Method and apparatus for extending security model to native code

[0002] This application is related to U.S. Ser. No. 08/995,606, entitled “Mobile Information Service Platform” to McMahon et al, U.S. Ser. No. 08/995,600 entitled “Mobile Communication System with Cross Compiler and Cross Linker” to Woolsey et al, and U.S. Ser. No. 08/995,597, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Providing Downloadable Functionality to an Embedded Coprocessor” to Brewer, all filed on even date herewith and incorporated by reference herein.

[0003] Not Applicable

[0004] 1. Technical Field

[0005] This invention relates in general to mobile electronic devices and, more particularly, to a hardware and software platform for mobile electronic devices.

[0006] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0007] Handheld portable devices are gaining popularity as the power and, hence, functionality of the devices increases. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are currently in widespread use and Smartphones, which combine the some of the capabilities of a cellular phone and a PDA, are expected to have a significant impact on communications in the near future.

[0008] Some devices currently incorporate one or more DSPs (digital signal processor) or other coprocessors for providing certain discrete features, such as voice recognition, and a general purpose processor for the other data processing functions. The code for the DSP and the code for the general purpose processor is generally stored in ROMs or other non-volatile memories, which are not easily modified. Thus, as improvements and new features become available, it is often not possible to upgrade the capabilities of the device. In particular, it is not possible to maximize the use of the DSPs or other coprocessor which may be present in the device.

[0009] Therefore, a need exists for a data processing architecture which can be upgraded and optimizes use of multiple processors and coprocessors.

[0010] In a first embodiment of the present invention, a file of native code within a software program including source code is stored in an external device, which encrypts both the source code and the native code in the software program. The encrypted software program is downloaded to the electronic device, where the software program is decrypted and the native code is retrieved. The native code is installed on a target processor where it is executed.

[0011] In a second embodiment of the present invention, a file of native code within a software program including source code is stored in an external device, which applies a digital signature to the software program. The software program is downloaded to the electronic device, where the signature is verified. Responsive to the verification, the native code is retrieved and installed on a target processor where it is executed.

[0012] The present invention provides significant advantages. Where the native code is encrypted during transmission along with the code of the software program, unauthorized modification of the code is prevented. Where a digital signature is applied to the software program, the authenticity of the code can be verified. Because the native code is secure and comes from a trusted source, the attributes of the native code can also be trusted as accurate. Where the software program is a JAVA Bean, the built in security processes of JAVA can be used to encrypt and sign the Bean and, hence, the native code.

[0013] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a platform architecture particularly suited for general wireless data processing;

[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates a functional block diagram of the platform of FIG. 1;

[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of dynamic cross compiling and dynamic cross linking functions;

[0017] FIG. 4 illustrate an embodiment of native code for execution on a processor being encapsulated in a JAVA Bean wrapper for downloading to a device;

[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates the operation of transferring the encapsulated native code to a processor on a device from a JAVA Bean located on a remote server; and

[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram describing security features associated with the operation of FIG. 5.

[0020] The present invention is best understood in relation to FIGS. 1-6 of the drawings, like numerals being used for like elements of the various drawings.

[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a general wireless data platform architecture, which could be used for example, in the implementation of a Smartphone or PDA. The wireless data platform 10 includes a general purpose (Host) processor 12 coupled to bus structure 14, including data bus 14a, address bus 14band control bus 14c. One or more DSPs (or other coprocessors) 16, including the core processor 16aand the peripheral interface 16b, are coupled to bus 14 and to memory and traffic controller 18, which includes a DSP cache memory 18a, a CPU cache 18b, and a MMU (memory management unit) 18c. A hardware accelerator circuit 20 (for accelerating a portable language such as JAVA) and a video and LCD controller 22 are also coupled to the memory and traffic controller 18. The output of the video and LCD controller is coupled to a LCD or video display 24.

[0022] Memory & traffic controller 18 is coupled to bus 14 and to the main memory 26, shown as an SDRAM (synchronous dynamic random access memory). Bus 14 is also connected to I/O controller 28, interface 30, and RAM/ROM 32. A plurality of devices could be coupled to the wireless data platform 10, such as smartcard 34, keyboard 36, mouse 38, or one or more serial ports 35, such as a USB (universal serial bus) port or an RS232 serial port. Interface 30 can couple to a flash memory card 37 and/or a DRAM card 39. The peripheral interface 16bcan couple the DSP 16 to a DAC (digital to analog converter) 46, a network interface 48 or to other devices.

[0023] The wireless data platform 10 of FIG. 1 utilizes both a general purpose processor 12 and a DSP 16. Unlike current devices in which the DSP 16 is dedicated to specific fixed functions, the DSP 16 of FIG. 1 can be used for any number of functions. This allows the user to derive the full benefit of the DSP 16.

[0024] One main area in which the DSP 16 can be used is in connection with the man-machine interface (MMI). Importantly, functions like speech recognition, image and video compression and decompression, data encryption, text-to-speech conversion, and so on, can be performed much more efficiently using the DSP 16. The present architecture allows new functions and enhancements to be easily added to wireless data platform 10.

