US 5,917,656 AGrant
Decentered Optical System
Issue Date:1999-06-29
•17 Claims
•13 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An optical system capable of correcting aberrations due to three-dimensional decentration by using a rotationally asymmetric surface having no plane of symmetry. The optical system includes, from the ray bundle entrance sides, a first surface (3) serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surfaces a second surface (4) as a first reflecting surfaces and a third surface (5) as a second transmitting surface. The space between these surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1. The first surface (3) is a three-dimensional surface having no plane of symmetry.
Metadata
Assignee
- Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
Inventors
- Kazuhito Hayakawa
- Takayoshi Togino
Application Information
Application Number:US 8524092
Filing Date:1997-05-07
Priority Date:1996-11-05
Art Unit:283
Classifications
IPC:
G02B 2714
Field of Search:
359250631;637;206;216;217;676;720494.1
Patent Drawings (13 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
The present invention relates to a decentered optical system and, more particularly, to a decentered optical system including a rotationally asymmetric surface.
As a conventional observation optical system Japanese Pat. Appln. Laid-Open (KOKAI) No. 7-333551 proposes a back-coated mirror type decentered optical system using an anamorphic surface and a toric surface as curved surfaces having one plane of symmetry.
However, aberrations due to three-dimensional decentration cannot be corrected in such an optical system that uses curved surfaces having one plane of symmetry as reflecting or other surfaces.
Summary of the Invention
In view of the above-described problem associated with the conventional technology, an object of the present invention is to provide an optical system capable of correcting aberrations due to three-dimensional decentration by using a rotationally asymmetric surface having no plane of symmetry.
To attain the above-described object, the present invention provides a decentered optical system including at least one optical surface formed from a rotationally asymmetric surface, wherein the rotationally asymmetric surface is a curved surface having no plane of symmetry.
In this case, it is desirable that the decentered optical system should have at least one transmitting surface and at least one reflecting surface, and that a space lying between these surfaces should be filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.
The decentered optical system may include, in the order of forward or backward ray tracing a first surface serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface; a second surface as a first reflecting surface; and a third surface as a second transmitting surface.
In this case, for example, the first surface may be formed from a curved surface having no plane of symmetry. It is a matter of course that the other surfaces may be formed from curved surfaces having no plane of symmetry.
According to the present invention, a rotationally asymmetric surface is formed from a curved surface having no plane of symmetry. Therefore, it is possible to correct rotationally asymmetric aberration having no plane of symmetry that is produced by a three-dimensionally decentered optical system. Thus, it is possible to provide a decentered prism optical system or the like which is compact and has minimal aberrations and which is suitable for use as an ocular optical system used in a head-mounted image observation apparatus or the like.
The arrangement and operation of the present invention will be described below more specifically.
The basic decentered optical system according to the present invention is characterized by having at least one curved surface having no plane of symmetry as a curved surface constituting the optical system.
In a case where the decentered optical system is used, for example, as an ocular optical system of a head-mounted image display apparatus, or as an image-forming optical system of a camera, an endoscope, etc., it is necessary in order to eliminate a dead space and minimize the overall size of the apparatus to dispose an image display device or an image-formation plane and each optical surface constituting the decentered optical system such that the constituent elements are accommodated in the apparatus in as compact a form as possible. Consequently, the optical system must inevitably be decentered three-dimensionally, and this causes rotationally asymmetric aberration to occur. It is impossible to correct the rotationally asymmetric aberration by only a rotationally symmetric optical system. The best surface configuration for correcting the rotationally asymmetric aberration due to three-dimensional decentration is a rotationally asymmetric surface. Therefore, in the decentered optical system according to the present invention, a rotationally asymmetric surface having no plane of symmetry is disposed in the optical system to effect aberration correction.
As a rotationally asymmetric surface having no plane of symmetry, the present invention uses a three-dimensional surface as defined by the following equation. The Z-axis of the defining equation is the axis of the three-dimensional surface. ##EQU1##
where C.sub.m (m is an integer of 2 or higher) are coefficients.
