Imaging System and Associated Method for Surveying Underwater Objects

This invention relates to an imaging system utilizing ultrasonic waves for sensing purposes. More particularly, this invention relates to such a system for use in surveying an underwater topography. This invention also relates to an associated method.

Treasure hunters' first and sometimes primary chore is determining the locations of valuable artifacts. A considerable number of archeological artifacts originating, for example, from ancient shipwrecks, remain underwater. Formerly, efforts to locate such marine treasure entailed diving with scuba gear or high pressure suits. More recently, submersibles and robotic cameras have been employed to scout for sunken ships.

Despite these modern solutions, the hunt for underwater artifacts remains impeded by the difficulty of detecting objects underwater when available light levels are low. Such low light levels exist at great depths and in shallower waters where slit and other waterborne particles scatter light. Of course, visual detection is completely impeded where artifacts have been covered by sand or silt. Although ferrous artifacts can be located in such conditions with the aid of magnetic detectors, non-ferrous artifacts such as bronzes, pottery, gold and silver remain undetectable.

An object of the present invention is to provide an imaging system which facilitates detection of underwater objects.

Another object of the present invention is to provide such an imaging system which is unaffected by existing light levels.

It is a more specific object of the present invention to provide such an imaging system capable of detecting objects inside other objects which are underwater.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an associated imaging method enabling the visual inspection of underwater objects even at low ambient light levels.

These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the drawings and descriptions herein.

A system for surveying an underwater topography comprises, in accordance with the present invention, an ultrasonic sensor array disposable in physical contact with a body of water for generating electrical signals encoding ultrasonic echo responses of underwater objects in the body of water. The sensor array includes a plurality of electromechanical transducers in turn including at least one electroacoustic transducer and one acoustoelectric transducer. The transducers are disposed in a configuration extending in at least two dimensions. An a-c current generator is operatively connected to the electroacoustic transducer for energizing the electroacoustic transducer with an electrical signal of a pre-established ultrasonic frequency. Means are provided which operatively connected to the sensor array for determining locations of the electromechanical transducers relative to one another. A processor or computer is operatively connected to the sensor array for analyzing the electrical signals in accordance with the determined locations of the electromechanical transducers to determine surfaces of objects disposed at least partially in the body of water and for generating a video signal encoding an image of the objects. A video monitor is operatively connected to the processing means for displaying the image of the objects.

It is generally contemplated that the sensor array includes a carrier such as a net or a rigid frame structure, the transducers being mounted to the carrier. In either case, motive or propeller elements may be attached to the carrier for applying a force to the carrier relative to the body of water. The motive or propeller elements may be activated to move the carrier and the entrained sensor array through the body of water, for example, below the surface. The motive or propeller elements are optionally motor modules with wireless signal receivers for receiving instructions from a surface or underwater vessel. Alternatively, in a simpler embodiment of the invention, a ship or other vessel drags the carrier through the body of water, either along the surface or below the surface, where wave action is reduced if not eliminated.

In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the processor includes analyzing componentry operatively connected to the acoustoelectric transducer for determining three-dimensional shapes of the underwater objects by analyzing signals generated by the acoustoelectric transducer in response to ultrasonic pressure waves produced at the objects as a result of ultrasonic pressure waves produced by the electromechanical transducers. The analyzing components is realized in a general purpose computer by generic processing circuits configured by programmed instructions.

In accordance with a further feature of the present invention, the processor includes a view selector operatively connected to the video monitor for selecting the image from among a multiplicity of possible images of the objects. Thus, the displayed image may be changed for instance, from one view angle to another or from one magnification to another. In addition, a filter stage may be operatively connected to the processor and the video monitor for eliminating a selected object from the image. The filter stage may be incorporated into the processor and realized by specially programmed generic computer circuits.

where the electromechanical transducers include a plurality of electroacoustic transducers disposed in a predetermined array, circuitry is provided for energizing the electroacoustic transducers in a predetermined sequence. Thus, the processor is able to associate any set of incoming reflected pressure waves with the particular transducers which generated the pressure waves. The different transducer locations as well as multiple scanning operations provide enhanced information for data processing purposes. This enables not only the refinement of the image (increased resolution) but also enables the selection (by the operator, usually) of different view angles.

Where the electromechanical transducers include a plurality of acoustoelectric transducers or sensors disposed in a predetermined array, circuitry is provided for receiving signals from the acoustoelectric transducers in a predetermined sequence. Because of this structure, the processor processes multiple sets of incoming reflected pressure waves each associated with the particular sensor which detects the pressure waves. Again, the different sensor locations as well as multiple scanning operations provide enhanced information which enables image refinement and the selection of different view angles. Of course, information utilized in image processing is maximized where the sensor array includes multiple distributed pressure wave generators and multiple distributed pressure wave receivers.

