US 6,174,293 B1Grant
Method and apparatus for collecting vaginal fluid and exfoliated vaginal cells for diagnostic purposes
Issue Date:2001-01-16
•28 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
There is provided a method and apparatus for collecting vaginal fluid and exfoliated vaginal cells for medical diagnostic purposes. An absorbent media is placed interlabially or intravaginally. Fluid is collected within the absorbent media. The absorbent media is removed, and the fluid is extracted therefrom. For intravaginal collection, the absorbent media may be placed in a housing having fluid receiving apertures therein. Medical diagnostic testing is performed on the extracted fluid.
Metadata
Assignee
- A-Fem Medical Corporation
Inventors
- Robert L. Buck
- William H. Fleming
Application Information
Application Number:US 09/473,214
Filing Date:1999-12-27
Priority Date:1996-05-17
Art Unit:7
Classifications
IPC:
A61B 1000
Field of Search:
600572600582435 5425343
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
[0002] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/036,742, Mar. 9, 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,498, which is a continuation of U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 08/651,048, filed May 17, 1996, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,481.
Background of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to medical diagnostic testing.
[0004] More particularly, it relates to the collection of vaginal fluids and exfoliated vaginal cells for diagnostic purposes.
[0005] Currently, the vast majority of clinical diagnostic testing of biological fluids utilize serum and urine. It is believed that the United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved a clinical diagnostic test which utilizes any biological fluid other than whole blood, serum, plasma, saliva or urine. Tears and sweat are other fluids being used for various non-FDA approved diagnostic purposes, although such uses have been very limited. These fluids are very different in composition and their uses in clinical medicine.
[0006] The use of gynecological tissue for cancer diagnostic purposes has been limited to the traditional PAP Test Cervical Scraping (PTCS method of collection) and the subsequent histological smears for cervical cancer screening. A chemical or immunochemical analysis of non-menstrual vaginal fluid, menstrual fluid and/or the cellular extracts of menstrual fluid for the purpose of disease detection or patient well-being have not been exploited by the general medical community.
[0007] There have been a number of articles written by Dr. Matthew Freund and others which suggest that one may collect a large quantity of cervical and endometrial cells from menstrual fluids rather than through the traditional PTCS method. Dr. Freund found that both ectocervical and other cells collected from the menstrual fluid flow are well preserved for standard laboratory cytological procedures. They are similar in appearance to cells collected by current clinical methods, and give similar reactions to chemicals and stains, and may be analyzed by the same procedures as cervical smears for PAP testing.
Objects of the Invention
[0008] It is therefore one object of this invention to provide an improved method for collecting vaginal fluid and vaginal cells for diagnostic purposes.
[0009] It is another object of this invention to provide a non-invasive method for collecting vaginal fluid and vaginal cells for diagnostic purposes.
[0010] It is still another object of this invention to provide an over-the-counter kit for collecting vaginal fluid and vaginal cells for diagnostic purposes.
Summary of the Invention
[0011] In accordance with one form of this invention, there is provided a method for collecting vaginal fluid and exfoliated vaginal cells in menstrual fluid for medical diagnostic purposes. An absorbent media is placed interlabially or intravaginally. Fluid is collected within the absorbent media. The absorbent media is removed, and the fluid is extracted therefrom. For intravaginal collection, the absorbent media may be placed in a housing having fluid receiving apertures prior to insertion into the vagina. Medical diagnostic testing is performed on the extracted fluid.
[0012] Preferably the absorbent media used to collect vaginal fluid is an interlabia pad, such as the pads described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,726,277; 3,983,873; and 4,196,562 issued to Hirschman and licensed to Athena Medical Corporation, assignee of the present invention, or the pad described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,995,150 issued to Gerstenberger et al and assigned to Athena Medical Corporation. The Hirschman and Gerstenberger et al patents hereby are incorporated herein by reference.
[0013] It is preferred that the absorbent media used to collect exfoliated vaginal cells from menstrual fluid be of a shape similar to a tampon, but of a different construction and composition. Preferably, the tampon shaped device includes an absorbent core which is at least partially surrounded by a porous matrix.
[0014] Over-the-counter kits may be provided so that the collection of the fluids may be done by the consumer in the privacy of her home.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, together with further objects and advantages thereof may be better understood in reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0016] FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a fluid collection device which may be used in accordance with this invention and is particularly useful in the collection of vaginal fluid;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a pictorial view of a fluid collection device which may be used in accordance with this invention and is particularly useful in the collection of vaginal cells from menstrual fluid;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the device of FIG. 2;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a partial pictorial view of the device of FIG. 2 with a portion of the outer matrix removed;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a pictorial view of a collection kit in accordance with the present invention;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a pictorial view of another collection kit in accordance with the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 7 is a pictorial view of a housing for the fluid collection device shown in FIG. 1;
[0023] FIG. 8 is an exploded partial sectional view of the housing of FIG. 7.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0024] Vaginal fluid and vaginal cells originating from intravaginal secretions, such as menstrual fluid, can be used to monitor several important clinical parameters, including cervical cancer, candida, chlamydia, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, i.e. gardnerella, and the sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, human papilloma virus, and herpes infections. In addition, the fluid extract can be useful in measuring certain metabolic clinical parameters that have traditionally been limited to blood collections. Such parameters can be glucose, cholesterol, pituitary hormones, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, therapeutic drugs, drugs of abuse, nutritional markers (pre-albumin, etc.), fetal disease markers during pregnancy (placental protein markers) and levels of certain unknown metabolites that may be characterized by immunochemical (ELISA, RIA, FPIA, EMIT) or physical (NMR, HPLC, HPCE, HPTLC, GC-MS or FTIR) diagnostic techniques.
