US 6,043,119 AGrant
Method of Making a Capacitor
Issue Date:2000-03-28
•35 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention is directed to fabrication of a capacitor formed with a substantially concave shape and having optional folded or convoluted surfaces. The concave shape optimizes surface area within a small volume and thereby enables the capacitor to hold a significant charge so as to assist in increased miniaturization efforts in the microelectronic field. The capacitor is fabricated in microelectronic fashion consistent with a dense DRAM array. Methods of fabrication include stack building with storage nodes that extend above a semiconductor substrate surface.
Metadata
Assignee
- Micron Technology, Inc.
Inventors
- Zhiqiang Wu
- Kunal Parekh
- Li Li
Application Information
Application Number:US 9062130
Filing Date:1997-08-04
Priority Date:1997-08-04
Art Unit:285
Classifications
IPC:
H01L 218242
Field of Search:
438238;239;253;254;396;397
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to the fabrication of microelectronic storage devices. In particular the present invention is concerned with methods of making a concave shaped capacitor in a stacked capacitor memory device such as a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) where a large ratio of surface area to capacitor volume is desired.
2. The Relevant Technology
In fabrication of microelectronic devices there exists a relentless pressure to continue miniaturization for higher device density on a single chip and to increase device speed and reliability. It is advantageous to form integrated circuits with smaller individual elements so that as many elements as possible may be formed in a single chip. In this way, electronic equipment becomes smaller and more reliable, assembly and packaging costs are minimized, and integrated circuit performance is improved.
One device that is subject to the ever-increasing pressure to miniaturize is the DRAM. DRAMs comprise arrays of memory cells that contain two basic components--a field effect access transistor and a capacitor. Typically, one side of the transistor is connected to one side of the capacitor. The other side of the transistor and the transistor gate electrode are connected to external connection lines called a bit line and a word line, respectively. The other side of the capacitor is connected to a reference voltage. Therefore, the formation of the DRAM memory cell comprises the formation of a transistor, a capacitor and contacts to external circuits. The DRAM has one MOS transistor and one capacitor within a semiconductor substrate on which a plurality of spaced gates, that is, word lines, and a plurality of spaced metal wires, that is, bit lines are aligned perpendicular to each other in width-wise and lengthwise directions. Additionally, one capacitor having a contact hole in the center thereof is formed for every two gates and extends across the bit lines.
The recent trend of high integration of semiconductor devices, especially DRAM devices, has been based on the diminution of the capacitor storage cell, which leads to difficulty in providing a capacitor with sufficient capacitance to hold a charge long enough between refreshes for an optimally desired length of time.
The capacitor is usually the largest element of the integrated circuit chip. Consequently, the development of smaller DRAMs focuses to a large extent on the capacitor. Three basic types of capacitors are used in DRAMs--planar capacitors, trench capacitors, and stacked capacitors. Most large capacity DRAMs use stacked capacitors because of their greater capacitance, reliability, and ease of formation. For stacked capacitors, the side of the capacitor connected to the transistor is commonly referred to as the storage node, and the side of the capacitor connected to the reference voltage is called the cell plate. The cell plate is a layer that covers the entire top array of all the substrate-connected devices, and the storage node is compartmentalized for each respective bit storage site.
In a stacked capacitor, a conductor is usually made mainly of polysilicon, and a dielectric material is selected from a group consisting broadly of an oxide, a nitride and an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) laminator. In general, a capacitor occupies a large area on a semiconductor chip. Accordingly, it is one of the most important factors for high integration of DRAM devices to reduce the size of the capacitor yet to maintain the capacitance thereof.
The capacitance of a capacitor is represented by C=(.kappa..epsilon..sub.o A)/T where C is capacitance, .epsilon..sub.o is permitivity of vacuum, .kappa. is the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer, A is the surface area of the capacitor, and T is the thickness of dielectric layer. The equation illustrates that the capacitance can be increased by employing dielectric materials with high dielectric constants, making the dielectric layer thin, and increasing the surface area of the capacitor.
The areas in a DRAM to which electrical connections are made are generally referred to as active areas. Active areas, which serve as source and drain regions for transistors, are discrete specially doped regions in the surface of the silicon substrate.
The ever-increasing pressure to miniaturize has placed capacitors of DRAMs under the strain of becoming ever smaller without losing the ability to hold a sufficient charge between refreshes. The challenge of making a capacitor that can hold a charge between refreshes can be approached by a larger capacitor surface area in a smaller space, or by insulating the capacitor to resist significant charge bleed-off between refreshes.
