Modified silica particles

[0002] The invention is generally directed to toner and developer compositions, and, more specifically, the present invention is directed to developer and toner compositions containing modified, for example surface treated colloidal silica particles, including the known AEROSILS® available from Degussa, Inc., and which particles can be selected for toners with rapid admix, excellent flow, and acceptable triboelectrical characteristics. In embodiments, there are provided in accordance with the present invention toner compositions comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, optional charge additives such as quaternary ammonium hydrogen bisulfates, including distearyl methyl hydrogen ammonium bisulfates; distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate; alkyl pyridinium halides; metal complexes such as aluminum complexes, reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,003, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference; TRH, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,758,493 and 4,433,040, the disclosure of which are totally incorporated herein by reference; and more specifically 3,5-di-tertiary-butylsalicylic acid, and its salts; BONTRON E-82™; BONTRON E-84™; BONTRON E-88™; halogenated salicylic acids; LR120™, available from Carlit Inc. of Japan, and the like; and modified silica particles, like AEROSILS® as surface additives. The silica particles can be modified by a process which comprises the coating thereof with components that will, for example, reduce and regulate the moisture content thereof enabling the generation of a higher negative toner tribo and a toner with improved relative humidity resistivity as compared to toners wherein untreated, that is colloidal silicas not subject to the alcohol treatment processes of the present invention, are selected. In embodiments, a number of long chain alcohols can be selected for treating the silica surface. Examples of treating components include long chain aliphatic alcohols, wherein aliphatic is preferably alkyl with from 12 to about 30 carbon atoms. Toners with the aforementioned treated surface additives in embodiments of the present invention possess rapid admix of less than about one minute, extended developer life, stable electrical properties, high image print quality with substantially no background deposits, and improved insensitivity to relative humidity of, for example, from 20 to 80 percent RH. Also, the aforementioned toner compositions usually contain pigment particles comprised of, for example, carbon black, magnetites, or mixtures thereof, cyan, magenta, yellow, blue, green, red, or brown components, or mixtures thereof thereby providing for the development and generation of black and/or colored images. The toner compositions of the present invention in embodiments thereof possess excellent admix characteristics as indicated herein, and maintain their triboelectric charging characteristics for an extended number of imaging cycles, exceeding for example 1,000,000 in a number of embodiments. The toner and developer compositions of the present invention can be selected for electrophotographic, especially xerographic, imaging and printing processes, including full color processes and trilevel color processes.

[0003] Illustrated in The Chemistry Of Silica,R. K. Iler, John Wiley and Sons, page 654, 1979, or Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR,125, 1247(1959), and in Proceedings Academy Sciences USSR Phys. Chem. Engl. Transl.,114, 421, (1957) is the adsorption of alcohols, such as hexyl alcohol, from carbon tetrachloride on the surface of silicas that were dehydroxylated. The Handbook Of imaging Materials,Edited by Arthur S. Diamond, page 169, 1991, indicates that good flow properties are usually desired and often are critical for toners, and that materials, such as fumed silicas, can be added to the surface of a toner to improve flow, and can improve charge stability of the toner and carrier mixture.

[0004] The above prior art relates, for example, to silica gels, which are hydrophilic, and thus sensitive to relative humidity, and further in the above paper Proceedings Academy Science USSR Phys. Chem. Engl. Transl.,114, 421, (1957) it is indicated that the adsorption of long chain alcohols, such as 1-octadecanol, is not effective as they cannot penetrate into the surface of the silica gel. With the present invention, there is formed a layer of hydrocarbon chains on the silica surface, and with the prior art such layers did not form since the alcohol chain was probably not of sufficient length. While not being desired to be limited by theory, it is believed that the hydrocarbon layer based on DSC is formed with the invention processes since the hydroxy groups on the alcohol molecules form hydrogen bonds with the silica surface, and a hydrophobic interaction occurs between the aliphatic chains which bound together by Van der Waals forces and thus enable a substantially permanent protective layer for the silica particles.

