Centering Device for Femoral Implant and Method and Apparatus for Implementation Thereof

This invention relates generally to prostheses, and more particularly to femoral components of artificial human hip prostheses.

Load-carrying skeletal members, such as the human hip, frequently are rendered non-functional because of fracture, damage, disease, resections for malignancy or disease or because of pain or malformation. Such members are commonly repaired by total joint replacements with artificial components. One type of bone replacement that has been particularly successful over the past thirty years is that of the human hip. Such hip prostheses typically include a femoral portion or component which is implanted in the femur and an acetabular component which is secured to the pelvis. The femoral component includes a head which rotates in a socket formed in the acetabular component. A collar is often provided on the femoral component which rests on a surface on the proximal femur.

Many known hip prostheses require the use of cement for installation of the femoral component into the medullary canal of the femur. One type of cement which is commonly used is methyl methacrylate.

Success of the femoral component of a total hip implant depends in large part on the technical precision with which the implant is inserted. There are several factors which contribute to the success of a femoral component. First, for a cemented component, the component should be centered within the central cavity in the medullary canal of the femur into which the femoral component is inserted. Centering of the component insures that the thickness of the cement mantle surrounding the component is uniform on all sides. Uniformity of the cement mantle renders the load distribution at the bone-cement and metal-cement interfaces generally uniform on all sides of the component, thus avoiding problems associated with overstressing one area of the interface, such as fracturing of the mantle or separation of the mantle from the bone or separation of the component from the mantle. Centering of the component can be particularly difficult for those components which do not include a collar.

Another factor which has been identified as contributing to the success of either an uncemented or a cemented femoral component is that the femoral component should be rotated about its axis into the proper angular position with respect to the femur for stability and range of motion. Proper rotational position, or so-called anteversion, allows for accurate reproduction of the mechanical orientation of the hip joint.

A third factor is that the component should be prevented from rotating once it is seated in the femur. For cemented components, such rotational control is very important, particularly during insertion and hardening of the cement, and any false motion while the cement is hardening has been found to be detrimental to the overall results of a cemented femoral stem. Uncontrolled rotation prior to hardening of the cement could result in a stem which is not properly centered and which does not have the proper angular position once the cement hardens. For uncemented components, it is still important that rotational stability be achieved after implantation of the component.

To reduce manufacturing costs and inventory requirements, it is desirable to standardize components to the greatest extent possible, so that one style or design can be used for most patients. Since different sizes of components are required for patients of different stature or age, the manufacture and storage of different styles for each size component is considered highly undesirable. However, the strength, configuration and amount of available bone on the proximal femur varies greatly from patient to patient, even for patients who require the same size components. For example, on many patients the bone mass on the proximal femur is so small or is configured such that only a small portion of the collar on the femoral component rests on a bone surface. Thus, standardization requires that the design selected for a component be able to accommodate these large differences in strength, configuration and size.

Many efforts have been made in the past to design components which resist rotation or which tend to be self centering. Examples of such components include those found in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,116,380; 5,108,452; 4,946,379; 4,936,863; 4,783,192; 4,770,660; 4,678,571; 4,623,353; 4,535,487; 4,068,324; 4,012,796; 2,719,522; and 2,682,265. However, none of the foregoing designs is completely successful in both preventing rotation of the component once implanted, and insuring that the component is held in a properly centered position. In addition, some of the foregoing designs would not operate to prevent rotation or lateral movement in all femurs due to the limited lateral extent of the devices used. In some patients, the devices would not engage any bone because of its irregular configuration or lack of bone mass. Moreover, while spacers, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,380, have been used for the purpose of automatically centering the component within the medullary canal, such spacers do not serve to prevent rotational movement of the prosthesis during cement hardening. Finally, spacers can interfere with the movement of the cement around the edges of the component, thus, on occasion producing voids or gaps in the cement mantle.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved femoral component for a hip prosthesis.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a femoral component which is self centering.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a femoral component which allows the physician to insert and maintain the component with the proper angular position.

It is another further object of the present invention to provide a femoral component which is prevented from rotating or moving laterally during hardening of the cement, and which can be used with many different sizes and shapes of bones.

It is yet another further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for inserting into a femur an improved femoral component.

It is also yet another further object of the present invention to provide a device for centering of a femoral component which does not have a collar.

In one aspect of the invention, these and other objects of this invention are achieved by a femoral component of a prosthetic device for the human hip, in which fins or other like projections are provided on the underside of the collar and in which the fins seat in corresponding, previously formed slots or grooves in the proximal femur. These fins or protrusions, and their corresponding mating slots or grooves in the proximal femur position the component so that it is centered within the cavity formed in the medullary canal in the femur and so that the component has the proper angular position or anteversion with respect to the femur. In addition, these fins and their mating grooves prevent rotation and lateral movement of the component during hardening of cement.

In one embodiment, two elongated, non-parallel fins are provided. The two fins can either intersect or they can be spaced apart to form an acute angle with respect to one another. In another embodiment, a single, continuous fin is provided which has a curved or non-rectilinear shape. Regardless of the configuration, the fins can be retrofitted onto existing collars on femoral components, or they may be formed integrally with the collar as it is being formed.

