US 6,072,878 AGrant
Multi-Channel Surround Sound Mastering and Reproduction Techniques That Preserve Spatial Harmonics
Issue Date:2000-06-06
•26 Claims
•5 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Techniques of making a recording of or transmitting a sound field from either multiple monaural or directional sound signals that reproduce through multiple discrete loud speakers a sound field with spatial harmonics that substantially exactly match those of the original sound field. Monaural sound sources are positioned during mastering to use contributions of all speaker channels in order to preserve the spatial harmonics. If a particular arrangement of speakers is different than what is assumed during mastering, the speaker signals are rematrixed at the home, theater or other sound reproduction location so that the spatial harmonics of the sound field reproduced by the different speaker arrangement match those of the original sound field. An alternative includes recording or transmitting directional microphone signals, or their spatial harmonic components, and then matrixing these signals at the sound reproduction location in a manner that takes into account the specific speaker arrangement.
Metadata
Assignee
- Sonic Solutions
Inventor
- James A. Moorer
Application Information
Application Number:US 9366369
Filing Date:1997-09-24
Priority Date:1997-09-24
Art Unit:277
Classifications
IPC:
H04R 500
Field of Search:
3811;17;18;19;20;21;22;23;26;63;74
Patent Drawings (5 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the art of electronic sound transmission, recording and reproduction, and, more specifically, to improvements in surround sound techniques.
Improvements in the quality and realism of sound reproduction have steadily been made during the past several decades. Stereo (two channel) recording and playback through spatially separated loud speakers significantly improved the realism, of the reproduced sound, when compared to earlier monaural (one channel) sound reproduction. More recently, the audio signals have been encoded in the two channels in a manner to drive four or more loud speakers positioned to surround the listener. This surround sound has further added to the realism of the reproduced sound. Multi-channel (three or more channel) recording is used for the sound tracks of most movies, which provides some spectacular audio effects in theaters that are suitably equipped with a sound system that includes loud speakers positioned around its walls to surround the audience. Standards are currently emerging for multiple channel audio recording on small optical CDS (Compact Disks) that are expected to become very popular for home use. A recent DVD (Digital Video Disk) standard provides for multiple channels of PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) audio on a CD that may or may not contain video.
Theoretically, the most accurate reproduction of an audio wavefront would be obtained by recording and playing back an acoustic hologram. However, tens of thousands, and even many millions, of separate channels would have to be recorded. A two dimensional array of speakers would have to be placed around the home or theater with a spacing no greater than one-half the wavelength of the highest frequency desired to be reproduced, somewhat less than one centimeter apart, in order to accurately reconstruct the original acoustic wavefront. A separate channel would have to be recorded for each of this very large number of speakers, involving use of a similar large number of microphones during the recording process. Such an accurate reconstruction of an audio wavefront is thus not at all practical for audio reproduction systems used in homes, theaters and the like.
Therefore, it is a primary and general object of the present invention to provide techniques of reproducing sound with improved realism by multi-channel recording, such as that provided in the emerging new audio standards, with about the same number of loud speakers as currently used in surround sound systems.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and/or system for playing back recorded or transmitted multi-channel sound in a home, theater, or other listening location, that allows the user to set an electronic matrix at the listening location for the specific arrangemEnt of loud speakers being used there.
Summary of the Invention
These and additional objects are realized by the present invention, wherein, briefly and generally, an audio field is acquired and reproduced by multiple signals through four or more loud speakers positioned to surround a listening area, the signals being processed in a manner that reproduces substantially exactly a specified number of spatial harmonics of the acquired audio field with practically any specific arrangement of the speakers around the listening area. This adds to the realism of the sound reproduction without any particular constraint being imposed upon the positions of the loud speakers.
Rather than requiring that the speakers be arranged in some particular pattern before the system can reproduce the specified number of spatial harmonics, whatever speaker locations that exist are used as parameters in the electronic encoding and/or decoding of the multiple channel sound signals to bring about this favorable result in a particular reproduction layout. If one or more of the speakers; is moved, these parameters are changed to preserve tie spatial harmonics in the reproduced sound. Use of five channels and five speakers are described below to illustrate the various aspects of the present invention.