In general, the above-defined three-dimensional surface has no plane of symmetry in the XZ-plane nor the YZ-plane. The defining equation (a) generally expresses a curved surface APS (Asymmetric Polynomial Surface) which is rotationally asymmetric and has no plane of symmetry according to the present invention.
In particulars it is important to satisfy the following condition:
where C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 ! denotes the coefficient of each term with an odd-numbered power of x(x.sup.2n+1, where n is an integer) in Eq.(a).
A rotationally asymmetric surface that satisfies the condition (b-1) has no symmetry in the surface itself and therefore provides a high degree of design freedom to correct rotationally asymmetric aberration due to decentration. Accordingly, such a rotationally asymmetric surface is desirable from the viewpoint of improving the aberration correcting capability.
It is desirable for C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 ! to satisfy the following condition:
It is most desirable to satisfy the condition (b-1) in order to correct rotationally asymmetric aberration due to decentration. However, it is necessary to take into consideration manufacturing errors in the actual designing and production of an optical system. That is, in a case where a rotationally asymmetric surface is designed to satisfy the condition C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 !.noteq.0, even if C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 !=.+-.1.0.times.10.sup.-100 is sets for examples the variation in the surface accuracy of the actually produced optical surfaces is so large that C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 !.noteq.0 and C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 !=.+-.1.0.times.10.sup.-100 cannot be distinguished from each other. Therefore, in order to ensure the design freedom while taking into account manufacturing errors to thereby improve the aberration correcting performances it is desirable to satisfy the above condition (b-2), i.e. to design a rotationally asymmetric surface such that C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 ! should be outside the range of .+-.5.0'10.sup.-8, inclusive of zero.
The above-described APS can also be defined by Zernike polynomials. That is, the configuration of the APS may be defined by the following equation (c). The Z-axis of the defining equation (c) is the axis of Zernike polynomial. ##EQU2##
where D.sub.m (m is an integer of 2 or higher) are coefficients.
It should be noted that the above defining equations are shown as merely illustrative examples of APS, and that the same advantageous effects are obtained with respect to any other defining equation.
It is desirable that the decentered optical system should have at least one transmitting surface and at least one reflecting surface, and that a space lying between these surfaces should be filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.
It is desirable for the reflecting surface to be a surface having totally reflecting action or reflecting action. If the reflecting surface is a totally reflecting surface tilted with respect to light rays so that the light rays are incident thereon at an angle exceeding the critical angle, a high reflectivity can be obtained. The reflecting surface is preferably a reflecting surface having a thin film of a metals e.g. aluminum or silver, formed thereon, or a reflecting surface formed from a dielectric multilayer film. In the case of a metal thin film having reflecting action, a high reflectivity can be readily obtained. The use of a dielectric reflecting film is advantageous in a case where a reflecting film having wavelength selectivity semitransparent surface or minimal absorption is to be formed.
It is desirable that, as shown in FIG. 1(a), the decentered optical system 6 should includes in the order of forward or backward ray tracings a first surface 3 serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface; a second surface 4 as a first reflecting surface; and a third surface 5 as a second transmitting surface. The reason for this is that the above arrangement makes it possible to construct a compact optical system providing a high resolution and a wide field angle when the decentered optical system is used to form an ocular optical system used in a head-mounted image observation apparatus or the like or an image-forming optical system used in a finder optical system or the like.
The decentered optical system 6 may include, as shown for example in FIG. 6(a), a first surface 3 serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface; a second surface 4 as a first reflecting surface; a fourth surface 8 as a third reflecting surface; and a third surface 5 as a second transmitting surface. Other surface arrangements may also be adopted.
In these cases, it is desirable to use an APS according to the present invention as at least the first surface 3 from the viewpoint of correcting rotationally asymmetric aberration due to three-dimensional decentration.