A need exists in the art for a capacitor that is contained in a small total volume that optimizes the surface area for charge storage, which capacitor is fabricated without costly and difficult extra processing steps.
Summary of the Invention
In the microelectronics industry, a substrate refers to one or more semiconductor layers or structures which includes active or operable portions of semiconductor devices. In the context of this document, the term "semiconductor substrate" is defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including but not limited to bulk semiconductive material such as a semiconductor wafer, either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon, and semiconductive material layers, either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials. The term substrate refers to any supporting structure including but not limited to the semiconductor substrates described above.
The present invention is directed to fabrication of capacitors that have concave shapes and optional convoluted surfaces in order to optimize surface area in a confined volume. The capacitors are fabricated in microelectronic fashion in order to make dense DRAM arrays. Capacitors that hold significant charges for a given volume assist in increased miniaturization efforts in the microelectronic field where a significant charge is stored in a smaller volume.
Methods of fabrication include stack building with storage nodes that extend both above the semiconductor substrate surface in some embodiments of the inventive method, and above and below the semiconductor substrate in others. Isolation trenches are included in the manufacturing methods in order to resist charge bleed off between refreshes.
The first twelve embodiments of the present inventive method are methods of stacked capacitor formation in which a polysilicon plug between gate stacks forms part of the structure. The thirteenth through twentieth embodiments of the inventive method are methods of stacked capacitor formation with no polysilicon plug between the gate stacks.
A preferable aspect to each of the first through the twentieth embodiment of the inventive method is that each said embodiment requires only a single masking step in the formation of the concave storage container cell into which a capacitor is formed.
These and other features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
Brief Description of the Drawings
In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. The appended drawings depict structures accomplished by methods of the present invention but the structures are depicted qualitatively and dimensions are not quantitatively restrictive. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor.
FIG. 2 shows the device of FIG. I after a partially-penetrating etch as a precursor hole that will become a concave storage container cell after an isotropic etch.
FIG. 3 shows the device of FIG. 2 where there is depicted a space that has been etched out of the oxide layer after an isotropic etch to form the concave storage container cell.
FIG. 4 shows the device of FIG. 3 and further depicts the concave storage container cell with a precursor polysilicon layer coating the cell that will become the storage node.
FIG. 5 shows the structure of FIG. 4 with sacrificial layers removed.
FIG. 6 shows the device of FIG. 5 with a completed stacked capacitor having concave interior walls.
FIG. 7 shows an alternative completed capacitor in which the cell polysilicon has a larger surface area wrapped around the storage node than that which is shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor in which spacers are formed in order to create a convoluted capacitor surface.
FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor, wherein a single etch has etched through a photomask layer, hard mask, an oxide layer, and onto a polysilicon plug between two gate stacks.
FIG. 10 shows the device of FIG. 9 further processed to incorporate a completed capacitor, wherein the storage node contacts the polysilicon plug across the upper surface thereof.
FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor, wherein a single etch has etched through a photomask layer, hard mask, an oxide layer, and partially into a polysilicon plug between two gate stacks.
FIG. 12 shows the device of FIG. 11 after a completed capacitor has been formed between and above the dual gate stack and on the polysilicon plug having a recess in a top surface thereof.
FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor, wherein a single etch has etched through a hard mask, an oxide layer, and partially into a polysilicon plug between two gate stacks, wherein the etch is a mid-process anisotropic etch following by a spacer formation at an opening to volume created by the single etch, the opening being for the placement for an eventual convoluted capacitor surface.
FIG. 14 shows the device of FIG. 13 having a completed capacitor structure in which both a storage node and a cell plate polysilicon have convoluted surfaces.
FIG. 15 shows a cross-sectional view of semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor, wherein a single etch has etched through a photomask layer, a hard mask, and an oxide layer to expose an opening on a surface of a substrate of a semiconductor wafer between two gate stacks, wherein the single etch, unlike that process illustrated in FIG. 9, has no polysilicon plug between the two gate stacks.
FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of a completed capacitor made from a process option depicted in FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 shows a cross-sectional view of semiconductor device before fabrication of a concave shaped capacitor, wherein a single etch has etched through a hard mask and has partially etched into an oxide layer to a depth extending between two gate stacks but above a surface of a substrate of a semiconductor wafer therebetween, wherein an incomplete isotropic etch with spacers extending vertically towards the substrate from the hard mask, the device requiring an additional step of removing the oxide layer between the gate stacks prior to formation of the intended capacitor structure.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
The present invention is directed to methods of formation of a concave shaped capacitor. The methods of the present invention are used to obtain novel capacitor structures as well.
