US 5,983,953 AGrant
Paper Forming Progess
Issue Date:1999-11-16
•15 Claims
•7 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A process for forming paper using a papermaker's forming fabric comprising a fabric layer including cross machine direction fabric yarns and machine direction fabric yarns interwoven to form a papermaking surface with alternating single knuckles thereon. First additional cross machine direction yarns are positioned between adjacent cross machine direction fabric yarns on the papermaking surface of the fabric layer. Second additional cross machine direction yarns are positioned between the cross machine direction fabric yarns on the papermaking surface of the fabric layer. Each of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns serve as fiber supporting yarns and as locator yarns for another of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns. Each of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are interwoven with the fabric layer. Paper stock is deposited on the fabric to form a wet paper web, and moisture is removed from the wet paper web to form paper.
Metadata
Assignee
- Weavexx Corporation
Inventor
- Robert G. Wilson
Application Information
Application Number:US 9954783
Filing Date:1997-12-22
Priority Date:1994-09-16
Art Unit:371
Classifications
IPC:
D03D 1300
Field of Search:
139162442383 A903203
Patent Drawings (7 sheets)
Description
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for forming a sheet of paper using woven paper forming fabrics.
Description of the Prior Art
In the conventional fourdrinier papermaking process, a water slurry, or suspension, of cellulosic fibers, known as the paper "stock", is fed onto the top of the upper run of a traveling endless belt of woven wire and/or synthetic material. The belt provides a papermaking surface and operates as a filter to separate the cellulosic fibers from the aqueous medium to form a wet paper web. In forming the paper web, the forming belt serves as a filter element to separate the aqueous medium from the cellulosic fibers by providing for the drainage of the aqueous medium through the mesh openings of the belt, known as drainage holes, by vacuum means, or the like, located on the machine side of the belt, or "fabric". After leaving the forming section, the paper web is transferred to a press section of the machine, where it is passed through a series of pressure nips formed by cooperating press rolls to remove still more of the moisture content. The paper is then transferred to a dryer section for further moisture removal.
Such papermakers' fabrics are manufactured in accordance with two basic methods to form an endless belt. They are flat woven by a flat weaving process with their ends joined by any one of a number of well known methods to form an endless belt. Alternatively, they are woven directly in the form of a continuous belt by means of an endless weaving process. In a flat woven papermakers' fabric, the warp yarns extend in the machine direction and the filling yarns extend in the cross machine direction. In a papermakers' fabric having been woven in an endless fashion, the warp yarns extend in the cross machine direction and the filling yarns extend in the machine direction. As used herein the terms "machine direction" and "cross machine direction" refer, respectively, to a direction equivalent to the direction of travel of the papermakers' fabric on the papermaking machine, and a direction traverse to the direction of travel. Both methods are well known in the art and the term "endless belt" as used herein refers to belts made by either method.
Effective sheet support and lack of wire marking are important considerations in papermaking, especially for the forming section of the papermaking machine where the wet web is formed. The problem of wire marking is particularly acute in the formation of fine paper grades where the smoothness of the sheet side surface of the forming fabric is critical. Marking affects a host of paper properties, such as sheet mark, porosity, see through, pin holing, and the like. Accordingly, paper grades intended for use in carbonizing, cigarettes, electrical condensers, quality printing, and like grades of fine paper, have heretofore been formed on very fine woven forming fabrics or fine wire mesh forming fabrics. In order to ensure good paper quality, the side of the papermakers' fabric which contacts the paper stock must provide high support for the stock, preferably in the cross machine direction, because paper fibers delivered from a headbox to the forming fabric are generally aligned in the machine direction more so than in the cross machine direction. Trapping these paper fibers on the top of the forming fabric during the drainage process is more effectively accomplished by providing a permeable structure with a co-planar surface which allows paper fibers to bridge the support grid of the fabric, rather than align with the support grid. By "co-planar" is meant that the upper extremities of all yarns defining the paper forming surface are at the same level, such that at that level there is presented a substantially "planar" surface.