In the case of an image-forming optical system, as shown in FIG. 1(a), a light ray emanating from the object center and passing through the center of a pupil 1 to reach the center of an image 7 in the forward ray tracing is defined as an axial principal ray 2. In the case of an ocular optical system, a light ray passing through the center of the pupil 1 and reaching the center of the image or image display device 7 in the backward ray tracing is defined as an axial principal ray 2 (it should, however, be noted that when the center of an image display device cannot specifically be defined, e.g. in the case of a trapezoidal image display device, the intersection of the diagonal lines is defined as a center thereof). The direction of the axial principal ray 2 from the pupil 1 to the first surface 3 of the decentered optical system 6 is defined as a positive direction of Z-axis. Assuming a line segment extending from the center of the image or image display device 7 perpendicularly to the Z-axis, an arbitrary direction in which the line segment tilts in the range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of Y-axis (.DELTA.Y is an angle indicating the degree to which the line segment extending from the center of the image or image display device 7 perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts from the Y-axis). An axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with the Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis. It should be noted that because .DELTA.Y is given by the following condition (0-1), the Y-axis has freedom within the range defined by the condition (0-1), and that the following conditions (1-1) to (9-3) should be satisfied in any case where the Y-axis is variable within the range of .DELTA.Y.
If the angle .DELTA.Y is set outside the range of .+-.20.degree., the degree of freedom of the position of the Y-axis becomes excessively larger resulting in a large amount of change of the values of the following conditions (1-1) to (9-3). Consequently, the criticality significance of the conditions (1-1) to (9-3) is essentially lost. Therefore, it is undesirable to set .DELTA.Y outside the range of .+-.20.degree..
It is more desirable for the angle &Y to fall within the range defined by the following condition (0-2):
If the angle .DELTA.Y is set within the range defined by the condition (0-2) to narrow the degree of freedom of the position of the Y-axis, the amount of change of the values of the following conditions (1-1) to (9-3) can be reduced more effectively than in the case of the condition (0-1), and the criticality significance of each condition is enhanced. Accordingly, it becomes possible to design an even more favorable decentered optical system.
Assuming that X-, Y- and Z-axes are defined as stated above, and that DY denotes a difference between the value of the tangent of a line normal to the at least one rotationally asymmetric surface in the YZ-plane at a position where a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the direction X impinges on the surface and the value of the tangent of a line normal to the surface in the YZ-plane at a position where the axial principal ray impinges on the surfaces it is desirable to satisfy the following condition:
The condition (1-1) relates to a bow-shaped rotationally asymmetric image distortion in which a horizontal lines for examples is undesirably curved in a bow shape when imaged. Assuming that, as shown in the perspective view of FIG. 13(a) and FIG. 13(b), which is a projection of FIG. 13(a) onto the YZ-plane, DY denotes the difference between the value of the tangent in the YZ-plane of a line n' normal to a rotationally asymmetric surface A at a point where a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the direction X intersects the rotationally asymmetric surface A and the value of the tangent in the YZ-plane of a line n normal to the rotationally asymmetric surface A at a point where the axial principal ray intersects the rotationally asymmetric surface A, it is important to satisfy the condition (1-1). If DY is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (1-1), i.e. -0.1, it becomes impossible to correct an upwardly curved image distortion. If DY is not smaller than the upper limits i.e. 0.1, an upwardly convex image distortion is over-corrected, resulting in a downwardly curved image distortion. In either case, the image is distorted in a bow shape, and it becomes more difficult to correct the image distortion by another surface.
