US 6,051,258 AGrant

Proteinoid Emulsions and Methods for Preparation and Use Thereof

Issue Date:2000-04-18

•26 Claims

Abstract

The present invention provides emulsions, and a method for preparing emulsions, comprising (A) an aqueous phase, (B) an non-aqueous phase, and (C) (i) a proteinoid emulsifier, (ii) a modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein emulsifier wherein said modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein is modified with an amine reactive modifying agent, (iii) an acylated non-.alpha.-amino acid emulsifier, (iv) an acylated poly amino acid emulsifier, (v) an acylated peptide emulsifier, (vi) a sulfonated non-.alpha.-amino acid emulsifier, (vii) a sulfonated poly amino acid emulsifier, (viii) a sulfonated peptide emulsifier, or (ix) any combination of any of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), and (viii). The proteinoids, modified hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, modified poly amino acids, and modified peptides used in the present invention provide emulsions having improved stability against degradation and/or decomposition.

Metadata

Assignee

Emisphere Technologies, Inc.

Inventor

Martin L. Kantor

Application Information

Application Number:US 4758854

Filing Date:1995-06-07

Priority Date:1995-06-07

Art Unit:167

Classifications

IPC:

A61K 9107

Field of Search:

424514516530491;489;499937;975;2;773DIG. 4;DIG. 6317;345;350;370;378

Patent Drawings

This patent does not have any drawings.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to emulsions and methods for preparing them. These emulsions include proteinoids, modified hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, modified poly amino acids, and/or modified peptides as emulsifying agents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Emulsions typically are heterogenous mixtures of two or more immiscible liquid phases wherein at least one liquid forms small droplets suspended in the other liquid(s). Emulsions include a continuous phase and a dispersed phase. Generally, emulsions are either oil-in-water emulsions wherein the water is the continuous phase or water-in-oil emulsions wherein the oil is the continuous phase.

Typically, emulsification requires an emulsifying agent or a surfactant. Generally, emulsifying agents are either (a) polymers which coat the surface of oil-type particles to prevent those particles from coalescing or (b) long-chain alcohols or fatty acids that have solubility properties which reduce the surface tension at the interface of the suspended particles.

The proteinoids, modified hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, modified poly amino acids, and modified peptides used in the present invention provide emulsions having improved stability against degradation and/or decomposition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The emulsions of the present invention comprise

(A) an aqueous phase,

(B) an non-aqueous phase, and

(ii) a modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein emulsifier wherein said modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein is modified with an amine reactive modifying agent,

(iii) an acylated non-.alpha.-amino acid emulsifier,

(iv) an acylated poly amino acid emulsifier,

(v) an acylated peptide emulsifier,

(vi) a sulfonated non-.alpha.-amino acid emulsifier,

(vii) a sulfonated poly amino acid emulsifier,

(viii) a sulfonated peptide emulsifier, or

(ix) any combination of any of (i), (ii),

(iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), and (viii).

Further, the present invention contemplates a method for preparing the emulsions described above. The method comprises mixing an aqueous phase, a non-aqueous phase, and at least one of the above emulsifiers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The emulsions of the present invention incorporate proteinoid, modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein, modified non-.alpha.-amino acid, modified poly amino acid, and modified peptide emulsifiers. These emulsions exhibit good stability in that there is minimal decomposition or degradation of the emulsion over time. The emulsions of the invention incorporate readily available or easy to prepare, inexpensive emulsifiers. The formulation methods of the present invention are cost effective for preparing these compositions, are simple to perform, and are amenable to industrial scale for commercial production.

The emulsions of monomers prepared using the emulsifiers of the invention are suitable for emulsion polymerization. Other uses for the emulsions of the invention include preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Aqueous Phase

The aqueous phase can be water alone or water and another material in solution. The aqueous phase may optionally contain additives such as stabilizers, phosphate buffer salts, citric acid, acetic acid, and gum acacia. Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of stabilizing additives include gum acacia, gelatin, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, and polylysine. The preferred stabilizing additives are gum acacia, gelatin and methyl cellulose.

Non-aqueous Phase

The non-aqueous phase is a material or combination of materials which is insoluble or only minimally soluble in water. A material or combination of materials is considered insoluble or minimally soluble in water if a mixture of the material(s) with water or an aqueous mixture is not miscible and separates into layers. Typically, one layer contains the water or aqueous mixture and another layer contains the non-aqueous material(s).

The preferred non-aqueous phase materials are organic materials such as solvents, oils, or polymerization monomers. The most preferred organic materials are oils and polymerization monomers.

Examples of organic materials which are useful in the emulsions of the present invention include but are not limited to vegetable oils, such as, for example, soy oil and the like; solvents such as, for example, heptane, mesitylene, diethyl phthalate, and the like; fragrances, such as, for example, limonene, eugenol, .beta.-ionone, ethylphenylacetate and the like. Other useful organic materials include those containing vinyl monomer(s), such as, for example, amine monomers, glycidylether monomers, arylate monomers, or multifunctional monomers. Some preferred monomers include vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, mixtures thereof, and the like.

Emulsifiers

Proteinoids

Proteinoids are artificial polymers of amino acids. An amino acid is any carboxylic acid having at least one free amine group and includes naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids. Amino acids further include both .alpha.- and non-.alpha.-amino acids. Many amino acids and amino acid esters are readily available from a number of commercial sources such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA); Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo., USA); and Fluka Chemical Corp. (Ronkonkoma, N.Y., USA).

Representative, but not limiting, amino acids suitable as components of proteinoids have the formula: ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl;

R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.24 alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl, (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl) phenyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl) naphthyl, (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl) naphthyl, phenyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), phenyl (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), or naphthyl (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl);

R.sup.2 being optionally substituted with C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, --OH, --SH, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.3, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic having 3-10 ring atoms wherein the hetero atom is one or more of N, O, S, or any combination thereof, aryl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alk)aryl, ar(C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl) or any combination thereof;

R.sup.2 being optionally interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or any combination thereof; and

R.sup.3 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl.

Preferred naturally occurring amino acids are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glycine, glutamic, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, hydroxy proline, .gamma.-carboxyglutamate, phenylglycine, or O-phosphoserine. The preferred amino acids are arginine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, and phenylglycine.

Preferred non-naturally occurring amino acids are .beta.-alanine, .alpha.-amino butyric acid, .gamma.-amino butyric acid, .gamma.-(aminophenyl) butyric acid, .alpha.-amino isobutyric acid, citrulline, .epsilon.-amino caproic acid, 7-amino heptanoic acid, .beta.-aspartic acid, aminobenzoic acid, aminophenyl acetic acid, aminophenyl butyric acid, .gamma.-glutamic acid, cysteine, .epsilon.-lysine, methionine sulfone, norleucine, norvaline, ornithine, d-ornithine, p-nitro-phenylalanine, hydroxy proline, 1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, and thioproline.

The proteinoids useful herein preferably are prepared from mixed amino acids by methods well known in the art. For example, methods for preparing proteinoids are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,673 or International Patent Application No. WO 93/25583.

Preferred proteinoids are condensation polymers, and most preferably, are thermal condensation polymers. These polymers may be directed or random polymers. Proteinoids can be linear, branched, or cyclical, and certain proteinoids can be units of other linear, branched, or cyclical proteinoids.

Preferably, proteinoids contain from about 2 to about 20 amino acid residues, and most preferably from about 2 to about 8 amino acid residues. Preferred proteinoids have a molecular weight which ranges from about 250 to about 2400 daltons, and most preferably from about 250 to about 600. Special mention is made of proteinoids having a molecular weight of from about 250 to about 400 daltons.