In another aspect of the present invention, a centering method and apparatus are disclosed for femoral components which have no fins formed or mounted thereon. This aspect of the invention is particularly suited for use with femoral components which contain no collar and which have a removable head. In this aspect of the invention, a sleeve or like device is provided which fits tightly over the neck on the proximal end of the femoral component and which carries two non-parallel fins or projections on its lower surface. These fins extend into previously formed slots or grooves on a previously prepared surface of the proximal femur. Preferably, the neck of the femoral component onto which the sleeve nests is formed as a tapered Morse cone and the sleeve has a base, the interior of which is shaped to mate with the neck to form a firm friction fit. The foregoing aspect of the invention also can be used with femoral components which contain collars. If a collar is present, the sleeve is provided with an opening to accommodate the collar, and the fins typically are positioned outside the perimeter of the collar, or adjacent the anterior and posterior surfaces of the component. In the method of this aspect of the invention, the femoral component preferably is inserted into a femoral cavity previously filled with cement, and the sleeve is mounted onto the neck on the proximal end of the femur before the cement hardens. The fins on the sleeve are seated in previously formed slots. This arrangement properly centers the femoral component within the cavity, as well as provides the desired anteversion and prevents lateral movement of the component during hardening. Once the cement has hardened, the sleeve is removed and the femoral head is attached.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method and apparatus are disclosed for prior formation of the slots or grooves into which the fins extend. A further aspect of the invention relates to a method and apparatus for insertion and cementing of the femoral component into the femur.

The apparatus includes a conventional rasp which is inserted into the medullary canal. The rasp has a post on its proximal end which extends beyond the proximal femur. A mill guide is adapted to be snap-fitted onto the post and is prevented from rotation by a peg extending into the rasp. The mill guide is provided with slots corresponding to the slots or grooves to be formed on the proximal femur. A rounded depression is disposed on the upper surface of the mill guide in association with each slot. An end mill or milling bit includes an outer housing which has a ball pivot adapted to reside in a corresponding depression on the mill guide. The housing is adapted to be pivoted back and forth about its ball pivot as the milling bit is rotated by a conventional drill motor. The position and depth of penetration of the milling bit is carefully controlled by the mill guide, so that as the milling bit is pivoted, precisely formed slots or grooves are formed on the proximal femur which correspond exactly in size and location to the fins disposed on the undersurface of the collar. The precise positioning of the mill guide allows for proper centering and rotational positioning of the installed femoral component. A clamp is also provided for holding the femoral component in place once it has been inserted into the medullary canal to prevent the component from moving axially out of the canal while the cement is hardening.

In the method of the present invention, a conventional rasp is used to enlarge and clean out the medullary canal of the femur in a conventional manner. Thereafter, the rasp is firmly and securely inserted into the enlarged medullary canal with the desired angular orientation for the femoral component. The proximal femur is then machined in a conventional manner to form a flat and smooth surface. Thereafter, the mill guide is snapped onto the post on the rasp, in the desired rotational orientation. A milling bit with its associated housing is inserted into the mill guide so that the ball pivot of the housing thereof rests in a correspondingly formed depression in the mill guide. The milling bit is positioned to extend a predetermined distance below the base of the mill guide so that it engages the bone surface of the proximal femur. As the drill is activated, the milling bit is pivoted back and forth along a preformed slot in the mill guide for formation of the desired groove or slot in the proximal femur. This process is repeated for each of the slots in the mill guide if more than one fin is desired. Once this process has been completed, the femoral component is inserted so that fins on the lower surface of the collar seat in the correspondingly formed slots or grooves in the proximal femur. Thereafter the component is clamped to the femur.

The apparatus and method of this invention centers the component in the cavity formed in the medullary canal, replicates the proper anteversion, prevents rotation of the component once seated and insures a better bond by clamping the component during hardening of the cement. This apparatus and method may be used in conjunction with either cemented or uncemented components.

The invention will be more fully appreciated from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a prosthetic hip implant showing the fins of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional bottom view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1 just below the collar;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional top view taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 1 just above the collar;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a cutaway, perspective bottom view of a prosthetic hip implant showing another embodiment of the fins of this invention;

FIG. 6 is a bottom elevational view of the implant of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a cutaway, perspective bottom view of a prosthetic hip implant showing yet another embodiment of the fins of this invention;

FIG. 8 is a bottom elevational view of the implant of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of a femur showing the rasp and the snap-on mill guide;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing use of the mill guide and milling bit to form a slot in the proximal femur;

FIG. 11 is a top view of the mill guide;

FIG. 12 is a partially cutaway, cross-sectional side view of the proximal femur and mill guide illustrating use of the milling bit to form a slot in the proximal femur;

FIG. 13 is a top perspective view illustrating insertion of the prosthetic hip implant of this invention into the medullary canal of the proximal femur;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing the prosthetic hip implant of this invention being clamped into position on the proximal femur during hardening of the cement;

FIG. 15 is a side elevational view of the clamp shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a front elevational view of the clamp of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a stamp employed in another embodiment of the method for forming the slots in the proximal femur;

FIG. 18 is a partially cutaway, cross-sectional side view of the proximal femur illustrating use of the stamp of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view further illustrating the use of the stamp of FIG. 17;