[0005] Developer compositions with colloidal silica surface components and charge enhancing additives, which impart a positive charge to the toner resin, are known. Thus, for example, there is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,935 the use of quaternary ammonium salts as charge control agents for electrostatic toner compositions. In this patent, there are disclosed quaternary ammonium compounds with four R substituents on the nitrogen atom, which substituents represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 7 or less, and preferably about 3 to about 7 carbon atoms, including straight and branch chain aliphatic hydrocarbon atoms, and wherein X represents an anionic function including, according to this patent, a variety of conventional anionic moieties such as halides, phosphates, acetates, nitrates, benzoates, methylsulfates, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, benzene sulfonate, and the like; U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,856 which discloses electrophotographic toners containing resin compatible quaternary ammonium compounds in which at least two R radicals are hydrocarbons having from 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, and each other R is a hydrogen or hydrocarbon radical with from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and A is an anion, for example, sulfate, sulfonate, nitrate, borate, chlorate, and the halogens, such as iodide, chloride and bromide, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure, and column 3; a similar teaching is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,933, which is a division of U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,111; and similar teachings are presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,112 wherein A is an anion including, for example, sulfate, sulfonate, nitrate, borate, chlorate, and the halogens. There are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,986,521 reversal developer compositions comprised of toner resin particles coated with finely divided colloidal silica. According to the disclosure of this patent, the development of electrostatic latent images on negatively charged surfaces is accomplished by applying a developer composition having a positively charged triboelectric relationship with respect to the colloidal silica.

[0006] Also, there are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,390, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, developer compositions containing as charge enhancing additives organic sulfate and sulfonates, which additives can impart a positive charge to the toner composition, and AEROSIL® surface additives. Further, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,672, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, positively charged toner compositions with resin particles and pigment particles, and as charge enhancing additives alkyl pyridinium compounds AEROSIL® surface additives. Additionally, other documents disclosing positively charged toner compositions with charge control additives and AEROSIL® surface additives include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,433 and 4,560,635 which illustrates a toner with a distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate charge additive. One disadvantage associated with the charge additive of the '635 patent resides in its apparent inherent instability in some instances thus rendering it substantially unsuitable as a bulk toner constituent in imaging processes, as the additive can thermally and chemically degrade, and react with other toner components.

[0007] Moreover, toner compositions with negative charge enhancing additives and surface additives are known, reference for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,411,974 and 4,206,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The '974 patent discloses negatively charged toner compositions comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, and as a charge enhancing additive ortho-halo phenyl carboxylic acids. Similarly, there are disclosed in the '064 patent toner compositions with chromium, cobalt, and nickel complexes of salicylic acid as negative charge enhancing additives. Toners with colloidal silica surface additives are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000 and 3,900,588, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. Also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,256,514, and 5,256,575, illustrate negatively charged toners with certain charge additives adsorbed on silica surfaces. The disclosures of each of the aforementioned patents are totally incorporated herein by reference.

[0008] There are illustrated in the following copending applications filed concurrently herewith, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Ser. No. 234,076, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,481, a toner composition comprised of resin, pigment, optional charge additive and a hydrophobic flow aid surface additive comprised of grafted alcoholic silica; and U.S. Ser. No. 234,206, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,667, a toner composition comprised of resin, pigment, optional charge additive and a flow aid surface additive comprised of hydrophobic metallized silica of a size diameter of from about 5 to about 40 nanometers, and which silica has been treated with a long chain aliphatic alcohol.

[0009] Examples of objects of the present invention follow:

[0010] It is an object of the present invention to provide toner and developer compositions and processes thereof.

[0011] In another object of the present invention there are provided positively or negatively, and preferably negatively charged toner compositions useful for the development of electrostatic latent images including color images.

[0012] In yet another object of the present invention there are provided improved toner compositions containing treated colloidal silica, like AEROSIL®, particles, and wherein the toners possess resistance to relative humidity and improved, or reduced toner relative humidity sensitivity, and excellent flow characteristics; and, more specifically, wherein the toners have improved triboelectrical characteristics at high relative humidity, for example at 80 percent, and wherein the improved tribo translates into a higher toner triboelectric value at higher RH.

[0013] In yet another object of the present invention there are provided processes for the preparation of modified silica particles.

[0014] Also, in another object of the present invention there are provided developer compositions containing the toners illustrated herein and with the modified silica, or AEROSIL® particles.

