US 6,208,902 B1Grant
Apparatus and method for adjunct (add-on) therapy for pain syndromes utilizing an implantable lead and an external stimulator
Issue Date:2001-03-27
•20 Claims
•16 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An apparatus and method for adjunct (add-on) therapy of painful syndromes comprises an implantable lead-receiver, an external stimulator having controlling circuitry and a power source, and an coil to inductively couple the stimulator to the lead-receiver. The external patch contains means for compensating for the change in axis of external transmitting and internal receiving coils. The external stimulator emits electrical pulses to stimulate a cranial nerve such as the left vagus nerve according to a predetermined program. The pre-determined programs include both short term and long term stimulation.
Metadata
Inventor
- Birinder Bob Boveja
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/178,058
Filing Date:1998-10-26
Priority Date:1998-10-26
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
A61N 136
Field of Search:
607 45607 46607 58607 59607 63607 72607116607 61607118
Patent Drawings (16 sheets)
Description
Background
[0002] 1. Field of Invention
[0003] This invention relates generally to non-pharmacologic adjunct (add-on) treatment for pain, more specifically to adjunct treatment of pain by modulating electrical signals to a selected nerve or nerve bundle utilizing an easily implanted lead-receiver and an external stimulator.
[0004] 2. Background
[0005] Analgesia by neural stimulation, either transcutaneously or through inserted needles (electro-acupuncture), has been demonstrated in humans. In the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) method (such as with a device manufactured by Xytron Medical), two standard carbon rubber electrodes with gel are fixed on patient's skin across the tissue to be stimulated. One electrode being the negative pole and other being the positive pole. Utilizing the two electrodes, asymmetric biphasic pulses are used, with the frequency and pulse width being adjustable. Because the skin has high impedance, relatively large outputs are required to stimulate, and the site to be stimulated is not very specific. Other tissues including muscle, between the two skin electrodes will be stimulated.
[0006] Another method of stimulating a nerve is by using a percutaneous needle, or a lead with one end (distal end) being next to the nerve and utilizing a patch somewhere on the skin as the return electrode. Such a method is not feasible for long term stimulation because of the potential for infection, but can be useful for short term testing.
[0007] The time course and the distribution of the analgesic effect vary with the stimulus frequency used. The analgesic effect of high-frequency (40-400 Hz), low-intensity stimulation is largely confined to the spinal segment stimulated and the effect has a relatively short time course. The response is explained by events at the level of the spinal cord, as expressed in the spinal gate-control theory, which suggests an inhibition of cells transmitting information from nociceptors (receptors for pain) by activation of low-threshold afferents. Analgesia by low-frequency (2-5 Hz) peripheral stimulation is characterized by a slower time course with a long induction time (15-30 min.) and an effect outlasting the stimulation period from 20 min. to several hours. Furthermore, the effect is widespread and not confined to the spinal segment being stimulated. This suggests a different, presumably humoral mechanism, possibly due to b-endorphin. This slow time course is not only found with low-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation but also with classical needle acupuncture. The two modes of stimulation are assumed to act through similar mechanisms.
[0008] To understand the basics, it is instructive to see what happens when one accidentally hits their thumb with a hammer. A common sequence is to withdraw the thumb, yell (via limbic connections), and then apply pressure to the injured thumb. The first scientific explanation of how pressure and other external stimuli inhibit pain transmission was the gate theory of pain, proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. They hypothesized that information from first-order low-threshold mechanical afferents and from first-order nociceptive afferents converges into the same second-order neurons. They proposed that the preponderance of activity in the primary afferents determines the pattern of signals the second-order neuron transmits. Thus, if the low-threshold mechanical afferents are more active than the nociceptive afferents, the mechanoreceptive information is transmitted and the nociceptive information inhibited. According to their theory, transmission of pain information is blocked in the dorsal horn, closing the gate to pain. Lamina II, the substantia gelatinsosa, was suggested as the site of interference with pain massage transmission. The gate theory is important because it inspired inquiry into the mechanics and control of pain. One result of these investigations was the clinical application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations (TENS). TENS uses electrical current applied to the skin to interfere with the transmission of pain information.
[0009] Another theory that has incorporated findings from research stimulated by the gate theory is the counterirritant theory. According to the counterirritant theory, inhibition of nociceptive signals by stimulation of non-nociceptive receptors occurs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, as shown in FIG. 1 (from: Neuroscience-Fundamentals for Rehabilitation, Page 119. W. B. Saunders Company).
[0010] For example, as shown in FIG. 1, pressure stimulates mechanoreceptive afferents 24. Theoretically, proximal branches of the mechanoreceptive afferents 24 activate interneurons 22 that release the neurotransmitter enkephalin. Enkephalin binds with receptor sites on both the primary afferents and interneurons 22 of the pain system. Enkephalin binding depresses the release of substance P and hyperpolarizes the interneurons 22, thus inhibiting the transmission of nociceptive signals to the spinothalamic tract 27. FIG. 1 also shows tissue damage 25 and a pathway to the dorsal column 26.
[0011] Most nerves in the human body are composed of thousands of fibers, of different sizes designated by groups A, B and C, which carry signals to and from the brain. The vagus nerve, for example, may have approximately 100,000 fibers of the three different types, each carrying signals. Each axon (fiber) of that nerve conducts only in one direction, in normal circumstances. The A and B fibers are myelinated (i.e., have a myelin sheath, constituting a substance largely composed of fat), whereas the C fibers are unmyelinated.
[0012] A commonly used nomenclature for peripheral nerve fibers, using Roman and Greek letters, is given in the table below,
[0013] The diameters of group A and group B fibers include the thicknesses of the myelin sheaths. Group A is further subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta fibers in decreasing order of size. There is some overlapping of the diameters of the A, B, and C groups because physiological properties, especially the form of the action potential, are taken into consideration when defining the groups. The smallest fibers (group C) are unmyelinated and have the slowest conduction rate, whereas the myelinated fibers of group B and group A exhibit rates of conduction that progressively increase with diameter. Group B fibers are not present in the nerves of the limbs; they occur in white rami and some cranial nerves. Myelinated fibers are typically larger, conduct faster and have very low stimulation thresholds, compared to the unmyelinated type, and exhibit a particular strength-duration curve or respond to a specific pulse width versus amplitude for stimulation. The A and B fibers can be stimulated with relatively narrow pulse widths, from 50 to 200 microseconds (μs), for example. The A fiber conducts slightly faster than the B fiber and has a slightly lower threshold. The C fibers are very small, conduct electrical signals very slowly, and have high stimulation thresholds typically requiring a wider pulse width (300-1,000 μs) and a higher amplitude for activation.