Such forming fabrics, however, may often be delicate and lack stability in the machine and cross machine directions, leading to a short service life. Abrasive and adhesive wear caused by contact with the papermaking machine equipment constitutes a substantial problem. The side of the papermakers' fabric which contacts the paper machine equipment must be tough and durable. Such qualities, however, most often are not compatible with the good drainage and fiber supporting characteristics desired for the sheet side of a papermakers' fabric.
In order to meet both standards, two layers of fabric can be woven at once by utilizing threads of different size and/or count per inch and another thread to bind them together. This fabric is commonly called a double layer fabric. Alternatively, fabrics have been created using multiple layers to insure that the fabric has desirable papermaking qualities on the surface that faces the paper web and desirable wear resistance properties on the machine contacting surface. For example, papermakers' fabrics may be produced from two separate fabrics, one having the qualities desired for the paper contacting side and the other with the qualities desired for the machine contacting side, joined together by a third set of threads. This type fabric is commonly called a triple-layer fabric. Generally, these structures do not possess the high level of stretch resistance desired in a papermaking fabric. Furthermore, the yarn that binds the fabric together will often produce a sheet mark, often from the long machine direction floats. Accordingly, no known fabrics have achieved the qualities necessary to meet the competing standards to produce superior paper.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,929, issued Jan. 29, 1991, in the name of Robert G. Wilson, there is provided an improved papermakers' fabric for use in a papermaking machine, including an initial fabric layer having single float machine direction knuckles on the paper contacting surface and into which are woven additional fiber supporting cross machine direction yarns, preferably of smaller diameter than the fabric layer yarns. The additional fiber supporting cross machine direction yarns are held in place centrally between adjacent fabric layer cross machine direction yarns by additional cross machine direction locator yarns, generally being of approximately the same diameter as the fiber supporting yarns. The papermakers' fabric of the '929 patent may be a single-layer, double-layer or triple-layer fabric.
The forming fabric shown and described in the '929 patent has proven effective, but is limited to floats of odd numbers in the arrangement of the additional yarns. Odd numbered floats are acceptable and in fact necessary when the fabric is formed on an eight harness loom. However, if the fabric is formed on a ten harness loom, it is usually the case that floats of even numbers are utilized, for example, floats extending over four yarns, under a single yarn, over another four yarns, etc.
Accordingly, there is a need for a paper forming fabric which provides the benefits of the fabric shown and described in the '929 patent, but which, in addition, may be made on a ten harness loom and may, therefore, include even numbered floats for the additional yarns.
Summary of the Invention
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a papermakers' fabric with a superior fiber supporting surface, while maintaining a durable wear resistant machine contacting side of the fabric.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a papermakers' fabric in which a significant number of the paper fiber supporting yarns are fine and of a reduced diameter so that high quality support can be provided on the papermaking surface, yet the openness of the paper contacting surface remains high for effective drainage.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a papermakers' fabric having a predominance of cross machine direction support floats on the papermaking surface, with no machine direction yarn knuckle being greater than a single float.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a papermakers' fabric with excellent stability and wear resistance while not compromising the desirable papermaking characteristics of the sheet side of the fabric.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a papermaker's fabric susceptible to being formed on a ten harness loom and having even numbered floats for the additional yarns woven into the sheet side of the fabric.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a process for forming high quality paper using a papermakers' fabric as herein described.
With the above and other objects in view, as will hereinafter appear, a feature of the present invention is the provision of a papermaker's forming fabric comprising a fabric layer including at least one set of cross machine direction yarns and at least one set of machine direction yarns interwoven to form a papermaking surface and a machine contacting surface with alternating single knuckles on the papermaking surface. First additional cross machine direction yarns are positioned between adjacent ones of the cross machine direction yarns on the papermaking surface of the fabric layer. Second additional cross machine direction yarns are positioned between adjacent ones of the cross machine direction yarns on the papermaking surface of the fabric layer. Each of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are fiber supporting yarns and each of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are locator yarns for another of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns. The first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are interwoven with the fabric layer in opposite weave patterns.