Special mention is made of diketopiperazines. Diketopiperazines are six member ring compounds. The ring includes two substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms. Two of the carbon atoms in the ring are each substituted with an oxygen atom, forming carbonyl groups. Preferably, the carbonyl groups are at the 1 and 4 ring positions. These rings can be optionally, and most often are, further substituted on the remaining carbon atoms.

Diketopiperazine ring systems may be generated during thermal polymerization or condensation of amino acids or amino acid derivatives. (Gyore, J; Ecet M. Proceedings Fourth ICTA (Thermal Analysis), 1974, 2, 387-394 (1974)). These six membered ring systems were presumably generated by intra-molecular cyclization of the dimer prior to further chain growth or directly from a linear peptide (Reddy, A.V., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 40, 472-476 (1992); Mazurov, A. A. et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 42, 14-19 (1993)).

Diketopiperazines can also be formed by cyclodimerization of amino acid ester derivatives as described by Katchalski et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 68, 879-880 (1946), by cyclization of dipeptide ester derivatives, or by thermal dehydration of amino acid derivatives and high boiling solvents as described by Kopple et al., J. Org. Chem., 33 (2), 862-864 (1968).

Diketopiperazines typically are formed from .alpha.-amino acids. Preferably, the .alpha.-amino acids of which the diketopiperazines are derived are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and optical isomers of any of the foregoing.

Special mention is made of diketopiperazines of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 independently are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl)phenyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl)phenyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl)naphthyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl)naphthyl, phenyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), phenyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), and naphthyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl); any of R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 independently may optionally be substituted with C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, --OH, --SH, and --CO.sub.2 R.sup.8 or any combination thereof; R.sup.8 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkenyl; and any of R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 independently may optionally be interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or any combination thereof.

Preferably, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 independently are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkenyl. Special mention is made of the N-substituted diketopiperazine wherein one or both of the nitrogen atoms is substituted with a methyl group.

Special mention is also made of diketopiperazines of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 independently are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl)phenyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl)phenyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl)naphthyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl)naphthyl, phenyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), phenyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), and naphthyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkenyl); but both R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 can not be hydrogen; either or both R.sup.10 or R.sup.11 independently may optionally be substituted with C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, --OH, --SH, and --CO.sub.2 R.sup.12 or any combination thereof; R.sup.12 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkenyl; and either or both R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 independently may optionally be interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or any combination thereof.

The phenyl or naphthyl groups may optionally be substituted. Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of substituents are C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, --OH, --SH, or CO.sub.2 R.sup.13 wherein R.sup.13 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkenyl. When one of R.sup.10 or R.sup.11 is hydrogen, the diketopiperazine is mono-carbon-(C)-substituted. When neither R.sup.10 nor R.sup.11 is hydrogen, the diketopiperazine is di-carbon-(C)-substituted.

Preferably, R.sup.10, R.sup.11, or both R.sup.10 and R.sup.11, contain at least one functional group, a functional group being a non-hydrocarbon portion responsible for characteristic reactions of the molecule. Simple functional groups are heteroatoms including, but not limited to halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and the like, attached to, the carbon of an alkyl group by a single or multiple bond. Other functional groups include, but are not limited to, for example, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amide groups, amine groups, substituted amine groups, and the like.

Preferred diketopiperazines are those which are substituted at one or two of the carbons of the ring with a functional group that includes at least one carboxyl functionality.

Modified Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein

Modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein is prepared from hydrolyzed vegetable protein. Hydrolyzed vegetable protein is a product which is derived from defatted vegetable meal. In practicing the present invention, acid or enzyme hydrolyzed vegetable proteins are useful. The vegetable proteins generally contain titratable carboxylic acid groups (COOH) ranging from about 3 to about 8 milliequivalents/g, preferably from about 4 to about 6 milliequivalents/g, and total free amino groups (NH.sub.2) ranging from about 3 to about 9 milliequivalents/g, preferably ranging from about 4 to about 7 milliequivalents/g NH.sub.2. The molecular weight of the hydrolyzed vegetable protein ranges from about 100 daltons to about 2000 Daltons, and preferably from about 200 to about 500 daltons.

Hydrolyzed vegetable protein is available from a variety of commercial sources, such as, for example, Ajinomoto USA, Inc. (Teaneck, N.J.); Central Soya Co., Inc. (Fort Wayne, Ind.); Champlain Industries, Inc. (Clifton, N.J.,); Archer Daniels Midland (Decatur, Ill.), A.E. Staley Company, Gunther Products Division, (Decatur, Ill.), and additional companies listed in "Food Engineering Master", an annual publication of Chilton Co., Radnor, Pa. A preferred hydrolyzed vegetable protein in practicing this invention is available from Ajinomoto USA under the tradename AJI-EKI. This product is an acid hydrolyzed liquid soybean protein which is derived from defatted soybean meal. Other preferred hydrolyzed soy proteins include PROFAM 781, available from Archer Daniels Midland and PRO-TEIN 1550 and MIR-A-FOAM 100 available from A.E. Staley, Gunther Products division.

If desired, a dried protein extract of the hydrolyzed vegetable protein solution may be used to prepare the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein of the invention. The dried protein extract is preparable by extracting the hydrolyzed vegetable protein solution with a suitable solvent, e.g., methanol, followed by evaporating the solvent extract.

The hydrolyzed vegetable protein is modified by an amine reactive agent. Typically the hydrolyzed vegetable protein is modified by acylating or sulfonating at least one free amine group, with an acylating or sulfonating agent which reacts with at least one of the free amine groups present. Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of acylating or sulfonating agents useful for preparing the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein emulsifiers of the present invention include acylating and sulfonating agents having the formula: ##STR4## or R.sup.14 --SO.sub.2 --X wherein R.sup.14 is alkyl or alkenyl, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or aromatic preferably having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and n is 1 or 2.

The R.sup.14 group can be substituted or unsubstituted, The preferred substituents include C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkoxy, CO.sub.2 R.sup.15 wherein R.sup.15 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl.

Preferably, R.sup.14 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl, benzyl or naphthyl. More preferably, R.sup.14 is phenyl, or acetyl. X is a leaving group. In a reaction in which the substrate molecule becomes cleaved, part of it (the part not containing the carbon) is usually called the leaving group. See Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2d edition, Jerry March, New York: McGraw-Hill Book (1977), page 187, Typical leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogens such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Examples of the acylating and sulfonating agents for modifying hydrolyzed vegetable protein include, but are not limited to, acyl halides, such as, for example, acetyl chloride, propyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, phthaloyl chloride, hexahydrophthaloyl chloride, tetrahydrophthaloyl chloride, cyclohexanoyl chloride, sebacoyl chloride, hippuryl chloride and the like; sulfonyl halides, such as, for example, benzene sulfonyl chloride, acetylsulfanilyl chloride, and the like; anhydrides, such as, for example, acetic anhydride, propyl anhydride, benzoic anhydride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, hippuric anhydride and the like. The preferred acylating and sulfonating agents are benzoyl chloride, benzene sulfonyl chloride, cyclohexanoyl chloride, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and hexahydrophthalic anhydride.

The hydrolyzed vegetable protein is typically modified by first dissolving it in aqueous alkaline solution of a metal hydroxide, e.g., sodium or potassium hydroxide, and heating at the solution to a temperature ranging from about 50.degree. C. to about 70.degree. C., preferably from about 50.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C., for a period ranging from about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, preferably about 15 minutes. The amount of alkali employed per mmole of titratable NH.sub.2 in the hydrolyzed vegetable protein generally ranges from about 2 to about 3 mmole, and preferably from about 2.2 to about 2.5 mmole. The pH of the solution is generally maintained from about 8 to about 13, preferably ranging from about 9 to about 10.