It is more desirable to satisfy the following condition:
It is still more desirable to satisfy the following condition:
Further, it is preferable that the second surface as a first reflecting surface should satisfy the following condition:
and that the first surface as a second reflecting surface should satisfy the following condition:
Regarding the above-defined DY, conditions relating to a bow-shaped image distortion corrected by a combination of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface will be explained below. Assuming that a value obtained by subtracting DY at the second surface as a first reflecting surface from DY at the first surface as a second reflecting surface is defined as DY(S4-S3), it is important to satisfy the following condition:
If DY(S4-S3) is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (2-1), i.e. -0.1, a bow-shaped image distortion produced by the second surface cannot effectively be corrected by the first surfaces and it remains undesirably. Moreover, it is even more difficult to correct the image distortion produced by the second surface by using another surface. If DY(S4-S3) is not smaller than the upper limit, i.e. 0.1, the bow-shaped image distortion produced by the second surface is over-corrected by the first surface, resulting in a reversed bow-shaped image distortion.
It is more desirable to satisfy the following condition
Assuming that DX denotes the difference between the value of the tangent in the XZ-plane of a line normal to the at least one rotationally asymmetric surface at a position where a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the direction Y impinges on the surface and the value of the tangent in the XZ-plane of a line normal to the surface at a position where the axial principal ray impinges on the surface, it is desirable to satisfy the following conditions
The condition (3-1) relates to an image distortion in which, for examples a vertical line passing through the center of the image field is undesirably curved in a bow shape when imaged. Assuming that, as shown in the perspective view of FIG. 14(a) and FIG. 14(b), which is a projection of FIG. 14(a) onto the XZ-plane, DX denotes the difference between the value of the tangent in the XZ-plane of a line n' normal to a rotationally asymmetric surface A at a point where a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the direction Y intersects the rotationally asymmetric surface A and the value of the tangent in the XZ-plane of a line n normal to the rotationally asymmetric surface A at a point where the axial principal ray intersects the rotationally asymmetric surface A, it is important to satisfy the condition (3-1). If DX is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (3-1), i.e. -0.1, an image distortion occurs which is convex in the positive direction of the X-axis (i.e. in the case of examples of the present inventions it is a direction in which a two-dimensional image display device is decentered in the X-axis direction). If DX is not smaller than the upper limit, i.e. 0.1 the image distortion is over-corrected, resulting in an image distortion which is convex in the negative direction of the X-axis, which is opposite to the above-described direction.
It is more desirable to satisfy the following condition:
It is still more desirable to satisfy the following condition:
Further, it is preferable that the second surface as a first reflecting surface should satisfy the following condition:
and that the first surface as a second reflecting surface should satisfy the following condition.
Regarding the above-defined DX, conditions relating to an image distortion in which a horizontal straight line is distorted in a bow shape, which is corrected by a combination of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface, will be explained below. Assuming that a value obtained by subtracting DX at the second surface as a first reflecting surface from DX at the first surface as a second reflecting surface is defined as DX(S4-S3), it is important to satisfy the following condition
If DX(S4-S3) is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (4-1), i.e. -0.1 a bow-shaped image distortion produced by the second surface cannot effectively be corrected by the first surface, and it remains undesirably. Moreover, it is even more difficult to correct the image distortion produced by the second surface by using another surface. If DX(S4-S3) is not smaller than the upper limits i.e. 0.1, the bow-shaped image distortion produced by the second surface is over-corrected by the first surface, resulting in a reversed bow-shaped image distortion.
It is more desirable to satisfy the following condition:
Next, conditions relating to a trapezoidal image distortion will be explained. Assuming that, regarding each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface in the YZ-planes Cxn (1/millimeter) denotes the difference in curvature in the direction X between a portion of each surface at which a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the positive direction of the Y-axis impinges on the surface and a portion thereof at which a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the negative direction of the Y-axis impinges on the surface, it is important to satisfy the following condition:
If Cxn is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (5-1), i.e. -0.1, a trapezoidal distortion in which the base of a trapezoid becomes shorter in the negative direction of the Y-axis becomes excessively large and impossible to correct by another surface. If Cxn is not smaller than the upper limits i.e. 0.1, a trapezoidal distortion in which the upside of a trapezoid becomes shorter in the positive direction of the Y-axis in reverse relation to the above occurs to a considerable extent and becomes difficult to correct by another surface. When Cxn is zeros a trapezoidal distortion produced by the decentered concave mirror cannot be reduced, but it is left uncorrected. In other words, it is important that Cxn should assume a value within the range defined by the condition (5-1), exclusive of zeros to cancel the image distortion with good balance with another surface.