According to one specific aspect of the present invention, individual monaural sounds are mixed together by use of a matrix that, when making a recording or forming a sound transmission, angularly positions them, when reproduced through an assumed speaker arrangement around the listener, with improved realism. Rather than merely sending a given monaural sound to two channels that drive speakers on each side of the location of the sound, as is currently done with standard panning techniques, all cf the channels are potentially involved in order to reproduce the sound with the desired spatial harmorics. An example application is in the mastering of a recording of several musicians playing together. The sound of each instrument is first recorded separately and then mixed in a manner to position the sound around the listening area upon reproduction. By using all the channels to maintain spatial harmonics, the reproduced sound field is closer to that which exists in the room where the musicians are playing.
According to another specific aspect of the present invention, the multi-channel sound may be rematrixed at the home, theater or other location where being reproduced, in order to accommodate a different arrangement of speakers than was assumed when originally mastered. The desired spatial harmonics are accurately reproduced with the different actual arrangement of speakers. This allows freedom of speaker placement, particularly important in the home which often imposes constraints on speaker placement, without losing the improved realism of the sound.
According to a further specific aspect of the present invention, a sound field is initially acquired with directional information by a use of multiple directional microphones. Either the microphone outputs, or spatial harmonic signals resulting from an initial partial matrixing of the microphone outputs, are recorded or transmitted to the listening location by separate channels. The transmitted signals are then matrixed in the home or other listening location in a manner that takes into account the actual speaker locations, in order to reproduce the recorded sound field with some number of spatial harmonics that are matched to those of the recording location.
Additional objects, features and advantages of the various aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of its preferred embodiments, which embodiments should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a plan view of the placement of multiple loud speakers surrounding a listening area;
FIGS. 2A-D illustrate acoustic spatial frequencies of the sound reproduction arrangement of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a matrixing system for placing the locations of monaural sounds;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram for re-matrixed the signals matrixed in FIG. 3 in order to take into account a different position of the speakers than assumed when initially matrixing the signals;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are block diagrams that show alternate arrangements for acquiring and reproducing sounds from multiple directional microphones;
FIG. 7 provides more detail of the microphone matrix block in FIGS. 5 and 6; and
FIG. 8 shows an arrangement of three microphones as the source of the aadio signals to the systems of FIGS. 5 and 6.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
A person 11 is shown in FIG. 1 to be at the middle of a listening area surrounded by loudspeakers SP1, SP2, SP3, SP4 and SP5 that are pointed to direct their sounds toward the center. A system of angular coordinates is established for the purpose of the descriptions in this application. The forward direction of the listener 11, facing a front speaker SP1, is taken to be .THETA..sub.1 =0 degrees as a reference. The angular positions of the remaining speakers SP2 (front left), SP3 (rear left), SP4 (rear right) ard SP5 (front right) are respectively .THETA..sub.2, .THETA..sub.3, .THETA..sub.4 and .THETA..sub.5 from that reference. The speakers are typically positioned to define a surface that is substantially a plane, an example being a horizontal planar surface parallel to the floor of a room in which the speakers are postioned. The elevation of one or more of the speakers above one or more of the other speakers is not required but may be done in order to accommodate a restricted space.
A monaural sound 13, such as one from a single musical instrument, is desired to be positioned at an angle .PHI. from that zero reference, at a position where there is no speaker. There will usually be other monaural sounds that are desired to be simultaneously positioned at other angles but only the source 13 is shown here for simplicity of explanation. For a multi-instrument musical source, for example, the sounds of the individual instruments will be positioned at different angles .PHI. around the listening area during the mastering process. The sound of each instrument is typically acquired by one or more microphones recorded monaurally on at least one separate channel. These monaural recordings serve as the sources of the sounds during the mastering process. Alternatively, the mastering may be performed in real time from the separate instrument microphones.