Thereafter, the acylating or sulfonating agent is added to the reaction mixture. The amount of acylating or sulfonating agent in relation to the quantity of hydrolyzed vegetable protein employed is based on the equivalents of total free NH.sub.2 in the hydrolyzed vegetable protein. Thus, from about 0.3 to about 1.2 equivalents of acylating or sulfonating agent are used for each molar equivalent of total NH.sub.2 groups in the hydrolyzed vegetable protein, and preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.0 equivalent of acylating or sulfonating agent for each molar equivalent of groups NH.sub.2 groups in the hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein is then recovered from the reaction mixture using standard techniques, such as, for example, precipitation with dilute acid and filtration of the precipitate. See also PCT Publication No. WO 94/14420; published Jul. 7, 1994.

In an alternative method, the vegetable protein is dissolved in glacial acetic acid by warming the solution to from about 50 to about 90.degree. C. preferably from about 60 to about 75.degree. C. The alkylating agent, preferably an acid anhydride, in molar proportions to react with at least one amino group, is added portionwise over about 30 to about 180 minutes, and preferably from about 40 to about 70 minutes. The mixture is allowed to stir for from about 60 to about 240 minutes, and preferably from about 100 to about 200 minutes at the preferred temperature.

The mixture is then quenched with an excess of water, preferably about 3 to about 5 volumes and the resultant precipitate of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein is separated from the acetic acid solution by filtration or centrifugation. It is washed with water to remove impurities, converted to the sodium salt, and dried.

Modified Amino Acids

The modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids or peptides which are useful for preparing emulsions are either acylated or sulfonated and include non-.alpha.-amino acid amides or sulfonamides, and poly amino acid or peptide amides or sulfonamides.

Modified poly amino acids and peptides may include one or more acylated or sulfonated amino acid(s). Although linear modified poly amino acids and peptides used generally include only one modified amino acid, other poly amino acid and peptide configurations can include more than one modified amino acid. Poly amino acids and peptides can be polymerized with the modified amino acid(s) or can be modified after polymerization.

Acylated Non-.alpha.-Amino Acids

Acylated non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides are modified by acylating at least one free amine group with an acylating agent which reacts with at least one of the free amine groups present.

Preferred acylated non-.alpha.-amino acids have the formula:

wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl; ##STR5## R.sup.16 has the formula ##STR6## wherein: R.sup.17 is C.sub.2 to C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.2 to C.sub.24 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl) phenyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl) naphthyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl) naphthyl, phenyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl), phenyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl) and naphthyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl);

R.sup.17 is optionally substituted with C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkoxy, --OH, --SH and --CO.sub.2 R.sup.18, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic alkyl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkaryl, or any combination thereof;

R.sup.19 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl;

R.sup.17 is optionally interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or any combination thereof; and

R.sup.18 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl.

Special mention is also made of those acylated non-.alpha.-amino acids having the formula: ##STR7## wherein: R.sup.20 is (i) C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkoxy, hydroxy, phenyl, phenoxy or --CO.sub.2 R.sup.23, wherein R.sup.23 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl; or

(ii) C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl substituted with C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkyl;

R.sup.21 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl;

R.sup.22 is C.sub.2 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.24 alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl, (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl) phenyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl) naphthyl, (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl) naphthyl, phenyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), phenyl (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl) or naphthyl (C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl);

R.sup.22 being optionally.sub.-- substituted with C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, --OH, --SH, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.24, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl, heterocycle having 3-10 ring atoms wherein the hetero atom is one or more of N, O, S or any combination thereof, aryl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alk)aryl, ar(C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl), or any combination thereof;

R.sup.22 being optionally interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or any combination thereof; and

R.sup.24 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenyl.

Poly amino acids are either peptides or two or more amino acids linked by a bond formed by other groups which can be linked, e.g. an ester, anhydride, or an anhydride linkage. Special mention is made of non-naturally occurring poly amino acids and particularly non-naturally occurring hetero poly amino acids, i.e. polymers of mixed amino acids.

Peptides are two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Peptides can vary in length from dipeptides with two amino acids to poly peptides with several hundred amino acids. See Chambers Biological Dictionary, editor Peter M. B. Walker, Cambridge, England: Chambers Cambridge, 1989, page 215. Special mention is made of dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides.

Acylated non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides may be prepared by reacting appropriate single amino acids, mixtures of two or more amino acids, amino acid esters, poly amino acids, poly amino acid esters, or peptide esters with an acylating agent which reacts with free amino moieties present, to form amides.

Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of acylating agents useful in preparing acylated non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides include acid chloride acylating agents having the formula ##STR8## wherein: R.sup.25 is an appropriate group for the modified amino acid being prepared, such as, but not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic, and particularly methyl, ethyl, cyclohexyl, cyclophenyl, phenyl, or benzyl, X is a leaving group and n is 1 or 2. Typical leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogens such as chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Examples of the acylating agents include, but are not limited to, acyl halides such as, for example, acetyl chloride, propyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, phthaloyl chloride, hexahydrophthaloyl chloride, tetrahydrophthaloyl chloride, cyclohexanoyl chloride, cyclopentanoyl chloride, and cycloheptanoyl chloride, sebacoyl chloride, hippuryl chloride and the like; anhydrides, such as, for example, acetic anhydride, propyl anhydride, benzoic anhydride, cyclohexanoic anhydride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, hippuric anhydride and the like. The preferred acylating agents are benzoyl chloride, cyclohexanoyl chloride, cyclopentanoyl chloride, cycloheptanoyl chloride, phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and hexahydrophthalic anhydride.

The amine groups can also be modified by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with coupling agents such as the carbodiimide derivatives of amino acids, particularly hydrophilic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Further examples include dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and the like.

If the non-.alpha.-amino acid, poly amino acid, or peptide is multifunctional, i.e. has more than one --OH, --NH.sub.2 or --SH group, then it may optionally be acylated at one or more functional groups to form, for example, an ester, amide, or thioester linkage.

For example, in the preparation of many acylated non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides the compound is dissolved in an aqueous alkaline solution of a metal hydroxide, e.g., sodium or potassium hydroxide and the acylating agent added. The reaction time can range from about 1 hour and about 4 hours, preferably about 2-2.5 hours. The temperature of the mixture is maintained at a temperature generally ranging between about 50.degree. C. and about 70.degree. C., preferably between about 10.degree. C. and about 50.degree. C. The amount of alkali employed per equivalent of NH.sub.2 groups in the non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, or peptides generally ranges between about 1.25 moles and about 3 moles, and is preferably between about 1.5 moles and about 2.25 moles per equivalent of NH.sub.2. The pH of the reaction solution generally ranges between about pH 8 and about pH 13, and is preferably between about pH 10 and about pH 12. The amount of amino modifying agent employed in relation to the quantity of non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, or peptides is based on the moles of total free NH.sub.2 in the amino acids. In general, the amino modifying agent is employed in an amount ranging between about 0.5 and about 2.5 mole equivalents, preferably between about 0.75 and about 1.25 equivalents, per molar equivalent of total NH.sub.2 groups in the non-.alpha.-amino acid, poly amino acid, or peptide.

The modification reaction is quenched by adjusting the pH of the mixture with a suitable acid, e.g., concentrated hydrochloric acid, until the pH reaches between about 2 and about 3. The mixture separates on standing at room temperature to form a transparent upper layer and a white or off-white precipitate. The upper layer is discarded, and modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids or peptides are collected by filtration or decantation. The crude modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids or peptides are then mixed with water. Insoluble materials are removed by filtration and the filtrate is dried in vacuo. The yield of modified product generally ranges between about 30 and about 60%, and usually about 45%. The present invention also contemplates using non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids and peptides which have been modified by multiple acylation, e.g., diacylation or triacylation as emulsifiers.