FIG. 20 is a side, elevation view of a centering sleeve of this invention which is used with a collarless femoral component;

FIG. 21 is a partial, side, elevation view of the sleeve of FIG. 20 mounted on the femoral component;

FIG. 22 is a partial, perspective view showing the collarless femoral component of FIGS. 20 and 21 inserted into a cavity in the medullary canal of the proximal femur;

FIG. 23 is a partial, side, elevation view of the component and femur of FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 is an inverted, perspective view of another embodiment of the sleeve of this invention to be used with a femoral component having a collar;

FIG. 25 is a partial, exploded, side perspective view illustrating a femoral component inserted into a cavity in the medullary canal of the proximal femur with the sleeve of FIG. 24; and

FIG. 26 is a top, cross-sectional view of the proximal femur and component taken along the line 26--26 of FIG. 25.

With reference now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, one embodiment of this invention will be described in conjunction with a femoral component 10. It is to be understood that component 10 can be implanted either with or without cement. Component 10 includes a femoral head 12 and a femoral stem 14 which is adapted to be inserted into a cavity formed in the medullary canal of a femur 16 (see FIG. 13). Stem 14 includes a large, flat laterally extending collar 18 having a lower surface 19. Surface 19 of collar 18 is adapted to rest on the cortical bone of the proximal femur in the region of the natural femoral neck. Typically, head 12 is coupled to stem 14 by a Morse cone femoral neck 20 connected to collar 18. When head 12 is inserted onto neck 20, a very firm friction fit is formed, and no additional fasteners are required. Head 12 may be readily removed by proper twisting and pulling in the event it needs to be changed or replaced for any reason after implantation.

Typically, stem 14 is held in place in the medullary canal of the femur by the use of cement, such as a methyl methacrylate cement. It is preferred that the mantle formed by the cement surrounding stem 14 within the canal be of approximately the same thickness on all sides of stem 14. Thus, stem 14 should be centered within the canal. In addition, it is highly desirable that accurate replication of the anteversion selected during insertion of the trial implants be achieved. Finally, stem 14 should not be permitted to move while the cement is hardening.

To achieve these results, fins 22 are provided on lower surface 19 of collar 18. Fins 22 are adapted to seat in correspondingly formed slots or grooves 24 (FIG. 9) on surface 46 (FIG. 5) of the proximal femur. To perform the three functions set forth above, and to provide a configuration that will perform these functions when used with most femurs, regardless of strength, shape, size and available bone surface, it is preferred that there be at least two non-parallel fins 22 formed on lower surface 19 of collar 18, or a single non-rectilinear fin having non-parallel portions. In one embodiment as shown in FIGS. 1-4, two separate, spaced fins 22 are provided. Each fin 22 has a length greater than its width and projects from lower surface 19 of collar 18. Preferably fins 22 extend from the outer edge 21 of collar 18 to a point where they almost touch stem 14. In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-4, fins 22 form an acute angle with respect to one another, but do not touch. Fins 22 converge towards one another in the direction of stem 14, and diverge away from one another in the direction facing away from stem 14.

Other embodiments of this invention are illustrated in FIGS. 5-8. With respect to FIGS. 5 and 6, a single fin 30 is provided on surface 19 of collar 18. Fin 30 has a curved, semi-circular or semi-elliptical configuration in which ends 32 face outwardly away from stem 14 and the closed or curved portion is adjacent item 14. Fin 30 can have any shape or radius of curvature, so long as it is non-rectilinear and so long as it extends a substantial distance across surface 21 of collar 18.

In FIGS. 7 and 8, two fins 34 and 36 are provided. Fins 34 and 36 are generally orthogonal to one another, and intersect one another at a single point. Preferably, fin 34 extends from edge 21 almost to the surface of stem 14, while fin 36 traverses almost the entire distance laterally across the surface 19 of collar 18. Fins 34 and 36 typically form a plus sign or cross configuration. However, fins 34 and 36 could be disposed at an angle other than 900 with respect to one another, so long as they are not parallel to one another.

Fins 22, 30, 34 and 36 can be either milled from the material of collar 18 and formed integrally therewith, or they can be bonded or retrofitted to surface 19 of collar 18 after collar 18 has been formed. In the latter embodiment, fins 22, 30, 34 and 36 could be formed of methylmethacrylate cement which has been molded into the desired shape and bonded to surface 19 of collar 18.

It will be appreciated that more than two fins could be provided, or other configurations are possible, so long as the fins prevent both rotational movement of the implanted stem 14 with respect to the femur and lateral movement of stem 14 in a direction generally normal to the direction of elongation of the femur. Moreover, the fins must have a configuration which allows corresponding depressions to be readily etched into surface 46 of the proximal femur. Also, the fins must extend sufficiently far across surface 19 of collar 18 that each fin, or each non-parallel portion of the same fin, engages the bone in the proximal femur over a sufficient distance to adequately prevent rotation and lateral movement of stem 14. Preferably, the coverage of the fins on surface 19 of collar 18 should be sufficiently great that all of these requirements are met for patients regardless of the bone strength, configuration, mass or size so that a standard design can be used with most patients.