Before describing the mastering process, FIGS. 2A-D are referenced to illustrate the concept of spatial frequencies. FIG. 2A shows the space surrounding the listening area of FIG. 1 in terms of angular position. The five locations of each of the speakers SP1, SP2, SP3, SP4 and SP5 are shown, as is the desired location of the sound source 13. The sound 13 may be viewed as a spatial impulse which in turn may be expressed as a Fourier expansion, as follows: ##EQU1## where n is an integer number of the individual spatial harmonics, from 0 to the number of harmonics being reconstructed, a.sub.i is the coefficient of one component of each harmonic and b.sub.i is a coefficient of an orthogonal component of each harmonic. The value a.sub.0 thus represents the value of the spatial function's zero order.
The spatial zero order is shown in FIG. 2B, having an equal magnitude around entire space that rises and falls with the magnitude of the spatial impulse sound source 13. FIG. 2C shows a first order spatial function, being a maximum at the angle of the impulse 13 while having one complete cycle around the space. A second order spatial function, as illustrated in FIG. 2D, has two complete cycles around the space. Mathematically, the spatial impulse 13 is accurately represented by a large number of orders but the fact of only a few speakers being used places a limit upon the number of spatial harmonics that may be included in the reproduced sound field. If the number of speakers is equal to or greater than (1+2n), where n here is the number of harmonics desired to be reproduced, then spatial harmonics zero through n of the reproduced sound field may be reproduced substantially exactly as exist in the original sound field. Conversely, the spatial harmonics which can be reproduced exactly are harmonics zero through n, where n is the highest whole integer that is equal to or less than one-half of one less than the number of speakers positioned around a listening area. Alternately, fewer than this maximum number of possible spatial harmonics may be chosen to be reproduced as in a particular system.
One specific aspect of the present invention is illustrated by FIG. 3, which schematically shows certain functions of a sound console used to master multiple channel recordings. In this example, five signals S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 are being recorded in five separate channels of a suitable recording medium such as tape, likely in digital form. Each of these signals is to drive an individual loud speaker. Two monaural sources 17 and 19 of sound are illustrated to be mixed into the recorded signals S1-S5. The sources 17 and 19 can be, for example, either live or recorded signals of different musical instruments that are being blended together. One or both of the sources 17 and 19 can also be synthetically generated or naturally recorded sound effects, voices and the like. In practice, there are usually far more than two such signals used to make a recordinc. The individual signals may be added to the recording tracks one at a time or mixed together for simultaneous recording.
What is illustrated by FIG. 3 is a technique of "positioning" the monaural sounds. That is, the apparent location of each of the sources 17 and 19 of sound when the recording is played back through a surround sound system, is set during the mastering process, as described above with respect to FIG. 1. Currently, usual panning techniques of mastering consoles direct a monaural sound into only two of the recorded signals S1-S5 that feed the speakers on either side of the location desired fcr the sound, with relative amplitudes that determines the apparent position to the listener of the source of the sound. But this lacks certain realism. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3, each source of sound is fed into each of the five channels with relative gains being set to construct a set of signals that have a certain number of spatial harmonics, at least the zero and first harmonics, of a sound field emanating from that location. One or more of the channels may still receive no portion of a particular signal but now because it is a result of preserving a given number of spatial harmonics, not because the signal is being artificially limited to only two of the channels.