The above and other features of the invention, including various novel details of construction and combinations of parts, will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will be understood that the particular fabric embodying the invention is shown by way of illustration only and not as a limitation of the invention. The principles and features of this invention may be employed in various and numerous embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which is shown an illustrative embodiment of the invention, from which its novel features and advantages will be apparent.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a top plan view, in part diagrammatic, of a portion of a prior art papermaking fabric layer;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line II--II of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line III--III of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line IV--IV of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a top plan view, in part diagrammatic, of a portion of one form of a papermaking fabric layer illustrative of an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line VI--VI of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along line VII--VII of FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken along line VIII--VIII of FIG. 5; and
FIG. 9 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 8, but illustrative of another alternative embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a process for producing paper using the papermakers' fabric described herein.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
The fabric of the present invention will be described broadly, with a more detailed description following. This papermakers' fabric provides a superior papermaking surface and is especially suitable for the forming section of a papermaking machine. The fabric of the present invention is characterized by the presence of two additional yarns in the cross machine direction.
The fabric of the present invention is a papermakers' fabric with a particular weave. For ease of understanding the concepts of the invention, the fabric will be described as if a fabric layer were initially woven and then additional yarns added. Of course, the papermakers' fabric made according to the present invention will be woven in a one step weaving process, as is commonly done.
The yarns utilized in the fabric of the present invention will vary, depending upon the desired properties of the final papermakers' fabric. For example, the yarns may be multifilament yarns, monofilament yarns, twisted multifilament or monofilament yarns, spun yarns, or any combination thereof. It is within the skill of those practicing in the relevant art to select a yarn type, depending on the purpose of the desired fabric, to utilize the concepts of the present invention.
Yarns selected for use in the fabric of the present invention may be those commonly used in papermakers' fabric. The yarns may be cotton, wool, polypropylenes, polyesters, aramids, nylon, or the like. Again, one skilled in the relevant art will select a yarn material according to the particular application of the final fabric. A commonly used yarn which can be used to great advantage in weaving fabrics in accordance with the present invention is a polyester monofilament yarn, sold by Hoechst Celanese Fiber Industries under the trademark "Trevira".
Initially, there is provided a fabric layer structure. This layer may be a single layer fabric or a multiple layer fabric. The fabric must, however, have on its paper contacting surface single float machine direction knuckles. By single float machine direction knuckles is meant that no machine direction yarn ever passes over more than one consecutive cross machine direction yarn before passing back down into the center or bottom of the fabric layer. Instead of long machine direction yarn floats on the paper contacting surface of the fabric layer, knuckles are provided. In addition, the base structure fabric is provided with a series of alternating machine direction knuckles on two adjacent cross machine direction yarns of the fabric layer.
Interwoven with the fabric layer structure on its papermaking surface are two sets of additional cross machine direction yarns, first additional cross machine direction yarns and second additional cross machine direction yarns. In any location, only one of the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns serves as a fiber supporting yarn, while in yarn crossing locations both yarns serve as locator yarns. By "fiber supporting" is meant yarns adapted to support short-length paper slurry fibers during the paper forming process. By "locator" is meant yarns adapted to retain the fiber supporting yarns in proper position midway between fabric cross machine directional yarns. In a preferred embodiment of the fabric, the first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are of a smaller diameter than the yarns making up the base structure fabric The size of the smaller diameter additional first cross machine direction yarns, and hence the second cross machine direction yarns as well, is governed by the size and spacing of the papermaking surface cross machine direction yarns of the base fabric. Generally, the diameter of the smaller yarns is about one half the diameter of the initial fabric layer cross machine direction yarns. Suitable yarn diameters for the yarns of the base fabric structure and the corresponding first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are shown in the following table:
The first and second additional yarns, serving as fiber supporting and locator cross machine direction yarns, are located generally between parallel cross machine direction yarns of the paper contacting surface of the initial fabric layer and are woven into this surface. The two additional cross machine direction yarns are woven in generally reverse weave patterns, such that natural interposing forces cause the two yarns to align centrally between two adjacent initial fabric layer cross machine direction yarns. Each yarn of the interposing pair functions as an additional fiber supporting yarn and each yarn of the interposing pair acts as a locator yarn to position the fiber supporting yarn in the proper or ideal location on the papermaking surface.