[0025] The fluid collection apparatus of the subject invention may be an interlabia pad constructed in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,726,277 and 3,983,873 issued to Hirschman. The pad is formed from a fluid absorbent material, preferably rayon, which has better properties for sample collection than compacted cellulose, which is used in tampons. Other natural or synthetic fibers with similar hydrodynamic properties to rayon could be used. The pad is adapted to be inserted into the interlabia space by the user for absorbing vaginal discharges. The pad is securely retained in place despite substantial increases in its weight due to the absorption of vaginal fluids. The pad has been found to be safe and extremely comfortable for the user and is non-invasive.
[0026] Referring now more particularly to FIG. 1, there is provided interlabia pad 15 which includes an absorbent inner rope 16 covered by outer covering 18. The absorbent inner rope 16 may be made of the same absorbent material referred to above. A portion 20 of covering 18 extends along the side rope 16 so as to provide a place for the user to grip the pad for insertion into and withdrawal from the interlabia space. Preferably opposing sides of the cover are sewn or ultrasonically sealed together, depending on the type of material, as indicated along attachment line 22. The pad of FIG. 1 is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,562 issued to Hirschman. It has been found that the pad shown in FIG. 1 is useful in collecting vaginal fluids for diagnostic purposes.
[0027] FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show absorbent device 24 which is shaped like a tampon, but has a different structure and function. Absorbent device 24 includes a soft inner core 25 made of a fluid absorbent material made of a highly absorbent, but extractable, material, such as rayon, cellulose, cotton or other natural or synthetic fibers. Core 25 is able to absorb at least five times its weight in fluid. Preferably, core 25 is made of rayon fibers to eliminate dehydration and trapping of cellular elements, which occur to a greater extent with compacted cellulose materials employed in tampons. Device 24 includes an outer covering 27 to enhance its stability and to permit fluid to freely pass therethrough into core 25. Covering 27 is made of a highly porous material, such as sponge or nylon, and includes a matrix of pores 29 which allows for the collection of cellular debris without dehydration or inversible trapping within the matrix. The porous matrix allows for a greater ease of extraction and high quality of cellular material obtained. Device 24 is inserted intravaginally, in close proximity to the cervix.
[0028] Device 24 is also useful as a vaginal fluid collection device, particularly, for collecting blood and fluid from menstrual flow.
[0029] In cases where the fluid is to be collected intravaginally, the absorbent device 15 or 24 may be inserted into an elongated housing having a plurality of fluid receiving apertures therein. This may be seen better in reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. Elongated housing 31 includes a lower hollow portion 33 and an upper hollow portion 35. The lower portion 33 includes a plurality of apertures 37 for permitting fluid to enter the inside of the housing. The inside of the housing receives absorbent device 15 or 24. The upper portion of the housing 35 is in the form of a cap. The cap is removably secured to the lower portion of the housing 33 by engagement with studs 39. The housing with the absorbent material 24 received therein is inserted into the vagina for collecting fluids. Once the fluids are collected, the housing is removed from the vagina, using pull string 42. Opening 41 is provided in the top of the cap. A rod or plunger 44 may be placed into opening 41 and pressed against plate or disc 43 within device 24 to compress the fluid laden absorbent device and thus, squeeze out the fluids. The fluids will flow back through apertures 37 and into a collection vessel.
[0030] The pads 15 are preferably included as a part of a vaginal fluid collection kit 26, as shown in FIG. 5, containing shipping tubes 28, mailing labels 30 and instructions 32, all housed in box 33. Housing 33 may also be included in the kit. Kit 26 is preferably available over-the-counter or from a physician and may be conveniently used by the consumer in the privacy of her home. The pad is first inserted interlabially and remains inserted for a specified amount of time. When ready, the pad is dropped into a disposable sample container 28 containing extraction/preservative solution and is mailed to a laboratory for analysis. Thus there is provided a non-invasive, simple, convenient and private sample collection procedure which allows collection of vaginal fluids using the kit, with its attendant advantages over having to go to a physician's office or clinic for a cervical scrape, or for blood collection.
[0031] Device 24 is particularly adapted to collect exfoliated cells or other specimen materials from vaginal fluid. Device 24 is also preferably included in an exfoliated cell collection kit 34, as shown in FIG. 6. Kit 34 includes device 24 and sample vials 36 and 38, containing an extraction buffer and/or preservative solution. The top of the sample vial is sealable. Device 24 and cups are received in box 40. Device 24 is inserted into the vaginal tract or labia and allowed to collect/absorb for short periods or overnight. Device 24 is then removed by the user and placed in sample vial 36 containing the extraction buffer and preservative. The vial containing the specimen is then sealed and mailed to a testing laboratory. This technique is also a non-invasive, convenient, simple and private method of sample collection. It is believed that the quantity of cells collected is greater and the collection is more consistent than that for the PTCS method. Use of the extraction buffer, preservative buffer, or both will vary depending on the types of test desired. Additional material needed for mailing of biohazardous material may be added to the kit. Instructions which contain a patient information sheet to be filled out by the user to be mailed with the sample may also be added to the kit.