[0014] The vagus nerve is composed of somatic and visceral afferents (i.e., inward conducting nerve fibers which convey impulses toward the brain) and efferents (i.e., outward conducting nerve fibers which convey impulses to an effector). Usually, nerve stimulation activates signals in both directions (bi-directionally). It is possible, however, through the use of special electrodes and waveforms, to selectively stimulate a nerve in one direction only (unidirectionally). The vast majority of vagal nerve fibers are C fibers, and a majority are visceral afferents having cell bodies lying in masses or ganglia in the skull. The central projections terminate largely in the nucleus of the solitary tract which sends fibers to various regions of the brain, e.g., the hypothalamus, thalamus, and amygdala. Most authorities believe that pain is recognized or perceived in the thalamus.
[0015] The most commonly experienced form of pain may be defined as the effect of a stimulus on nerve endings, which results in the transmission of impulses to the cerebrum. In an ascending pathway, the axons travel in the spinothalamic tract upward to the thalamus where they synapse on third order neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus or posteromedial, for sensation from the face. The pain sensations are usually carried by small diameter Aδ fibers or C fibers.
[0016] There is also a descending pathway which inhibits the incoming pain signals, and is therefore important on the body's endogenous control of pain. This system includes the periaqueductal grey, the dorsal raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus, and nuclei of the medullary reticular formation. The nuclei send descending axons in the dorsolateral funiculus and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Spontaneous activation of these pathways, some of which involve activation of endogenous opiate system, tends to suppress pain transmission.
[0017] Observations on the profound effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve on central nervous system (CNS) activity, extends back to 1930's. Intermittent vagal stimulation has been relatively safe and well tolerated. The minimal side effects of tingling sensations and brief voice abnormalities have not been distressing. The vagus nerve provides an easily accessible, peripheral route to modulate central nervous system (CNS) function. Other cranial nerves can be used for the same purpose, but the vagus nerve is preferred because of its easy accessibility. In the human body there are two vagal nerves (VN), the right VN and the left VN. Each vagus nerve is encased in the carotid sheath along with the carotid artery and jugular vein. The innervation of the right and left vagal nerves is different. The innervation of the right vagus nerve is such that stimulating it results in profound bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate). The left vagal nerve has some innervation to the heart, but mostly innervates the visceral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract. It is known that stimulation of the left vagal nerve does not cause any significant deleterious side effects.
[0018] The basic premise of vagal nerve stimulation is that vagal visceral afferents have a diffuse central nervous system (CNS) projection, and activation of these pathways has a widespread effect on neuronal excitability. The cervical component of the vagus nerve (10thcranial nerve) transmits primarily sensory information that is important in the regulation of autonomic activity by the parasympathetic system. General visceral afferents constitute approximately 80% of the fibers of the nerve, and thus it is not surprising that vagal stimulation (VS) can profoundly affect CNS activity. With cell bodies in the nodose ganglion, these afferents originate from receptors in the heart, aorta, lungs, and gastrointestinal system and project primarily to the nucleus of the solitary tract which extends throughout the length of the medulla oblongata.
[0019] Activation of the descending anti-nociceptive pathway by stimulation of vagal afferents is, in many instances, an appropriate strategy for treatment of chronic pain of neuropathic or psychogenic origin, especially pain which is intractable to drug therapy.
[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 3,796,221 (Hagfors) is directed to controlling the amplitude, duration and frequency of electrical stimulation applied from an externally located transmitter to an implanted receiver by inductively coupling. Electrical circuitry is schematically illustrated for compensating for the variability in the amplitude of the electrical signal available to the receiver because of the shifting of the relative positions of the transmitter-receiver pair. By highlighting the difficulty of delivering consistent pulses, this patent points away from applications such as the current application, where consistent therapy may need to be continuously sustained over a prolonged period of time. The methodology disclosed is focused on circuitry within the receiver, which would not be sufficient when the transmitting coil and receiving coil assume significantly different orientation, which is likely in the current application. The present invention discloses a novel approach for this problem, using “targets” located in the external patch electrode. Additionally, the mode of stimulation in Hagfors patent is “bipolar” whereas in the current patent, the mode of stimulation is “unipolar” i.e. between the tip electrode and case.
[0021] U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,254, 4,867,164 and 5,025,807 (Zabara) generally disclose animal research and experimentation related to epilepsy and the like and are directed to stimulating the vagas nerve by using pacemaker technology, such as an implantable pulse generator. These patents are based on several key hypotheses, some of which have since been shown to be incorrect. The pacemaker technology concept consists of a stimulating lead connected to a pulse generator (containing the circuitry and DC power source) implanted subcutaneously or submuscularly, somewhere in the pectoral or axillary region, with an external personal computer (PC) based programmer. Once the pulse generator is programmed for the patient, the fully functional circuitry and power source are fully implanted within the patient's body. In such a system, when the battery is depleted, a surgical procedure is required to disconnect and replace the entire pulse generator (circuitry and power source). These patents neither anticipate practical problems of an inductively coupled system nor suggest solutions to the same for an inductively coupled system. FIG. 4 in all three above Zabara patents show the stimulation electrode around the right vagus nerve. It is well known that stimulation of right vagus can lead to profound bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate), an unwanted complication.
[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,515 (Rutecki et al.) is directed to the use of pacemaker technology for vagal nerve stimulation for treating and controlling pain. Pacemaker technology consists of an implantable pulse generator and lead, and an external PC based programmer. This patent does not suggest solutions to the issues and problems of an inductively coupled system.
[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 5,031,618 (Mullett) discloses a position sensor for chronically implanted neuro stimulator for stimulating the spinal cord. The position sensor, located in a chronically implanted programmable spinal cord stimulator, modulates the stimulation signals depending on whether the patient is erect or supine.