The concave shape for a capacitor is desirable in the present invention in order to increase surface area beyond that of prior art stacked capacitors that are straight cylinders or open boxes in shape. Although the concave shape of the present invention can be a simple, virtually enclosed container, the container can also include additional surfaces, such as convoluted surfaces.
Various means for achieving desired structural and functional results are used in the practice of the instant methods and in the achieved structures. The integrated circuit DRAM device of the present invention is comprised of dual gate structures that are situated above a substrate on a semiconductor substrate. The substrate integrally has active areas that enable the gate structures to function as respective transistors. Transistor structures of this type are well known in the art in which various capacitor structures for use on an integrated circuit DRAM have first and second word lines and first and second digit lines, the integrated circuit being fabricated on the semiconductor substrate.
The methods disclosed herein and the achieved structures preferably incorporate a doped or undoped polysilicon storage node, which can be employed within a stacked capacitor. A polysilicon plug is used to contact the polysilicon storage node. A hard mask, which is preferably a nitride or oxide layer, is described below, which is preferably easily formed and sacrificed. The cell dielectric is preferably composed of oxide or nitride dielectric materials that deposit and cover thinly and evenly upon storage node materials. The cell plate is preferably made of doped polysilicon and is formed by known methods. The spacers discussed below are made from polysilicon and oxides or nitrides that can be etched selectively over materials into which the spacers are formed.
The first twelve embodiments of the present inventive method are methods of stacked capacitor formation in which a polysilicon plug between gate stacks forms part of the structure.
The first embodiment of the present invention involves a starting structure illustrated in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1 a semiconductor device 10 is being fabricated from a semiconductor substrate 12 with active areas (not shown) and two gate stacks 14 to form portions of a transistor. A polysilicon plug 20 is formed between gate stacks 14. An oxide layer 16, preferably borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), is formed over gate stacks 14 and polysilicon plug 20. A hard mask layer 18, preferably made of undoped or doped polysilicon or of a nitride composition, is formed over oxide layer 16. To this structure a photomask 22 is spun on, aligned, exposed and patterned as illustrated in FIG. 2. Patterning and etching of hard mask 18 and a partially-penetrating etch into oxide layer 16 can be accomplished simultaneously or in a series of etching steps to result in the structure illustrated in FIG. 2.
Following the partially-penetrating dry etch into oxide layer 16 illustrated in FIG. 2, an isotropic etch, preferably wet, is conducted in which hard mask 1 8 is undercut, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The isotropic etch creates the concave storage container cell. Undercutting creates a greater surface area to be layered over by a plate of the capacitor structure that forms on the undercut-exposed surface of hard mask 18.
If the isotropic etch does not remove oxide layer 16 down to the upper surface of polysilicon plug 20, as illustrated in FIG. 3, an optional etch that is preferably anisotropic is needed to expose polysilicon plug 20. This optional etch can be accomplished while leaving photomask 22 in place or it can be accomplished by using hard mask 18 as the masking medium. Because either photomask 22 or hard mask 18 are in place during both the isotropic concave shape forming etch and the optional anisotropic etch to expose polysilicon plug 20, the anisotropic etch is self-aligning to photomask 22 or hard mask 18 such that the concave shape formed by the anisotropic etch will be centered in the bottom thereof.
Following the optional anisotropic etch to expose polysilicon plug 20, storage node formation is done by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVI) process is a deposition of a polysilicon which is preferably doped with a doping that is similar to the doping of polysilicon plug 20. The CVD process forms a storage node precursor or a doped polysilicon storage layer 24. Doped polysilicon storage layer 24 is formed in such a way that the entire inside of the concave storage container cell is coated, and the upper surface of hard mask layer 18 is incidentally also coated, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
In a next step, all material above oxide layer 16 is to be removed. Removal of both hard mask 18 and that portion of polysilicon storage layer 24 covering hard mask layer 18 can be accomplished by one of at least three methods.
The first method of removing all material above oxide layer 16 is to optionally fill the concave storage container cell with photomasking material and to planarize such as by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) of the superficial portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 and all of hard mask layer 18, stopping on oxide layer 16. Filling the concave storage container cell with photomasking material prevents fine slurry particulates used in CMP from becoming lodged in the concave storage container cell. Removal of photomasking material can be done by any method known and preferred in the art. In this first method, the sacrificial portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 can be removed before the CMP by a dry etch of upper portions of polysilicon storage layer 24.