It is more desirable to satisfy the following condition
It is still more desirable that the second surface should satisfy the following condition
and that the first surface should satisfy the following condition:
Next, other conditions relating to a trapezoidal image distortion will be explained. Assuming that, regarding each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface in the XZ-plane, Cyn (1/millimeter) denotes the difference in curvature in the direction Y between a portion of each surface at which a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the positive direction of the X-axis impinges on the surface and a portion thereof at which a principal ray at the maximum field angle in the negative direction of the X-axis impinges on the surface, it is important to satisfy the following condition:
If Cyn is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (6-1), i.e. -0.1 a trapezoidal distortion in which the base of a trapezoid becomes shorter in the negative direction of the X-axis becomes excessively large and impossible to correct by another surface. If Cyn is not smaller than the upper limit, i.e. 0.1 a trapezoidal distortion in which the upside of a trapezoid becomes shorter in the positive direction of the X-axis in reverse relation to the above occurs to a considerable extent and becomes difficult to correct by another surface. When Cyn is zero, a trapezoidal distortion produced by the decentered concave mirror cannot be reduced, but it is left uncorrected. In other words, it is important that Cyn should assume a value within the range defined by the condition (6-1) exclusive of zero, to cancel the image distortion with good balance with another surface.
It is more desirable to satisfy the following condition:
It is still more desirable that the second surface should satisfy the following condition:
and that the first surface should satisfy the following condition:
Next, the power of each rotationally asymmetric surface constituting the optical system according to the present invention will be explained. In ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is a slight distance H (millimeters) away from the center of the entrance pupil of the optical system in the X-axis direction in parallel to an axial principal ray emanating from the center of an object point and passing through the center of the pupil, and which enters the optical system in parallel to the axial principal rays a value obtained by dividing the distance H by the NA of the light ray exiting from the optical system (i.e. the value of the sine of an angle formed between the light ray and the axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fx (millimeter) in the direction X of the entire optical system. Further, in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is the distance H (millimeter) away from the pupil center in the Y-axis directions and which enters the optical system in parallel to the axial principal ray, a value obtained by dividing the distance H by the NA of the light ray exiting from the optical system (i.e. the value of the sine of an angle formed between the light ray and the axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fy (millimeter) in the direction Y of the entire optical system. The refracting powers in the directions X and Ye which are the reciprocals of the focal lengths Fx and Fy in the directions X and YE are defined as Px and Py (1/millimeter) respectively. The refracting powers in the directions X and Y at a position where the axial principal ray impinges on each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface are denoted by Pxn and Pyn (1/millimeter) respectively On this assumptions it is desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following condition:
If .vertline.Pxn/Px.vertline. is not smaller than the upper limit of the condition (7-1), i.e. 10, the power of the rotationally asymmetric surface becomes excessively strong in comparison to the power of the entire optical system. Consequently, the rotationally asymmetric surface has an excessively strong refracting power, and it becomes impossible to correct aberrations produced by the rotationally asymmetric surface by using another surface. If .vertline.Pxn/Px.vertline. is not larger than the lower limits i.e. 0.1, the overall size of the optical system becomes undesirably large.