[0015] In yet a further object of the present invention there are provided improved humidity insensitive, from about, for example, 20 to 80 percent relative humidity at temperatures of from 60 to 80° F. as determined in a relative humidity testing chamber, toner compositions with desirable admix properties of from about 5 seconds to about 60 seconds as determined by the charge spectrograph, and preferably less than 15 seconds, for example, and more preferably from about 1 to about 14 seconds, and acceptable triboelectric charging characteristics of from about 10 to about 50 microcoulombs per gram.

[0016] Another object of the present invention resides in the formation of toners which will enable the development of images in electrophotographic imaging apparatuses, which images have substantially no background deposits thereon, are substantially smudge proof or smudge resistant, and, therefore, are of excellent resolution; and further, such toner compositions can be selected for high speed electrophotographic apparatuses, that is those exceeding 70 copies per minute.

[0017] These and other objects of the present invention can be accomplished in embodiments thereof by providing toner compositions comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, optional charge enhancing additives, and modified silica particles. In embodiments, the present invention is directed to processes for the preparation of modified silica particles by the adsorption thereof with long chain aliphatic alcohols, long chain aliphatic acids, long chain aliphatic amines, and long chain aliphatic mercaptans. More specifically, the long chain alcohols are adsorbed on the hydrophobic silica surface, and wherein the polar groups in the alcohol interact with the surface of the dipole-dipole and/or by H-bonding interactions. The hydrocarbon chains of the alcohol interact by Van der Waals forces forming a hydrocarbon layer on the hydrophobic silica thereby, for example, protecting the silica from moisture attack.

[0018] The process of the present invention in embodiments comprises adding a hydrophobic silica to a hydrocarbon solution containing a long chain alcohol. Hydrophobic silicas are preferred in embodiments in that they significantly reduce the relative humidity sensitivity. Various hydrocarbon solutions can be selected such as solutions of pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, mixtures thereof, and the like. Small effective amounts of other components, such as ethers like aliphatic ethers of, for example, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, and dibutyl ether, in an amount of, for example, 0.3 weight percent, can be added to assist in the solubility of the alcohol in the coating solution.

[0019] Examples of long chain alcohols that can be selected include those with from about 12 to about 30 carbon atoms and preferably from about 12 to about 20 carbon atoms, such as dodecanol, tetradecanol, hexadecanol, octadecanol, eicosanol, docosanol and alcohols with an odd number of carbon atoms. The alcohol can be normal, secondary, tertiary, or branched and the ratio of the silica to alcohol can vary to be from about 100:5 to about 100:50 with the preferred range ratio being from about 100:10 to about 100:40. For 3 grams of silica, the amount of long chain coating component, such as hexane or pentane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, can be from about 10 to about 200 milliliters with from about 50 to about 150 milliliters being preferred. During the coating process of the silica, ultrasonication can also be utilized to break up the agglomerated silica. Silica particles of a primary particle size ranging from about 5 to about 40; about 6 to about 20 nanometers are especially preferred. After stirring the mixture of long chain alcohol, hydrophobic silica and solvent for from about 0.5 hour to overnight, about 21 hours, the coating solvent can be removed by, for example, a rotatory evaporator, resulting in an alcohol modified silica, that is where the alcohol or the hydrocarbon chain thereof is present on the silica surface as evidenced by DSC, IR, and NMR. The aforementioned modified silica can be incorporated into toner and developers, especially toners that are negatively charged, providing compositions with improved relative humidity sensitivity of from about 20 to about 80 percent relative humidity as compared to toners and developers without the adsorbed modified silicas of the present invention. Thus, with the process of the present invention there is formed a hydrophobic protective layer on the hydrophobic silica; the alcohol is anchored on the silica surface by hydrogen bonding while the hydrocarbon chains of the alcohol interact with each other on the silica surface by Van der Waals forces to form or generate the protective layer.

[0020] The toner compositions can be comprised of resin, pigment, or dye, known optional negative charge additive, and the modified surface silica additives prepared, for example, by the processes illustrated herein. Examples of specific negative charge enhancing additives include 3,5-di-tertiarybutylsalicylic acid, lithium, 3,5-di-tertiarybutylsalicylate, BONTRON E-84™, BONTRON E-88™, LR120™, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, the salts thereof, and the corresponding aluminum, zinc, and boron complexes. Advantages of rapid admix, appropriate triboelectric characteristics, relative humidity resistance, and the like are achieved with many of the aforementioned toners of the present invention.