The second method of removing all material above oxide layer 16 is a dry anisotropic etch of both the superficial portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 and of hard mask layer 18. In this etch, some etching of horizontally-situated portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 within the concave storage container cell will occur, such as at the bottom of the concave storage container cell where polysilicon storage layer 24 contacts substrate 12. The anisotropic dry etch will likely etch away any horizontally-situated portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 to form what has now become storage node 26. The anisotropic dry etch can also etch into polysilicon plug 20 to create a recessed area at a top surface thereof. Such an etch will lessen the contact area between storage node 26 and polysilicon plug 20. FIG. 5 illustrates the accomplished removal of superficial polysilicon storage layer 24 and of hard mask layer 18 by use of any of the first to the third methods as set forth above and below, respectively.
The third method of removing all material above oxide layer 16 is accomplished with a wet etch that is selective to oxide layer 16 and is not selective to polysilicon storage layer 24. In this etch there will be some inevitable etching of the storage node portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 unless the concave storage container cell is likewise filled with a photomasking material such as in the CMP option described above. In such case, the wet etch will also be selective to the photomasking material within the concave storage container cell.
To complete the capacitor, FIG. 6 illustrates formation of a cell dielectric 28 that both coats the exposed surface of storage node 26 and the upper surface of oxide layer 16 where hard mask layer 18 formerly was situated. Cell dielectric 28 is deposited preferably by CVD. Finally, a cell plate polysilicon layer 30 is formed over cell dielectric 28, and a superficial insulating layer 34 is formed over the entire structure and optionally CMP processed.
The second embodiment of the present inventive method, aspects of which are seen in FIG. 7, is accomplished with an additional process step in the first embodiment in which, following removal of superficial portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 and prior to formation of cell dielectric 28, external lateral surfaces of storage node 26 are exposed through an additional etch of oxide layer 16. By the additional etch to remove some of oxide layer 16, there is a larger surface area possible for cell plate polysilicon layer 30 such that a larger charge can be induced on storage node 26. The extent of exposing external lateral surfaces of storage node 26 is limited by the ability of storage node 26 to be laid bare and yet to resist physical damage during the remainder of capacitor fabrication.
After the additional etch that removes some of oxide layer 16 surrounding storage node 26, cell dielectric 28 formation, cell plate polysilicon layer 30 formation, and a superficial insulating layer 34 formation are accomplished. By way of example, in this second embodiment seen in FIG. 7, the means for inducing a charge is in contact with the means for insulating, and the means for insulating contacts at least two surfaces of the means for charge storing in regions above the gate structure.
Third and fourth embodiments of the present inventive method incorporate an additional process step to that of the first and second embodiments of the inventive method. In the third and fourth embodiments of the inventive method, a partial etch into oxide layer 16 is followed by formation of spacers 32, illustrated in FIG. 8.
Although it is desirable to maximize the depth of spacers 32 in order to increase the storage node surface area that will be formed on both sides of spacers 32, spacer depth is dictated by the eventual "bread loafing" of the opening to the concave storage container cell during all required deposition operations in which deposition materials must pass through the opening. Some materials will inevitably deposit so as to narrow the opening, while others will pass through and deposit on the inner walls of the concave storage container cell. With increased depth of the longitudinally vertical extension of the spacers, an exacerbation of the bread loaving effect may take place between the spacers of node, dielectric, or plate materials in the opening to the concave storage container cell before the capacitor structure is completed.
Following spacer formation, an isotropic etch is carried out for the third embodiment of the inventive method to open up the concave storage container cell. For the fourth embodiment, as seen in FIG. 9, an alternative step of an anisotropic etch penetrates oxide layer 16 down to the upper surface of polysilicon plug 20. This is followed by an isotropic etch in oxide layer 16 to etch out the concave storage container cell.
The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth embodiments of the present inventive method are illustrated in part within FIGS. 9 and 10. In the fifth embodiment, an anisotropic dry etch etches through oxide layer 16 to extend downwardly to the top surface of polysilicon plug 20, as seen in FIG. 9. In this fifth embodiment, there is a finished storage node-polysilicon plug contact interface wherein polysilicon plug 20 contacts the storage node across an entire upper surface of polysilicon plug 20, as illustrated in FIG. 10. In the sixth embodiment, an anisotropic etch etches through oxide layer 16 and partially into polysilicon plug 20, as seen in FIG. 11. In both fifth and sixth embodiments of the inventive method, an isotropic etch follows to open the concave storage container cell. In the fifth and sixth embodiments of the inventive method, there is a finished storage node-polysilicon plug contact interface wherein polysilicon plug 20 contacts the storage node across an entire upper surface of polysilicon plug 20. The interface may include a recessed area at a top surface of the polysilicon plug as illustrated in FIG. 12.