[0032] Both the PTCS and blood collection methods require a trained health professional to collect the samples and do not offer the advantages of privacy and non-invasiveness, as set forth above. In addition, when used for cervical cancer detection, the quality of cells obtained by the method of this invention is comparable to or greater than that of the PTCS for diagnosing cervical cancer. Furthermore, it is believed that the consistency of the sample collection is inherently superior using teachings of this invention over PTCS. The PTCS method can vary significantly in quality and quantity due to technique variations between health care technicians and the anatomical differences among patients. These variations in sample collection using the PTCS method are believed to be the main reason for the high false negative rate among cervical cancer tests. The method of this invention does not rely on technique dependent procedures to obtain a representative sample, and as such, is less likely to allow a false negative test to occur. In addition, the fluid sample contains certain cellular molecular components, i.e. hemoglobin, that can be measured and then used as internal qualitative markers to address sample adequacy and standardization issues.
[0033] Thus there is provided a simple, inexpensive and convenient method for the collection of vaginal fluid and vaginal cells for diagnostic purposes. The method is non-invasive and kits may be purchased by the consumer over the counter, resulting in far less expense and inconvenience to the consumer. In addition, it is believed that the diagnostic accuracy will be greatly enhanced, particularly for cervical cancer detection.
[0034] From the foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent that many modifications may be made therein. It will be understood, however, that these embodiments of the invention are exemplifications of the invention only and that the invention is not limited thereto. It is to be understood therefore that it is intended in the appended claims to cover all modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for performing a medical diagnostic test, comprising
collecting vaginal fluid extravaginally, wherein the vaginal fluid is collected extravaginally using a fluid absorbent medium in an interlabial space; and
performing the medical diagnostic test on the vaginal fluid, which has been collected extravagainally.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fluid absorbent medium is an interlabial pad.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vaginal fluid contains cells, and the medical diagnostic test is performed on the cells of the vaginal fluid.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the cells are ectocervical, cervical, endometrial, vaginal, or blood cells.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the diagnostic test detects abnormal cells associated with cancer.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cancer is cervical, endometrial, or vaginal cancer.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the diagnostic test is a PAP test.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the diagnostic test detects organisms and biological material associated with a bacterial, a viral or a parasitic disease.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the bacterial, viral, or parasitic disease is gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomonas, chlamydia, candida, papillomavirus, herpes, gardenerella, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the medical diagnostic test measures a metabolic clinical parameter.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the metabolic clinical parameter is glucose level, cholesterol level, pituitary hormones level, thyroid hormone level, steroid hormone level, therapeutic drug level, drug of abuse level, nutritional marker level, fetal disease marker level, or metabolite level.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the vaginal fluid is collected at a location remote from a laboratory where the medical diagnostic test is performed, and the method further comprises sending the vaginal fluid to the laboratory.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the vaginal fluid is sent to the laboratory in a fluid absorbent medium.
14. A method for diagnosing a disease process, comprising
collecting vaginal fluid intravaginally using a collection device comprising a fluid absorbent media inside an elongated container having a plurality of fluid receiving apertures therein, the container including a removable upper portion that facilitates the placement of the fluid absorbent material within the container and removal of the fluid absorbent material from the container; and
performing a medical diagnostic test on the vaginal fluid collected with the collection device, wherein the diagnostic test provides information about the disease process.
15. The method of claim 8, further comprising extracting the vaginal fluid, wherein the vaginal fluid contains cells, and wherein the diagnostic test is performed on the cells of the vaginal fluid.
16. The method of claim 8, wherein the cells are ectocervical, cervical, endometrial, vaginal, or blood cells.
17. The method of claim 8, wherein the diagnostic test is a test for abnormal cells associated with cancer.
18. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancer is cervical, endometrial, or vaginal cancer.
19. The method of claim 8, wherein the diagnostic test detects organisms or biological material associated with a bacterial, a viral or a parasitic disease.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein the bacterial, viral, or parasitic disease is gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomonas, chlamydia, candida, papillomavirus, herpes, gardenerells, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
21. The method of claim 1, further comprising extracting the vaginal fluid from the fluid absorbent medium prior to performing the medical diagnostic test on the vaginal fluid.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the vaginal fluid is menstrual fluid.
23. The method of claim 8, wherein the diagnostic test detects organisms and biological material associated with a viral disease.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the diagnostic test detects HIV, human papilloma virus, or herpes virus.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the diagnostic test detects HIV.
26. The method of claim 19, wherein the diagnostic test detects organisms and biological material associated with a viral disease.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the diagnostic test detects HIV, human papilloma virus, or herpes virus.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the diagnostic test detects HIV.
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