The relative contributions of the source 17 signal to the five separate channels S1-S5 is indicated by respective variable gain amplifiers 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25. Respective gains g.sub.1, g.sub.2, g.sub.3, g.sub.4 and g.sub.5 of these amplifiers are set by control signals in circuits 27 from a control processor 29. Similarly, the sound signal of the source 19 is directed into each of the channels S1-S5 through respective amplifiers 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35. Respective gains g.sub.1 ', g.sub.2', g.sub.3 ', g.sub.4 ' and g.sub.5 ' of the amplifiers 31-35 are also set by the control processor 29 through circuits 37. These sets of gains are calculated by the control processor 29 from inputs from a sound engineer through a control panel 45. These inputs include angles .PHI. (FIG. 1) of the desired placement of the sounds from the sources 17 and 19 and an assumed set of speaker placement angles .THETA..sub.1 -.THETA..sub.5. Calculated parameters may optionally also be provided through circuits 47 to be recorded. Respective individual outputs of the amplifiers 21-25 are combined with those of the amplifiers 31-35 by respective summing nodes 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43 to provide the five channel signals S1-S5. These signals S1-S5 are eventually reproduced through respective ones of the speakers SP1.gtoreq.SP5.
The control processor 29 includes a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) operating to solve simultaneous equations from the inputted information to calculate a set of relative gains for each of the monaural sound sources. A principle set of linear equations that are solved for the placement of each separately located sound source may be represented as follows: ##EQU2## where .PHI. represents the angle of the desired apparent position of the sound, .THETA..sub.i and .THETA..sub.j represent the angular positions that correspond to placement of the loudspeakers for the individual channels with each of i and j having values of integers from 1 to the number of channels, n represents spatial harmonics that extend from 0 the number of harmonics being matched upon reproduction with those of the oricinal sound field, N is the total number of channels, and g represents the relative gains of the individual channels with i extending from 1 to the number of channels. It is this set of relative gains for which the equations are solved. Use of the i and j subscripts follows the usual mathematical notation for a matrix, where i is a row number and j a column number of the terms of the matrix.
In a specific example of the number of channels N, and also the number of speakers, being equal to 5, and only the zero and first spatial harmonics are being reproduced exactly, the above linear equations may be expressed as the following matrix: ##EQU3## This general matrix is solved for the desired set of relative gains g.sub.1 -g.sub.5.
This is a rank 3 matrix, meaning that there are a large number of relative gain values that satisfy it. In order to provide a unique set of gains, another constraint is added. One such constraint is that the second spatial harmonic is zero, which causes the bottom two lines of the above matrix to be changed, as follows: ##EQU4##
An alternate constraint which may be imposed on the solution of the general matrix is to require that a velocity vector (for frequencies below a transition frequency within a range of about 750-1500 Hz.) and a power vector (for frequencies above this transition) be substantially aligned. As is well known, the human ear discerns the direction of sound with different mechanisms in the frequency ranges above and below this transition. Therefore, the apparent position of a sound that potentially extends into both frequency ranges is made to appear to the ear to be coming from the same place. This is obtained by equating the expressions for the angular direction of each of these vectors, as follows: ##EQU5## The definition of the velocity vector direction is on the left of the equal sign and that of the power vector on the right. For the power vector, taking the square of the gain terms is an approximation of a model of the way the human ear responds to the higher frequency range, so can vary somewhat between individuals.
Once a set of relative gains is calculated by the control processor 29 for each of the sounds to be positioned around the listener 11, the resulting signals S1-S5 can be played back from the recording 15 and individually drive one of the speakers SP1-SP5. If the speakers are located exactly in the angular positions .THETA..sub.1 -.THETA..sub.5 around the listener 11 that were assumed when calculating the relative gains of each sound source, or very close to those positions, then the locations of all the sound sources will appear to the listener to be exactly where the sound engineer intended them to be located. The zero, first and any higher order spatial harmonics included in these calculations will be faithfully reproduced.
However, physical constraints of the home, theater or other location where the recording is to be played back often restrict where the speakers of its sound system may be placed. If angularly positioned around the listening area at angles different than those assumed during recording, the spatialization of the individual sound sources may not be optimal. Therefore, according to another aspect of the present invention, the signals S1-S5 are rematrixed by the listener's sound system in a manner illustrated in FIG. 4. The sound channels S1-S5 played back from the recording 15 are, in a specific implementation, initially converted to spatial harmonic signals a.sub.0 (zero harmonic), a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 (first harmonic) by a harmonic matrix 51. The first harmonic signals a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 are orthogonal to each other.