In another aspect of the present invention the fins or projections are not disposed on a collar, but are carried on a removable sleeve or other like device which is temporarily mounted onto the femoral component. One embodiment of this aspect of the invention will now be described with particular reference to FIGS. 20-22 which illustrate a method and apparatus for the use of the fins of this invention with a femoral component 200 which has no collar. Femoral component 200 is conventional and forms no part of this invention. Component 200 includes a femoral stem 202 which is adapted to be inserted into a cavity formed in the medullary canal in a proximal end of a femur 204 (FIG. 22) and a removable head (not shown). Preferably, although not necessarily, the head is coupled to stem 202 by a Morse cone tapered femoral neck 206. Because of the tapered configuration of neck 206 and the close fit of the corresponding, mating bore in the head, when the head is inserted onto neck 206, a very firm friction fit is formed, and no additional fasteners are required. As with previous embodiments, stem 202 typically is held in place in the cavity in the medullary canal of the femur by the use of cement, such as a methyl methacrylate cement.

Centering of stem 202 within the cavity formed in the medullary canal is achieved through the use of a sleeve 210. The external shape of sleeve 210 typically is cylindrical, although it need not be. The external shape of sleeve 210 in cross-section could be square, octagonal, hexagonal, rectangular or any other suitable shape. Sleeve 210 includes an outer surface 212 and opposed ends 214 and 216. Outer surface 212 typically contains knurled areas 218 or the like to provide an enhanced manual gripping surface. Alternatively, outer surface 212 may contain raised areas (not shown) or other features to improve manual gripping of outer surface 212. End 216 contains a surface 215 which is configured to rest firmly on surface 224 of the proximal end of femur 204, and surface 215 typically has substantially the same shape as surface 224. Disposed on end 216 are projections or fins 220 and 222. Fins 220 and 222 are each elongated in a direction transverse to the central axis of sleeve 210 and parallel to surface 215 and to surface 224 of the proximal end of femur 24. In this direction of elongation, fins 220 and 222 are not parallel to one another and typically are disposed at an acute angle with respect to one another. However, fins 220 and 222 also could be disposed at an obtuse or perpendicular angle with respect to one another. Typically two non-connected fins are provided, although, alternatively, as previously discussed, a single, rectilinear fin having non-parallel portions or two or more connected fins may be provided. Fins 220 and 222 are positioned on end 216 such that they also project outwardly away from surface 215 in a direction generally parallel to the central axis or direction of elongation of sleeve 210. Fins 220 and 222 are adapted to seat in corresponding, previously formed slots or grooves 226 and 228 on surface 224. Fins 220 and 222 preferably are positioned such that when sleeve 210 is mounted on neck 206, fins 220 and 222 are in closely spaced or abutting relation with medial surface 230 of stem 202. When mounted, fins 220 and 222 preferably extend outwardly away from medial surface 230 and typically, but not necessarily, are positioned such that they extend beyond medial surface 230 and do not adjoin the anterior or posterior surfaces 232 of stem 202. However, fins 220 and 222 could also be adjacent the anterior and posterior surfaces 232 of stem 202 and extend outwardly therefrom.

To facilitate the mounting of sleeve 210 onto neck 206, sleeve 210 includes a centrally disposed bore 234 which has an opening 236 on end 216. Preferably, bore 234 is sufficiently long in the direction of elongation of sleeve 210 to accommodate the entire length of neck 206 so that opening 236 rests on the upper portion 201 of stem 202 adjacent neck 206. In one embodiment, when neck 206 is formed with a Morse cone taper, bore 234 has an interior shape and slope that conforms exactly with the shape and slope of the outer surfaces of neck 206. In this manner, when sleeve 210 is mounted on stem 202 such that lower end 216 rests on the upper portion 201 of stem 202, neck 206 seats within bore 234 to form a very firm friction fit between sleeve 210 and neck 206. This firm friction fit ensures that, under normal conditions, sleeve 210 will not rotate or move in any other way, such as in an axial direction, with respect to neck 206, without the application of a predetermined, substantial force to sleeve 210.

Typically, the upper portion 201 of stem 202 has a non-circular or non-symmetrical crosssectional configuration. Generally, upper portion 201 is longer in dimension from the medial side 230 to the lateral side 231 than from the anterior to posterior sides 232. End 216 and bore 234 typically are configured to reside snugly on and conform to the shape of the upper portion 201 which provides a positive stop. As a result, sleeve 210 automatically always aligns itself with respect to stem 202 to place fins 220 and 222 in the desired spacial alignment with respect to stem 202, neck 206 and medial surface 230. This arrangement ensures proper centering and anteversion as well as ensures that fins 220 and 222 extend into surface 224 the desired amount. Thus, component 200 will always reside in the desired location in the femoral cavity. Alternatively, if used with a stem 202 which has an upper portion 201 with a circular cross section or with some other symmetrical cross-section, visual alignment indicia (not shown) could be placed on end 216 of sleeve 210 and on upper portion 201 to aid in the visual alignment of sleeve 210 with respect to stem 202. Alternatively, visual alignment indicia could be placed on medial lateral, posterior or anterior surfaces of stem 202, as well as on corresponding outer surfaces of sleeve 210.