[0024] U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,481 (Bullara) is directed to an implantable helical electrode assembly configured to fit around a nerve. The individual flexible ribbon electrodes are each partially embedded in a portion of the peripheral surface of a helically formed dielectric support matrix.
[0025] U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,812 (Timm et al.) discloses nerve stimulation electrodes that include a pair of parallel spaced apart helically wound conductors maintained in this configuration.
[0026] U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,511 (Terry) discloses a flexible, helical electrode structure with an improved connector for attaching the lead wires to the nerve bundle to minimize damage.
[0027] An implantable pulse generator and lead with a PC based external programmer is advantageous for cardiac pacing applications for several reasons, including:
[0028] 1) A cardiac pacemaker must sense the intrinsic activity of the heart, because cardiac pacemakers deliver electrical output primarily during the brief periods when patients either have pauses in their intrinsic cardiac activity or during those periods of time when the heart rate drops (bradycardia) below a certain pre-programmed level. Therefore, for most of the time, in majority of patients, the cardiac pacemaker “sits” quietly monitoring the patient's intrinsic cardiac activity.
[0029] 2) The stimulation frequency for cardiac pacing is typically close to 1 Hz, as opposed to approximately 20 Hz or even significantly higher, typically used in nerve stimulation applications such as pain control.
[0030] 3) Patients who require cardiac pacemaker support are typically in their 60's, 70's or 80's years of age.
[0031] The combined effect of these three factors is that the battery in a pacemaker can have a life of 10-15 years. Most patients in whom a pacemaker is indicated are implanted only once, with perhaps one surgical pulse generator replacement.
[0032] In contrast, patients with intractable pain in whom electrical stimulation is beneficial can be younger as a group. Also, stimulation frequency is typically 20 Hz and can be much higher, and the total stimulation time per day is much longer than for cardiac pacemakers. As a result, battery drain is typically much higher for nerve stimulation applications than for cardiac pacemakers.
[0033] The net result of these factors is that the battery will not last nearly as long as in cardiac pacemakers. Because the indicated patient population can also be much younger, the expense and impact of surgical generator replacement will become significant, and detract from the appeal of this therapy. There are several other advantages of the present inductively coupled system.
[0034] 1) The hardware components implanted in the body are much less. This is advantageous for the patient in terms of patient comfort, and it decreases the chances of the hardware getting infected in the body. Typically, when an implantable system gets infected in the body, it cannot be easily treated with antibiotics and eventually the whole implanted system has to be explanted.
[0035] 2) Because the power source is external, the physician can use stimulation sequences that are more effective and more demanding on the power supply.
[0036] 3) With the controlling circuitry being external, the physician and the patient may easily select from a number of predetermined programs, or manually operate the device. The predetermined programs can even be modified.
[0037] 4) The external inductively-coupled nerve stimulation (EINS) system is quicker and easier to implant.
[0038] 5) The external pulse generator does not need to be monitored for “End-of-Life” (EOL) like the implantable system, thus resulting in cost saving and convenience.
[0039] 6) The EINS system can be manufactured at a significantly lower cost than an implantable pulse generator and programmer system, providing the patient and medical establishment with cost effective therapies.
[0040] 7) The EINS system makes it more convenient for the patient or caretaker to turn the device on demand for “as need” type of application.
[0041] 8) Occasionally, an individual responds adversely to an implanted medical device and the implanted hardware must be removed. In such a case, a patient having the EINS systems has less implanted hardware to be removed and the cost of the pulse generator does not become a factor.
[0042] In the conventional manner of implanting, a cervical incision is made above the clavicle, and another infraclavicular incision is made in the deltapectoral region for the implantable stimulus generator pocket. To tunnel the lead to the cervical incision, a shunt-passing tool is passed from the cervical incision to the generator pocket, where the electrode is attached to the shunt-passing tool and the electrode is then “pulled” back to the cervical incision for attachment to the nerve. This standard technique has the disadvantage that it is time consuming and it tends to create an open space in the subcutaneous tissue. Post surgically the body will fill up this space with serous fluid, which can be undesirable.
[0043] To make the subcutaneous tunneling simpler and to avoid possible complication, one form of the implantable lead body is designed with a hollow lumen to aid in implanting. In this embodiment, a special tunneling tool slides into a hollow lumen. After the cervical and infraclavicular incisions are made, the tunneling tool and lead are simply “pushed” to the cervical incision and the tunneling tool is pulled out. Since the tunneling tool is inside the lead, no extra subcutaneous space is created around the lead, as the lead is pushed. This promotes better healing post-surgically.
[0044] The apparatus and methods disclosed herein also may be appropriate for the treatment of other conditions, as disclosed in co-pending applications filed on Oct. 26, 1998, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ADJUNCT (ADD-ON) THERAPY OF PARTIAL COMPLEX EPILEPSY, GENERALIZED EPILEPSY AND INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT DISORDERS UTILIZING AN EXTERNAL STIMULATOR and APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ADJUNCT (ADD-ON) THERAPY OF DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE UTILIZING AN IMPLANTABLE LEAD AND AN EXTERNAL STIMULATOR, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Summary of the Invention
[0045] The apparatus and methodology of this invention generally relates to the treatment of neuropathic and psychogenic pain via afferent stimulation using an implantable lead and a stimulator outside the body. In one embodiment of the invention, the sensation of pain is blocked through selective stimulation of the afferents of the vagus nerve to activate a descending anti-nociceptive pathway of the nerve tract using an implantable lead and a stimulator outside the body.
[0046] In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus consists of an easy to implant lead-receiver, an external stimulator containing controlling circuitry and power supply, and electrode containing coil for inductively coupling the external pulse generator to the implanted lead-receiver. A separately provided tunneling tool may be used as an aid for implanting the lead-receiver.
[0047] In another embodiment of the invention, the implantable lead-receiver is inductively coupled to the external stimulator via a patch electrode containing coil. One feature of this invention is to consistently deliver energy from an external coil to an internal coil in an ambulatory patient. A design of the external patch contains means for compensating for relative movement of the axis of the external and internal coils by deflecting the energy via targets located in the external patch.
[0048] Another feature of this invention is to provide means for aiding in the implant of lead-receiver, including a hollow lumen in the lead body to receive a tunneling tool.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0049] For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in accompanying drawing forms which are presently preferred, it being understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the precise arrangement and instrumentalities shown.