The determination of transducer position may be implemented simply in the case of a substantially rigid carrier. The electromechanical transducers are mounted to the carrier so that the locations of the electromechanical transducers relative to one another are fixed by the carrier. However, it is alternatively possible for the transducers to be disposed at variable locations relative to one another. In that case, the instantaneous positions of the pressure wave generators and the pressure wave receivers relative to each other are determined by processing or analyzing additional electrical signals generated by the sensors or receivers in response to pressure waves transmitted through the body of water directly from the electroacoustic transducers or generators to the acoustoelectric sensors or receivers.

Where the electromechanical transducers include a single electroacoustic transducer and a plurality of acoustoelectric transducers, the sensor array includes means for sampling output signals of the acoustoelectric transducers in a predetermined sequence. Where the electromechanical transducers include a plurality of electroacoustic transducers and a single acoustoelectric transducer, the sensor array includes means for activating the electroacoustic transducers in a predetermined sequence.

A method for surveying an underwater topography comprises, in accordance with the present invention, disposing an array of electroacoustic transducers in operative contact with a body of water, determining physical locations of the transducers relative to each other, and energizing the transducers to generate a series of electrical signals encoding echo responses of underwater objects in the body of water, the echo responses corresponding to a multiplicity of pressure wave paths from the transducers to each of the objects and back to the transducers. The electrical signals are automatically analyzed to generate a video signal encoding an image of the objects, the video signal being fed to a video monitor to thereby display the objects on the monitor.

It is contemplated that the disposing of the transducers in operative contact with the body of water includes deploying a carrier in the body of water, the transducers all being attached to the carrier. The method may further comprise operating motive or propulsion devices attached to the carrier, thereby moving the carrier relative to the body of water. The motion may be translation parallel to an underwater surface or rotation to facilitate the collection of ultrasonic data pertaining to a non-horizontal surface. In the latter case, the operating of the propulsion devices includes differentially operating the propulsion devices to change an orientation of the carrier relative to the body of water and relative to the objects.

Where the carrier is a net, the method further comprises operating the propulsion devices to pull in opposing directions on the net to maintain the net in an extended configuration.

Where the electromechanical transducers include a plurality of acoustoelectric sensors, the energizing of the transducers includes receiving signals from the sensors in a predetermined sequence.

Pursuant to another feature of the invention, determining the physical locations of the transducers includes analyzing additional electrical signals generated by the sensors in response to pressure waves transmitted through the body of water directly from selected transducers to the sensors. Preferably, the analyzing of the electrical signals includes analyzing the electrical signals to determine three-dimensional shapes of the objects.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the method includes selecting the image from among a multiplicity of possible images of the objects. More precisely, the displayed image is selected from several images having different angles of view and different magnifications. The user selects the angle of view and the magnification, thereby selecting the image from the different possibilities. Subsequent to one selection, the user may select a different image from among the possible images and display the different image on the monitor. Other possible views are generated by removing selected objects or portions of objects, such as upper or outer surfaces, thereby enabling the user to view the interiors of submerged objects.

An ultrasonic imaging system in accordance with the present invention facilitates detection of underwater objects, even when the ambient light levels are insufficient to allow visual inspection.

FIG. 1 is a partially a schematic perspective view and partially a block diagram of a nautical ultrasonic imaging system in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing components of a processing system depicted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a preliminary signal processing circuit illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an ultrasonic waveform generator shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a digital-to-analog converter shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a specific variant of the system of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing another variant of the system of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of an ultrasonic pressure wave generating and/or sensing unit utilizable in an ultrasonic imaging system in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic perspective view of a carrier net and dedicated propeller units of a modified ultrasonic imaging system in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view of a rigid carrier and dedicated propeller units of another modified ultrasonic imaging system in accordance with the present invention.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a system for surveying an underwater topography comprises an ultrasonic sensor array 12 disposable in physical contact with a body of water BW. The sensor array generates electrical signals encoding ultrasonic echo responses of underwater objects UO in the body of water BW. Sensor array 12 includes a plurality of electromechanical transducers 14 exemplarily realized essentially by piezoelectric wafers. Sensor array 12 further includes a carrier 16 such as a net. Carrier net 16 is towed through water body BW by a boat BT via a tow line 18. A multiple lead cable 20 extends along tow line 18 and operatively connects transducers 14 to a processing system 22. Processing system 22 analyzes incoming electrical ultrasonic signals arriving from transducers 14 and generates a video signal encoding an image of an underwater topography including one or more of the underwater objects UO. The video signal is fed to a monitor 46 for display of the image thereon.

Sensor array 12 and more particularly selected transducers 14 produce mechanical pressure waves 24 of one or more ultrasonic frequencies. These outgoing pressure waves 24 are reflected from the underwater objects UO, as indicated at 26, and received by transducers 14. The incoming pressure waves are converted by selected transducers of sensor array 12 into electrical signals transmitted over multiple or cable 20 to processing system 22.