[0025] It should be noted that the wireless data platform 10 is a general block diagram and many modifications could be made. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates separate DSP and processor caches 18aand 18b. As would be known to one skilled in the art, a unified cache could also be used. Further, the hardware acceleration circuit 20 is an optional item. Such devices speed the execution of languages such as JAVA; however, the circuit is not necessary for operation of the device. Further, although the illustrated embodiment shows a single DSP, multiple DSPs (or other coprocessors) could be coupled to the buses.

[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates a functional software architecture for the wireless data platform 10. This block diagram presumes the use of JAVA; it should be noted that languages other than JAVA could be used as well. Functionally, the software is divided into two groups, Host processor software and DSP software. The Host software includes one or more applets 40. The DSP API class 42 is a JAVA API package for JAVA applications or applets to access the functionality of the DSP API 50 and Host DSP Interface Layer 52. A JAVA virtual machine (VM) 44 interprets the applets. The JAVA native interface 46 is the method which the JAVA VM executes Host processor or platform specific code. Native tasks 48 are non-JAVA programs which can be executed by the Host processor 12 without using the JAVA native interface. The DSP API 50, described in greater detail hereinbelow, is an API (application program interface) that uses Host 12 to call to, and makes use of the capabilities of the DSP 16. The Host-DSP Interface Layer 52 provides an API for the Host 12 and DSP 16 to communicate with each other, with other tasks, or other hardware using channels via the Host-DSP Communication Protocol. The DSP device driver 54 is the Host based device driver for the Host RTOS 56 (real time operating system) to communicate with the DSP 16. The Host RTOS 56 is an operating system, such as NUCLEUS PLUS by Accelerated Technology Incorporated. Alternatively a non-real time operating system, such as WINDOWS CE by Microsoft Corporation, could be used. The DSP Library 58 contains programs stored for execution on the DSP 16.

[0027] On the DSP side, one or more tasks 60 can be stored in memory for execution by the DSP16. As described below, the tasks can be moved in and out of the memory as desired, such that the functionality of the DSP is dynamic, rather than static. The Host-DSP Interface layer 62 on the DSP side performs the same function as the Host-DSP Interface layer 52 on the Host side, namely it allows the Host 12 and DSP 16 to communicate. The DSP RTOS 64 is the operating system for the DSP processor. The Host Device driver 66 is a DSP based device driver for the DSP RTOS 64 to communicate with the Host 12. The Host-DSP Interface 70 couples the DSP 16 and Host 12.

[0028] In operation, the software architecture shown in FIG. 2 uses the DSP 16 as a variable function device, rather than a fixed function device as in the prior art. Accordingly, the DSP functions can be downloaded to the mobile device incorporating the architecture of FIG. 2 to allow the DSP 16 to perform various signal processing functions for the Host 12.

[0029] The DSP-API provides a device independent interface from the Host 12 to the DSP 16. The functions provide the Host 12 with the ability to load and schedule tasks on the DSP 16 and to control and communicate with those tasks. The API functions include calls to: determine the DSP's available resources, create and control Host 12 and DSP tasks, create and control data channels between Host 12 and DSP tasks, and communicate with tasks. These functions are described below. Each function returns a BOOLean result, which will be SUCCESS for a successful operation, or FAILURE. If the result is FAILURE, the errcode should be checked to determine which error occurred.

[0030] BOOL DSP_Get_MIPS(T_DeviceID DevID, U32 *mips, U16 *errcode);

[0031] This function returns the current MIPS available on the DSP. This consists of the MIPS capability of the DSP 16 minus a base MIPS value (the MIPS value with no additional dynamic tasks, i.e. the kernel plus API code plus drivers), minus the sum of the MIPS ratings for all loaded dynamic tasks. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0032] DSP_SUCCESS

[0033] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0034] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0035] BOOL DSP_Get_Memory_Available(T_DeviceID DevID, T_Size *progmem, T_Size *datamem, U16 *errcode);

[0036] This function will query the DSP 16 specified by DevID for the amounts of available memory for both program memory and data memory. The resultant values are returned in the progmem and datamem parameters. The sizes are specified in T_DSP_Words. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0037] DSP_SUCCESS

[0038] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0039] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0040] BOOL DSP_Alloc_Mem(T_DeviceID DevID, U16 mempage, T_Size size, T_DSP_Word **memptr, U16 *errcode);

[0041] This function will allocate a block of memory on a DSP 16. The DevID specifies which device on which to allocate the memory. The mempage is 0 for program space, and 1 for data space. The size parameter specifies the memory block size in T_DSP_Words. The returned memptr will be a pointer to the memory block on the DSP 16, or NULL on failure. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0042] DSP_SUCCESS

[0043] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0044] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0045] DSP_INVALID_MEMPAGE

[0046] DSP_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY

[0047] BOOL DSP_Free_Mem(T_DeviceID DevID, U16 mempage, T_DSP_Word *memptr, U16 *errcode);

[0048] This function will free a block of memory on a DSP that was allocated with the DSP_Alloc_Mem function. The DevID specifies on which device the memory resides. The mempage is 0 for program space, and 1 for data space. The memptr parameter is the pointer to the memory block. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0049] DSP_SUCCESS