[0050] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
[0051] FIG. 1A is a diagram showing a patient wearing an external inductively-coupled nerve stimulator (EINS) system.
[0052] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing two coils along their axis, in a configuration such that the mutual inductance would be maximum.
[0053] FIG. 3A is a diagram showing the effects of two coils with axes at right angles.
[0054] FIG. 3B is a diagram showing the effects of two coils with axes at right angles, with a ferrite target included.
[0055] FIG. 4A is a side view of an external patch showing the transmitting coil and targets.
[0056] FIG. 4B is top view of an external patch showing the transmitting coil and targets.
[0057] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the implanted lead-receiver and the transmitting coil.
[0058] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the implanted lead-receiver underneath the skin, also showing the relative position of the external coil.
[0059] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the proximal end of the lead-receiver.
[0060] FIG. 8 is a diagram of circuitry within the proximal portion of the implanted lead-receiver.
[0061] FIG. 9 is a diagram of the body of the lead-receiver.
[0062] FIG. 10 is a diagram of a tunneling tool for aiding in the implantation of the lead-receiver.
[0063] FIG. 11 is a diagram of another tunneling tool for aiding in the implantation of the lead-receiver.
[0064] FIG. 12 is a diagram of an external patch and external pulse generator.
[0065] FIG. 13 is a prospective view of an external pulse generator.
[0066] FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of the external pulse generator.
[0067] FIG. 15 is a diagram of a hydrogel electrode.
[0068] FIG. 16 is a diagram of a lead-receiver utilizing a fiber electrode at the distal end.
[0069] FIG. 17 is a diagram of a fiber electrode wrapped around Dacron polyester.
[0070] FIG. 18 is a diagram of a lead-receiver with a spiral electrode.
[0071] FIG. 19 is a diagram of an electrode embedded in tissue.
[0072] FIG. 20 is a diagram of an electrode containing steroid drug inside.
[0073] FIG. 21 is a diagram of an electrode containing steroid drug in a silicone collar at the base of electrode.
[0074] FIG. 22 is a diagram of an electrode with steroid drug coated on the surface of the electrode.
[0075] FIG. 23 is a diagram of cross sections of implantable lead-receiver body showing different lumens.
[0076] The following are reference numbers in the drawing:
[0077] 22. interneuron that release enkephalin
[0078] 24. mechanoreceptor
[0079] 25. tissue damage
[0080] 26. pathway to the dorsal column
[0081] 27. spinothalmic tract
[0082] 32. patient
[0083] 34. implantable lead-receiver
[0084] 36. coil-end of the external patch
[0085] 38. wire of external patch
[0086] 40. terminal end of the external patch
[0087] 42. external stimulator
[0088] 43. external patch electrode
[0089] 44. belt of external stimulator
[0090] 45. ferrite target
[0091] 46. outer (transmitting) coil
[0092] 48. inner (receiving) coil
[0093] 49. proximal end of lead-receiver
[0094] 50. adhesive portion of external patch electrode
[0095] 51. driving voltage of transmitter coil
[0096] 52. distal ball electrode
[0097] 53. zero voltage of receiver coil
[0098] 54. vagus nerve
[0099] 55. signal voltage across receiver coil
[0100] 56. carotid artery
[0101] 57. ferrite targets in external patch
[0102] 58. jugular vein
[0103] 59. body of lead-receiver
[0104] 60. working lumen of lead-receiver body
[0105] 62. hollow lumen of lead-receiver body
[0106] 64. schematic of lead-receiver circuitry
[0107] 65. cable connecting cathode and anode
[0108] 68. tuning capacitor in electrical schematic and in hybrid
[0109] 70. zenor diode
[0110] 71. pre-determined programs in block diagram
[0111] 72. capacitor used in filtering
[0112] 74. resister used in filtering
[0113] 75. programmable control logic in block diagram
[0114] 76. capacitor to block DC component to distal electrode
[0115] 77. programming station in block diagram
[0116] 78. case of lead-receiver
[0117] 79. pulse frequency oscillator in block diagram
[0118] 80. distal electrode in schematic of lead-receiver
[0119] 81. battery (DC) in block diagram
[0120] 82. working lumen in a cross section
[0121] 83. amplifier in block diagram
[0122] 84. hollow lumen in a cross-section
[0123] 85. indicator in block diagram
[0124] 86. small handle of alternate tunneling tool
[0125] 87. low pass filter in block diagram
[0126] 88. big handle of the tunneling tool
[0127] 89. antenna in block diagram
[0128] 90. skin
[0129] 91. metal rod portion of the tunneling tool with big handle
[0130] 92. punched holes in body of the lead receiver to promote fibrosis
[0131] 93. metal rod portion of the alternative tunneling tool with small handle
[0132] 94. alternative tunneling tool
[0133] 95. tunneling tool with big handle
[0134] 96. silicone covering proximal end
[0135] 98. hybrid assembly
[0136] 100. hydrogel
[0137] 102. platinum electrodes around hydrogel
[0138] 104. fiber electrode
[0139] 105. spiral electrode
[0140] 106. dacron polyester or polyimide
[0141] 108. platinum fiber
[0142] 110. exposed electrode portion of spiral electrode
[0143] 112. polyurethane or silicone insulation in spiral electrode
[0144] 114. “virtual” electrode
[0145] 118. excitable tissue
[0146] 120. non-excitable tissue
[0147] 121. steroid plug inside an electrode
[0148] 122. body of electrode
[0149] 124. electrode tip
[0150] 126. silicone collar containing steroid
[0151] 128. steroid membrane coating
[0152] 130. anchoring sleeve
[0153] 132A-F lumens
[0154] 134A-C larger hollow lumen for lead introduction
Detailed Description of the Invention
[0155] FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of a patient 32 with an implantable lead-receiver 34 and an external stimulator 42, clipped on to a belt 44 in this case. The external stimulator 42, may alternatively be placed in a pocket or other carrying device. An external patch electrode 36 provides the coupling between the external stimulator 42 and the implantable lead-receiver 34.