Formation of doped polysilicon storage layer 24 followed by any of the three above-disclosed methods of removing sacrificial portions of polysilicon layer 24 and hard mask layer 18 is next accomplished. The structure achieved by the sixth embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 12.
Seventh and eighth embodiments of the inventive method are variations of the fifth and sixth embodiments of the inventive method, respectively, that include the optional removal etch of some of oxide layer 16 that exposes external lateral surfaces of storage node 26 in order to increase the cell plate polysilicon surface area similar to that illustrated in FIG. 7.
The ninth and tenth embodiments of the present inventive method, illustrated in part in FIG. 8 for the ninth embodiment and FIGS. 8, 13, and 14 for the tenth embodiment, include a partially-penetrating anisotropic etch of oxide layer 16 followed by spacer 32 formation. Once again, if the isotropic etch that follows formation of spacer 32 is insufficient to contact polysilicon plug 20, an additional etch that is anisotropic is carried out to place a contact corridor in the bottom of the concave storage container cell, so as to open up and expose a surface on polysilicon plug 20.
The tenth embodiment, seen in FIGS. 8, 13, and 14, includes a partially-penetrating anisotropic etch of oxide layer 16 followed by formation of spacer 32, the same as in the ninth embodiment, but then a subsequent anisotropic etch penetrates through the remaining portions of oxide layer 16 to expose a surface on polysilicon plug 20, and then partially etches into polysilicon plug 20. There follows an isotropic etch to create the concave storage container cell, the upper surfaces removal by any of the three disclosed methods set forth above, and the formation of cell dielectric 28 and cell plate polysilicon 30 to accomplish the structure illustrated in FIG. 14.
The eleventh and twelfth embodiments of the present inventive method are variations of the ninth and tenth embodiments of the inventive method that include the optional removal etch of some of oxide layer 16 that exposes external lateral surfaces of storage node 26 in order to increase the cell plate polysilicon surface area similar to that illustrated in FIG. 7.
The thirteenth through twentieth embodiments of the inventive method are methods of stacked capacitor formation where polysilicon plug 20 between gate stacks 14 has been omitted.
FIG. 15 illustrates a thirteenth embodiment of the present inventive method in which a semiconductor device 10 is being fabricated, from a structure similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1, but without a polysilicon plug 20. Substrate 12 with active areas (not shown) and two gate stacks 14 form portions of a transistor. Oxide layer 16 is formed over gate stacks 14 and hard mask layer 18 composed of polysilicon, is formed over oxide layer 16. Photomask 22 is spun on, aligned, exposed and patterned, as was illustrated analogously in FIG. 2. An anisotropic etch that is selective to photomask 22 is accomplished through hard mask layer 18 and oxide layer 16 so as to etch down to an opening that exposes a surface on substrate 12. Gate stacks 14 act to align the anisotropic etch, if the anisotropic etch is selective to spacers forming the periphery of gate sacks 14. An isotropic etch of oxide layer 16 that is selective to hard mask layer 18 and gate stacks 14 significantly undercuts hard mask layer 18 so as to create a concave storage container cell.
A formation of polysilicon storage layer 24 follows, which deposits within the concave storage container cell and upon hard mask layer 18. The next step is removing of all superficial portions of polysilicon storage layer 24 above hard mask layer 18. This removing step can be accomplished by any of three methods as disclosed above. To complete the capacitor of the thirteenth embodiment, as seen in FIG. 16, a cell dielectric 28 is formed over storage node 26 and a cell plate polysilicon layer 30 is formed over cell dielectric 28. The device is finished with formation of superficial insulating layer 34 which may at least partially fill the concave storage container cell so as to be in contact with cell plate polysilicon layer 30.
Regarding the thirteenth embodiment, because of the uniformity of an isotropic etch, and a large relative depth of the isotropic etch down to substrate 12, it may occur that a small portion of oxide layer 16 will lie unremoved at the area between gate stacks 14 as illustrated in FIG. 17. Unremoved oxide layer 16 between gate stacks 14 is removed before forming polysilicon storage layer 24 in order to complete an electrical connection with substrate 12.