The additional cross machine direction yarns are interwoven with the papermaking surface of the initial fabric layer. The additional yarns are woven into this surface by passing under one machine direction yarn only and over a multiple number of adjacent machine direction yarns.
The first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are woven into the paper contacting surface of the fabric layer in a weave pattern generally opposite to each other, creating end points. The .end points of the additional first yarn and the additional second yarn is defined as the point where the two yarns cross each other and interchange positions. The present invention requires that these end points be located centrally between adjacent base weave cross machine direction yarns.
It should be noted that the series of alternating machine direction knuckles on the two adjacent cross machine direction yarns of the fabric layer act as lifter points for the additional fiber supporting yarns. Furthermore, one of the first and second additional yarns acts to centrally locate the other of the additional yarns between the two adjacent base weave cross machine direction yarns. The forces acting on the locator yarn are equal and opposite in direction to those acting on the fiber supporting yarns.
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, it will be seen that a prior art construction of a papermakers, forming fabric includes a single fabric layer 10 having cross machine direction yarns 12 interwoven with machine direction yarns 14. The intersections of the yarns 12, 14 create raised knob-like portions, or knuckles 16, illustrated in plan view (FIG. 1) diagrammatically by ovals 18. The long axis of each oval 18 indicates the direction of the upper-most yarn passing over the lower-most yarn, when viewed from above the uppermost level of the forming fabric.
The layer 10 is provided with additional fiber supporting cross machine direction yarns 20 and additional cross machine direction locator yarns 22. The fabric shown in FIGS. 1-4 is described in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,929, and provides a fabric having relatively short floats (FIG. 3) of odd numbers on its papermaking surface, and providing less of a tendency to mark the paper formed, while providing effective drainage.
The additional fiber supporting yarns 20 serve to add support for the machine direction yarns 14 at a point at which support is needed, mid-way between neighboring cross machine direction yarns 12. Because of the small diameters of the fiber supporting yarns 20, space between the neighboring cross machine direction yarns 12 remains relatively open for appropriate drainage. Because the machine direction yarns 14 are angled either "up-hill" or "down-hill" relative to the fiber supporting yarns 20, the fiber supporting yarns, when left alone, tend to travel "down-hill", that is, from a knuckle in which the cross machine direction yarn is under a machine direction yarn toward the neighboring knuckle wherein a cross machine direction yarn is over the same machine direction yarn. See arrows 24 in FIG. 1, which connote "down-hill" slopes on machine direction yarns 14. The result of providing fiber supporting yarns without locator yarns is illustrated in the aforesaid '929 patent, in FIGS. 3, 12A and 12B. As depicted in those FIGS., the fiber supporting yarns tend to slide down hill toward a neighboring fabric cross machine direction yarn.
To prevent migration of the fiber supporting yarns 20 "down-hill", the locator yarns 22 are paired with the fiber supporting yarns 20 and operate to counteract the slope of the machine direction yarns 12, such that the fiber supporting yarns 20 are under no bias to migrate from their position mid way between the cross machine direction yarns 12. The natural forces of the hills and valleys of the machine direction yarns 14 work on the two smaller yarns with equal and opposite direction forces to centrally locate the additional fiber supporting yarns 20. Thus, the locator yarns 22 serve to retain the fiber supporting yarns 20 in their proper positions.
Referring to FIGS. 5-7, it will be seen that in the illustrative embodiment of the invention the fabric machine direction yarns 14 and cross machine direction yarns 12 are interwoven to provide single float knuckles 16 in both the machine direction and cross machine direction.
Woven into the layer 10 are first additional cross machine direction yarns 20' (FIGS. 5 and 8) positioned between adjacent cross machine direction yarns 12, and second additional cross machine direction yarns 22' positioned between adjacent cross machine direction yarns 12. Both additional yarns 20', 22' serve as fiber supporting yarns and both serve as locator yarns.