[0050] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0051] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0052] DSP_INVALID_MEMPAGE

[0053] DSP_MEMBLOCK_NOT_FOUND

[0054] BOOL DSP_Get_Code_Info(char *Name, T_CodeHdr *codehdr, U16 *errcode);

[0055] This function will access the DSP Library table and return the code header for the DSP function code specified by the Name parameter. On return, the location pointed to by the codehdr parameter will contain the code header information. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0056] DSP_SUCCESS

[0057] DSP_NAMED_FUNC_NOT_FOUND

[0058] BOOL DSP_Link_Code(T_DeviceID DevID, T_CodeHdr *codehdr, T_TaskCreate *tcs, U16 *errcode);

[0059] This function will link DSP function code so that it will run at a specified address on the DSP specified by DevID. The codehdr parameter points to the code header for the function. The dynamic cross linker will link the code based on information in the code header, and in the code (COFF file). The dynamic cross linker will allocate the memory as needed, and link and load the code to the DSP 16. The tcs parameter is a pointer to the task creation structure needed in the DSP_Create_Task function. DSP_Link_Code will fill in the code entry points, priority, and quantum fields of the structure in preparation for creating a task. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0060] DSP_SUCCESS

[0061] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0062] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0063] DSP_NOT_ENOUGH_PROG_MEMORY

[0064] DSP_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA_MEMORY

[0065] DSP_COULD_NOT_LOAD_CODE

[0066] BOOL DSP_Put_BLOB(T_DeviceID DevID, T_HostPtr srcaddr, T_DSP_Ptr destaddr, U16 mempage, T_Size size, U16 *errcode);

[0067] This function will copy a specified Binary Large Object (BLOB) to the DSP 16. The DevID specifies on which DSP 16 to copy the object. The srcaddr parameter is a pointer to the object in Host memory. The destaddr is a pointer to the location to which to copy the object on the DSP 16. The mempage is 0 for program space, and 1 for data space. The size parameter specifies the size of the object in T_DSP_Words. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0068] DSP_SUCCESS

[0069] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0070] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0071] DSP_INVALID_MEMPAGE

[0072] BOOL DSP_Create_Task(T_DeviceID DevID, T_TaskCreate *tcs, T_TaskID *TaskID, U16 *errcode);

[0073] DSP_Create_Task requests the DSP 16 to create a task given the task parameters and the code locations in the DSP's program space. The Task Creation Structure is show in Table 1:

[0074] Once the task is created, the Create entry point will be called, giving the task the opportunity to do any necessary preliminary initialization. The Create, Suspend, Resume, and Stop entry points can be NULL. The resultant TaskID contains both the device ID (DevID), and the DSP's task ID. If the TaskID is NULL, the create failed. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0075] DSP_SUCCESS

[0076] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0077] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0078] DSP_INVALID_PRIORITY

[0079] DSP_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0080] DSP_ALLOCATION_ERROR

[0081] This function will start a DSP task specified by TaskID. Execution will begin at the task's Start entry point. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0082] DSP_SUCCESS

[0083] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0084] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0085] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0086] BOOL DSP_Suspend_Task(T_TaskID TaskID, U16 *errcode);

[0087] This function will suspend a DSP task specified by TaskID. Prior to being suspended, the task's Suspend entry point will be called to give the task a chance to perform any necessary housekeeping. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0088] DSP_SUCCESS

[0089] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0090] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0091] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0092] BOOL DSP_Resume_Task(T_TaskID TaskID, U16 *errcode);

[0093] This function will resume a DSP task that was suspended by DSP_Suspend_Task. Prior to being resumed, the task's Resume entry point will be called to give the task a chance to perform any necessary housekeeping. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0094] DSP_SUCCESS

[0095] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0096] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0097] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0098] DSP_TASK_NOT_SUSPENDED

[0099] BOOL DSP_Delete_Task(T_TaskID TaskID, U16 *errcode);

[0100] This function will delete a DSP task specified by TaskID. Prior to the deletion, the task's Stop entry point will be called to give the task a chance to perform any necessary cleanup. This should include freeing any memory that was allocated by the task, and returning any resources the task acquired. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0101] DSP_SUCCESS

[0102] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0103] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0104] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0105] BOOL DSP_Change_Task_Priority(T_TaskID TaskID, U16 newpriority, U16 *oldpriority, U16 *errcode);

[0106] This function will change the priority of a DSP task specified by TaskID. The priority will be changed to newpriority. The possible values of newpriority are RTOS dependent. Upon return, the oldpriority parameter will be set to the previous priority of the task. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0107] DSP_SUCCESS

[0108] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0109] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0110] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0111] DSP_INVALID_PRIORITY

[0112] BOOL DSP_Get_Task_Status(T_TaskID TaskID, U16 *status, U16 *priority, T_ChanID *Input, T_ChanID *Output, U16 *errcode);

[0113] This function returns the status for a DSP task specified by TaskID. The status will be one of the following values:

[0114] DSP_TASK_RUNNING

[0115] DSP_TASK_SUSPENDED

[0116] DSP_TASK_WAITFOR_SEM

[0117] DSP_TASK_WAITFOR_QUEUE

[0118] DSP_TASK_WAITFOR_MSG

[0119] The priority parameter will contain the task's priority, and the Input and Output parameters will contain the task's input and output channel IDs, respectively. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0120] DSP_SUCCESS

[0121] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0122] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0123] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0124] BOOL DSP_Get_ID_From_Name(T_DeviceID DevID, T_DSP_Name Name, T_DSP_ID *ID, U16 *errcode);

[0125] This function returns the ID for a named object on the DSP 16. The named object may be a channel, a task, a memory block, or any other supported named DSP object. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0126] DSP_SUCCESS

[0127] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0128] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0129] DSP_NAME_NOT_FOUND

[0130] BOOL DSP_Dbg_Read_Mem(DEVICE_ID DevID, U8 mempage, DSP_PTR addr, U32 count, DSP_WORD *buf, U16 *errcode);

[0131] This function requests a block of memory. The mempage specifies program memory (0) or data memory (1). The addr parameter specifies the memory starting address, and the count indicates how many T_DSP_Words to read. The buf parameter is a pointer to a caller provided buffer to which the memory should be copied. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0132] DSP_SUCCESS

[0133] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0134] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0135] DSP_INVALID_MEMPAGE

[0136] BOOL DSP_Dbg_Write_Mem(T_DeviceID DevID, U16 mempage, T_DSP_Ptr addr, T_Count count, T_DSP_Word *buf U16 *errcode);

[0137] This function writes a block of memory. The mempage specifies program memory (0) or data memory (1). The addr parameter specifies the memory starting address, and the count indicates how many T_DSP_Words to write. The buf parameter is a pointer the buffer containing the memory to write. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0138] DSP_SUCCESS

[0139] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0140] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0141] DSP_INVALID_MEMPAGE

[0142] BOOL DSP_Dbg_Read_Reg(T_DeviceID DevID, U16 RegID, T_DSP_Word *regvalue, U16 *errcode);

[0143] This function reads a DSP register and returns the value in regvalue. The RegID parameter specifies which register to return. If the RegID is −1, then all of the register values are returned. The regvalue parameter, which is a pointer to a caller provided buffer, should point to sufficient storage to hold all of the values. The register IDs are DSP specific and will depend on a particular implementation. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0144] DSP_SUCCESS

[0145] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0146] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0147] DSP_INVALID_REGISTER

[0148] BOOL DSP_Dbg_Write_Reg(T_DeviceID DevID, U16 RegID, T_DSP_Word regvalue, U16 *errcode);

[0149] This function writes a DSP register. The RegID parameter specifies which register to modify. regvalue contains the new value to write. The register IDs are DSP specific and will depend on a particular implementation. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0150] DSP_SUCCESS

[0151] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0152] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0153] DSP_INVALID_REGISTER

[0154] BOOL DSP_Dbg_Set_Break(T_DeviceID DevID, DSP_Ptr addr, U16 *errcode);

[0155] This function sets a break point at the given code address (addr). The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0156] DSP_SUCCESS

[0157] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0158] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0159] BOOL DSP_Dbg_Clr_Break(T_DeviceID DevID, T_DSP_Ptr addr, U16 *errcode);

[0160] This function clears a break point that was previously set by DSP_Dbg_Set_Break at the given code address (addr). The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0161] DSP_SUCCESS

[0162] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0163] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0164] DSP_BP_DID_NOT_EXIST

[0165] The DSP Device Driver 54 handles communications from the Host 12 to the DSP 16. The driver functions will take the communication requests as specified in the Host-DSP Communications Protocol and handle the transmission of the information via the available hardware interface. The device driver is RTOS dependent and communications hardware dependent.

[0166] The DSP Library 58 contains the blocks of code that can be downloaded to the DSP 16 for execution. Each block of code will be previously unlinked, or relocatably linked as a library, so that the dynamic cross linker can resolve all address references. Each code block will also include information about the block's requirements for DSP MIPS (millions of instructions per second), priority, time slice quantum, and memory. The format for the code block header is shown in Table 2. The program memory and data memory sizes are approximations to give the Host 12 a quick check on whether the DSP can support the task's memory requirements. If there appears to be sufficient space, the dynamic cross linker can then attempt to link and load the code. It should be noted that the dynamic cross linker could still fail, due to page alignment and contiguity requirements. In the preferred embodiment, the code is in a version 2 COFF file format.

[0167] A procedure for converting portable (processor independent) code, such as JAVA code, into linked target code is shown in FIG. 3. The procedure uses two functions, a dynamic cross compiler 80 and a dynamic cross linker 82. Each function is implemented on the Host processor 12. The dynamic cross linker is part of the DSP-API in the preferred embodiment. The cross compiler may also be part of the DSP-API.