If more than the zero and first spatial harmonics are to be preserved, two additional orthogonal signals for each further harmonic are generated by the matrix 51. These harmonic signals then serve as inputs to a speaker matrix 53 which converts them into a modified set of signals S1', S2', S3', S4' and S5' that are used to drive the uniquely position speakers in a way to provide the improved realism of the reproduced sound that was intended when the recording 15 was initially mastered with different speaker positions assumed. This is accomplished by relative gains being set in the matrices 51 and 53 through respective gain control circuits 55 and 57 from a control processor 59. The processor 59 calculates these gains from the mastering parameters that have been recorded and played back with the sound tracks, prinarily the assumed speaker angles .THETA..sub.1, .THETA..sub.2, .THETA..sub.3, .THETA..sub.4 and .THETA..sub.5, and corresponding actual speaker angles .beta..sub.1, .beta..sub.2, .beta..sub.3, .beta..sub.4 that are provided to the control processor by the listener through a control panel 61.
The algorithm of the harmonic matrix 51 is illustrated by use of 15 variable gain amplifiers arranged in five sets of three each. Three of the amplifiers are connected to receive each of the sound signals S1-S5 being played back from the recording. Amplifiers 63, 64 and 65 receive the S1 signal, amplifiers 67, 68 and 69 the S2 signal, and so on. An output from one amplifier of each of these five groups is connected with a summing node 81, having the a.sub.0 output signal, an output from another amplifier of each of these five groups is connected with a summing node 83, having the a.sub.1 output signal, and an output from the third amplifier of each group is connected to a third summing node 85, whose output is the b.sub.1 signal.
The matrix 51 calculates the intermediate signals a.sub.0, a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 from only the audio signals S1-S5 being played back from the recording 15 and the speaker angles .THETA..sub.1, .THETA..sub.2, .THETA..sub.3, .THETA..sub.4 and .THETA..sub.5, assumed during mastering, as follows:
a.sub.0 =S1+S2+S3+S4+S5
a.sub.1 =S1 cos .THETA..sub.1 +S2 cos .THETA..sub.2 +S3 cos .THETA..sub.3
+S4 cos .THETA..sub.4 +S5 cos .THETA..sub.5
b.sub.1 =S1 sin .THETA..sub.1 +S2 sin .THETA..sub.2 +S3 sin .THETA..sub.3
+S4 sin .THETA..sub.4 +S5 sin .THETA..sub.5
Thus, in the representation of thiss algorithm shown as the matrix 51, the amplifiers 63, 67, 70, 73 and 76 have unity gain, the amplifiers 64, 68, 71, 74 and 77 have gains less than one that are cosine functions of the assumed speaker angles, and amplifiers 65, 69, 72, 75 and 78 have gains less than one that are sine functions of the assumed speaker angles.
The matrix 53 takes these signals and provides new signals S1', S2', S3', S4' and S5' to drive the speakers having unique positions surrounding a listening area. The representation of the processing shown in FIG. 4 includes 15 variable gain amplifiers 87-103 grouped with five amplifiers 87-91 receiving the signal a.sub.0, five amplifiers 92-97 receiving the signal a.sub.1, and five amplifiers 98-103 receiving the signal b.sub.1. The output of a unique one of the amplifiers of each of these three groups provides an input to a summing node 105, the output of another of each of these groups provides an input to a summing rode 107, and other amplifiers have their outputs connected to nodes 109, 111 and 113 in a similar manner, as shown.
The relative gains of the amplifiers 87-103 are set to satisfy the following set of simultaneous equations that depend upon the actual speaker angles .beta.: ##EQU6## where N=5 in this example, resulting in i and j having values of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The result is the ability for the home, theater or other user to "dial in" the particular angles taken by the positions of the loud speakers, which can even be changed from time to time, to maintain the improved spatial performance that the mastering technique provides.