In order to optimize data production, transducers are disposed in a configuration extending in at least two dimensions. This configuration is determined in part by the attachment of transducers 14 to carrier net 16.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, transducers 14 include a plurality of pressure-wave-generating electroacoustic transducers 28 and a plurality of pressure-wave-receiving acoustoelectric transducers or sensors 30. Transducers or wave generators 28 are arranged in a predetermined two- or three-dimensional configuration such as a V. Transducers or sensors 30 also have a two- or three-dimensional configuration.

An a-c current or waveform generator 32 is operatively connected to electroacoustic transducers 28 for energizing the electroacoustic transducers 28 with an electrical signal of a pre-established ultrasonic frequency. Electroacoustic transducers or wave generators 28 are energized one at a time, in a predetermined sequence, by the same ultrasonic frequency or by different ultrasonic frequencies.

Acoustoelectric transducers or sensors 30 are operatively connected via cable 20 to a digital processor 34 via an analog-to-digital converter 36. Processor 34 may be implemented by a general purpose computer specially programmed to realize the functional modules shown in FIG. 2. Processor 34 includes, as one such module, a preliminary signal processing circuit 38 which analyzes incoming pressure waves 26 in accordance with the location of the particular electroacoustic transducer 28 which generated the outgoing pressure wave 24 reflected by the underwater objects UP to produce the incoming pressure waves 26.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, preliminary signal processing circuit 38 includes a circuit 40 for determining the positions of transducers 14 relative to one another. Circuit 40 receives, via a lead or multiple 41 extending from analog-to-digital converter 36, electrical signals derived from the incoming pressure waves 26. Circuit 40 separates out those signals corresponding to direct or unreflected ultrasonic pressure wave transmission paths to determine the relative locations of transducers 14. The encoded locations of transducers 14 are communicated by circuit 40 to a surfaces detection circuit 42. Circuit 42 analyzes incoming electrical signals from sensor array 12 to determine and analytically define the surfaces of underwater objects UO which generate reflected pressure waves 26 in response to ultrasonic pressure waves 24 (FIG. 1). Circuit 42 determines the three-dimensional shapes of the underwater objects UO. A time base 43 enables operation of circuits 40 and 42.

As shown in FIG. 2, preliminary signal processing circuit 38 is operatively connected to a video signal generator 44. Partially in response to surface data from circuit 38, generator 44 produces a video signal encoding an image of an underwater topography including selected underwater objects UO. Generator 44 is connected to video monitor 46 for displaying the underwater image.

Preliminary signal processing circuit 38 is operatively connected to waveform generator 32 via an outgoing signal control unit 48. Control unit 48 produces a control signal which determines, for example, the frequency of an outgoing ultrasonic pressure wave 24 and the identity of the electroacoustic transducer 28 generating that pressure wave. Waveform generator 32 comprises a variable-frequency ultrasonic signal source 50 and a multiplexer 52, as illustrated in FIG. 4. Source 50 and multiplexer 52 receive control signals via respective leads 54 and 56 from control unit 48. Multiplexer 52 operates to connect signal source 50 sequentially to different electroacoustic transducers 28. Typically, the energization sequence of transducers 28 is pre-established and determined in part by the specific configurations of transducers 28 and transducers 30 on carrier 16. In many cases, in order to facilitate the separation of incoming reflected signals 26 originating at different electroacoustic transducers 28, these transducers are activated with signals of detectably different ultrasonic frequencies. The sequence of transducer activation and the frequency or frequencies of actuation are communicated by control unit 48 to surfaces detection circuit 42. Detection circuit 42 utilizes that information to properly analyze the arriving ultrasonic signals. In the event that the incoming data is insufficient for detection circuit 42 to isolate, calculate and define surfaces of underwater objects UO, the detection circuit may transmit a signal to control unit 48 to change the energization sequence of transducers 28 and/or the energization frequencies.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, analog-to-digital converter 36 includes a multiplexer 58 and digitization elements 60. Multiplexer 58 receives a switching control signal via a lead 62 extending from control unit 48. Control unit 48 enables the decoding of incoming ultrasonic pressure waves in a pre-established sequence. This sequence is determined in part by the configurations of transducers 28 and 30 and by the frequencies of energization. In addition, surfaces detection circuit 42 (FIG. 3) may cause control unit 48 to vary the signal reception sequence for purposes of enhancing resolution and surface detection.

FIG. 6 shows a specific configuration of an underwater-topography imaging system including just one electroacoustic transducer 64 and a multiplicity of acoustoelectric transducers 66. Here the enhancement of image resolution and optimization of surface detection and definition are accomplished mainly by varying the ultrasonic output frequency of the one electroacoustic transducer and the sequence of signal transmission from sensors or acoustoelectric transducers 30.