It is understood that other, positive attachment mechanisms may be utilized to secure sleeve 210 to neck 206, if desired. For example, a spring loaded ball (not shown) could be mounted in one or the other of neck 206 and the interior surfaces of bore 234 which is matched with a corresponding depression in the other of the outer surfaces of neck 206 and the interior surfaces of bore 234. Such a spring loaded ball and mating recess, or plurality of such spring loaded balls and mating recesses would assure proper alignment of sleeve 210 with respect to neck 206 as well as a positive engagement. Such an arrangement would be particularly suitable when a tapered Morse cone neck is not utilized. Other examples would include well known attachment features, such as projections on one or the other of sleeve 210 and component 200 which are fitted into correspondingly formed holes in the other of sleeve 210 and component 200. Other attachment features could be used which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, so long as the sleeve may be removed without disturbing the position of stem 202 within the cavity.

Component 200 is composed of materials well known to those skilled in the art for femoral components, including, but not limited to, stainless steel, cobalt-chrome alloys or titanium alloys. Sleeve 210 may be made of a plastic material, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, or of some suitable metal, if desired. Preferably, sleeve 210 is disposable, and is discarded after use. Polyethylene, or other like materials would be preferred for sleeve 210 because they resist adhering to the bone material on surface 224 and can be made more inexpensively to satisfy the desire of physicians to render them disposable. Furthermore, a non-metallic material for sleeve 210 is preferred for metallic stems, since such materials would protect component 200.

Fins 220 and 222 may be formed in the same manner as fins 22. For example, they may be molded or cast with the material of sleeve 210, they may be welded to end 216 of sleeve 210, they may be glued onto end 216, or they may be snapped fitted into holes or recesses on end 216 of sleeve 210. If formed separately from sleeve 210, they may be formed of material other than sleeve 210, such as polymethyl methacrylate or any suitable metal or plastic.

In the method related to the apparatus of FIGS. 20-23, a generally flat surface 224 is prepared on the proximal end of femur 204 in a manner well known to those skilled in the art. Thereafter, slots 226 and 228 are formed such as in a manner to be described hereinafter. Cement 223 is preferably inserted into the cavity previously prepared in the medullary canal of the femur 204, prior to insertion of stem 202 into this cavity. Once stem 202 is properly aligned within the cavity, and once stem 202 is pushed the required distance into the cavity, sleeve 210 is mounted onto neck 206 until the interior surfaces of bore 234 are in a tight, friction fit with the exterior surfaces of neck 206. If desired, sleeve 210 could be mounted onto stem 202 prior to insertion of stem 202 into the cavity. At this point, presumably fins 220 and 222 extend into correspondingly formed slots 226 and 228 respectively. If not, a downward pressure or a lateral pressure, or both, as needed, may be applied to the top end 214 of sleeve 210 adjusting the position of stem 202 in the cavity until fins 220 and 222 indeed reside within slots 226 and 228 respectively. Slots 226 and 228 have been provided in such a way that when fins 220 and 222 respectively reside or are seated therein, stem 202 is properly centered within the cavity to provide a uniform mantle of cement. Moreover, lateral movement of stem 202 is prevented, and stem 202 is provided with a desired anteversion.

Once the cement has hardened, sleeve 210 may be removed from neck 206. This removal may be accomplished by manually withdrawing sleeve 210 axially away from neck 206. Because the cement has hardened or cured, sleeve 210 may be removed from stem 202 without loosening of stem 202 or disrupting the desired alignment of the stem within the cavity. The head is then mounted onto neck 206.

Sleeve 250, as shown in FIGS. 23-26, will now be described in conjunction with a femoral component which has a collar. Such an arrangement would be useful for femoral components with a collar where the physician did not want to have fins permanently mounted onto the component, or where the physician did not have available a femoral component with fins already mounted on the collar.

Sleeve 250 is similar in many respects to sleeve 210. Sleeve 250 is preferably cylindrical in shape, although it could be formed into other cross-sectional shapes, such as square, hexagonal, octagonal, rectangular or the like. Sleeve 250 is adapted to be used in conjunction with a femoral component 252 which includes a collar 254, a stem 256, a neck 258 and an upper proximal portion 260. Femoral component 252 is adapted to be inserted into a cavity formed in the medullary canal of a femur 262. Collar 254 is adapted to rest on an upper proximal surface 264 which has been machined substantially flat as is well known to those skilled in the art. Surface 264 contains slots 266 which have been previously formed typically using the method and apparatus to be described hereinafter. Neck 258 is adapted to receive a femoral head, and preferably, although not necessarily, is a tapered Morse cone. Collar 254 extends from the medial side 253 of component 252 and can be a conventional collar well known to those skilled in the art. Sleeve 250 includes portions 270 disposed on outer surface 272 which are knurled, or which provide some other type of friction grip. Alternatively, areas 270 may be raised areas on surface 272 or some other conventional structure for improved gripping of outer surface 272. Disposed within and centrally located with respect to sleeve 250 is bore 274 which is adapted to receive neck 258. The inner surfaces of bore 274 preferably are formed to have the same size and shape as the outer surfaces of neck 258 so that, as with component 200, neck 258 seats securely and with a tight friction fit within bore 274 when sleeve 250 is mounted onto component 252. As with component 200, sleeve 250 preferably resists rotation with respect to neck 258 when properly mounted, but is removable therefrom by manually withdrawing sleeve 250 axially away from neck 258. Lower surface 276 of sleeve 250 is configured to have substantially the same shape as proximal surface 264 of femur 262. Surface 276 is adapted to rest on surface 264 when sleeve 250 is mounted onto component 252. Sleeve 250 contains recess or depression 278 which is spaced away from the plane of surface 276 in a direction toward upper end 277. Recess 278 is configured to receive collar 254 and preferably is spaced sufficiently far from the plane of surface 276 to accommodate the entire thickness of collar 254 so that surface 276 rests firmly on surface 264.