It is more desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following condition:
By satisfying the condition (7-2), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
It is still more desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction that the second surface should satisfy the following condition:
and that the first surface should satisfy the following condition:
By satisfying the conditions (7-3) and (7-4), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
Further, in an example where three reflections take places it is preferable from the viewpoint of aberration correction that both the second and first surfaces should satisfy the following condition:
If both the surfaces satisfy the condition (7-5), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
It is desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following condition:
If .vertline.Pyn/Py.vertline. is not smaller than the upper limit of the condition (8-1), i.e. 10, the power of the rotationally asymmetric surface becomes excessively strong in comparison to the power of the entire optical system. Consequently, the rotationally asymmetric surface has an excessively strong refracting power, and it becomes impossible to correct aberrations produced by the rotationally asymmetric surface by using another surface. If .vertline.Pyn/Py.vertline. is not larger than the lower limits i.e. 0.001, the overall size of the optical system becomes undesirably large.
It is more desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following condition:
By satisfying the condition (8-2), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
It is still more desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction that the second surface should satisfy the following condition:
and that the first surface should satisfy the following condition:
By satisfying the conditions (8-3) and (8-4), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
Assuming that Px and Py denote the powers in the directions X and Y, respectively, of the entire optical system, it is preferable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following conditions:
If Px/Py is not larger than the lower limit of the condition (9-1), i.e. 0.1, or not smaller than the upper limit, i.e. 10, the focal lengths in the directions X and Y of the entire optical system become excessively different from each others and it becomes difficult to favorably correct the image distortion. Consequently, the image is undesirably distorted.
It is more desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following condition:
By satisfying the condition (9-2), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
It is still more desirable from the viewpoint of aberration correction to satisfy the following condition:
By satisfying the condition (9-3), rotationally asymmetric aberration can be corrected even more favorably.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of constructions combinations of elements, and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) are projection charts, in which FIG. 1(a) shows a projection of a decentered optical system according to Example 1 of the present invention onto the YZ-plane, and FIG. 1(b) shows a projection of the decentered optical system onto the XZ-plane.
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are projection charts similar to FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), showing a decentered optical system according to Example 2 of the present invention.
FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are projection charts similar to FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), showing a decentered optical system according to Example 3 of the present invention.
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are projection charts similar to FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), showing a decentered optical system according to Example 4 of the present invention.
FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are projection charts similar to FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), showing a decentered optical system according to Example 5 of the present invention.
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are projection charts similar to FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), showing a decentered optical system according to Example 6 of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an aberrational diagram illustrating lateral aberrations in Example 5.
FIG. 8 is an aberrational diagram showing image distortion in Example 5.
FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) each show an arrangement in which a decentered optical system is used as an ocular optical system in a head-mounted image display apparatus.
FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining an advantage obtained when a decentered optical system according to the present invention is used in a head-mounted image display apparatus.
FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining another advantage obtained when a decentered optical system according to the present invention is used in a head-mounted image display apparatus.
FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) show two types of arrangement in which a decentered optical system according to the present invention is used as an image-forming optical system.
FIGS. 13(a) and 13(b) are diagrams for explaining parameter DY used in the present invention.
FIGS. 14(a) and 14(b) are diagrams for explaining parameter DX used in the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
Examples 1 to 6 of the decentered optical system according to the present invention will be described below. Constituent parameters of each example (described later) are given as follows. As shown in FIG. 1(a), which is a projection onto the YZ-plane, and FIG. 1(b), which is a projection onto the XZ-plane, in the case of an image-forming optical systems a light ray emanating from the center of an object point and passing through the center of a pupil 1 to reach the center of an image 7 in the forward ray tracing is defined as an axial principal ray 2. In the case of an ocular optical systems a light ray passing through the center of the pupil 1 and reaching the center of the image or image display device 7 in the backward ray tracing is defined as an axial principal ray 2 (it should be noted that when the center of an image display device cannot specifically be defined, e.g. in the case of a trapezoidal image display devices the intersection of the diagonal lines is defined as a center thereof). The direction of the axial principal ray 2 from the pupil 1 to the first surface 3 of the decentered optical system 6 is defined as a positive direction of Z-axis. Assuming a line segment extending from the center of the image or image display device 7 perpendicularly to the Z-axis, an arbitrary direction in which the line segment tilts in the range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the above condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of Y-axis (.DELTA.Y is an angle indicating the degree to which the line segment extending from the center of the image or image display device 7 perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts from the Y-axis). An axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with the Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis. It should be noted that in the following examples the Y-axis is taken in the range defined by
Each surface is given displacements in the X-, Y- and Z-axis directions of the vertex position of the surface from the center of the pupil 1, which is the origin of the optical system 6, and tilt angles of the center axis of the surface the Z-axis in the above equation (a) with respect to a three-dimensional surface! with respect to the X-, Y- and Z-axes .alpha., .beta., and .gamma.(.degree.), respectively!. In this case, positive .alpha. and .beta. mean counterclockwise rotation relative to the positive directions of the corresponding axes, and positive .gamma. means clockwise rotation relative to the positive direction of the Z-axis. In additions the refractive index of each medium, and Abbe's number are given according to the conventional method.