Removal of that portion of oxide layer 16 lying between gate stacks 14 can be accomplished by an anisotropic etch prior to the isotropic etch of the concave storage container cell, where the anisotropic etch penetrates substantially all the way down to substrate 12. In this way, a substantially uniform isotropic etch occurs in oxide layer 16. Additionally, with an isotropic etch that is selective to both gate stacks 14 and substrate 12, substantially vertical walls are formed above substrate 12 between gate stacks 14 within the concave storage container cell. Removal of that portion of oxide layer 16 between gate stacks 14 can also be done by an anisotropic etch after the isotropic etch. This option simply removes that portion of oxide layer 16 that remains between gate stacks 14.
A process engineer may choose to remove a portion of oxide layer 16, illustrated analogously in FIG. 7, in order to expose external lateral surfaces of storage node 26 that would further increase the surface area between storage node 26 and cell plate polysilicon 30, similar to the exposed external lateral portions of storage polysilicon for creation of a fourteenth embodiment.
The fifteenth and sixteenth embodiments of the inventive method are accomplished as optional steps to the thirteenth and fourteenth embodiments of the present inventive method by the step of forming a spacer immediately below the level of hard mask layer 18 that will increase the surface area of the capacitor. A spacer is formed into a concave storage container cell precursor that is followed by an isotropic etch for the fifteenth embodiment, or that is followed by an anisotropic etch to the substrate and an isotropic etch for the sixteenth embodiment. For both embodiments, the isotropic etch opens the concave storage container cell. The fifteenth and sixteenth embodiments of the present inventive method are combinations of the ninth with the thirteenth, and the tenth with the fourteenth embodiments of the inventive method, respectively, in which spacers are formed to increase the surface area of the subsequently formed polysilicon storage layer 24. The fifteenth and sixteenth embodiments of the inventive method are illustrated by way of analogy in FIG. 8 in which the process is started, and in FIG. 13 in which the penetrating etch down to substrate 12 is accomplished, with the exception that there is no polysilicon plug 20 in the structure realized by the fifteenth and sixteenth embodiments of the inventive method.
In seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth embodiments of the present inventive method, described below, a further increase in storage capacity is accomplished in a starting structure in which polysilicon plug 20 is likewise not present. Spacers 32 are formed as in the third embodiment.
In the seventeenth embodiment, an isotropic etch follows formation of spacer 32 as illustrated in FIG. 17. Following a partially-penetrating dry etch into oxide layer 16, spacers 32 are formed and an isotropic wet etch is conducted in which hard mask 18 and spacers 32 are undercut, as illustrated in FIG. 17. The isotropic etch clears out a concave shape to form the concave storage container cell. Undercutting creates a greater surface area for formation of a polysilicon storage layer 24 that forms on the undercut-exposed surface of hard mask 18.
If the isotropic etch does not remove oxide layer 16 between gate stacks 14, down to the upper surface of substrate 12, as illustrated in FIG. 17, an optional etch that is preferably anisotropic is needed to expose substrate 12. This optional etch can be accomplished while leaving photomask 22, as seen in FIG. 9, in place or it can be accomplished by using hard mask 18 as the masking medium. Because either photomask 22 or hard mask 18 are in place during both the isotropic concave shape forming etch and the optional anisotropic etch to expose a surface upon substrate 12, the anisotropic etch is selfaligning to photomask 22 or hard mask 18 such that the hole formed by the anisotropic etch will be centered in the bottom of the concave storage container cell.
Following the optional anisotropic etch to expose substrate 12, a doped polysilicon storage layer 24 is formed in such a way that the inside of the concave storage container cell is coated, and the upper surface of hard mask layer 18 is incidentally also coated. Removal of both hard mask 18 and that portion of polysilicon storage layer 24 covering hard mask layer 18 can be accomplished by one of the three methods disclosed above.
The eighteenth embodiment includes a single penetrating anisotropic etch of oxide layer 16 that contacts substrate 12 after formation of spacers 32. There follows an isotropic etch that opens up the concave storage container cell. Formation of polysilicon storage layer 24 and removal of sacrificial portions thereof along with hard mask layer 18 is followed by formations of cell dielectric 28 and cell plate polysilicon 30.
The nineteenth and twentieth embodiments of the inventive method reflect the optional external surface area exposure of storage node 26 in the seventeenth and eighteenth embodiments of the inventive method by etching some of oxide layer 16 to lower its topographical profile as illustrated analogously in the exposed external lateral surfaces of storage node 26 in FIG. 7.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments arc to be considered in all respects only as illustrated and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims and their combination in whole or in part rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Claims
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What is claimed and desired to be secured by United States Letters Patent is:
1. A method of making a capacitor comprising: forming two gate stacks on a semiconductor substrate; forming an insulation layer for planarization over said two gate stacks; forming a hard mask over the insulation layer; patterning and etching the hard mask to form a mask exposure that is above and between said two gate stacks; anisotropically etching through said mask exposure at least partially through said insulation layer to form a storage container cell precursor; isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask to form a concave shaped storage container cell; forming a polysilicon storage node from doped polysilicon: within said concave shaped storage container cell; and upon the hard mask; removing said hard mask; forming a storage cell dielectric on said polysilicon storage node; and forming a cell plate polysilicon layer on said storage cell dielectric.
2. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 1, further comprising forming a polysilicon plug between the two gate stacks.
3. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 2, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
4. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 2, wherein anisotropically etching through said mask exposure also etches partially through said polysilicon plug, and wherein isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask is an etch that is also selective to said semiconductor substrate.
5. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 4, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
6. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 1, further comprising: forming a polysilicon plug between said two gate stacks; and forming spacers within said storage container cell precursor.
7. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 6, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
8. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 1, further comprising: forming spacers within said storage container cell precursor, and wherein isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask undercuts both said hard mask and said spacers.
9. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 8, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
10. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 1, wherein anisotropically etching through said mask exposure also partially etches through said polysilicon plug, and further comprising: forming spacers within said storage container cell precursor, and wherein isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask also undercuts said hard mask and said spacers.
11. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 10, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
12. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 1, wherein: removing the hard mask leaves a portion of the polysilicon storage node projecting above the insulation layer, the portion having opposite sides; and the storage cell dielectric is formed on the opposite sides of the polysilicon storage node.
13. A method of making a capacitor comprising: forming two gate stacks on a semiconductor substrate; forming an insulation layer for planarization over the two gate sacks; etching a recess in said insulation layer between said gate stacks; forming a polysilicon plug between said gate stacks and in said recess; forming a hard mask over the insulation layer; patterning and etching the hard mask to form a mask exposure that is above and between the two gate stacks; anisotropically etching through said mask exposure at least partially through said insulation layer to form a storage container cell precursor; isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask and said polysilicon plug to form a concave shaped storage container cell; forming a polysilicon storage node within said concave shaped storage container cell with doped polysilicon; removing said hard mask; forming a storage cell dielectric on said polysilicon storage node and upon the hard mask; and forming a cell plate polysilicon layer on said storage cell dielectric.
14. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 13, wherein anisotropically etching through said mask exposure also etches through said insulation layer and at least partially into said polysilicon plug between said gate stacks in said recess.
15. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 14, wherein anisotropically etching through said mask exposure through said insulation layer and at least partially into said polysilicon plug between said gate stacks in said recess is preceded by said forming a polysilicon storage node within said concave shaped storage container cell with doped polysilicon.
16. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 13, further comprising: forming spacers within said storage container cell precursor, wherein isotropically etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask is also selective to said spacers.
17. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 16 further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric on said polysilicon storage node: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
18. A method of making a capacitor comprising: forming two gate stacks on a semiconductor substrate; forming an insulation layer over the two gate stacks and upon the semiconductor substrate; etching a recess in said insulation layer between said gate stacks; forming a polysilicon plug between said two gate stacks and in said recess; forming a hard mask over the insulation layer; patterning and etching the hard mask to form a mask exposure that is above and between said two gate stacks; anisotropically etching through said mask exposure, through said insulation layer, and at least partially into said polysilicon plug to form a storage container cell precursor; isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask and said polysilicon plug to form a concave shaped storage container cell; forming a polysilicon storage node within said concave shaped storage container cell with doped polysilicon and upon the hard mask; removing said hard mask; forming a storage cell dielectric on said polysilicon storage node; and forming a cell plate polysilicon layer on said storage cell dielectric.
19. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 18, wherein anisotropically etching through said mask exposure, through said insulation layer, and at least partially into said polysilicon plug between said two gate stacks in said recess to form a storage container cell precursor is preceded by said forming a polysilicon storage node within said concave shaped storage container cell with doped polysilicon.
20. A method of making a capacitor comprising: forming two gate stacks on a semiconductor substrate; forming an insulation layer over the two gate stacks and upon the semiconductor substrate; etching a recess in said isolation oxide between said two gate stacks; forming a polysilicon plug between said two gate stacks and in said recess; forming a hard mask over the insulation layer; patterning and etching the hard mask to form a mask exposure that is above and between the two gate stacks; anisotropically etching through said mask exposure, and partially through said insulation layer to form a storage container cell precursor; forming spacers within said storage container cell precursor; isotropically etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask and said spacers; anisotropically etching through said mask exposure, through said insulation layer, and at least partially into said polysilicon plug between said two gate stacks in said recess; isotropic etching said storage container cell precursor selective to said hard mask and said polysilicon plug to form a concave shaped storage container cell; forming a polysilicon storage node within said concave shaped storage container cell with doped polysilicon and upon the hard mask; removing said hard mask; forming a storage cell dielectric on said polysilicon storage node; and forming a cell plate polysilicon layer on said storage cell dielectric.