[0168] The dynamic cross compiler 80 converts portable code into unlinked, executable target processor code. The dynamic cross linker 82 converts the unlinked, executable target processor code into linked, executable target processor code. To do so, it must resolve addresses within a block of code, prior to loading on the DSP 16. The dynamic cross linker 82 links the code segments and data segments of the function, allocates the memory on the DSP 16, and loads the code and constant data to the DSP 16. The functions are referred to as “cross” compiling and “cross” linking, because the functions (compiling and linking) occur on a different processor (i.e., the Host processor 12) from the target processor which executes the code (i.e., the DSP 16).

[0169] The dynamic cross compiler 80 accepts previously unlinked code loaded on demand by a user or a user agent (such as a browser). The code is processed to either (1) identify “tagged” sections of the code or (2) analyze untagged code segments for suitability of execution on the DSP 16. A tagged section of source code could delineate source targetable to a DSP by predetermined markers such as “<start DSP code>” and “<end DSP code>” embedded in the source code. If a tagged section is identified either directly or through analysis, a decision is made to either cross compile or not based on the current processing state of the DSP 16. If a decision is made to compile, the section of code processed by compiling software that outputs unlinked, executable target processor code, using well known compiling methods. A decision not to compile could be made if for example, the DSP has insufficient available processing capacity (generally stated as available MIPS-million of instructions per second) or insufficient available memory, due to other tasks being executed by the DSP 16. The compiled code can be passed to the dynamic cross linker 82 for immediate use in the DSP 16, or could be saved in the DSP library 58.

[0170] The dynamic cross linker 82 accepts previously unlinked code, which is either (1) statically stored in connection with the Host processor 12 or (2) dynamically downloaded to the Host processor 12 over a network connection (including global networks such as the Internet) or (3) dynamically generated by the dynamic cross compiler 80. The dynamic cross linker 82 links the input code for a memory starting address of the DSP 16 determined at runtime. The memory starting address can be determined from a memory map or memory table stored on and managed by either the Host processor 12 or DSP 16. The dynamic cross linker 82 converts referenced memory locations in the code to actual memory locations in the DSP. These memory locations could include, for example, branch addresses in the code or references to locations of data in the code.

[0171] In the preferred embodiment, the portable code is in a COFF (common object file format) which contains all information about the code, including whether it is linked or unlinked. If it is unlinked, symbol tables define the address which must be changed for linking the code.

[0172] The conversion process described above has several significant advantages over the prior art. First, the dynamic cross compiler 80 allows run-time decisions to be made about where to execute the downloaded portable code. For example, in a system with multiple target processors (such as two DSPs 16), the dynamic cross compiler 80 could compile the portable code to any one of the target processors based on available resources or capabilities. The dynamic cross linker 82 provides for linking code to run on a target processor which does not support relocatable code. Since the code is linked at run-time, memory locations in the DSP 16 (or other target processor) do not need to be reserved, allowing optimum efficiency of use of all computing resources in the device. Because the compiling is accomplished with knowledge of the architecture of the platform 10, the compiling can take advantage of processor and platform specific features, such as intelligent cache architectures in one or both processors.

[0173] Thus, the DSP 16 can have various functions which are changed dynamically to fully use its processing capabilities. For example, the user may wish to load a user interface including voice recognition. At that time, the Host processor 12 could download software and dynamically cross compile and cross link the voice recognition software for execution in the DSP 16. Alternatively, previously compiled software in the DSP library 58 could be dynamically cross linked, based on the current status of the DSP 16, for execution.

[0174] The Host Device Driver handles communications from the DSP 16 to the Host 12. The driver functions takes the communication requests as specified in the Host-DSP Communications Protocol and handles transmission of the information via the available hardware interface. The device driver is RTOS dependent and communications hardware dependent.

[0175] The Host-DSP Communications Protocol governs the communications of commands and data between the Host 12 and the DSP 16. The communications consist of several paths: messages, data channels, and streams. Messages are used to send initialization parameters and commands to the tasks. Data channels carry large amounts of data between tasks and between the DSP 16 and Host 12, in the form of data frames. Streams are used to pass streamed data between tasks and between the DSP 16 and Host 12.

[0176] Each task has an entry point to a message handler, which handles messages. The messages are user defined and will include initialization parameters for the task's function, and commands for controlling the task. The tasks send messages to the Host 12 via the callback specified when the task is created. The prototype for the task's message handler and the prototype for the Host's callback are shown here:

[0177] void TaskMsgHandler(T_ReplyRef replyref, T_MsgID MsgID, T_Count count, T_DSP_Word *buf);

[0178] void HostCallBack(T_ReplyRef replyref, T_MsgID MsgID, T_Count count, T_DSP_Word *buf);

[0179] The replyref parameter refers to an implementation dependent reference value, which is used to route the reply back to the sender. For every Send_Message call, the recipient must call Reply_Message using the replyref parameter. The actual messages may appear as follows:

[0180] The multiword data is sent least-significant word first.