A matrix expression of the above simultaneous equations for the actual speaker position angles .beta. is as follows, where the condition of the second spatial harmonics equaling zero is also imposed: ##EQU7## The values of relative gains of the amplifiers 87-103 are chosen to implement the resulting coeficients of a.sub.0, a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 that result from solving the above matrix for the output signals S1'-S5' of the circuit matrix 53 with a given set of actual speaker position angles .beta..sub.1 -.beta..sub..
The forgoing description has treated the mastering and reproducing process;es as involving a recording, as indicated by block 15 in each of FIGS. 3 and 4. These processes may, however, also be used where there is a real time transmission of the mastered sound through the block 15 to one or more reproduction locations.
The description with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4 has been directed primarily to mastering a three-dimensional sound field, or at least contribute to one, from individual monaural sound sources. Referring to FIG. 5, a technique is illustrated for mastering a recording or sound transmission from signals that represent a sound field in three dimensions. Three microphones 121, 123 and 125 are of a type and positioned with respect to the sound field to produce audio signals m1, m2 and m3 that contain information of the sound field that allows it to be reproduced in a set of surround sound speakers. Positioning such microphones in a symphony hall, for example, produces signals from which the acoustic effect may be reconstructed with realistic directionality.
As indicated at 127, thease three signals can immediately be recorded or distributed by transmission in three channels. The m1, m2 and m3 signals are then played back, processed and reproduced in the home, theater and/or other location. The reproduction system includes a microphone matrix circuit 129 and a speaker matrix circuit 131 operated by a control processor 133 through respective circuits 135 and 137. This allows the microphone signals to be controlled and processed at the listening location in a way that optimizes, in order to accurately reproduce the original sound field with a specific unique arrangement of loud speakers around a listening area, the signals S1-S5 that are fed to the speakers. The matrix 129 develops the zero and first spatial harmonic signals a.sub.0, a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 from the microphone signals ml, m2 and m3. The speaker matrix 131 takes these signals and generates the individual speaker signals S1-S5 with the same algorithm as described for the matrix 53 of FIG. 4. A control panel 139 allows the user at the listening location to specify the exact speaker locations for use by the matrix 131, and any other parameters required.
The arrangement of FIG. 6 is very similar to that of FIG. 5, except that it differs in the signals that are recorded or transmitted. Instead of recording or transmitting the microphone signals at 127 (FIG. 5), the microphone matrixing 129 is performed at the sound originating location (FIG. 6) and the resulting spatial harmonics a.sub.0, a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 of the sound field are recorded or transmitted at 127'. A control processor 141 and control panel 143 are uesed at the mastering location. A control processor 145 and control panel 147 are used at the listening location. An advantage of the system of FIG. 6 is that the recorded or transmitted signals are independent of the type and arrangement of microphones used, so information of this need not be known at the listening location.
An example of the microphone matrix 129 of FIGS. 5 and 6 is given in FIG. 7. Each of the three microphone signals ml, m2 and m3 is an input to a bank of three variable gain amplifiers. The signal m1 is applied to amplifiers 151-153, the signal m2 to amplifiers 154-156, and the signal m3 to amplifiers 157-159. One output of each bank of amplifiers is connected to a summing node that results in the zero spatial harmonic signal ao. Also, another one of the amplifier outputs of each bank is connected to a summing node 163, resulting in the first spatial harmonic signal a.sub.1. Further, outputs of the third amplifier of each bank are connected together in a summing node 165, providing first harmonic signal b.sub.1.
The gains of the amplifiers 151-159 are individually set by the control processor 133 or 141 (FIGS. 5 or 6) through circuits 135. These gains define the transfer function of the microphone matrix 129. The transfer function that is necessary depends upon the type and arrangement of the microphones 121, 123 and 125 being used. FIG. 8 illustrates one specific arrangement of microphones. They can be identical but need not be. No more than one of the microphones can be omni-directional. As a specific example, each is a pressure gradient type of microphone having a cardiod pattern. They are arranged in a Y pattern with axes of their major sensitivities being directed outward in the directions of the arrows. The directions of the microphones 121 and 125 are positioned at an angle .alpha. on opposite sides of the directional axis of the other microphone 123.