The configuration of a three-dimensional surface is defined by the above equation (a), and the Z-axis of the defining equation is the axis of the rotationally asymmetric surface. When all the coefficients C.sub.m of the terms with odd-numbered powers of x in Eq.(a) are zeros a plane-symmetry three-dimensional surface which is symmetric with respect to the YZ-section is obtained. However, if finite values are entered into the coefficients C.sub.m of the terms with odd-numbered powers, a curved surface APS (Asymmetric Polynomial Surface) which is rotationally asymmetric and which has no plane of symmetry is obtained.
In the case of an ocular optical system, the constituent parameters (described later) are shown in the order of backward ray tracing. However, similar effects can be obtained in forward ray tracing as well. In the constituent parameters (described later), those terms concerning aspherical surfaces for which no data is shown are zero. The refractive index is expressed by the refractive index for the spectral d-line (wavelength 587.56 nanometers) Lengths are given in millimeters.
FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) to FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are projection charts of decentered optical systems 6 according to Examples 1 to 6, respectively, in which FIGS. 1(a), 2(a), 3(a), 4(a), 5(a) and 6(a) each show a projection of the decentered optical system 6 onto the YZ-plane, and FIGS. 1(b), 2(b), 3(b), 4(b), 5(b) and 6(b) each show a projection of the decentered optical system 6 onto the XZ-plane. The decentered optical systems 6 in Examples 1 to 5 each include three surfaces, i.e. a first surface 3 serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface, a second surface 4 serving as a first reflecting surface, and a third surface 5 serving as a second transmitting surface. The space between the three surfaces 3 to 5 is filled with a transparent medium having a refractive index larger than lo In the backward ray tracing, a bundle of light rays emitted from a hypothetic object point (not shown) travels along the optical axis 2 and passes through the pupil 1 of the optical system 6 to enter the optical system 6 through the first surface 3, which has both transmitting and reflecting actions. The incident rays are reflected toward the pupil 1 by the second surface 4, which is a reflecting surface located on a side remote from the pupil 1 and having only a reflecting action. The reflected rays are reflected by the first surface 3 so as to travel away from the pupil 1. The reflected rays pass through the third surface 5, which has only a transmitting action, and reach the image plane 7 where the rays form an image.
The decentered optical system 6 in Example 6 includes four surfaces, i.e. a first surface 3 serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface, a second surface 4 serving as a first reflecting surface, a fourth surface 8 serving as a third reflecting surface, and a third surface 5 serving as a second transmitting surface. The space between the four surfaces 3, 4, 5 and 8 is filled with a transparent medium having a refractive index larger than 1. In the backward ray tracing, a bundle of light rays emitted from a hypothetic object point (not shown) travels along the optical axis 2 and passes through the pupil 1 of the optical system 6 to enter the optical system 6 through the first surface 3 having both transmitting and reflecting actions. The incident rays are reflected toward the pupil 1 by the second surface .sup.4, which is a reflecting surface located on a side remote from the pupil 1 and having only a reflecting action. The reflected rays are reflected by the first surface 3 so as to travel away from the pupil 1. Then, the reflected rays are reflected toward the pupil 1 by the fourth surface 8. The reflected rays pass through the third surface 5, which has only a transmitting actions and reach the image plane 7 where the rays form an image.