If esters or amides are the starting materials, they are dissolved in a suitable organic solvent such as dimethylformamide or pyridine, are reacted with the amine modifying agent at a temperature ranging between about 5.degree. C. and about 70.degree. C., preferably about 25.degree. C., for a period ranging between about 7 and about 24 hours. The amount of amine modifying agents used relative to the non-.alpha.-amino acid esters, poly amino acid esters, and peptide esters are the same as described above for the acids.

Thereafter, the reaction solvent is removed under negative pressure and optionally the ester or amide functionality can be removed by hydrolyzing the modified ester with a suitable alkaline solution, e.g., 1N sodium hydroxide, at a temperature ranging between about 50.degree. C. and about 80.degree. C., preferably about 70.degree. C., for a period of time sufficient to hydrolyze off the ester group and form the modified non-.alpha.-amino acid, poly amino acid, or peptide having a free carboxyl group. The hydrolysis mixture is then cooled to room temperature and acidified, e.g., with an aqueous 25% hydrochloric acid solution, to a pH ranging between about 2 and about 2.5. The modified compound precipitates out of solution and is recovered by conventional means such as filtration or decantation.

The modified compounds may be purified by acid precipitation, recrystallization or by fractionation on solid column supports. Fractionation may be performed on a suitable solid column supports such as silica gel, alumina, using solvent mixtures such as acetic acid/butanol/water as the mobile phase; reverse phase column supports using trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile mixtures as the mobile phase; and ion exchange chromatography using water as the mobile phase. The modified compounds may also be purified by extraction with a lower alcohol such as methanol, butanol, or isopropanol to remove impurities such as inorganic salts.

The modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides generally are soluble in alkaline aqueous solution (pH.ltoreq.9.0); partially soluble in ethanol, n-butanol and 1:1 (v/v) toluene/ethanol solution and insoluble in water. The alkali metal salts, e.g., the sodium salt of the modified non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides are generally soluble in water at about a pH of 6-8.

In poly amino acids or peptides, one or more of the amino acids may be acylated. Modified poly amino acids and peptides may include one or more acylated amino acid(s). Although linear modified poly amino acids and peptides will generally include only one acylated amino acid, other poly amino acid and peptide configurations can include more than one acylated amino acid. Poly amino acids and peptides can be polymerized with the acylated amino acid(s) or can be acylated after polymerization.

Sulfonated Amino Acids

Sulfonated non-.alpha.-amino acids, poly amino acids, and peptides are modified by sulfonating at least one free amine group with a sulfonating agent which reacts with at least one of the free amine groups present.

Special mention is made of compounds of the formula

wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl;

Y is --SO.sub.2 --, R.sup.26 has the formula ##STR9## wherein: R.sup.27 is C.sub.2 to C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.2 to C.sub.24 alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl) phenyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl) naphthyl, (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl) naphthyl, phenyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl), phenyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkyl) and naphthyl (C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alkenyl);

R.sup.27 is optionally substituted with C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkoxy, --OH, --SH and --CO.sub.2 R.sup.29 or any combination thereof;

R.sup.29 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl;

R.sup.27 is optionally interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or any combination thereof; and

R.sup.28 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkenyl.

Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of sulfonating agents useful in preparing sulfonated amino acids include sulfonating agents having the formula R.sup.30 --SO.sub.2 --X wherein R.sup.30 is an appropriate group for the modified non-.alpha.-amino acid, poly amino acid, or peptide being prepared such as, but not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatics and X is a leaving group as described above. One example of a sulfonating agent is benzene sulfonyl chloride.

Emulsification Methods

In forming an emulsion, the aqueous and non-aqueous phases are combined in the presence of an emulsifier and are mixed. The mixing can be performed by shaking, mechanical blending, sonication, or any other method known in the art. A preferred method is mechanical blending, such as, for example, mixing in a blender, stirring with an overhead stirrer, or vortexing.

Mechanical blenders useful for practicing the present invention include overhead stirrers, such as, for example, a T-Line Laboratory stirrer, model 138, available from TALBOYS Engineering, (Emerson, N.J.), or a two speed Waring commercial blender available from Waring Corp. (New Hartford, Conn.). Vortex mixing can be accomplished using, for example, a Vortex Genie-2 mixer available from VWR Scientific (Piscataway, N.J.). Sonication can be performed with a Tekmar Sonic Disruptor available from Tekmar Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio).

The rate of mixing with an overhead stirrer is typically from about 100 to about 500 rpm. A preferred rate is about 300 rpm. When mixing with a blender, a preferred speed is low and when mixing with a Vortex Genie-2, the setting used is 9. Sonication carried out with the Tekmar Sonic Disruptor preferably is at a setting of about 5, and a microtip in continuous (non-pulsed) mode.

Another method for preparing emulsions utilizes the SanSurf.TM. method, a process performed by Collaborative Laboratories, (East Setauket, N.Y.). In this process the materials are mixed under high pressure and high sheer conditions. This process is produces emulsions having particles of less than 1 .mu.m.

A mixer believed to be useful for the high pressure/high sheer blending in a Microfluridizer Model 110T, available from Microfluridizer Corp., (Newton, Mass.).

The time required for mixing is variable and depends on the method of mixing. Typical times range from about 1 minute for high speed mixing with a blender or vortex mixer to about 1 hour or more when using an overhead stirrer. Sonication typically requires from about 5 to about 20 minutes.

The emulsifier can be added to the mixture at any time prior to or during mixing. The emulsifier can be added to either the aqueous phase, the non-aqueous phase, or to a mixture of the aqueous and the non-aqueous phases.

The level of emulsifier required can range from about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, based on 100 parts by weight of said emulsion. The preferred amount of emulsifier is from about 4 to about 8 weight percent.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following examples are illustrative of the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Five grams of benzoyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. Vinyl acetate monomer (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 2

Five grams of cyclohexanoyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. Vinyl acetate monomer (50 mL) was stirred at high agitation into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 3

Five grams of phthaloyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 50% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. Vinyl acetate monomer (50 mL) was added and stirred at high agitation with the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The volume ratio of water:monomer was 1:1. The agitation was stopped, after one hour yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 4

Five grams of benzene sulfonyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. Vinyl acetate monomer (50 mL) was stirred at high agitation into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 5

Five grams of tetrahydrophthaloyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. Vinyl acetate monomer (50 mL) was stirred at high agitation into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 6

Five grams of benzoyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. A monomer mixture of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (50:50) (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:dual monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 24 hours.

EXAMPLE 7

Five grams of cyclohexanoyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. A monomer mixture of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (50:50) (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:dual monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 8

Five grams of phthaloyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. A monomer mixture of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (50:50) (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:dual monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 9

Five grams of benzene sulfonyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. A monomer mixture of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (50:50) (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:dual monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 10

Five grams of tetrahydrophthaloyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 5% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. A monomer mixture of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (50:50) (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:dual monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 11

Ten grams of hexahydrophthaloyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 100 mL of a 1.7 N aqueous citric acid solution having 1% gum acacia to form a 10% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to about 7.5. Limonene (1.0 g) was combined with the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution and mixed, for about 1 minute, using a Waring commercial blender at low speed. This yielded a stable emulsion.

EXAMPLE 12

Five grams of N-cyclohexanoyl-6-aminohexanoic acid were dissolved in 50 mL of water to form a 50 by weight solution of modified amino acid. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 5 to about 7.5. Vinyl acetate monomer (50 mL) was stirred into the modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein/water solution using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. The final volume ratio of water:monomer was 1:1. One hour after the monomer was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 24 hours.