[0156] The external stimulator 42 is inductively coupled to the lead-receiver 34. As shown in FIG. 2, when two coils are arranged with their axes on the same line, current sent through coil 46 creates a magnetic field that cuts coil 48 which is placed subcutaneously. Consequently, a voltage will be induced in coil 48 whenever the field strength of coil 46 is changing. This induced voltage is similar to the voltage of self-induction but since it appears in the second coil because of current flowing in the first, it is a mutual effect and results from the mutual inductance between the two coils. Since these two coils are coupled, the degree of coupling depends upon the physical spacing between the coils and how they are placed with respect to each other. Maximum coupling exists when they have a common axis and are as close together as possible. The coupling is least when the coils are far apart or are placed so their axes are at right angles. As shown in FIG. 5, the coil 48 inside the lead-receiver 34 is approximately along the same axis as the coil 46 in the external skin patch 36.
[0157] As shown in FIG. 3A, when the axis of transmitting coil 46 is at right angles to the axis of the receiving coil 48, a given driving voltage 51 results in zero voltage 53 across the receiving coil 48. But, as shown in FIG. 3B by adding ferrite target 45, a given driving voltage 51 through the transmitting coil 46 results in a signal voltage 55 across the receiver coil 48. The efficiency is improved by having multiple ferrite targets. An alternate external patch shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B contains multiple targets 57. FIG. 4A shows a side view of the patch, and FIG. 4B shows a top view of the patch. Having multiple targets 57 in the external patch 43 compensates for non-alignment of the axis between the transmitting coil 46 and receiving coil 48. Since relative rotations between the axis of external transmitting coil 46 and internal receiving coil 48 which may occur during breathing, muscle contractions, or other artifacts are compensated for, results in continuous prolonged stimulation.
[0158] Referring to FIG. 6, the implantable lead-receiver 34 looks somewhat like a golf “tee” and is the only implantable portion of the system. The “head” or proximal end 49 contains the coil 48 and electronic circuitry (hybrid) 98 which is hermetically sealed, and covered with silicone. It also has four anchoring sleeves 130 for tying it to subcutaneous tissue. FIG. 7 is a close-up view of the proximal portion 49 of the lead-receiver 34 containing the circuitry (hybrid) 98. This circuitry is shown schematically in FIG. 8. A coil 48 (preferably approximately 15 turns) is directly connected to the case 78. The external stimulator 42 and external patch 36 transmit the pulsed alternating magnetic field to receiver 64 whereat the stimulus pulses are detected by coil 48 and transmitted to the stimulus site (vagus nerve 54). When exposed to the magnetic field of transmitter 36, coil 48 converts the changing magnetic field into corresponding voltages with alternating polarity between the coil ends. A capacitor 68 is used to tune coil 48 to the high-frequency of the transmitter 36. The capacitor 68 increases the sensitivity and the selectivity of the receiver 64, which is made sensitive to frequencies near the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit and less sensitive to frequencies away from the resonant frequency. A zenor diode 70 in the current path is used for regulation and to allow the current that is produced by the alternating voltage of the coil to pass in one direction only. A capacitor 72 and resistor 74 filter-out the high-frequency component of the receiver signal and thereby leave a current of the same duration as the burst of the high-frequency signal. Capacitor 76 blocks any net direct current to the stimulating electrode tip 80, which is made of platinum/iridium (90%-10%). Alternatively, the stimulating electrode can be made of platinum or platinum/iridium in ratio's such as 80% Platinum and 20% Iridium.
[0159] The circuit components are soldered in a conventional manner to an upper conductive layer on a printed circuit board. The case 78 is connected to the coil 48 and is made of Titanium. The case 78 also serves as the return electrode (anode). The surface area of the anode exposed to the tissue is much greater than the surface area of the stimulating electrode 80 (cathode). Therefore, the current density at the anode is too low to unduly stimulate tissue that is in contact with the anode.
[0160] The body of the lead-receiver 34 is made of medical grade silicone (available from NuSil Technology, Applied silicone or Dow Chemical). Alternatively, the lead body 59 may be made of medical grade polyurethane (PU) of 55 D or higher durometer, such as available from Dow Chemical. Polyurethane is a stiffer material than silicone. Even though silicone is a softer material, which is favorable, it is also a weaker material than PU. Therefore, silicone coated with Teflon (PTFE) is preferred for this application. PTFE coating is available from Alpa Flex, Indianapolis, Ind.
[0161] FIG. 9 shows a close-up of the lead body 59 showing two lumens 82, 84. Lumen 82 is the “working” lumen, containing the cable conductor 65 which connects to the stimulating electrode 52. The other lumen 84 is preferably slightly larger and is for introducing and placing the lead in the body. Alternatively, lumen 84 may have small holes 92 punched along the length of the lead. These small holes 92 will promote fibrotic tissue in-growth to stabilize the lead position and inhibit the lead from migrating.
[0162] Silicone in general is not a very slippery material, having a high coefficient of friction. Therefore, a lubricious coating is added to the body of the lead. Such lubricous coating is available from Coating Technologies Inc. (Scotch Plains, N.J.). Since infection still remains a problem in a small percentage of patients, the lead may be coated with antimicrobial coating such as Silver Sulfer Dizene available from STS Biopolymers, Henrietta, N.Y. The lead may also be coated with anti-inflammatory coating.
[0163] The distal ball electrode 52, shown in FIG. 6 is made of platinum/iridium (90% platinum and 10% iridium). Platinum/iridium electrodes have a long history in cardiac pacing applications. During the distal assembly procedure, the silicone lead body 59 is first cleaned with alcohol. The conductor cable 65 (available from Lake Region, Minn.) is passed through the “working” lumen 82. The cable is inserted into the distal electrode 52, and part of the body of electrode is crimped to the cable 65 with a crimper. Alternatively, the cable conductor 65 may be arc welded or laser welded to the distal electrode 52. The distal end of the insulation is then slided over the crimp such that only the tissue stimulating portion of the distal electrode 52 is exposed. Following this, a small needle is attached to a syringe filled with medical glue. The needle is inserted into the distal end of insulation, and small amounts of medical glue are injected between the distal end of the insulation and distal electrode 52. The assembly is then cured in an oven.
[0164] As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, a tunneling tool 95 is inserted into the empty lumen 84 to push the distal end (containing the cathode electrode 52) towards the vagus nerve 54. The tunneling tool 95, is comprised of a metal rod 91 and a handle 88. As shown in FIG. 11, another tunneling tool 94 with a smaller handle 86 may also be used. Both are available from Popper and Sons, New Hyde Park, N.Y. or Needle Technology. Alternatively, the tunneling tool may be made of strong plastic or other suitable material.