21. A method of making a capacitor according to claim 20, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric on said polysilicon storage node: removing at least some of said insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of said polysilicon storage node.
22. In a structure having a pair of gate stacks formed on a semiconductor substrate with an insulation layer formed over the pair of gate stacks and a hard mask formed over the insulation layer, a method of making an electrical storage device, the method comprising: forming a concave shaped storage container cell in the insulation layer that is above and between the pair of gate stacks below an opening in the hard mask; forming an electrically conductive storage node: within the concave shaped storage container cell; and upon the hard mask; removing the hard mask; forming a storage cell dielectric on the storage node; and forming an electrically conductive cell plate layer on the storage cell dielectric.
23. The method as defined in claim 22, wherein: removing the hard mask leaves a portion of the storage node projecting above the insulation layer, the portion having opposite sides; and the storage cell dielectric is formed on the opposite sides of the storage node.
24. A method as defined in claim 22, further comprising forming an electrically conductive plug between the pair of gate stacks.
25. A method as defined in claim 24, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of the insulation layer to expose an external lateral surface of the storage node.
26. A method as defined in claim 22, further comprising: forming an electrically conductive plug between the pair of gate stacks.
27. The method as defined in claim 26, further comprising, before forming a storage cell dielectric: removing at least some of the insulation layer thereby exposing an external lateral surface of the storage node.
28. In a structure having an insulation layer over a semiconductor substrate and a hard mask over the insulation layer, a method of making an electrical storage device, the method comprising: forming a concave shaped storage container cell in the insulation layer that is below an opening in the hard mask; forming an electrically conductive storage node: within the concave shaped storage container cell; and upon the hard mask; removing the hard mask; forming a storage cell dielectric on the storage node; and forming an electrically conductive cell plate layer on the storage cell dielectric.
29. The method as defined in claim 28, wherein: removing the hard mask leaves a portion of the storage node projecting above the insulation layer, the portion having opposite sides; and the storage cell dielectric is formed on the opposite sides of the storage node.
30. A method as defined in claim 28, further comprising: forming an electrically conductive plug in contact with the semiconductor substrate, wherein the storage node is in contact with the plug.
31. In a structure having an insulation layer on a semiconductor substrate and a hard mask on the insulation layer, a method of making a capacitor, the method comprising: forming a concave recess in the insulation layer that is below an opening in the hard mask, said concave recess having an inside surface, said hard mask having a top surface; forming an electrically conductive storage node conformally upon: the opening in the hard mask; the inside surface of the concave recess; and the top surface of the hard mask; removing the hard mask such that a top portion of the storage node projects above the insulation layer from the concave recess, said top portion having exposed opposing sides; forming a storage cell dielectric upon: the storage node within the concave recess; and the opposing sides of the top portion of the storage node; forming an electrically conductive cell plate layer on the storage cell dielectric.
32. The method as defined in claim 31, wherein: the concave recess extends to the semiconductor substrate; and the storage node is upon the semiconductor substrate.
33. The method as defined in claim 31, wherein: a pair gate stacks having an electrically conductive plug therebetween are upon the semiconductor substrate; the concave recess extends to the contact plug; and the storage node makes contact with the contact plug.
34. In a structure that includes a contact plug on a semiconductor substrate, an insulation layer upon the contact plug and the semiconductor substrate, and a mask on the insulation layer, a method of making a capacitor, the method comprising: exposing the contact plug with a concave recess in the insulation layer that is below an opening in the mask; forming an electrically conductive storage node conformally upon: a top surface of the mask that is above the insulation layer; the opening in the mask; the concave recess; and the contact plug; removing the mask such that a top portion of the storage node projects above the insulation layer from the concave recess, said top portion having exposed opposing sides; forming a storage cell dielectric upon: the storage node within the concave recess; and the opposing sides of the top portion of the storage node; forming an electrically conductive cell plate layer on the storage cell dielectric.
35. The method as defined in claim 34, further comprising: removing all of the storage node that projects above the insulation layer except said top portion, wherein said top portion projects orthogonally from a plane defined by the semiconductor substrate.