EXAMPLE 13

A proteinoid having the molar composition Glu-Asp-0.4Lys-Phe (20 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL) and 2.0 mL of heptane was added. The mixture was mixed for 1 minute with a vortex mixer. This yielded an emulsion that remained stable stable for over 72 hours.

EXAMPLE 14

A proteinoid having the molar composition Glu-Asp-0.4Lys-Phe (20 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL) and 2.0 mL of mesitylene was added. The mixture was mixed for 1 minute with a vortex mixer. This yielded an emulsion that remained stable for over 72 hours.

EXAMPLE 15

A proteinoid having the molar composition Glu-Asp-Tyr-Phe-0.50rn (20 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL) and 2.0 mL of heptane was added. The mixture was mixed for 1 minute with a vortex mixer. This yielded an emulsion that remained stable for over 96 hours.

EXAMPLE 16

A proteinoid having the molar composition Glu-Asp-Tyr-Phe-0.50rn (20 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL) and 2.0 mL of mesitylene was added. The mixture was mixed for 1 minute with a vortex mixer. This yielded an emulsion that remained stable for over 96 hours.

EXAMPLE 17

A proteinoid having the molar composition Glu-Asp-Tyr-Phe-0.50rn (20 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL) and 2.0 mL of diethyl phthalate was added. The mixture was mixed for 1 minute with a vortex mixer. This yielded an emulsion that remained stable for over 96 hours.

EXAMPLE 18

A proteinoid having the molar composition Glu-Asp-Tyr-Phe-0.50rn (20 mg) was dissolved in water (20 mL) and 2.0 mL of soy oil was added. The mixture was mixed for 1 minute 6 with a vortex mixer. This yielded an emulsion that remained stable for over 72 hours.

EXAMPLE 19-26

Following the procedures described in the Examples hereinabove emulsions were prepared. The results are summarized in Table I.

EXAMPLE 27

Ten grams of hexahydrophthaloyl modified hydrolyzed soy protein were dissolved in 100 mL of water to form a 10% by weight solution of modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein. The pH of the solution was adjusted to within a range from about 7.3 to about 7.8 by addition of 10 N NaOH. A portion of this solution (50 mL) and limonene (20 mL) were combined and mixed using an overhead stirring device, at about 300 rpm. One hour after the limonene was added, the agitation was stopped, yielding an emulsion that remained stable for over 6 hours.

EXAMPLE 28

A proteinoid having the molar composition, Glu-Asp-0.4Lys-Phe was dissolved in water at a concentration of 10 g/L (1%). Vegetable oil (soy) was added at a concentration of 10% (v/v). The mixture was blended under high pressure and high sheer conditions. A stable emulsion was produced. Dark field light microscopic images of these emulsions are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

EXAMPLE 29

A proteinoid having the molar composition, Glu-Asp-2Arg-Phe was dissolved in water at a concentration of 10 g/L. Vegetable oil (soy) was added at a concentration of 10% (v/v). The mixture was blended under high pressure and high sheer conditions. A stable emulsion was produced.

All patents, applications, test methods, and publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed disclosure. All such variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An emulsion comprising (A) an aqueous phase; (B) an non-aqueous phase; and (C) (i) a mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier; (ii) a modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein emulsifier wherein said modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein is modified with an amine reactive modifying agent; (iii) an acylated non-.alpha.-amino acid emulsifier; (iv) an acylated poly amino acid emulsifier; (v) an acylated peptide emulsifier; (vi) a sulfonated non-.alpha.-amino acid emulsifier; (vii) a sulfonated poly amino acid emulsifier; (viii) a sulfonated peptide emulsifier; or (ix) any combination of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) and (viii).

2. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said non-aqueous phase comprises an oil.

3. The emulsion of claim 2, wherein said emulsion is selected from the group consisting of an oil-in-water emulsion and a water-in-oil emulsion.

4. The emulsion of claim 2, wherein said non-aqueous phase comprises soy oil.

5. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said non-aqueous phase comprises a composition comprising at least one vinyl monomer.

6. The emulsion of claim 5, wherein said vinyl monomer is selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and a mixture of any of the foregoing.

7. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier is a linear proteinoid of mixed amino acids.

8. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises a condensation polymer of mixed amino acids.

9. The emulsion of claim 8, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises a thermal condensation polymer of mixed amino acids.

10. The emulsion of claim 8, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises a directed condensation polymer of mixed amino acids.

11. The emulsion of claim 8, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises a random condensation polymer of mixed amino acids.

12. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises a diketopiperazine.

13. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier has a molecular weight ranging from about 250 to about 2400.

14. The emulsion of claim 13, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier has a molecular weight ranging from about 250 to about 400.

15. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises from about 2 to about 20 amino acids.

16. The emulsion of claim 15, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier has from about 2 to about 8 amino acids.

17. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises an acid-soluble proteinoid.

18. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier comprises a base-soluble proteinoid.

19. The emulsion of claim 7, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of Glu-Asp-2Arg-Phe, Glu-Asp-Tyr-Phe-0.5Orn, and Glu-Asp-0.4Lys-Phe.

20. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said modified hydrolyzed vegetable protein emulsifier comprises acid hydrolyzed soybean protein.

21. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said amine reactive modifying group is selected from the group consisting of a benzene sulfonyl group, a benzoyl group, a phthaloyl group, a tetrahydrophthaloyl group, and a cyclohexanoyl group.

22. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said acylated non-.alpha.-amino acid is N-cyclohexanoyl-6-aminohexanoic acid.

23. The emulsion of claim 1, comprising from about 1 to about 15 percent by weight of emulsifier, based on 100 parts by weight of said emulsion.

24. The emulsion of claim 23, comprising from about 4 to about 8 percent by weight of emulsifier, based on the 100 parts by weight of said emulsion.

25. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier is a branched proteinoid of mixed amino acids.

26. The emulsion of claim 1, wherein said mixed amino acid proteinoid emulsifier is a cyclic proteinoid of mixed amino acids.

Patent Citations (208)