Disposed on either side of recess 278 are fins 280 which extend outwardly away from surface 276 and away from end 277. Fins 280 are adapted to seat within slots 266 in surface 264. Fins 280 also are elongated in the plane of surface 276 and are aligned in that plane so as not to be parallel to one another. To accommodate a collar, fins 280 form an angle with respect to one another which typically is obtuse, although the angle could be acute or perpendicular (See FIG. 26). Fins 280 may be positioned at any point along surface 276 and preferably extend radially outwardly away from the center of sleeve 250. However, fins 280 need not necessarily extend radially outwardly, and can have any position on surface 276, so long as fins 280 are not parallel to one another, and so long as fins 280 engage sufficient bone on surface 264 so as to prevent movement of sleeve 250 with respect to surface 264 under normal operating conditions. Moreover, more than two fins 280 also could be provided, such as three, four or five fins. Fins 280 can be positioned along surface 276 so as to be adjacent to but extend beyond the medial side 253 of component 252, or to be adjacent the anterior and posterior sides 255 of component 252. Typically, fins 280 would not be adjacent the lateral side 259 of component 252 because of space limitations, although they could be.

When sleeve 250 is mounted onto component 252, the enlarged lower portions of bore 274 rest on upper portion 260 of component 252. As with component 200 and sleeve 210, because component 252 tends to be non-circular or non-symmetrical in cross-section, the cross-sectional shape of the lower portions of bore 274 is similarly non-circular or non-symmetrical and conforms to the shape of upper portion 260. In this manner proper alignment of sleeve 250 on component 252 is provided. Moreover, as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, a slot 282 on the lateral side of sleeve 250 may be provided to accommodate an outwardly extending lateral portion 261 of component 252. Such a slot would further facilitate proper alignment of sleeve 250 on component 252. As previously discussed with respect to component 200, visual indicia could also be provided for proper alignment of sleeve 250 on component 252.

It is to be understood that sleeve 250 can be formed of the same material as sleeve 210 and may be mounted and removed in substantially the same way. Similarly, fins 220 and 222 may be formed of the same material and have the same configuration as fins 280.

The method for use of sleeve 250 is substantially the same as the method for use of sleeve 210. Stem 256 is inserted into the cavity formed in the medullary canal of the femur 262, preferably after the insertion of cement 257. Sleeve 250 is securely mounted onto neck 258 and stem 256 is properly aligned so that surfaces 276 rest firmly on surface 264 and fins 280 reside within previously formed slots 266. This mounting process inherently will center the component within the cavity in the femur 262 as well as provide proper anteversion. Sleeve 250 is allowed to remain on component 252 until the cement has hardened to prevent any rotational movement or lateral movement during the hardening process. Once the cement has hardened, sleeve 250 is removed by the application forces directed away from femur 262. It is to be understood, of course, that sleeve 250 may be mounted onto component 252 in the same manner as described with respect to alternative embodiments of component 200 and sleeve 210.

In an alternative embodiment, a sleeve (not shown) could be provided in accordance with this invention which was configured to seat over a head already disposed on the neck of the femoral component or over a component which included a head integrally formed on the neck.

The method of this invention and the apparatus used to implement this method will now be described with particular reference to FIGS. 9-14. It is to be understood that this same method and apparatus can be used for a cemented or uncemented implant. The tools employed include a rasp or broach 40, mill guide 48, end mill or milling bit 70 and clamp 92. Broach 40 is substantially similar to a conventional broach used for enlarging the medullary canal of a femur. As previously indicated, broach 40 has the same shape as stem 14, but is larger in size. The outer surface of broach 40 is coaxial with the outer surface of stem 14, but the distance between the central axis of broach 40 and its outer surface is greater than the distance between the central axis of stem 14 and its outer surface. Serrations 41 are provided along the outer surface of broach 40 for assisting in the enlarging and cleaning out of the medullary canal to from a cavity. Extending from an upper surface 44 of broach 40 is a shaft 42. Disposed near the upper end of shaft 42 is a recess 50 into which a spring mounted ball (not shown) on an attachment can seat for a snap-fit. A generally circular hole 54 is formed on surface 44 adjacent shaft 42.

Mill guide 48 is used for forming grooves or slots 24 on surface 46. Mill guide 48 includes machined slots 58 which extend from an upper surface 62 to a lower surface 64 of mill guide 48. Mill guide 48 has the same number of slots 58 as there are fins on collar 18. In addition, slots 58 have the same general configuration as the fins on collar 18. Disposed on upper surface 62 in association with each slot 58 is a semi-circular depression 60. Shaft 42 is intended to be inserted into a channel 52 of mill guide 48, and a spring mounted ball (not shown) in channel 52 provides a snug snap-fit of mill guide 48 onto shaft 42.