[0021] In another embodiment of the present invention there are provided, subsequent to known micronization and classification, improved toner particles with an average volume diameter of from about 4 to about 20 microns.

[0022] The toner compositions of the present invention can be prepared by a number of known methods, such as admixing and heating resin particles such as styrene butadiene copolymers, polyesters like SPAR™ and crosslinked polyesters as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,460, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, pigment particles such as magnetite, carbon black, or mixtures thereof, preferably from about 0.5 percent to about 5 percent of charge enhancing additives, or mixtures of charge additives in a toner extrusion device, such as the ZSK53 available from Werner Pfleiderer, and removing the formed toner composition from the device, followed by the addition of the modified silica particles prepared by the processes illustrated herein, and with a protective coating or layer. Subsequent to cooling, the toner composition is subjected to grinding utilizing, for example, a Sturtevant micronizer for the purpose of achieving toner particles with a volume median diameter of less than about 25 microns, and preferably of from about 4 to about 12 microns, which diameters are determined by a Coulter Counter. Subsequently, the toner compositions can be classified utilizing, for example, a Donaldson Model B classifier for the purpose of removing fines, that is toner particles less than about 2 microns volume median diameter.

[0023] Illustrative examples of suitable toner resins selected for the toner and developer compositions of the present invention include polyesters, especially the extruded crosslinked polyesters of U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,460, polyamides, polyolefins, styrene acrylates, styrene methacrylates, styrene butadienes, crosslinked styrene polymers, epoxies, polyurethanes, vinyl resins, including homopolymers or copolymers of two or more vinyl monomers; and polymeric esterification products of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol comprising a diphenol. Vinyl monomers include styrene, p-chlorostyrene, unsaturated mono-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene and the like; saturated mono-olefins such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl butyrate; vinyl esters like esters of monocarboxylic acids including methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butylacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and butyl methacrylate; acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, mixtures thereof; and the like. Specific resins include styrene butadiene copolymers with a styrene content of from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, reference the U.S. patents mentioned herein, the disclosures of which have been totally incorporated herein by reference. In addition, crosslinked resins, including polymers, copolymers, and homopolymers, of the aforementioned styrene polymers may be selected.

[0024] As one toner resin, there are selected the esterification products of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol comprising a diphenol. These resins are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,590,000, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Other specific toner resins include styrene/methacrylate copolymers, and styrene/butadiene copolymers; PLIOLITES®; suspension polymerized styrene butadienes, reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,558,108, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference; polyester resins obtained from the reaction of bisphenol A and propylene oxide; followed by the reaction of the resulting product with fumaric acid, and branched polyester resins resulting from the reaction of dimethylterephthalate, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, and pentaerythritol; styrene acrylates; and mixtures thereof. Also, waxes with a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 20,000, and preferably 7,000, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and paraffin waxes, can be included in, or on the toner compositions as fuser roll release agents. The polyesters of U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,460 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,499, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, and other linear and branched polyesters can also be selected as the toner resin.

[0025] The resin particles are present in a sufficient, but effective amount, for example from about 70 to about 90 weight percent. Thus, when 0.5 percent by weight of the charge enhancing additive is present, and 8 percent by weight of pigment or colorant, such as carbon black, is contained therein, about 91.5 percent by weight of resin is selected. The modified silica particles are usually added to the toner in various effective amounts of from about 0.1 to about 2 and preferably from about 0.1 to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of the final toner.

[0026] Numerous well known suitable pigments or dyes can be selected as the colorant for the toner particles including, for example, carbon black like REGAL 330®, and other carbon blacks available, for example, from Cabot Corporation, nigrosine dye, aniline blue, magnetite, or mixtures thereof. The pigment, which is preferably carbon black, should be present in a sufficient amount to render the toner composition highly colored. Generally, the pigment particles are present in amounts of from about 1 percent by weight to about 20 percent by weight, and preferably from about 2 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the toner composition.