Patent	Date	Inventor
USRe24899	1960-11-01	Green
US2671451	1954-03-01	Bolger
US2717263	1955-09-01	McKinney et al.
US2781384	1957-02-01	Mannheimer
US2862918	1958-12-01	Meyer et al.
US2868740	1959-01-01	Luce
US2971916	1961-02-01	Schleicher et al.
US3016308	1962-01-01	Macaulay
US3052655	1962-09-01	Fox et al.
US3057344	1962-10-01	Abella et al.
US3076790	1963-02-01	Fox et al.
US3170802	1965-02-01	Fukushima
US3190837	1965-06-01	Brynko et al.
US3265682	1966-08-01	Urs Gloor et al.
US3474777	1969-10-01	Figge et al.
US3491093	1970-01-01	Pachter et al.
US3565559	1971-02-01	Sato
US3567650	1971-03-01	Bakan
US3574832	1971-04-01	Engel et al.
US3576758	1971-04-01	Emrick
US3598859	1971-08-01	Yates et al.
US3687926	1972-08-01	Arima et al.
US3725113	1973-04-01	Chang
US3748277	1973-07-01	Wagner
US3794561	1974-02-01	Matsukawa et al.
US3795739	1974-03-01	Birkmayer et al.
US3816404	1974-06-01	Kablaoui et al.
US3822348	1974-07-01	Higashi et al.
US3849550	1974-11-01	Teitelbaum
US3933873	1976-01-01	Love et al.
US3937668	1976-02-01	Zolle
US3939253	1976-02-01	Bodor et al.
US3956172	1976-05-01	Saeki et al.
US3962416	1976-06-01	Katzen
US3976773	1976-08-01	Curran
US4035507	1977-07-01	Bodor et al.
US4048268	1977-09-01	Ludwig
US4061466	1977-12-01	Sjoholm et al.
US4117801	1978-10-01	Dannelly et al.
US4147767	1979-04-01	Yapel
US4183849	1980-01-01	Hansen
US4199561	1980-04-01	Roth et al.
US4217370	1980-08-01	Rawlings et al.
US4239635	1980-12-01	Rieder
US4272506	1981-06-01	Schwarzberg
US4289759	1981-09-01	Heavner et al.
US4345588	1982-08-01	Widder et al.
US4348384	1982-09-01	Horikoshi et al.
US4351337	1982-09-01	Sidman
US4352883	1982-10-01	Lim
US4357259	1982-11-01	Senyei et al.
US4388304	1983-06-01	Nyeki et al.
US4393192	1983-07-01	Curatolo et al.
US4402856	1983-09-01	Schnoring et al.
US4405598	1983-09-01	Brown
US4442090	1984-04-01	Kakeya et al.
US4446138	1984-05-01	Pack
US4450150	1984-05-01	Sidman
US4460563	1984-07-01	Calanchi
US4462839	1984-07-01	McGinley et al.
US4462991	1984-07-01	Higuchi et al.
US4473620	1984-09-01	Wu et al.
US4483807	1984-11-01	Asano
US4492684	1985-01-01	Goosen et al.
US4518433	1985-05-01	McGinley et al.
US4590265	1986-05-01	Bogan et al.
US4608278	1986-08-01	Frank
US4613500	1986-09-01	Suzuki et al.
US4647455	1987-03-01	De Bold
US4666641	1987-05-01	Fickat et al.
US4671954	1987-06-01	Goldberg
US4673566	1987-06-01	Goosen et al.
US4690786	1987-09-01	Ninomiya et al.
US4692284	1987-09-01	Braden
US4703042	1987-10-01	Bodor
US4708952	1987-11-01	Salatinjants
US4745161	1988-05-01	Saudek et al.
US4753804	1988-06-01	Iaccheri et al.
US4757007	1988-07-01	Satoh
US4757024	1988-07-01	Roper
US4757066	1988-07-01	Shiokari et al.
US4766012	1988-08-01	Valenti
US4774320	1988-09-01	Tagliabue et al.
US4789734	1988-12-01	Pierschbacher
US4835312	1989-05-01	Itoh et al.
US4837381	1989-06-01	Steber et al.
US4844904	1989-07-01	Hamaguchi et al.
US4873087	1989-10-01	Morishita et al.
US4878942	1989-11-01	Motegi et al.
US4886663	1989-12-01	Houghten
US4895725	1990-01-01	Kantor et al.
US4897444	1990-01-01	Brynes et al.
US4900730	1990-02-01	Miyauchi
US4908233	1990-03-01	Takizawa et al.
US4919939	1990-04-01	Baker
US4925673	1990-05-01	Steiner
US4927928	1990-05-01	Shroot et al.
US4963364	1990-10-01	Fox et al.
US4976968	1990-12-01	Steiner
US4983402	1991-01-01	Steiner
US4996292	1991-02-01	Fox et al.
US5019400	1991-05-01	Gombotz et al.
US5023374	1991-06-01	Simon
US5039481	1991-08-01	Pacifici et al.
US5055300	1991-10-01	Gupta
US5066487	1991-11-01	Morelle et al.
US5067961	1991-11-01	Kelman et al.
US5069936	1991-12-01	Yen
US5077278	1991-12-01	Hafner et al.
US5100669	1992-03-01	Hyon et al.
US5100918	1992-03-01	Sunshine et al.
US5122367	1992-06-01	Ron et al.
US5126147	1992-06-01	Silvestri et al.
US5137892	1992-08-01	Chu et al.
US5186947	1993-02-01	Goettsche et al.
US5204099	1993-04-01	Barbier et al.
US5206384	1993-04-01	Shibahara et al.
US5216124	1993-06-01	Hansen, Jr. et al.
US5244653	1993-09-01	Berke et al.
US5250236	1993-10-01	Gasco
US5271934	1993-12-01	Goldberg et al.
US5271961	1993-12-01	Mathiowitz et al.
US5278148	1994-01-01	Branca et al.
US5328992	1994-07-01	Peter et al.
US5352461	1994-10-01	Feldstein et al.
US5384133	1995-01-01	Boyes et al.
US5389377	1995-02-01	Chagnon et al.
US5389379	1995-02-01	Dirix et al.
US5418010	1995-05-01	Janda et al.
US5536813	1996-07-01	Charpenel et al.
US5578323	1996-11-01	Milstein et al.
US5601846	1997-02-01	Milstein et al.
US5693338	1997-12-01	Milstein
US5705529	1998-01-01	Matyus et al.
US5709861	1998-01-01	Santiago et al.
US5714167	1998-02-01	Milstein et al.
US5750147	1998-05-01	Kantor
US5904936	1999-05-01	Huille et al.
CAX1077842	1976-08-01
EPX667A1	1979-02-01
EPX36145A1	1981-09-01
EPX68314	1983-01-01
EPX105804	1984-04-01
EPX130162A2	1985-01-01
EPX170540A1	1986-02-01
EPX226223-A2	1987-06-01
EPX342054A2	1989-11-01
EPX342056A2	1989-11-01
EPX365183	1990-04-01
EPX366277	1990-05-01
EPX418642	1991-03-01
EPX448057	1991-09-01
EPX452161	1991-10-01
EPX459795	1991-12-01
EPX467389	1992-01-01
EPX490549A1	1992-06-01
EPX517211A1	1992-09-01
EPX616799A1	1994-09-01
FRX1351358	1964-03-01
FRX1468601	1967-02-01
FRX2133926	1972-12-01
FRX2326934	1977-05-01
FRX2565102	1985-12-01
DEX2424169	1974-12-01
DEX2343037	1975-03-01
DEX3202255	1982-10-01
DEX3612102	1986-10-01
ILX71258/2	1987-12-01
JPX48-24246	1973-01-01
JPX56-68612	1981-06-01
JPX58-35111	1983-01-01
JPX6-107682	1994-04-01
NLX280826	1964-12-01
NLX280825	1964-12-01
NOX146698	1982-11-01
GBX1236885
GBX929401	1963-06-01
GBX1075952	1967-08-01
GBX1404814	1975-09-01
GBX1567763	1980-05-01
GBX2095994	1982-10-01
WOXWO85/02772
WOXWO85/00110	1985-01-01
WOXWO85/00105	1985-01-01
WOXWO87/04076	1987-07-01
WOXWO88/01213	1988-02-01
WOXWO92/19263	1992-12-01
WOXWO93/18754	1993-09-01
WOXWO93/25583	1993-12-01
WOXWO94/14420	1994-07-01
WOXWO94/18997	1994-09-01
WOXWO94/21234	1994-09-01
WOXWO94/18950	1994-09-01
WOXWO94/24291	1994-10-01
WOXWO94/23767	1994-10-01
WOXWO94/23702	1994-10-01
WOXWO94/28878	1994-12-01
WOXWO95/11690	1995-05-01
WOXWO96/12475	1996-05-01
WOXWO96/12473	1996-05-01
WOXWO96/12474	1996-05-01
WOXWO96/21464	1996-07-01
WOXWO96/33699	1996-10-01
WOXWO/96/30036	1996-10-01
WOXWO96/40076	1996-12-01
WOXWO96/40070	1996-12-01
WOXWO96/39835	1996-12-01
WOXWO97/47288	1997-12-01

Non-Patent Literature (149)