[0165] An external patch electrode 43 for inductive coupling is shown in FIG. 12. One end of the patch electrode contains the coil 46, and the other end has an adapter 40 to fit into the external stimulator 42. The external patch electrode 43, is a modification of the patch electrode available from TruMed Technologies, Burnsville, Minn.
[0166] FIG. 13 shows a front view of an external stimulator 42, which preferably is slightly larger than a conventional pager. The external stimulator 42 contains the circuitry and rechargeable or replaceable power source. The external stimulator 42 has several pre-determined programs, preferably up to nine, which differ in stimulus intensity, pulse width, frequency of stimulation, and on-off timing sequence, e.g. “on” for 10 seconds and “off” for 50 seconds in repeating cycles. For patient safety any number of these programs may be locked-out by the manufacturer or physician. When the device is turned on, a green light emitting diode (LED) indicates that the device is emitting electrical stimulation.
[0167] The nine pre-determined programs are arranged such that the first three programs are continuously on, with built-in repeating cycles. Programs four and five are short in duration (5-10 minutes), programs six and seven are of medium duration (1-2 hours), and programs eight and nine are of longer duration (4-6 hours). The following are examples of possible pre-determined programs.
[0168] Program #1: 1.5 mA current output, 0.5 msec pulse width, 25 Hz frequency, 15 sec ON time-1.0 min OFF time, in repeating cycles.
[0169] Program #2: 2.0 mA current output, 1.0 msec pulse width, 30 Hz frequency, 20 sec ON time-2.0 min OFF time, in repeating cycles.
[0170] Program #3: 2.0 mA current output, 2.0 msec pulse width, 5 Hz frequency, 20 sec ON time-2.0 min. OFF time, in repeating cycles.
[0171] Program #4: 2.0 mA current output, 2.0 msec pulse width, 25 Hz frequency, 20 sec ON time-20 Sec OFF time, for 5 minutes.
[0172] Program #5: 2.0 mA constant current, 40 μs pulses, applied in bursts of trains, 12 pulses per train, with an internal frequency of 160 Hz, a repetition rate of 2 Hz with ON time-10 sec and OFF time 10 sec, applied for 10 minutes.
[0173] Program #6: 2.0 mA current output, 2.0 msec pulse width, 25 Hz frequency, 20 sec ON time-20 Sec OFF time, for one hour.
[0174] Program #7: 2.0 mA constant current, 40 μs pulses, applied in bursts of trains, 12 pulses per train, with an internal frequency of 160 Hz, a repetition rate of 2 Hz with ON time-10 sec and OFF time 10 sec, applied for two hours.
[0175] Program #8: 2.0 mA current output, 2.0 msec pulse width, 25 Hz frequency, 20 sec ON time-20 Sec OFF time, for four hours.
[0176] Program #9: 2.0 mA constant current, 40 μs pulses, applied in bursts of trains, 12 pulses per train, with an internal frequency of 160 Hz, a repetition rate of 2 Hz with ON time-10 sec and OFF time 10 sec, applied for six hours.
[0177] The above are examples of the pre-determined programs. The actual parameter settings for any given patient may deviate somewhat from the above.
[0178] FIG. 14 is a top-level block diagram of the external stimulator 42. There are a series of (up to 9) pre-packaged programs 71, differing in the aggressiveness of the therapy. The standard programs feed into the programmable control logic 75. The programmable control logic 75 controls the pulse frequency oscillator 79 which sends appropriate pulses to the amplifier 83. From the amplifier 83, the signals go through a low pass filter 87 and to the antenna 89, which is then transmitted to the implanted lead-receiver for stimulation of the nerve. The programmable control logic 75 also feeds into an indicator 85 showing on-off status, as well as the battery status. The external stimulator 42 is powered by a DC battery 81. A programming station 77 provides the capability to download and change programs if the need arises.
[0179] Conventional integrated circuits are used for the logic, control and timing circuits. Conventional bipolar transistors are used in radio-frequency oscillator, pulse amplitude ramp control and power amplifier. A standard voltage regulator is used in low-voltage detector. The hardware and software to deliver these pre-determined programs is well known to those skilled in the art.
[0180] The fabrication of the lead-receiver 34 is designed to be modular. Thus, several different components can be mixed and matched without altering the functionality of the device significantly. As shown in FIG. 6, the lead-receiver 34 components are the proximal end 49 (containing coil 48, electrical circuitry 98, and case 78), the lead body 59 containing the conductor 65, and the distal electrode (cathode) 52. In the modular design concept, several design variables are possible, as shown in the table below.
[0181] Either silicone or polyurethane is suitable material for this implantable lead body 59. Both materials have proven to have desirable qualities, which are not available in the other. Permanently implantable pacemaker leads made of polyurethane are susceptible to some forms of degradation over time. The identified mechanisms are Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) and Metal Ion Oxidation (MIO). For this reason silicone material is slightly preferred over polyurethane.
[0182] Nerve-electrode interaction is an integral part of the stimulation system. As a practical benefit of modular design, any type of electrode described below can be used as the distal (cathode) stimulating electrode, without changing fabrication methodology or procedure significantly. When a standard ball electrode made of platinum or platinum/iridium is placed next to the nerve, and secured in place, it promotes an inflammatory response that leads to a thin fibrotic sheath around the electrode over a period of 1 to 6 weeks. This in turn leads to a stable position of electrode relative to the nerve, and a stable electrode-tissue interface, resulting in reliable stimulation of the nerve chronically without damaging the nerve.
[0183] Alternatively, other electrode forms that are non-traumatic to the nerve such as hydrogel, platinum fiber, or steroid elution electrodes may be used with this system. The concept of hydrogel electrode for nerve stimulation is shown schematically in FIG. 15. The hydrogel material 100 is wrapped around the nerve 54, with tiny platinum electrodes 102 being pulled back from nerve. Over a period of time in the body, the hydrogel material 100 will undergo degradation and there will be fibrotic tissue buildup. Because of the softness of the hydrogel material 100, these electrodes are non-traumatic to the nerve.