[0027] When the pigment particles are comprised of magnetites, thereby enabling single component toners in some instances, which magnetites are a mixture of iron oxides (FeO.Fe₂O₃) including those commercially available as MAPICO BLACK™, they are present in the toner composition in an amount of from about 10 percent by weight to about 70 percent by weight, and preferably in an amount of from about 10 percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight. Mixtures of carbon black and magnetite with from about 1 to about 15 weight percent of carbon black, and preferably from about 2 to about 6 weight percent of carbon black, and magnetite, such as MAPICO BLACK™, in an amount of, for example, from about 5 to about 60, and preferably from about 10 to about 50 weight percent can be selected.

[0028] There is blended with the toner compositions of the present invention external modified silica flow aid additive particles with a protective coating or layer, which additives are usually present on the surface thereof. Examples of further additives include metal salts and metal salts of fatty acids inclusive of zinc stearate, aluminum oxides, cesium oxides, and mixtures thereof, which additives are generally present in an amount of from about 0.1 percent by weight to about 5 percent by weight, and preferably in an amount of from about 0.1 percent by weight to about 1 percent by weight. Several of the aforementioned additives are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000 and 3,800,588, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

[0029] With further respect to the present invention, the modified colloidal silicas can be surface treated with the negatively charge inducing charge additives illustrated herein in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent, and preferably about 0.5 weight percent.

[0030] Also, there can be included in the toner compositions of the present invention low molecular weight waxes, such as polypropylenes and polyethylenes commercially available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation, EPOLENE N-15™ commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., VISCOL 550-P™, a low weight average molecular weight polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasei K.K., and similar materials. The commercially available polyethylenes selected have a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 1,500, while the commercially available polypropylenes utilized for the toner compositions of the present invention are believed to have a molecular weight of from about 4,000 to about 5,000. Many of the polyethylene and polypropylene compositions useful in the present invention are illustrated in British Patent No. 1,442,835, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.

[0031] The low molecular weight wax materials are present in the toner composition of the present invention in various amounts, however, generally these waxes are present in the toner composition in an amount of from about 1 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight, and preferably in an amount of from about 2 percent by weight to about 10 percent by weight.

[0032] Encompassed within the scope of the present invention are colored toner and developer compositions comprised of toner resin particles, optional carrier particles, the optional charge enhancing additives illustrated herein, and as pigments or colorants red, blue, green, brown, magenta, cyan and/or yellow particles, as well as mixtures thereof. Illustrative examples of magenta materials that may be selected as pigments include, for example, 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as CI 60710, CI Dispersed Red 15, diazo dye identified in the Color Index as CI 26050, CI Solvent Red 19, and the like. Illustrative examples of cyan materials that may be used as pigments include copper tetra-4-(octadecyl sulfonamido) phthalocyanine, X-copper phthalocyanine pigment listed in the Color Index as CI 74160, CI Pigment Blue, and Anthrathrene Blue, identified in the Color Index as CI 69810, Special Blue X-2137, and the like; while illustrative examples of yellow pigments that may be selected are diarylide yellow 3,3-dichlorobenzidene acetoacetanilides, a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as CI 12700, CI Solvent Yellow 16, a nitrophenyl amine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE/GLN, CI Dispersed Yellow 33, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4′-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy acetoacetanilide, and Permanent Yellow FGL. The aforementioned pigments are incorporated into the toner composition in various suitable effective amounts providing the objectives of the present invention are achieved. In one embodiment, these colored pigment particles are present in the toner composition in an amount of from about 2 percent by weight to about 15 percent by weight calculated on the weight of the toner resin particles.

[0033] For the formulation of developer compositions, there are mixed with the toner particles carrier components, particularly those that are capable of triboelectrically assuming an opposite polarity to that of the toner composition. Accordingly, the carrier particles of the present invention are selected to be of a positive polarity enabling the toner particles, which are negatively charged, to adhere to and surround the carrier particles. Illustrative examples of carrier particles include iron powder, steel, nickel, iron, ferrites, including copper zinc ferrites, and the like. Additionally, there can be selected as carrier particles nickel berry carriers as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,604, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. The selected carrier particles can be used with or without a coating, the coating generally containing terpolymers of styrene, methylmethacrylate, and a silane, such as triethoxy silane, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,526,533 and 3,467,634, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference; polymethyl methacrylates; other known coatings; and the like. The carrier particles may also include in the coating, which coating can be present in one embodiment in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, conductive substances such as carbon black in an amount of from about 5 to about 30 percent by weight. Polymer coatings not in close proximity in the triboelectric series can also be selected, reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,166 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, including for example KYNAR® and polymethylmethacrylate mixtures (40/60). Coating weights can vary as indicated herein; generally, however, from about 0.3 to about 3, and preferably from about 0.5 to about 2 weight percent coating weight is selected.