Milling bit 70 is utilized to machine grooves 24. Milling bit 70 has a rotatable shaft 74 and outer housing 72 which does not rotate and is coaxial with shaft 74. Proximal end 76 of shaft 74 is adapted to be mounted into a chuck of a conventional drill, while distal end 78 is provided with a milling tip which is adapted to cut bone. A shoulder 80 provided adjacent proximal end 76 limits axial movement of shaft 74 with respect to housing 72. Generally spherical ball 82 is disposed at the lower end of housing 72 and is adapted to seat in depression 60 of mill guide 48.

The uses of these tools to perform the method of the present invention will now be described. Initially, the femur is prepared for surgery in a conventional manner. Rasp or broach 40 is used to clean out and enlarge the medullary canal to form a cavity in the center of the femur to prepare for insertion of stem 14, so that the outer surfaces of stem 14 are spaced a predetermined distance from the inner surface of the cavity formed.

In a conventional manner, the upper surface of the proximal femur is milled smooth and flush with the upper surface 44 of broach 40 to provide a relatively flat surface 46 on the proximal femur upon which surface 19 of collar 18 can rest. This process is typically accomplished using a large rotatable milling tool (not shown) which is mounted on shaft 42 and is rotated by a conventional drill (not shown). Once surface 46 has been prepared as described, mill guide 48 is snapped onto shaft 42. Recess 50 cooperates with a spring mounted ball (not shown) within channel 52 to hold mill guide 48 snugly in place so that lower surface 64 is in contact with surface 44. Peg 56 disposed on lower surface 64 resides in cooperatively formed hole 54 in surface 44 to prevent mill guide 48 from rotating with respect to shaft 42.

A slot 58 is provided for each fin 22. Slots 58 of mill guide 48 are configured to provide a slot or groove 24 on surface 46 of the proximal femur which corresponds almost precisely to the size and shape of the selected fins 22 or 30 or 34 and 36 to be provided on collar 18. If, for example, fins 22 have the shape and configuration as shown in FIG. 1, slots 58 would have the shape and configuration shown in FIG. 11. If, on the other hand, a fin 30 is to be utilized, a single slot would be provided in mill guide 48 having the same semi-circular shape or semi-elliptical configuration of fin 30. In this event, only a single depression 60 would be provided on surface 62 at roughly the center of the slot. If fins 34 and 36 are to be utilized, two intersecting slots would be provided in mill guide 48, and a single depression 60 would be disposed on surface 62 at the point of intersection of the slots.

The manner of creation of these slots or grooves 24 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 12. Milling bit 70 is utilized for this purpose. Shoulder 80 is pushed into abutment with proximal end 84 of housing 72, and ball 82 is seated in cooperatively formed depression 60. Thereafter, the drill is activated and distal end 78 of shaft 74 penetrates surface 46 of the proximal end of femur 16 to substantially the same depth as fin 22 when surface 19 of collar 18 rests on surface 46. Groove 24 is formed by pivoting housing 72 about ball 82 to move shaft 74 back and forth through slot 58 while shaft 74 is being rotated by a drill (not shown). In this way, the cutting of each groove 24 is precisely controlled and each groove 24 is formed with the desired location, depth and width.

Using this method, groove 24 will be deepest at a point directly below depression 60 and shallowest at points spaced farthest from depression 60 in a direction parallel to surface 46. This groove 24 will have a somewhat accurate shape with a radius equal to the distance from the center of ball 82 to the tip of distal end 78. Accordingly, fins 22, 30, 34 and 36 preferably have the same arcuate shape with the same radius of curvature. Also, fins 22, 30, 34 and 36, if viewed from the end, preferably have a U-shaped configuration to conform to the U-shaped cross-sectional configuration of recess 24 as formed by tip 78.

Once the foregoing process has been completed, and grooves 24 have been formed, milling bit 70, mill guide 48 and broach 40 are all removed from the femur and stem 14 is inserted as shown in FIG. 13. Fins 22 are inserted into corresponding grooves 24, and preferably force is applied to the upper surface of component 10 to drive it downwardly into the femur so that fins 22 seat securely and tightly in grooves 24. The insertion of stem 14 is accomplished in conjunction with the provision of cement within the cavity in the medullary canal within femur 16, in a conventional manner. Fins 22 automatically center stem 14 within the medullary canal to produce a uniform mantle, to prevent rotation of component 10 during the time the cement is curing, and to produce precise replication of anteversion.

Another feature of this invention will now be described with particular reference to FIGS. 3, 4 and 14-16. As is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a depression 90 is formed in the upper surface of collar 18. A clamp 92 is used in conjunction with depression 90 to provide a downward force on stem 14 while the cement is hardening to make certain that surface 19 of collar 18 is urged snugly against surface 46, and that fins 22 are seated in corresponding grooves 24 so that the resulting bond is tight and so that component 10 is in precisely the desired rotational and lateral orientation.