[0184] The concept of platinum fiber electrodes is shown schematically in FIG. 16. The distal fiber electrode 104 attached to the lead-receiver 34 may be platinum fiber or cable, or the electrode may be thin platinum fiber wrapped around Dacron polyester or Polyimide 106. As shown in FIG. 17, the platinum fibers 108 may be woven around Dacron polyester fiber 106 or platinum fibers 108 may be braided. At implant, the fiber electrode 104 is loosely wrapped around the surgically isolated nerve, then tied loosely so as not to constrict the nerve or put pressure on the nerve. As a further extension, the fiber electrode may be incorporated into a spiral electrode 105 as is shown schematically in FIG. 18. The fiber electrode 110 is on the inner side of polyurethane or silicone insulation 112 which is heat treated to retain its spiral shape.
[0185] Alternatively, steroid elution electrodes may be used. After implantation of a lead in the body, during the first few weeks there is buildup of fibrotic tissue in-growth over the electrode and to some extent around the lead body. This fibrosis is the end result of body's inflammatory response process which begins soon after the device is implanted. The fibrotic tissue sheath has the net effect of increasing the distance between the stimulation electrode (cathode) and the excitable tissue, which is the vagal nerve in this case. This is shown schematically in FIG. 19, where electrode 52 when covered with fibrotic tissue becomes the “virtual” electrode 114. Non-excitable tissue is depicted as 120 and excitable tissue as 118. A small amount of corticosteroid, dexamethasone sodium phosphate commonly referred to as “steroid” or “dexamethasone” placed inside or around the electrode, has significant beneficial effect on the current or energy threshold, i.e. the amount of energy required to stimulate the excitable tissue. This is well known to those familiar in the art, as there is a long history of steroid elution leads in cardiac pacing application. It takes only about 1 mg of dexamethasone to produce the desirable effects. Three separate ways of delivering the steroid drug to the electrode nerve-tissue interface are being disclosed here. Dexamethasone can be placed inside an electrode with microholes, it can be placed adjacent to the electrode in a silicone collar, or it can be coated on the electrode itself.
[0186] Dexamethasone inside the stimulating electrode is shown schematically in FIG. 20. A silicone core that is impregnated with a small quantity of dexamethasone 121, is incorporated inside the electrode. The electrode tip is depicted as 124 and electrode body as 122. Once the lead is implanted in the body, the steroid 121 elutes out through the small holes in the electrode. The steroid drug then has anti-inflammatory action at the electrode tissue interface, which leads to a much thinner fibrotic tissue capsule.
[0187] Another way of having a steroid eluting nerve stimulating electrode, is to have the steroid agent placed outside the distal electrode 52 in a silicone collar 126. This is shown schematically in FIG. 21. Approximately 1 mg of dexamethasone is contained in a silicone collar 126, at the base of the distal electrode 52. With such a method, the steroid drug elutes around the electrode 52 in a similar fashion and with similar pharmacokinetic properties, as with the steroid drug being inside the electrode.
[0188] Another method of steroid elution for nerve stimulation electrodes is by coating of steroid on the outside (exposed) surface area of the electrode. This is shown schematically in FIG. 22. Nafion is used as the coating matrix. Steroid membrane coating on the outside of the electrode is depicted as 128. The advantages of this method are that it can easily be applied to any electrode, fast and easy manufacturing, and it is cost effective. With this method, the rate of steroid delivery can be controlled by the level of sulfonation.
[0189] A schematic representation of the cross section of different possible lumens is shown in FIG. 23. The lead body 59 can have one, two, or three lumens for conducting cable, with or without a hollow lumen. In the cross sections, 132A-F represents lumens(s) for conducting cable and 134A-C represents hollow lumen for aid in implanting the lead.
[0190] Additionally, different classes of coating may be applied to the implantable lead-receiver 34 after fabrication. These coatings fall into three categories, lubricious coating, antimicrobial coating, and anti-inflammatory coating.
[0191] The advantage of modular fabrication is that with one technology platform, several derivative products or models can be manufactured. As a specific practical example, using a silicone lead body platform, three separate derivative or lead models can be manufactured by using three different electrodes such as standard electrode, steroid electrode or spiral electrode. This is made possible by designing the fabrication steps such that the distal electrodes are assembled at the end, and as long as the electrodes are mated to the insulation and conducting cable, the shape or type of electrode does not matter. Similarly, different models can be produced by taking a finished lead and then coating it with lubricious coating or antimicrobial coating. In fact, considering the design variables disclosed in table 1, a large number of combinations are possible. Of these large number of possible combinations, about 6 or 7 models are planned for manufacturing. These include lead body composed of silicone and PTFE with standard ball electrodes made of platinum/iridium alloy, and silicone lead body with spiral electrode.
[0192] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for treatment of painful syndromes which may be neuropathic and/or psychogenic, comprising:
a) an implantable lead-receiver comprising at least one electrode capable of stimulating the vagus nerve and a secondary coil;
b) an external stimulator comprising a power source, circuitry to emit electrical signals, at least two predetermined programs to control said electrical signals and a primary coil;
c) said primary coil of said external stimulator and said secondary coil of said implantable lead-receiver being capable of forming an electrical connection by inductive coupling;
whereby said external stimulator is capable of controlling the stimulation of said vagus nerve.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said at least two predetermined programs are capable of being modified to modify said electrical signals.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a program selection mechanism wherein said at least two predetermined programs may be selectively operated.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said primary coil of said external stimulator is adapted to be in contact with the skin of the patient.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said lead-receiver further comprises a lead body with at least one lumen, a lead body insulation, a conductor, at least one electrode and a coil.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said at least one lumen is selected from the group consisting of single, double, triple and coaxial lumens.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said lead body insulation is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, silicone and silicone with polytetrafluoroethylene.
8. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said lead body further comprises a coating selected from the group consisting of lubricious PVP, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory coatings.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said electrode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of platinum, platinum/iridium alloy, platinum/iridium alloy coated with titanium nitride and carbon.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said electrode is selected from the group consisting of standard ball electrodes, hydrogel electrodes, spiral electrodes, steroid eluting electrodes, and fiber electrodes.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said electrical signals comprise at least one variable component selected from the group consisting of the current amplitude, pulse width, frequency and on-off timing sequence, and said at least two predetermined programs controls said variable component of said electrical signals.