In FIG. 8, there is shown a preferred weave pattern for the additional yarns 20' and 22'. For clarity and ease of comparison, the machine direction yarns 14 are designated 1-13 in FIGS. 5-8, and the machine direction yarns of an upper fabric layer 10' are similarly designated in FIG. 9. A second fabric layer 26 in FIG. 9 includes machine direction yarns 14' designated 30-42. As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 8, each of the first additional yarns 20' extends over a float of two machine direction yarns 14, namely yarns numbered 1 and 2, under machine direction yarn number 3, over another float of two yarns, numbered 4 and 5, and under five yarns numbered 6-10. Second additional yarn 22' extends under the machine direction yarns numbered 1-5, over a float of two yarns numbered 6 and 7, under yarn number 8, and over another float of two yarns numbered 9 and 10. Thus, with respect to machine direction yarns 1 and 2, 4 and 5, and 11 and 12, the additional first yarns 20' serve as fiber supporting yarns. Similarly, with respect to machine direction yarns 6 and 7, and 9 and 10, the additional second yarns 22' serve as fiber supporting yarns. At the cross-over points, or "ends" of the first and second additional first and second cross machine direction yarns, as for example, between machine direction yarns 5 and 6, and 10 and 11, the first and second additional yarns each act as a locator yarn for the other.
Referring to FIG. 9, wherein there is illustrated a preferred weave pattern in a triple-layer embodiment, it will be seen that the first additional yarn 20' passes over a float of two machine direction yarns numbered 1 and 2, under a single machine direction yarn numbered 3, and over another float of two machine direction yarns numbered 4 and 5, from whence the yarn 20' passes beneath machine direction yarn numbered 6 and further passes beneath machine direction yarn 17 in the fabric layer 26. Additional yarn 20' emerges from beneath the top surface between machine direction yarns numbered 10 and 11, of the fabric layer 10'. The second additional yarn 22' follows a similar course, off-set from that of the first yarn 20'. Yarn 22' passes under machine direction yarn number 32 of the second fabric layer 26, passes between machine direction yarns numbered 5 and 6, over a float of two yarns numbered 6 and 7, under yarn numbered 8, thence over a float of two yarns numbered 9 and 10, and under yarn number 11 of the fabric layer 10' and yarn number 42 of the second fabric layer 26. Thus, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, each of the additional yarns 20', 22' serves three functions: (1) as a fiber supporting yarn, (2) as a locator yarn, and (3) as a binder of first and second fabric layers in a triple layer construction.
Referring to FIG. 10, the process for forming high quality paper using the papermaker's fabric as herein described is shown in block diagram form. The process includes providing a papermakers' fabric including fiber supporting and locator yarns according to the invention 50, and the conventional steps (as described above) of depositing a slurry on the fabric 51, and removing the moisture from the slurry 52. Advantageously, using the papermakers' fabric according to the present invention in a conventional papermaking process results in the formation of a high quality paper with a smooth surface and excellent printability compared to the prior art.
There is thus provided a papermaker's fabric having a superior fiber supporting surface, while maintaining a durable wear resistant machine contacting side, a fabric in which a significant number of the paper fiber supporting yarns are fine relative to the fabric yarns, to provide quality support but preserve the openness required for drainage. There is further provided a fabric having a predominance of cross machine direction support floats on the papermaking surface, with no machine direction yarn knuckle being greater than a single float. And finally, there is thus presented a fabric susceptible to being formed on a ten harness loom and having even numbered floats for the additional yarns woven into the papermaking side of the fabric.
It is to be understood that the present invention is by no means limited to the particular constructions herein disclosed and/or shown in the drawings, but also comprises any modifications or equivalents within the scope of the claims.
