchor RNC 122₀sends a “transmission path SETUP” message to Target RNC 122₂. The transmission path SETUP message of operation 14-6 serves to set up an inter-RNC transmission link connection between anchor RNC 122₀and Target RNC 122₂. The message of operation 14-6 may be sent through intermediate switching nodes or via a signaling network. In some embodiments, the connection set up by operation 14-6 may be set up all the way from Anchor RNC 122₀to each active base station. Upon establishment of the inter-RNC transmission link connection, at operation 14-7 Target RNC 122₂sends a “transmission path CONNECT” message to Anchor RNC 122₀.

[0102] Operation 14-8 involves Target RNC 122₂sending an “additional link setup” message to each active base station served by Target RNC 122₂for the mobile connection. In response, each active base station returns an “additional link setup response” message to Target RNC 122₂. Then, at operation 14-10, synchronization occurs between Target RNC 122₂and each active base station.

[0103] Upon obtaining synchronization, at operation 14-11, Target RNC 122₂sends a “switchover request” message to Anchor RNC 122₀. In response, at operation 14-12, the Anchor RNC 122₀performs the switchover procedure. After completion of the switchover, at operation 14-13, Anchor RNC 122₀sends a “DHU release” message to Source RNC 122₁. In response, at operation 14-14, Source RNC 122₁returns a “DHU release confirmation” message. Further, as indicated by operation 14-15, Source RNC 122₁sends a “transmission path release” message to Source RNC 122₁as reflected by operation 14-16.

[0104] At operation 14-17, Source RNC 122₁sends a series of “transmission path release” messages to Target RNC 122₂, one message for each active base station. In response, at operation 14-18 the Target RNC 122₂returns a same number series (one for each base station) of “transmission path release complete” messages to Source RNC 122₁.

[0105] At operation 14-19 Source RNC 122₁sends a “DH release complete” message to Anchor RNC 122₀. Anchor RNC 122₀responsively sends at “switchover confirmation” message to Target RNC 122₂at operation 14-20. Upon receipt of the “switchover confirmation” message, Target RNC 122₂sends, to each active base station, a “release link to old DHU” message (operation 14-21). In return, each active base station sends a “release link response” message to Target RNC 122₂.

[0106] Various ones of the messages described in connection with FIG. 14 may be sent via intermediate switching nodes. Moreover, various operations or combinations of operations may be performed in parallel. For example, operations 8-11 may be performed in parallel with operations 6-7. Further operation 15-16 may be performed in parallel with operation 17-18. Message (e.g. signals) for transmission path set up, connect, release, and complete as used herein are similar to ISUP.

[0107] The mode of FIG. 13 and FIG. 13A shows a generalization of earlier depicted modes. It should be accordingly realized that the present invention encompasses systems having any number of radio network control nodes.

[0108] The present invention also encompasses situations in which plural diversity handover units (DHUs) are moved together. FIG. 15 shows general operations performed in conjunction with a plural DHU moveover, in particular “N” number of DHUs. At operation 15-1, the target RNC allocates N number of target DHUs. Operation 15-2 shows N connections being set up between the Anchor RNC and the Target RNC. At operation 15-3, each active base station is connected to cell N target DHUs. Then, the anchor RNC performs N number of switchover operations (operation 15-4). As shown in operation 15-5, on each of the N connections, the base station transmits data from Target DHU when it arrives, and before that data from the source DHU.

[0109] It should be understood, however, that the switchover from Source DHU to Target DHU need not be simultaneous for all N connections. The switchover must not be done for all N connections to a mobile station.

[0110] In the embodiments described herein, for sake of simplicity only a limited number of base stations (BS) have been shown as connected to each RNC. It should be understood that differing and greater numbers of base stations (including just one base station) can be connected to each RNC, and accordingly that the number of downlink and uplink buffers in each diversity handover unit (DHU) is dependent thereon. Moreover, it should be understood that the radio access network, e.g. radio access network 120, can have RNCs and base stations other than and additional to those illustrated.

[0111] In the foregoing discussion, the MSC I/F units and the RNC I/F units have been illustrated as separate interfaces. It should be understood, however, that these interfaces can be combined into a single transport network interface unit.

[0112] In the embodiments herein illustrated, the connection between RNCs has been shown as a direct link. It should also be understood that such connection can instead be switched via any intermediate node. For example, in an embodiment in which such connection is switched, the intermediate node can be an MSC, an RNC, or a node in the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

[0113] Moreover, it should be understood that an RNC most probably is connected to several other RNCs (e.g., as many as eight), and that plural inter-RNC links may accordingly be provided. Thus, reference herein to connection to an inter-RNC transport links refers to an appropirate one of a potential plurality of such links.

[0114] The reader should appreciate that plural RNCs can be collocated to form “clusters”, and that from outside the cluster the cluster is viewed as being a larger “logical” RNC. A physical inter-RNC connection can thus be within the bigger logical RNC as well as between RNC clusters.

[0115] All scenarios and modes of diversity handling moveover described herein presume that handover (i.e., the adding and/or removing of base station legs) is inhibited until the diversity of handling moveover procedure is completed.

[0116] The present invention provides numerous advantages, including optimization of resources of the network area. For example, the duration of utilization of legs between base stations and diversity handover units (DHUs) is reduced. Moreover, the present invention economizes transport resources on the inter-RNC links.

[0117] While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.