Kondo, Microcapsule Processing and Technology, pp. 154-165, 1979.
Pastores et al., Journal of Liquid Chromatography, 18:3049-3059, 1995.
Sinha et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260:10714-10719, 1985.
Chemical Abstracts, 99(23):191473h, Dec. 5, 1983.
Chemical Abstracts, Registry No. 73548-12-6 (Apr. 1991).
Chemical Abstracts, Registry No. 70204-54-5 (Apr. 1991).
G. Picciola, Il Farmaco, 31:655-664 (1976).
Franssen et al., J. Med. Chem., 35:1246-1259, 1992.
McCutcheon's Emulsifiers & Detergents International, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 5, 14, 21, 32, 60, 61, 63, 74, 77, 83, 86, 88, 114, 116-119, 134, 142, 191.
Douglas et al., Chemistry and Industry, 22:752-756, 1985.
Finch, Chemistry and Industry, 22:752-756, 1985.
Butera et al., J. Med. Chem., 34:3212-3228, 1990.
Cimini et al., Ann. Rept. in Med. Chem., 27:89-98, 1992.
Earley et al., Brain Research, 546:282-286, 1991.
Ellingboe et al., J. Med. Chem., 35:705-716, 1992.
Lumma et al., J. Med. Chem., 30:758-763, 1987.
Lynch et al., J. Pharm. and Exp. Therap., 269:541-554, 1994.
Matsuno et al., Brain Research, 575:315-319, 1992.
Morgan et al., J. Med. Chem., 33:1091-1097, 1990.
Oinuma et al., J. Med. Chem., 33:903-905, 1990.
Rao et al., Molecular Pharmacology, 37:978-982, 1990.
Chemical Abstracts, 76(14):72994u, (1971).
Chemical Abstracts, 84(7):44660d, (1975).
Chemical Abstracts, 86(16):107529g, (1976).
Chemical Abstracts, 112(15):134663h, (1989).
Chemical Abstracts, 114(22):214519x, (1990).
J. Gyore et al., Thermal Analysis, vol. 2--Proceedings Fourth ICTA Budapest 1974, p. 387-394.
Chemical Abstracts, 99(19) 158832b, (1982).
Derwent Abstracts, JP 67008622, (1967).
Airaudo, C.B. et al. (1987) Journal of Food Science, vol. 52(6), pp. 1750-1752.
Andini, S. et al. (1975) Origins of Life, vol. 6, pp. 147-153.
Brooke, S. 1 et al. (1977) BioSystems, vol. 9, pp. 1-22.
Chen et al. (1975) "Evidence for Hemiacetal Formation", Biochemistry, vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 921-925.
Davis et al. (1983) "Leucinal Inhibits . . . ", Pharmacology Biochemistry Behavior, vol. 19, pp. 791-794.
Dose, K. (1974) Origins of Life, vol. 5, pp. 239-252.
Fasman et al. (1964) Biochemistry, vol. 3, No. 11, pp. 1665-1674.
Fox, S.W. et al. (1976) BioSystems, vol. 8, pp. 40-44.
Fox, S.W. et al., Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life, Maxel Decker, New York (1977).
Fox, S.W. et al. (1968) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol. 160, pp. 246-249.
Fox, S.W. (1976) Origins of Life, vol. 7, pp. 49-68.
Fox, S.W. (1980) Naturwissenschaften, vol. 67, pp. 378-383.
Fox, S.W. et al. (1960) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 86, pp. 281-285.
Fox, S.W. et al. (1974) Origins of Life, vol. 5, pp. 227-237.
Fox, S.W. (1984) Origins of Life, vol. 14, pp. 485-488.
Gol'dovskii, A.M. (1978) Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii, vol. 14(6), pp. 437-439.
Gurrieri, S. et al. (1973) Thermochimica Acta, vol. 7, pp. 231-239.
Harada, K. et al. (1979) BioSystems, vol. 11, pp. 47-53.
Harada et al., (1960) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 86, pp. 274-280.
Hare (1970) Etude Cenetique De La Polycondensation Thermique D'.sub..chi. -Amino Acides, vol. 45, pp. 330-339.
Heinrich, M.R. et al. (1969) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 130, pp. 441-448.
Heinz, B. et al. (1981) BioSystems, vol. 14, pp. 33-40.
Hennon, G. et al. (1975) Biochimie, vol. 57, pp. 1395-1396.
Hsu, L.L. et al. (1976) BioSystems, vol. 8, pp. 89-101.
Hsu, L.L. et al. (1971) Currents in Modern Biology, vol. 4, pp. 12-25.
Ishima, Y. et al. (1981), BioSystems, vol.14, pp. 243-251.
Jackson et al. (1991) "Pharmacological . . . ", J. Pharm. & Exp. Thera., vol. 261, No. 1, pp. 546-552.
Jungck, J.R. et al. (1973) Naturwissenschaften, vol. 60, pp. 425-427.
Kokufuta, E. et al. (1984) BioSystems, vol. 16, pp. 175-181.
Krampitz, G. et al. (1967) Naturwissenschaften, pp. 516-517.
Krampitz, G. et al. (1968) Naturwissenschaften, pp. 345 and 346.
Krampitz, G. et al. (1966) Naturwissenschaften, pp. 7 and 8.
Lacey, Jr., J.C. et al. (1979) BioSystems, vol. 11, pp. 1-7 and 9-17.
Lacey, Jr., J.C. et al. (1979) BioSystems, vol. 11, pp. 1-7.
Martinez Luque-Romero, M. et al. (1986) BioSystems, vol. 19, pp. 267-272.
Masinovsky, Z. et al. (1989) BioSystems, vol. 22, pp. 305-310.
Matsuno, K. (1982) BioSystems, vol. 15, pp. 1-11.
Matsuno, K. (1984) BioSystems, vol. 17, pp. 11-14.
Matsuno, K. (1981) BioSystems, vol. 14, pp. 163-170.
McAlhaney, W.W. et al. (1976) BioSystems, vol. 8, pp. 45-50.
Melius, P. et al. (1987) BioSystems, vol. 20, pp. 213-217.
Melius, P. et al. (1975) Bioorganic Chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 385-391.
Melius, P. (1979) BioSystems, vol. 11, pp. 125-132.
Miquel, J. et al. (1971) Currents in Modern Biology, vol. 3, pp. 299-306.
Nakashima, T. et al. (1980) J. Mol. Evol., vol. 15, pp. 161-168.
Nakashima, T. et al. (1981) BioSystems, vol. 14, pp. 151-161.
Novak, V.J.A. (1984) Origins of Life, vol. 14, pp. 513-522.
Olafsson, P.G. et al. (1971) Polymer Letters, vol. 9, pp. 521-528.
Phillips, R.D. et al. (1974) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., vol. 6, pp. 309-319.
Przybylski, A.T. et al. (1982) Die Naturwissenschaften, vol. 69, pp. 561-563.
Przybylski, A.T. et al. (1984) Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 10, pp. 301-307.
Przybylski, A.T. (1985) BioSystems, vol. 17, pp. 281-288.
Rohlfing, D.L. (1975) Origins of Life, vol. 6, pp. 203-209.
Rohlfing, D.L. (1970) Science, vol. 169, pp. 998-1000.
Rohlfing, D.L. (1967) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 118, pp. 468-474.
Rohlfing, D.L. et al. Catalytic Activities of Thermal Polyanhydro-.alpha.-Amino Acids, pp. 373-418.
Rohlfing, D.L. et al. (1976) BioSystems, vol. 5, pp. 139-145.
Ryan, J.W. et al. (1973) BioSystems, vol. 5, pp. 115-118.
Saunders, M.A. et al. (1974) BioSystems, vol. 6, pp. 81-92.
Snyder, W.D. et al. (1975) BioSystems, vol. 7, pp. 222-229.
Sokol, P.E. (1974) Journal of the American Oil Chemists'Society, vol. 52, pp. 101-102.
Tschager et al. (1988) Milchwirtschaftliche Berichte, vol. 95, pp. 79-83.
Vaughan, G. et al. (1987) BioSystems, vol. 20, pp. 219-223.
Vol'kenshtein, M.V. (1989) Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, vol. 23(1), pp. 23-37.
Waehneldt, T.V. et al. (1968) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol. 160, pp. 239-245.
Williams et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem., vol. 266, No. 8, pp. 5182-5190.
Yuki, A. et al. (1969) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 36(4), pp. 657-663.
Zulaski et al. (1983) "New Carboxyalkyl Inhibitors of Brain Enkenphalinase", J. Med. Chem., 26, pp. 60-65.