In this specific example, the microphone signals can be expressed as follows, where .upsilon. is an angle of the sound source with respect to the directional axis of the microphone 123:
m1=1+cos(.upsilon.-.alpha.)
m2=1-cos .upsilon.
m3=1+cos(.upsilon.+.alpha.)
The three spatial harmonic outputs of the matrix 129, in terms of its three microphone signal inputs, are then: ##EQU8## Since these are linear equations, the gains of the amplifiers 151-159 are the coeficients of each of the m1, m2 and m3 terms of these equations.
The various sound processing algorithms have been described in terms of analog circuits for clarity of explanation. Although some or all of the matrices described can be implemented in this manner, it is more convenient to implement these algorithms in commercially available digital sound mastering consoles when encoding signals for recording or transmission, and in digital circuitry in playback equipment at the listening location. The matrices are then formed within the equipment in digital form in response to supplied software or firmware code that carries out the algorithms described above.
In both mastering and playback, the matrices are formed with parameters that include either expected or actual speaker locations. Few constraints are placed upon these speaker locations. Whatever they are, they are taken into account as parameters in the various algorithms. Improved realism is obtained without requiring specific speaker locations suggested by others to be necessary, such as use of diametrically opposed speaker pairs, speakers positioned at floor and ceiling corners of a rectangular room, other specific rectalinear arrangements, and the like. Rather, the processing of the present invention allows the speakers to first be placed where desired around a listening area, and those positions are then used as parameters in the signal processing to obtain sicnals that reproduce sound through those speakers with a specified number of spatial harmonics that are substantially exactly the same as those of the original audio wavefront.
The spatial harmonics being faithfully reproduced in the examples given above are the zero and first harmonics but higher harmonics may also be reproduced if there are enough speakers being used to do so. Further, the signal processing is the same for all frequencies being reproduced, a high quality system extending from a low of a few ten, of Hertz to 20,000 Hz. or more. Separate processing of the signals in two frequency bands is not required.
Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to their preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the present invention is entitled to protection within the full scope of the appended claims.
Claims
It is claimed:
1. A method of processing a sound field for reproduction of the sound field over a given frequency range through a surround sound system having at least four channels individually feeding one of at least four speakers, comprising: acquiring multiple signals of the sound field, and directing the acquired sound field signals into individual ones of the plurality of channels with a set of relative gains for the entire frequency range that is determined by solving a relationship that (1) includes selected positions of the speakers around a listening area not constrained to a regular geometric pattern, and (2) substantially preserves individual ones of a plurality of spatial harmonics of the sound field, whereby a sound field reproduced from the speakers arranged in said selected positions substantially reproduces the plurality of spatial harmonics of the acquired sound field.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of spatial harmonics which are substantially preserved includes only zero and first harmonics.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of spatial harmonics which are substantially preserved includes zero to .eta.th harmonics, where .eta. is equal to or less than one-half of the number of speakers minus one.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring multiple signals of the sound field includes acquiring multiple monaural signals of sounds desired to be located at specific positions around the listening area, and said relationship includes such specific positions, whereby the sound field reproduced from the speakers additionally includes the monaural sounds at said specific positions.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring multiple signals of the sound field includes positioning multiple directional microphones in the sound field.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the set of relative gains is determined at least in part by the relationship that includes assumed positions of the speakers around some listening area.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the set of relative gains is determined at least in part at a location adjacent the listening area by the relationship that includes actual positions of the speakers around the listening area.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the set of relative gains is additionally determined by that which causes a velocity and power vectors to be substantially aligned.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the set of relative gains is additionally determined by that which causes second or higher of said plurality of spatial harmonics to be minimized.
10. The method according to any one of claim 1-9, wherein the surround sound system has exactly five channels individually feeding a different one of exactly five speakers.