[0034] Preferred carrier particles are comprised of a steel core solvent coated with a carrier coating of polymethylmethacrylate doped with a conductive carbon black, about 10 to 30 weight percent. Also, there may be selected insulative carriers comprised of a steel core or similar core with a mixture of KYNAR® and polymethylmethacrylate, preferably 60/40 weight percent

[0035] Furthermore, the diameter of the carrier particles, preferably spherical in shape, is generally from about 50 microns to about 1,000, and preferably from about 60 to about 200 microns thereby permitting them to possess sufficient density and inertia to avoid adherence to the electrostatic images during the development process. The carrier component can be mixed with the toner composition in various suitable combinations, such as from about 1 to 5 parts per toner to about 100 parts to about 200 parts by weight of carrier are selected.

[0036] The toner and developer compositions of the present invention may be selected for use in electrostatographic imaging apparatuses containing therein layered photoreceptors. Thus, the toner and developer compositions of the present invention can be used with layered photoreceptors that are capable of being charged negatively, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,990, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.

[0037] The toner compositions are usually jetted and classified subsequent to preparation to enable toner particles with a preferred average diameter of from about 4 to about 25 microns, and more preferably from about 4 to about 12 microns. Also, the toner compositions of the present invention preferably possess a triboelectric charge of from about a minus (−) 10 to about a minus (−) 50 microcoulombs per gram in embodiments thereof as determined by the known charge spectograph. Admix time for the toners of the present invention in embodiments are preferably from about 5 seconds to 2 minutes, and more specifically from about 5 to about 1 minute in embodiments thereof as determined by the known charge spectograph. These toner compositions with rapid admix characteristics enable, for example, the development of images in electrophotographic imaging apparatuses, which images have substantially no background deposits thereon, even at high toner dispensing rates in some instances, for instance exceeding 20 grams per minute; and further, such toner compositions can be selected for high speed electrophotographic apparatuses, that is those exceeding 70 copies per minute.

[0038] With further respect to the present invention, one developer composition is comprised of a toner composition containing a negatively charging charge enhancing additive, pigment particles such as carbon black, and resin particles, and which toner also contains the modified AEROSIL® particles illustrated herein and carrier particles comprised of a core containing thereover a single coating or a plurality and preferably two polymeric coatings, namely first polymeric coating of, for example, KYNAR®, 60 weight percent, and a second polymeric coating of, for example, polymethylmethacrylate, 40 weight percent, at a total coating weight of 1.25 weight percent, which coatings are not in close proximity in the triboelectric series, reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,166 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,326, the disclosures of each of these applications being totally incorporated herein by reference. With the aforementioned toners, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 10 and preferably about 5 weight percent of the charge enhancing additive can be selected.

[0039] The following Examples are being supplied to further define various species of the present invention, it being noted that these Examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the present invention. Parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated, and toner tribo was determined by the known Faraday Cage method unless otherwise indicated.

[0040] 1-Hexadecanol (0.6 gram) was dissolved in about 100 milliliters of n-hexane inside a 250 milliliter round bottom flask. A hydrophobic silica, (AEROSIL R972® obtained from Degussa Chemical Company, 3 grams) was added and the suspension was stirred for 2 hours. The hexane solvent was then removed on a rotatory evaporator. The residue obtained was transferred to a crystallization dish and was dried in an oven overnight, about 16 to 20 hours, at 70° C. The resulting solid was then transferred to a 4 ounce bottle and roll milled with 35 grams of ¼ inch steel shot for 30 minutes at a speed of about 90 feet/minute, yielding about 3 grams of a fluffy white powder comprised of the alcohol modified silica with a coating on the silica.