[0181] A TaskID of 0 in the Send_Message function indicates a system level message. The system level messages are used to implement the DSP-API functions

[0182] BOOL Send_Message(T_TaskID TaskID, T_MsgID MsgID, T_Count count, T_DSP_Word *msgbuf, T_DSP_Word *replybuf, T_Size replybufsize, T_Count replycount, U16 *errcode);

[0183] This function will send a user defined message to a task specified by TaskID. The MsgID defines the message, and the msgbuf contains the actual message data. The message size is count T_DSP_Words. The reply to the message will be contained in the replybuf parameter, which points to a buffer of size replybufsize, provided by the caller. It should be of sufficient size to handle the reply for the particular message. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0184] DSP_SUCCESS

[0185] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0186] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0187] DSP_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0188] BOOL Reply_Message(T_ReplyRef replyref T_Count count, T_DSP_Word *buf, U16 *errcode);

[0189] This function is used to reply to messages. The replyref parameter is a reference used to route the reply back to the sender of the original message, and is implementation specific. The reply is contained in the buf parameter and its size is count T_DSP_Words. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0190] DSP_SUCCESS

[0191] DSP_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0192] DSP_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0193] DSP_BAD_REPLY_REF

[0194] The concept of channels is used to transmit frame-based data from one processor to another, or between tasks on the same processor. When created, a channel allocates a specified number and size of frames to contain the data. Initially, the channel will contain a list of empty frames. Tasks that produce data will request empty frames in which to put the data, then once filled, the frame is returned to the channel. Tasks that consume data will request full frames from the channel, and once emptied, the frame is returned to the channel. This requesting and returning of frame buffers allows data to move about with a minimum of copying.

[0195] Each task has a specified Input and Output channel. Once a channel is created, it should be designated as the input to one task, and the output to another task. A channel's ID includes a device ID, so channels can pass data between processors. Channel data flow across the Host-DSP interface may appear as follows:

[0196] The Following are the Channel Functions:

[0197] BOOL Create_Channel(T_DeviceID DevID, T_Size framesize, T_Count numframes, T_ChanID *ChannelID, U16 *errcode);

[0198] This function creates a data frame-based communication channel. This creates a channel control structure, which maintains control of a set of frame buffers, whose count and size are specified in the numframes and framesize parameters, respectively. When created, the channel allocates the data frames, and adds them to its list of empty frames. ChannelID will return the ID of the new channel. If the DevID is not that of the calling processor, a channel control structure is created on both the calling processor and the DevID processor, to control data flowing across the communications interface. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0199] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0200] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0201] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0202] CHAN_ALLOCATION_ERROR

[0203] BOOL Delete_Channel(T_ChanID ChannelID, U16 *errcode);

[0204] This function deletes an existing channel specified by ChannelID. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0205] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0206] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0207] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0208] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0209] This function requests an empty frame from the specified local channel ID. If Chn is NULL, then the task's output channel is used. Upon return, the bufptr parameter will contain the pointer to the frame buffer. If the WaitFlag is TRUE, and there is no frame buffer available, the caller will be suspended until a buffer becomes available. If the WaitFlag is FALSE, the function will return regardless. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0210] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0211] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0212] CHAN_BUFFER_UNAVAILABLE

[0213] BOOL Return_Full_Frame(T_LocalChanID Chn, T_DSP_Word *bufptr, U16 *errcode);

[0214] Once a task has filled a frame buffer, it returns is to the channel using this function. The buffer pointed to by bufptr is returned to the channel ID specified. If Chn is NULL, then the task's output channel is used. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0215] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0216] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0217] CHAN_BUFFER_CTRL_ERROR

[0218] BOOL Request_Full_Frame(T_LocalChanID Chn, T_DSP_Word **bufptr, BOOL WaitFlag, U16 *errcode);

[0219] This function requests a full frame of data from the specified local channel ID. If Chn is NULL, then the task's input channel is used. Upon return, the bufptr parameter will contain the pointer to the frame buffer. If the WaitFlag is TRUE, and there are no full frame buffers available, the caller will be suspended until a buffer becomes available. If the WaitFlag is FALSE, the function will return regardless. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0220] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0221] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0222] CHAN_BUFFER_UNAVAILABLE

[0223] BOOL Return_Empty_Frame(T_LocalChanID Chn, T_DSP_Word *bufptr, U16 *errcode);

[0224] Once a task has used the data from a frame buffer, it should return the buffer to the channel using this function. The buffer pointed to by bufptr is returned to the channel ID specified. If Chn is NULL, then the task's input channel is used. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0225] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0226] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0227] CHAN_BUFFER_CTRL_ERROR

[0228] BOOL Set_Task_Input_Channel(T_Task *TaskID, T_ChanID ChanID, U16 *errcode);

[0229] This function sets a task's input channel to the specified channel ID. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0230] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0231] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0232] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0233] CHAN_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0234] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0235] BOOL Set_Task_Output_Channel(T_Task *TaskID, T_ChanID ChanID, U16 *errcode);

[0236] This function sets a task's output channel to the specified channel ID. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0237] CHAN_SUCCESS

[0238] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0239] CHAN_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0240] CHAN TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0241] CHAN_CHANNEL_NOT_FOUND

[0242] Streams are used for data, which can not be broken into frames, but which continuously flow into and out of a task. A stream will consist of a circular buffer (FIFO) with associated head and tail pointers to track the data as it flows in and out. Each task can have a designated input and output stream. Stream data flow across the Host-DSP interface may appear as follows:

[0243] BOOL Create_Stream(T_DeviceID DevID, T_Size FIFOsize, T_StrmID *StreamID, U16 *errcode);

[0244] This function creates a FIFO-based communication stream. This creates a stream control structure, which maintains control of a FIFO of size FIFOsize. When created, the stream allocates an empty FIFO, and initializes head and tail pointers to handle data flow into and out of the stream. StreamID will return the ID of the new stream. If the DevID is not that of the calling processor, a stream control structure is created on both the calling processor and the DevID processor, to control data flowing across the communications interface. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0245] STRM_SUCCESS

[0246] STRM_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0247] STRM_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0248] STRM_ALLOCATION_ERROR

[0249] Delete_Channel

[0250] BOOL Delete_Stream(T_StrmID StreamID, U16 *errcode);

[0251] This function deletes an existing stream specified by StreamID. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0252] STRM_SUCCESS

[0253] STRM_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0254] STRM_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0255] STRM_STREAM_NOT_FOUND

[0256] BOOL Get_Stream_Count(T_LocalStrmID StrmID, T_Count *count, U16 *errcode);

[0257] This function requests the count of T_DSP_Words currently in the stream FIFO specified by StrmID. The count parameter will contain the number upon return. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0258] STRM_SUCCESS

[0259] STRM_STREAM_NOT_FOUND

[0260] BOOL Write_Stream (T_LocalStrmID Strm, T_DSP_Word *bufptr, T_Count count, T_Count *countwritten, U16 *errcode);

[0261] This function will write count number of T_DSP_Words to the stream specified by the Strm. If Strm is NULL, the task's output stream is used. The data is pointed to by the bufptr parameter. Upon return, countwritten will contain the number of T_DSP_Words actually written. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0262] STRM_SUCCESS

[0263] STRM_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0264] STRM_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0265] STRM_STREAM_NOT_FOUND

[0266] STRM_STREAM_OVERFLOW

[0267] BOOL Read_Stream(T_LocalStrmID Strm, T_DSP_Word *bufptr, T_Count maxcount, BOOL WaitFlag, T_Count *countread, U16 *errcode);

[0268] This function reads data from the stream specified by Strm. If Strm is NULL, the task's input stream is used. The data will be stored in the buffer pointed to by bufptr. Up to maxcount T_DSP_Words will be read from the stream. The countread parameter will contain the actual count of the data read. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0269] STRM_SUCCESS

[0270] STRM_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0271] STRM_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0272] STRM_STREAM_NOT_FOUND

[0273] BOOL Set_Task_Input_Stream(T_Task *TaskID, T_StrmID StrmID, U16 *errcode),

[0274] This function sets a task's input stream to the specified stream ID. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0275] STRM_SUCCESS

[0276] STRM_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0277] STRM_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0278] STRM_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0279] STRM_STREAM_NOT_FOUND

[0280] This function sets a task's output stream to the specified stream ID. The errcode parameter will contain the following possible results:

[0281] STRM_SUCCESS

[0282] STRM_DEVID_NOT_FOUND

[0283] STRM_DEVID_NOT_RESPONDING

[0284] STRM_TASK_NOT_FOUND

[0285] STRM_STREAM_NOT_FOUND

[0286] Data types used herein are defined in Table 3:

[0287] These tables define the messages passing between devices (i.e. Host to DSP 16). The device IDs present as parameters in the corresponding function calls are not incorporated in the messages since they are used to actually route the message to the device. Similarly, task IDs that include a device ID as their upper half for the function call will not include the device ID in the message, but only the DSP's local task ID portion.

[0288] FIGS. 4-6 illustrate an embodiment for downloading native code to a target processor (i.e., the Host 12 or DSP 16) in a secure and efficient manner. This embodiment for downloading code could be used, for example in downloading code from the Internet, or other global network, from a Local or Wide Area Network, or from a peripheral device, such as a PC Card or Smartcard.

[0289] In FIG. 4, an embodiment of a JAVA Bean 90 is shown, where the Bean 90 acts as a wrapper for native code 92. The Bean further includes several attributes 94, listed as a Code Type attribute 94a, a Code Size attribute 94band a MIPS Required attribute 94c. The Bean 90 has several actions 96, including a Load Code action 96a, a Load Parameters action 96band an Execute Parameter 96c.

[0290] In operation, the Load Code action 96ais used to load external native code (native to the target processor) into the Bean. Since JAVA Beans have persistence, the Bean 90 can store its internal state, including the native code 92 and the attributes 94. The Load Parameters action 96bretrieves parameters from the native code 92 (using, for example, the COFF file format described above) and stores the parameters as attributes 94a-c. The Execute action 96cexecutes tasks installed in the DSP 16.

[0291] FIG. 5 illustrates use of the Bean 90 to download code to the target processor. In this example, it is assumed that the target processor is the DSP 16 (or one of multiple DSPs 16), although it could be used to download native code to the Host processor 12 as well. Further, it is assumed that the desired Bean 90 is resident in a network server, such as a LAN server or an Internet server, although the Bean could be resident in any device in communication with the platform 10, such as a Smartcard. For a wireless data platform 10, the connection to the network server 100 will often be wireless.