11. A method of simulating a desired apparent position of a sound in a multi-channel surround sound system, comprising: monaurally acquiring the sound for which a position is desired to be simulated, and directing the acquired monaural sound into individual ones of the multiple channels with a set of relative gains that is determined by solving a relationship of an angle of the desired apparent position ofthe sound with respect to a point and a set of angular positions extending around said point that correspond to expected positions of speakers driven by individual ones ofthe multiple channel signals, said relationship being solved in a manner that substantially preserves at least zero and first harmonics of the sound when reproduced through speakers at the expected positions as if the monaural sound was actually present at said apparent position.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein speakers are actually positioned with at least one of said speakers having an actual position different from that of the expected positions, and additionally comprising calculating a modified set of relative gains for driving the speakers by solving a second relationship including the actual positions of the speakers and in a manner that preserves individual values of at least zero and first harmonics of the sound when reproduced through speakers at the actual positions as if the monairal sound was actually present at said apparent position.
13. The method according to either of claim 11 or 12, wherein the set of relative gains is additionally determined by that which causes velocity and power vectors of a sound field reproduced through the speakers to be substantially aligned.
14. The method according to either of claim 11 or 12, wherein the set of relative gains is additionally determined by that which causes second and higher spatial harmonics of a sound field reproduced through the speakers to be minimized.
15. The method according to either of claim 11 or 12, wherein the number of channels is four or more.
16. The method according to either of claim 11 or 12, wherein the number of channels is exactly five.
17. A method of reproducing a sound field through four or more speakers positioned around a listening area, comprising: acquiring a plurality of electrical signals representative of the sound field, processing said plurality of electrical signals in a manner to generate signals of at least zero and first spatial harmonics of said sound field, and processing the spatial harmonic signals in a manner to determine relative gains of signals fed to individual ones of the speakers by solving a relationship that includes terms of actual positions of the speakers and, when solved, substantially preserves at least the zero and first harmonics of the sound field reproduced through the speakers as respectively matching the zero and first harmonics of the acquired sound field.
18. The method according to claim 17, which additionally comprises recording and playing back the plurality of electrical signals representative of the sound field.
19. The method according to claim 17, which additionally comprises recording and playing back the signals of the sound field harmonics.
20. The method according to any one of claim 17-19, wherein the sound field is reproduced through exactly five speakers.
21. A sound reproduction system having an input to receive at least four audio signals of an original sound field that are intended to be reproduced by respective ones of at least four speakers at certain assumed positions surrounding a listening area and outputs to drive at least four speakers at certain actual positions surrounding the listening area that are different from the assumed positions, comprising: an input that accepts information of the speaker certain actual positions, and an electronically implemented matrix responsive to inputted actual speaker position information and to the assumed speaker positions to provide from the input signals other signals to the outputs which drive the speakers to reproduce the sound field with a number of spatial harmonics that individually match substantially individual ones of the same number of spatial harmonics in the original sound field.
22. The sound system according to claim 21, wherein the matrix further includes: a first part that develops, from the assumed speaker position information and the input signals, individual signals corresponding to the number of spatial harmonics, and a second part that develops, from the spatial harmonic signals and the actual speaker position information, individual signals for the actual speakers.
23. The sound system according to either of claim 21 or 22, wherein the number of matched spatial harmonics includes zero and first harmonics.
24. The sound system according to either of claim 21 or 22, wherein the number of matched spatial harmonics includes only zero and first harmonics.
25. The sound system according to either of claim 21 or 22, wherein the number of speakers at the actual speaker locations includes exactly five.
26. A sound system having an input to receive audio signals of an original sound field and outputs to drive at least four loud speakers at certain actual positions surrounding a listening area to reproduce the sound field, comprising: an input that accepts information of the speaker actual positions, and an electronically implemented matrix responsive to inputted information ofthe actual speaker positions and input signals to provide signals to the oui puts which drive the speakers to reproduce the sound field with a number of spatial harmonics that individually match substantially exactly correspondini ones of the same number of spatial harmonics in the original sound field.
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