Claims
Certificate of Correction present
The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A process for forming paper comprising: providing a papermakers' forming fabric, said forming fabric comprising: a base fabric layer including cross machine direction yarns and machine direction yarns interwoven to form a papermaking surface, said base fabric layer having single float machine direction knuckles on said papermaking surface; pairs of first and second additional cross machine direction yarns interwoven with said machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer, but not forming part of said base fabric layer, each of said pairs of first and second cross machine direction yarns being positioned between adjacent cross machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer on said papermaking surface, and each base fabric layer cross machine direction yarn being positioned between adjacent pairs of first and second additional cross machine direction yarns; wherein each of said first and second additional cross machine direction yarns interweaves with said base fabric machine direction yarns such that as the first additional cross machine direction yarn of each pair passes over and interweaves with a first set of base fabric layer machine direction yarns, the second additional cross machine direction yarn of said pair passes below said first set of base fabric machine direction yarns, and as the second additional cross machine direction yarn of each pair passes over and interweaves with a second set of base fabric layer machine direction yarns, the first additional cross machine direction yarn of said pair passes below said second set of base fabric layer machine direction yarns; depositing paper stock onto said papermakers' fabric to form a wet paper web; and removing moisture from said wet paper web.
2. The process in accordance with claim 1, wherein each first additional cross machine direction yarn of each pair crosses the second additional cross machine direction yarn of said pair at multiple crossing points, and wherein said crossing points are positioned below said papermaking surface.
3. The process in accordance with claim 2, wherein each of said crossing points is beneath a base fabric layer machine direction yarn.
4. The process in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of said first additional cross machine direction yarns sequentially passes over two base fabric layer machine direction yarns, under a base fabric layer machine direction yarn, and over base fabric layer two machine direction yarns of said first set of base fabric layer machine direction yarns.
5. The process in accordance with claim 1, wherein said machine direction yarns and cross machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer are interwoven to form a plain weave fabric.
6. The process in accordance with claim 1, wherein said first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are of a smaller diameter than said cross machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer.
7. The process in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a lower fabric layer having machine direction yarns interwoven with said first and second additional cross machine direction yarns.
8. The process in accordance with claim 7, wherein said lower fabric layer further includes cross machine direction yarns.
9. A process for forming paper comprising: providing a papermakers' forming fabric, said forming fabric comprising: a base fabric layer including cross machine direction yarns and machine direction yarns interwoven to form a papermaking surface, said base fabric layer having single float machine direction knuckles on said papermaking surface; pairs of first and second additional cross machine direction yarns interwoven with said machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer, but not forming part of said base fabric layer, each of said pairs of first and second cross machine direction yarns being positioned between adjacent cross machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer on said papermaking surface, and each base fabric layer cross machine direction yarn being positioned between adjacent pairs of first and second additional cross machine direction yarns; wherein each of said first and second additional cross machine direction yarns interweaves with said base fabric machine direction yarns such that as the first additional cross machine direction yarn of each pair passes sequentially over at least a first base fabric layer machine direction yarn, under a second base fabric layer machine direction yarn, and over at least a third base fabric layer machine direction yarn, each second additional cross machine direction yarn of said pair passes below said first, second and third machine direction yarns, and as the second additional cross machine direction yarns of a pair passes sequentially over at least a fourth base fabric layer machine direction yarn, under a fifth base fabric layer machine direction yarn, and over at least a sixth base fabric layer machine direction yarn, the first additional cross machine direction yarn of said pair passes below said fourth, fifth and sixth base fabric layer machine direction yarns; depositing paper stock onto said papermakers' fabric to form a wet paper web; and removing moisture from said wet paper web.
10. The process in accordance with claim 9, wherein each first additional cross machine direction yarn of a pair crosses each second additional cross machine direction yarn of said pair at multiple crossing points, and wherein said crossing points are positioned below said papermaking surface.
11. The process in accordance with claim 9, wherein each of said crossing points is beneath a base fabric layer machine direction yarn.
12. The process in accordance with claim 9, wherein said machine direction yarns and cross machine direction yarns of said base fabric are interwoven to form a plain weave fabric.
13. The process in accordance with claim 9, wherein said first and second additional cross machine direction yarns are of a smaller diameter than said cross machine direction yarns of said base fabric layer.
14. The process in accordance with claim 9, wherein each of said first additional cross machine direction yarns sequentially passes over two base fabric layer machine direction yarns, under a base fabric layer machine direction yarn, and over base fabric layer two machine direction yarns of said first set of base fabric layer machine direction yarns.
15. The process in accordance with claim 14, wherein said lower fabric layer further includes cross machine direction yarns.
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