[0292] In FIG. 5, the platform 10 is coupled to a network server 100. The Host processor 12, as shown in greater detail in FIG. 2, may execute one or more JAVA applets 40 through a JAVA virtual machine 44. In order to download new code, the Host 12 loads an applet containing the Bean 90 from the network server 100 or the Bean, without the containing applet, can be downloaded from the server 100. Once the wrapper Bean 90 has been retrieved, it can be queried for the size of the native code, code type (for which processor is the code intended) and MIPs required. If the intended processor has sufficient resources to run the code 92, the code 92 can be installed to execute on the intended processor, either the Host processor 12 or DSP 16 in the architecture shown in FIG. 5. Typically, the native code 92 will be unlinked, compiled code. Thus, the cross linker 82 of the DSP-API 50 will link the code to an available memory location. The Bean would pass the binary native code 92 to the dynamic cross linker 82, which would install and execute the code.

[0293] A typical manner in which a download of native code might occur is when the user is running an applet in which a DSP function is desired. First, the applet would check to see if the desired code was installed as a task 60 in the DSP or was available in the DSP Library 58. If so, the task could be executed without a download.

[0294] If the task is not stored in the DSP 16 or the DSP library 58, an object (referred to as the “DSPLoader” object herein) could be created to load the Bean 90. If the DSPLoader class is local on the Host 12, JAVA will check to see if the Bean is available locally as well. In a first instance, there may be a Bean with the code stored locally. If so, the code from the Bean is installed to the DSP (or to whichever processor specified by the Code Type). If a Bean without the code is stored locally, the Bean can retrieve the code from the appropriate server.

[0295] On the other hand, if the DSPLoader object is not local, then JAVA will load the Bean 90 from the server that wrote the applet. The code from the Bean will then be installed as described above.

[0296] While the downloading of native code is described in connection with the use of a JAVA Bean, it could also be accomplished by wrapping the code within another language, such as an ActiveX applet.

[0297] Using a JAVA Bean (or other applet) as a wrapper to the native code has significant advantages. First, it allows a simple, standard method for loading code onto one of a plurality of processors. The Bean is created, code is loaded into the Bean and the code is linked to the appropriate processor. Without wrapping the code within the Bean, the process may take several hundred steps. Second, it allows multiple pieces of native code to be combined by a single applet, providing for complex applications to be generated from multiple discrete routines using a single applet to combine the routines as desired. Third, it takes advantage of the language's security features, thereby protecting not only the JAVA code in the Bean 90, but the native code 92 as well. Other languages, such as ActiveX, have security features as well.

[0298] Two of the most important security features are digital signing and encryption. A JAVA Bean or ActiveX applet may be signed by the source of the code; when the Bean or applet is downloaded, the signature is verified by the receiving application, which has a list of trusted sources. If the Bean or applet is signed by a trusted source, it can be decrypted using standard techniques. Accordingly, the native code is encrypted during transmission along with the code of the Bean or applet, preventing unauthorized modification of the code. Because the native code is secure and comes from a trusted source, the attributes can also be trusted as accurate.

[0299] FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart describing the process of downloading native code for a processor using a JAVA Bean, it being understood that the native code could be wrapped in an applet of a different language using similar techniques. In step 110, the encrypted, digitally signed Bean 90 is downloaded to a device running a JAVA virtual machine. In step 112, the signature is verified. If it is not from a source listed as a trusted source, exception processing is enabled in step 114. In the case of the Bean coming from a trusted source, the exception processing function may give the user an opportunity to accept the Bean, if the user is comfortable with the source. If the signature is invalid, the exception processing may delete the Bean 90 and send an appropriate error message to the user.

[0300] If the signature is valid and comes from a trusted source, the Bean is decrypted in step 116. This step decrypts both the JAVA code and the native code in the Bean. In step 118, the attributes are retrieved from the Bean 90 and in step 120 the applet determines whether the appropriate processor has sufficient resources to run the code. If not, the exception processing step 114 may decline to install the native code, or steps may be taken to free resources. If there are sufficient resources, the code is linked using the cross-linker and installed on the desired processor in step 122. In step 124, the native code is executed.

[0301] Sample JAVA script for a Bean 90 is provided hereinbelow:

[0302] In the script set forth above, the NativeBean() routine creates the Bean 90 which will hold the native code. The loadCode() routine gets the native code from the server. The getFunctionName() and getCodeBase() routines retrieve attributes. The installCode() routine calls the cross linker to link the native code to the DSP and to load the linked code. The loadParameters() routine instructs the Bean to examine the native code and determine its attributes. The getCodesize() and getCodetype() routines transfer the attributes to the requesting applet.

[0303] Although the Detailed Description of the invention has been directed to certain exemplary embodiments, various modifications of these embodiments, as well as alternative embodiments, will be suggested to those skilled in the art. The invention encompasses any modifications or alternative embodiments that fall within the scope of the claims.