FIG. 7 depicts a particular configuration of another underwater-topography imaging system including just multiple electroacoustic transducers 68 and a single acoustoelectric transducer 69. In this case, the enhancement of image resolution and optimization of surface detection and definition are accomplished by varying the ultrasonic output frequencies and the energization sequence of the electroacoustic transducers.

As shown in FIG. 8, an ultrasonic pressure wave generating and/or sensing unit 70 attachable, for instance, to a junction of different strands of carrier net 16 comprises a body or casing 72 and a plurality of tubular directional elements 74 projecting in different directions from body 72. Each element 74 is associated with a respective piezoelectric wafer or chip (not illustrated). Thus, a single location on carrier net 16 may support a plurality of electroacoustic transducers 28 and/or acoustoelectric transducers 30. However, there must be a plurality of locations on carrier net 16 which carry one or more ultrasonic pressure wave transducers 14.

As depicted in FIG. 9, a carrier net 76 for an ultrasonic sensor array 78 may be provided with a plurality of self-contained motive or propeller units 80. Units 80 are connected to net 76 via tension lines 82 and have steering vanes 84, as well as propellers 86. Steering vanes 84 and propellers 86 may be controlled from a remote location, for example, a ship (not shown) either via a signal transmission cable (not shown) or via wireless signal transmitters and receivers (not shown).

Propeller units 80 are attached to carrier net 76 for applying a force thereto relative to a body of water in which or one which carrier net 76 is disposed. It is contemplated that an underwater disposition of carrier net 76, for example, below any surface wave action, would be optimal for reducing stress on the carrier and for facilitating the maintenance of the sensor array 78 in a given configuration. The orientations of propeller units 80 relative to carrier net 76 will change, as indicated in phantom lines at 88, to lift carrier net 76 towards the surface of a body of water after completion of a maritime scanning operation. It is to be noted that propeller units 80 can be differentially operated to translate carrier net 76 and the entrained sensor array 78 in different direction, including up and down and parallel to an underlying underwater geologic surface. The orientation of carrier net 76 in a body of water may be changed to facilitate scanning and object detection operations.

FIG. 10 depicts a carrier 90 of rigid frame construction. Fastened to carrier 90 are a plurality of ultrasonic pressure wave generating and/or sensing units 92. Carrier 90 may be dragged along a water surface or beneath the surface by a dedicated propeller unit 94. Auxiliary propeller units 96 may be tethered to carrier 90 for assisting the main propeller unit 94 in orienting the carrier and in raising and lowering the carrier through a body of water. As discussed above, ultrasonic pressure wave generating and/or sensing units 92 are operatively connected to a processing system 22 (FIG. 1) via a cable or wireless transceiver components. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the determination of transducer position may be implemented simply and automatically by virtue of fixation of the locations of the electromechanical transducers 92 relative to one another.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, processor 34 includes a view selector module 98 which is operatively connected to video monitor 46 for selecting a displayed image from among a multiplicity of possible images of underwater objects UO. More specifically, view selector module 98 operates in response to instructions from a keyboard 100 or a mouse 102 to select a view angle and a magnification for the displayed image. Accordingly, a user may induce a change in the displayed image from one view angle to another or from one magnification to another.

As further illustrated in FIG. 2, processor 34 includes a filter stage or object removal module 104 operatively connected to video monitor 46 for eliminating a selected object or portion of an object from the displayed image. Modules 98 and 104 are incorporated into processor 34 and are realized by generic computer circuits whose functions are determined by programming.

In surveying an underwater topography utilizing an imaging system as described herein above, for instance, with reference to FIG. 1, sensor array is disposed in operative contact with body of water BW, determining physical locations of the transducers relative to each other, and energizing the transducers to generate a series of electrical signals encoding echo responses of underwater objects in the body of water, the echo responses corresponding to a multiplicity of pressure wave paths from the transducers to each of the objects and back to the transducers. The electrical signals are automatically analyzed to generate a video signal encoding an image of the objects, the video signal being fed to a video monitor to thereby display the objects on the monitor.

It is to be noted that a carrier for an ultrasonic sensor array as described herein may be provided with various devices for protecting the sensor array from marine creatures such as dolphins or sharks. Such protective devices could include chemical dispensers for releasing repellants into the water. The ultrasonic pressure waves may in themselves have a repellant effect, as with land animals such as rodents.

Although the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments and applications, one of ordinary skill in the art, in light of this teaching, can generate additional embodiments and modifications without departing from the spirit of or exceeding the scope of the claimed invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the drawings and descriptions herein are proffered by way of example to facilitate comprehension of the invention and should not be construed to limit the scope thereof.