12. A method to provide therapy for painful syndromes comprising:
a) providing an implantable lead-receiver comprising at least one electrode to stimulate the left vagus nerve and a secondary coil;
b) providing an external stimulator comprising circuitry to emit electrical signals, at least two predetermined programs to control said electrical signals, an external coil and a power supply;
c) activating one of said at least two predetermined programs to emit said electrical signals to said external coil;
d) inductively transferring said electrical signals from said external coil of said external stimulator to said secondary coil of said lead-receiver;
whereby said electrical signals stimulate said left vagus nerve according to at least one of said at least two predetermined programs.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising implanting said lead-receiver beneath the skin of a patient with said at least one electrode in direct electrical contact with said left vagus nerve.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein said external stimulator comprises at least six predetermined programs to control said electrical signals.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of activating one of said at least two predetermined programs is manually performed.
16. The method of claim 12, further comprising manually controlling said electrical signals to stimulate said cranial nerve.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein
a) said electrical signals comprise at least one variable component selected from the group consisting of the current amplitude, pulse width, frequency, and on-off timing sequence; and
b) at least one of said at least two predetermined programs controls said at least one variable component of said electrical signals.
18. The method of claim 12, further comprising manually disengaging said at least two predetermined programs.
19. A method for providing therapy for the treatment of neuropathic and/or psychogenic pain comprising:
a) selecting a predetermined program to control the output of an external stimulator;
b) activating said external stimulator to emit a electrical signals in accordance with said predetermined program; and
c) inductively coupling said external stimulator with an implantable lead-receiver to stimulate a cranial nerve.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising implanting beneath the skin of a patient said lead-receiver in direct electrical contact with said cranial nerve.
Patent Citations (22)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3760812 | 1973-09-01 | Timm et al. | Applicant |
| US3796221 | 1974-03-01 | Hagfors | Applicant |
| US3817254 | 1974-06-01 | Maurer | Applicant |
| US4573481 | 1986-03-01 | Bullara | Applicant |
| US4688574 | 1987-08-01 | Dufresne et al. | Applicant |
| US4690145 | 1987-09-01 | King-Smith et al. | Applicant |
| US4699143 | 1987-10-01 | Dufresne et al. | Applicant |
| US4702254 | 1987-10-01 | Zabara | Applicant |
| US4867164 | 1989-09-01 | Zabara | Applicant |
| US4979511 | 1990-12-01 | Terry, Jr. | Applicant |
| US5025807 | 1991-06-01 | Zabara | Applicant |
| US5031618 | 1991-07-01 | Mullett | Applicant |
| US5094242 | 1992-03-01 | Gleason et al. | Applicant |
| US5269303 | 1993-12-01 | Wernicke et al. | Applicant |
| US5282844 | 1994-02-01 | Stokes et al. | Examiner |
| US5299569 | 1994-04-01 | Wernicke et al. | Applicant |
| US5304206 | 1994-04-01 | Baker, Jr. et al. | Examiner |
| US5330515 | 1994-07-01 | Rutecki et al. | Applicant |
| US5540734 | 1996-07-01 | Zabara | Applicant |
| US5735887 | 1998-04-01 | Barreras, Sr. et al. | Applicant |
| US5752979 | 1998-05-01 | Benabid | Applicant |
| US5938690 | 1999-08-01 | Law et al. | Applicant |
Non-Patent Literature (15)
- Scherder, E.J.A., A. Bouman and A.M. Steen; Effects of Short-term Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Memory and Affective Behaviour in Patients With Probable Alzheimer's Disease; Behavioral Brain Research 67 (1995); pp. 211-219.Applicant
- Scherder, Erik J.A., Anke Bouman and Louis Steen; Influence of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Memory in Patients With Dementia of the Alzheimer Type; Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1992, vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 951-960.Applicant
- Rutecki, Paul; Anatomical, Physiological, and Theoretical Basis for the Antiepileptic Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation; Epilepsia, 31 (Suppl. 2):S1-S6, 1990.Applicant
- Wilder, B.J., Summary and Conclusions; Epilepsia, 31 (Suppl.2):S60, 1990.Applicant
- Hammond, Edward J., Basim M. Uthman, Steven A. Reid, and B.J. Wilder; Electrophysiological Studies of Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Humans: I. EEG Effects; Epilepsia, 33(6):1013-1020, 1992.Applicant
- Hammond, Edward J., Basim M. Uthman, Steven A. Reid and B.J. Wilder; Electrophysiologic Studies of Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Humans: II. Evoked Potentials; Epilepsia, 33(6): 1021-1028, 1992.Applicant
- Hornig, Gregory W. MD, Jerome V. Murphy, MD, Gloria Schallert, RN and Christy Tilton RN; Left Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Children With Refractory Epilepsy: An Update; Southern Medical Journal, vol. 90, No. 5; May 1997; pp. 484-488.Applicant
- Phillips, Pat; Current View of Advances in Epilepsy; JAMA; Sep. 17, 1997; vol. 278, No. 11; pp. 883-886.Applicant
- Salinsky, Martin C. And Kim J. Burchiel; Vagus Nerve Stimulation Has No Effect on Awake EEG Rhythms in Humans; Epilepsia; 34(2):299-304, 1993.Applicant
- Takaya, Mikio, Wendy J. Terry and Dean K. Naritoku; Vagus Nerve Stimulation Induces a Sustained Anticonvulsant Effect; Epilepsia; 37(11):1111-1116; 1996.Applicant
- Reid, Steven A.; Surgical Technique for Implantation of the Neurocybernetic Prosthesis; Epilepsia, 31 (Suppl. 2): S38-S39, 1990.Applicant
- Labar, Douglas, Blagovest Nikolov, Brent Tarver and Richard Fraser; Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsy: A Pilot Study; Epilepsia; 39(2):201-205, 1998.Applicant
- Ben-Menachem, MD, Ph.D; Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Seizures? Yes; Arch Neurol/Vo.. 55, Feb. 1998; pp. 231-234.Applicant
- McLachlan, Richard S.; Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy: A Review; Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology; 14(5): pp. 358-368.Applicant
- Fisher, Robert S., MD, Ph.D., Gregory L. Krauss, MD, Eugene Ramsay, MD; Kenneth Laxer, MD and John Gates MD; Assessment of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; Neurology; 1997; 49:293-297.Applicant