Clamp 92 includes a stem 94 having an arcuate upper portion 96, a ball 98 secured to the distal end of upper portion 96, a carriage 104, a flange 102 and a compression spring 100. Stem 94 extends through a hole in carriage 104, and carriage 104 slides along stem 94. A set screw (not shown) in carriage 104 rides in an axially extending slot along stem 94 (not shown) to limit axial travel of carriage 104, and to prevent rotational movement of carriage 104 with respect to stem 94. Carriage 104 includes one or more spikes 106, which extend from one side thereof toward ball 98, and finger grips 105. Spring 100 is captured between carriage 104 and flange 102 and urges carriage 104 in a direction away from flange 102.

Use of clamp 92 will now be described with particular reference to FIG. 14. Ball 98 is seated or nested in depression 90 in collar 18. With a thumb pressing against flange 102, and two fingers pressing downwardly on finger grips 105, carriage 104 is withdrawn downwardly towards flange 102. At the same time spikes 106 are driven into engagement with the lesser trochanter. As the downward pressure on carriage 104 is released, spikes 106 dig into the lesser trochanter, and spring 100 biases stem 94 so that ball 98 is urged toward carriage 104. Spring 100 thereby applies a downward pressure to ball 98 which then urges component 10 downwardly to properly seat stem 14 within femur 16. Clamp 92 is removed once the cement has properly hardened. Removal is accomplished by compressing spring 100 between carriage 104 and flange 102 and withdrawing spikes 106 from the lessor trochanter.

Clamp 92 applies the requisite seating force to component 10 with little damage to the bone or surrounding tissues. Clamp 92 is easily operated and readily removed by the physician.

Another embodiment of this invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 17-19. This embodiment can be used either with or without cement. Like numbers are used for like parts, where applicable. In this embodiment, fins again are disposed on surface 19 of collar 18 of component 10. These fins may have any one of the shapes previously described, particularly with respect to FIGS. 2-8. In this embodiment, as in the previous embodiments, corresponding grooves are cut into surface 46 of the proximal femur for accepting the fins, prior to implantation of the component. This embodiment differs from that of FIGS. 9-12 in the manner of formation of the grooves for accepting the fins.

In this embodiment, instead of mill guide 48, a stamp 120 is mounted onto shaft 42 of broach 40. Stamp 120 includes a peg 122 which extends into hole 54 for proper orientation of stamp 120 and for preventing rotation of stamp 120 during the cutting process. Projections 126 on lower surface 124 of stamp 120 have sharpened edges along the surface thereof confronting surface 46 of the proximal femur. Projections 126 have precisely the same shape, orientation and size as fins 22, 30 or 34 and 36 disposed on surface 19 of collar 18. Once stamp 120 has been mounted onto shaft 42, stamp 120 is driven downwardly against surface 46 by a hammer 132, or other like tool for applying force, to drive projections 126 into surface 46 of the proximal femur. This operation stamps into surface 46 grooves which have exactly the same size, shape and orientation as selected fins 22, 30 or 34 and 36. Once surface 124 has been driven into firm and uniform contact with surface 44, stamp 120 and broach 40 are removed. Component 10 is thereafter inserted as previously described, so that the fins seat in the grooves formed in surface 46 of the proximal femur. Thereafter, the implantation process is completed, precisely as described previously with respect to the embodiments of FIGS. 9-12.

Typically, shaft 42, mill guide 48, shaft 74 of milling bit 70, clamp 92 and plate 120 are all formed of a hard, corrosion resistant material such as stainless steel. However, other known, hard materials may be used. For purposes of illustration only, typical dimensions of the fins of this invention will be provided. However, it is to be understood, that by providing such examples, the scope of the invention is in no way limited. In a typical implant, fins 22 would each have a length of about 1 cm and a width of about 1 mm. Fin 30 would have an approximate radius of curvature of 1 cm and a total length between ends 32 of about 15 mm. Fins 34 and 36 would typically each have a length of about 1 cm. The sizes and shapes of the tools used for implantation, as described herein, would be selected in accordance with the sizes and shapes of the particular femur upon which the surgical operation is being performed.

The foregoing invention provides a method and apparatus for centering a stem within the cavity in the medullary canal of the femur, permitting accurate reproduction of anteversion, preventing rotation once the prosthetic has been seated, and clamping the prosthetic during seating to insure a good cement bond. As a result, a uniform mantle of cement is provided around the circumference of the stem which optimizes load distribution between the bone-cement and metal-cement interfaces, thus rendering less likely failure due to nonevenly distributed stresses. Accurate reproduction of anteversion improves the quality of the implant and improves relative movement within the joint so that the patient can enjoy more nearly normal and pain-free activity. Rotational control prevents false movement while the cement is hardening insuring proper rotational orientation and improving the chances of a better cement bond and longer life for the prosthetic. Clamping during seating also insures a better and tightly cemented bond. The method and apparatus of this invention also have applicability to uncemented components since they permit accurate reproduction of anteversion and prevent rotational movement of the prosthetic once it has been implanted.

In view of the above description, it is likely that modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art which are within the scope of this invention. The above description is intended to be exemplary only, the scope of the invention being defined by the following claims and their equivalents.