(1985) Chemical Abstracts, vol. No. 105(1), Abstract No. 12027p.
(1985) Chemical Abstracts, vol. No. 102(6), Abstract No. 50870d.
Chemical Abstract, vol. 80(9) Abst. No. 52392a.
Bergeron, Raymond J., et al. (1994) "Macromolecular Self-Assembly of Diketopiperazine Tetrapeptides", Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 116, pp. 8479-8484.
Bergeron, Raymond J., et al. (1993) "A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogues With Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model", Blood, vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 2166-2173.
Bergeron, Raymond J., et al. (1992) "A Comparison of the Iron-Clearing Properties of 1,2-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxypyrid-4-One, 1,2-Diethyl-3-Hydroxypyrid-4-One, and Deferoxamine", Blood, vol. 79, No. 7, pp. 1882-1890.
Bergeron, Raymond J., et al. (1991) "Evaluation of Desferrithiocin and Its Synthetic Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators", Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 2072-2078.
Bergeron, Raymond et al., "A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models", Annals New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 378-393.
Andriuoli, G., et al. (1990), Haemostasis 20 (suppl. 1):154-158.
Caramazza, I., et al. (1991), Thrombosis Research 62:785-789.
Guarini, S., et al. (1983), Experimentia 41:350-352.
Guarini, S., et al. (1985), Pharamcological Research Communications 17(8):685-697.
Dal Pozzo, A., et al. (1989), Thrombosis Research 56:119-124.
Airaudo, C.B., et al. (1987), Journal of Food Science 52(6):1750-1752.
Gelb, R., et al (1983), Lite Sciences 33(1):83-85.
Watterberg et al. (1988), Pediatric Research, vol. 23, No. 4, part 2, p. 570A, col. 1, abstract No. 2209.
Bernstein (1985), Chest 87(1):68S-73S.
Damage et al. (1988), Diabetes 37:246-251.
184358, Chemical Abstracts:83 (1975).
Amino, Y., et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36(11):4426-4434 (1988).
Baughman, R.A. et al., Proc. of the 6th Inter'l. Symp. on Recent Advs. in Drug Delivery Systems, Ctr. for Controlled Chem. Delivery, University of Utah, Feb. 22-25, 1993, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 179-180 "Method for Assessing The Stability of Proteinoid Microspheres".
Haas, S. et al., "Assessment Of Stability Of Proteinoid Microspheres", Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 20 (1993), Controlled Release Society, Inc.
X. Ma, et al., Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 20 (1993), Controlled Release Society, Inc. "In Vitro Mechanistic Investigation of the Proteinoid Microsphere Oral Delivery System".
Yen, H.-R H., et al., "Adsorption of Sulforhodamine 101 on Proteinoid Microspheres" Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 20 (1993), Controlled Release Society, Inc.
Presented at "IBC Rational Drug Design Conference", San Diego, Calif.--Dec. 1994.
Bergeron, Raymond J. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116,8479-8484 "Macromolecular Self-Assembly of Diketopiperazine Tetrapeptides".
Leone-Bay et al., Presented at "Winter Conference on Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry" Steamboat Springs, Colorado--Feb. 1995 "Microsphere Formation and Drug Delivery in a Series of Derivatized Amino Acids".
Santiago et al., Pharm. Res. 11: 1994, p. S-298 "Oral Delivery of Heparin Microspheres made with Modified Amino Acids".
Leone-Bay et al., Pharm. Res. 11: 1994, p. S-121 "Oral Delivery of Heparin using Acylated Amino Acids".
Sarubbi et al., Pharm. Res. 11:1994, p. S-299 "Oral Calcitonin Delivery using the PODDS Technology".
Leipold et al., Pharm. Res. 11: 1994, p. S-298 "Oral Delivery of Interferon in Rats and Primates".
Santiago et al., Pharm. Res. 11: 1994, p. S-298 "Evaluation in Rats of Vehicles for the Oral Delivery of Low Molecular Weight Heparin".
X. Ma et al., PDD 7303 Pharmaceutical Research 9(10):S-244, 1992 (Oct. Supplement).
Milstein et al., Symposia Abstracts. AAPS Annual Meeting, San Antonia, TX, Nov. 15-19, 1993.
Santiago et al. "Initial Studies In The Assessment of Proteinoid Microsphere Activity" Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 20 (1993), Controlled Release Society, Inc.
Santiago et al. "Oral Immunization of Rats with Influenza Virus M Protein (M1) Microspheres" Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 19 (1992), Controlled Release Society, Inc., p. 116-117.
Santiago et al. "Proteinoid Microspheres For The Oral Delivery of Heparin" Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 19 (1992), Controlled Release Society, Inc. p. 514-515.
Santiago et al. American Society for Microbiology 92nd General Meeting, Abstract of the General Meeting, p. 159, May 26-30, 1992.
Milstein et al. "Preparation And In Vitro Characterization Of Proteinoid Microspheres" Proceed Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 19 (1992), Controlled Release Society, Inc. p. 516-517.
Doris K. Chiappetta, Eastern Analytical Symposium, Nov. 17, 1992 "Solutions for Problems in Bioanalysis".
Elizabeth A. Harris. M.S., Eastern Analytical Symposium, Nov. 17, 1992 "Solutions for Problems in Bioanalysis".
AAPS 6TH Ann. Meeting and Expo.,"Proteinoids--A Novel Drug Delivery System" Nov. 19, 1992, p. 33.
Milstein et al., "Efficient Oral Delivery Of Monoclonal Antibodies By Proteinoid Encapsulation" The 1993 Miami Bio/Technology Winter Symposium--Advances in Gene Technology: Protein Engineering and Beyond, Jan. 17-22, 1993.
Xinghang Ma, et al. "Stability Study of Drug-loaded Proteinoid Microsphere Formulations during Freeze-drying" Journal of Drug Targeting, 1994, vol. 2, pp 9-21.
Baughman et al., "Screening Candidate Microsphere Formulations By Incubating In Simulated Digestive Fluids" Proc. of the 6th Intern'l. Sympo. on Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Systems, Ctr. for Controlled Chem. Delivery, University of Utah, Feb. 22-25, 1993, pp. 181-182.
Robert O. Dillman, M.D., Annals of Internal Medicine 1989:111 pp. 592-600, "Monoclonal Antibodies for Treating Cancer".
Brendan D. Curti, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 1993: 14 pp. 29-39 "Physical barriers to drug delivery in tumors".
V. Hird et al, Genes and Cancer, edited by Desmond Carney & Karol Sikora, pp. 183-189, Immunotherapy with Monoclonal Antibodies.
Michael E. Osband et al., Immunology Today, vol. 11, No.6 1990, pp. 93-95, "Problems in the investigational study and clinical use of cancer immunotherapy".
Tibtech Feb. 1993 vol. 11, pp. 42-44 "Therapeutic antibodies--the coming of age".
Thomas A. Waldmann, Articles Jun. 21, 1991, pp. 1657-1662, "Monoclonal Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy".
Chemical Abstracts, 99(23):191473h, Dec. 5, 1983.

Abstract

Description