[0041] The above surface treated with a protective coating thereon, silica (0.063 gram), 9 micron average volume diameter unpigmented toner containing a SPAR II™ polyester, a poly(proxylated siphenol A fumarate) (12.5 grams), and 125 grams of ¼ inch steel shot were placed inside a 4 ounce bottle and were roll milled for 30 minutes to generate a toner.

[0042] Developers were prepared with the above toner (1.25 grams) and mixing therewith 60 grams of a 90 diameter micron steel core carrier with 0.7 by weight of a surface coating of 20 percent carbon black REGAL 330®, and 80 percent polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The developers were conditioned inside a humidity controlled glove box at a constant RH (either 20 percent or 80 percent) overnight. They were then roll milled for 5 minutes at a speed of 90 feet/minute. The toner tribos were then determined by the blow-off technique inside a Faraday Cage. The results were:

[0043] Two controlled developers were prepared. The first developer comprised the above SPAR™ toner without any modified silica additive. In the second developer, the toner employed was prepared according to Example I with the exception that the AEROSIL R972® was not treated with 1-hexadecanol. The toner tribo results were:

[0044] Comparison of the results in Example I with those in Comparative Example 1 indicates that the silica after the 1-hexadecanol treatment exhibits higher tribos at both RH conditions, and with the invention treated silica the humidity sensitivity was improved. For example, the toner tribo ratio for R972® is 5.4 from 20 percent RH to 80 percent RH, whereas it improves to 2.5 after the alcohol treatment.

[0045] The processes of Example I were repeated with the exception that different amounts of 1-hexadecanol additive treating agent was used. The toner tribo results were:

[0046] The toner tribo and the RH sensitivity with the treated silica additives were superior to that of the R972® control.

[0047] The processes of Example I were repeated with the exception that different alcohols were used. The number of alcohol molecules on the silica surface was constant The toner tribo results were:

[0048] The processes of Example I were repeated with the exception that different silicas, such R974®, R812®, R805® from Degussa, TS530™ from Cabot and H3004™ from Wacker were used. The ratio of the silica to 1-hexadecanol and the toner tribo results were:

[0049] The processes of Example IV were repeated with the exception that the silicas employed were not treated with 1-hexadecanol. The toner tribo results were:

[0050] Comparison of the results in Example IV with those in Comparative Example 2 indicates that silicas with the 1-hexadecanol treatment and a protective coating exhibit improved tribos and superior RH independence.

[0051] The processes of Example I were repeated with the exception that n-pentane was used in place of n-hexane and the solution coating process was accomplished with ultrasonication. The toner tribo results were as follows:

[0052] The processes of Example V were repeated with the exception that the silicas used were TS530™ obtained from Cabot Company and H3004™ obtained from Wacker Chemical. The toner tribo results were:

[0053] There was prepared a hydrophobic silica composition formed by adsorption of the long chain alcohol 1-hexadecanol onto a silica that was synthesized by grafting a second long chain alcohol onto a hydrophilic silica. The alcohol grafted silica was prepared as follows.

[0054] AEROSIL A130® (3 grams, from Degussa Chemical) was activated in a furnace at ˜600° C. for 3 to 4 hours. It was then transferred to a three neck flask, which contained a mixture of 1-dodecanol (˜50 milliliters) and hexadecane (˜50 milliliters). The resulting dispersion was heated to reflux at a bath temperature of about 300° C. for 16 to 20 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The silica product was cooled to room temperature, diluted with methanol, and isolated by filtration. After washing with methanol and vacuum drying, an alcohol grafted silica was obtained (˜3.2 grams). The grafted silica was then added into a solution containing 0.3 gram of 1-hexadecanol in 100 milliliters of n-hexane. After stirring for about 2 hours, the hexane solvent was removed on an evaporator. The residue obtained was transferred to a crystallization dish and was dried in an oven for 16 to 20 hours at 70° C. The solid was then transferred to a 4 ounce bottle and roll milled with 35 grams of ¼ inch steel shot for 30 minutes at a speed of 90 feet/minute, yielding about 3.5 grams of a fluffy white powder modified silica with a protective coating 1 hexadecanol layer. Toner and developers were then prepared according to the procedures in Example I. The toner tribo results were:

[0055] The processes of Example VII were repeated with the exception that AEROSIL A300® was used in place of A130®. The toner tribo results were:

[0056] There was prepared a hydrophobic metallized silica composition by adsorbing the long chain alcohol 1-hexadecanol onto a metallized silica. The metallized silica was prepared as follows:

[0057] AEROSIL R972® (4.0 grams, from Degussa) was suspended in 100 milliliters of methanol inside a 250 milliliter round bottom flask. The acidic groups in the AEROSIL® were then neutralized by adding an aqueous solution of a metal hydroxide (1×10⁻³N, 4 milliliters). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and the solvent was removed by evaporation. The metallized silica was obtained after vacuum drying at 80° C. to 100° C. overnight. 1-Hexadecanol (0.3 gram) was dissolved in about 100 milliliters of hexane inside a 250 milliliter round bottom flask. The above metallized silica (3 grams) was added and the suspension was stirred overnight, about 18 to 24 hours. The hexane solvent was then removed on an evaporator. The residue obtained was placed in a crystallization dish and was dried in an oven overnight at 70° C. The solid was then transferred to a 4 ounce bottle and roll milled with 35 grams of ¼ inch steel shot for 30 minutes at a speed of about 90 feet/minute, yielding about 3 grams of a fluffy white powder, an alcohol modified, that is with a protective layer, metallized silica.

[0058] Toner and developers were then prepared according to the procedures in Example I. The toner tribo results were:

[0059] There was prepared in an extrusion device, available as ZSK28 from Werner Pfeiderer, a toner composition by adding 91 percent by weight of a crosslinked SPAR II™ polyester resin, reference U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,460, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference; 4 percent of a polypropylene wax 660P and 5 percent of a carbon black REGAL 330®. The toner product was melt extruded at about 160° C., jetted and classified to about 9 microns size in average volume diameter. The modified silica component of Example V, 0.063 gram, was blended into the above black toner (12.5 grams) inside a 4 ounce bottle by roll milling the mixture with 125 grams of ¼ inch steel shot on a roll mill for 30 minutes.

[0060] Developers were then prepared by mixing the above black toner (1.25 grams) and 60 grams of about 90 μm steel core carrier comprised of about 1 percent of a coating of 20 percent carbon black and 80 percent PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate). These developers were conditioned or placed inside a humidity controlled glove box at a constant RH (either 20 percent or 80 percent) for 16 to 20 hours. They were then roll milled for 5 minutes at a speed of 90 feet/minute. The toner tribos were then determined by the standard Faraday Cage blow-off method. The results were:

[0061] There was prepared a yellow toner composition by repeating the process described in Example X with the exception that the toner composition was comprised of 87.5 percent of SPAR II™ polyester resin and 12.5 percent of LUPRETON™ yellow. The toner was melt extruded, jetted and classified to about 7 microns in average volume diameter. The modified silica additive of Example V, 0.063 gram, was blended into the above yellow toner (12.5 grams) inside a 4 ounce bottle by roll milling the mixture with 125 grams of ¼ inch steel shot on a roll mill for 30 minutes.

[0062] Developers were then prepared by mixing with the above yellow toner (4.02 grams) and 100 grams of about 65 μm steel core carrier of 1.6 percent of a coating of 20 percent carbon black and 80 percent PMMA. The developers were then subjected to constant RHs and evaluated as Example X. The toner tribo results were:

[0063] Controlled black and yellow toners were prepared by repeating the processes of Examples X and XI with untreated AEROSIL R972® instead of the modified silica of the present invention. Black and yellow developers were then prepared and evaluated according to the procedures described in Examples X and XI, respectively. The toner tribo results were:

[0064] By comparison with the results in Examples X and XI, the data indicate that adsorption of 1-hexadecanol on AEROSIL R972® improves the tribo at 80 percent RH, consequently leading to improvements in the RH sensitivity of the resulting toners.

[0065] The modified silicas contain a protective alcoholic coating thereof as indicated herein and as confirmed by DSC, IR, NMR, and this coating can be of various effective thicknesses, such as from about 1 to about 3 monolayers. The coating is usually continuous and surrounds the entire silica particle.

[0066] Other modifications of the present invention may occur to those skilled in the art subsequent to a review of the present application, and these modifications, including equivalents thereof, are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.