In Example 1, the second surface 4 and the third surface 5 are plane-symmetry three-dimensional surfaces. The first surface 3 is formed into an APS which is rotationally asymmetric and has no plane of symmetry by introducing the term xy and the term xy.sup.2. In Example 2, in addition to the surface arrangement in Example, 1 the term xy.sup.2 is introduced into the second surface 4. Thus, both the first surface 3 and the second surface 4 are formed into APS's which are rotationally asymmetric and have no plane of symmetry. In Examples 3 to 5, in addition to the surface arrangement in Example 2, the term xy is introduced into the second surface 4. Thus, both the first surface 3 and the second surface 4 are formed into APS's which are rotationally asymmetric and have no plane of symmetry. In Example 6, the first surface 3, the third surface 5 and the fourth surface 8 are plane-symmetry three-dimensional surfaces and the second surface 4 is an APS which is rotationally asymmetric and has no plane of symmetry.
It should be noted that the optical systems in Examples 1 to 5 are arranged such that when the hypothetic object point is at -1000 millimeters, the entrance pupil diameter is 4 millimeters, the horizontal half field angle is 20.degree. and the vertical half field angle is 15.27.degree., the image plane is decentered by 3 millimeters in the direction X, and an image is formed in an area of 14.55 millimeters by 11.2 millimeters. The optical system in Example 6 is arranged such that when the hypothetic object point is at -500 millimeters, the entrance pupil diameter is 8 millimeters, the horizontal half field angle is 15.degree. and the vertical half field angle is 11.36.degree., the image plane is decentered by 1 millimeter in the direction Xb and an image is formed in an area of 14.55 millimeters by 11.2 millimeters. In Examples 1 to 6, a two-dimensional image display device is disposed in the image-formation plane of the optical systems and an observer's eyeball is placed in the vicinity of the position of the entrance pupil to observe an enlarged view of the two-dimensional image display device.
The constituent parameters of the above-described Examples 1 to 6 are as follows:
Lateral aberrations in Example 5 are graphically shown in FIG. 7. In the aberrational diagram, the parenthesized numerals denote horizontal (X-direction) field angle, vertical (Y-direction) field angle!e and lateral aberrations at the field angles are shown. FIG. 8 is an aberrational diagram showing image distortion in Example 5. In the aberrational diagram, the abscissa axis represents the image height in the direction X, and the ordinate axis represents the image height in the direction Y.
The values of the conditions (0-1) to (9-1) in each of the above-described examples are shown below. In the table below, S3 and S4, which denote surface Nos., show the values of the second surface 4 as a first reflecting surface and the first surface 3 as a second reflecting surface, respectively.
Incidentally, a decentered optical system according to the present invention can be used, for example, as an ocular optical system in a head-mounted image display apparatus, or as an image-forming optical system in a camera, an endoscope or the likes as stated above. FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) show comparatively two arrangements in each of which a decentered optical system is used as an ocular optical system in a head-mounted image display apparatus. FIG. 9(a) shows an arrangement in which a decentered optical system 6' is constructed of three-dimensional or other surfaces having a plane of symmetry. FIG. 9(b) shows an arrangement in which a decentered optical system 6 is constructed by using at least one three-dimensional surface which is three-dimensionally decentered and has no plane of symmetry according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 9(a), when the decentered optical system 6' is constructed of three-dimensional or other surfaces having a plane of symmetry, an image display device 10, e.g. an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), is disposed in bilateral symmetry with respect to the decentered optical system (ocular optical system) 6', and the longitudinal axis of the image display device 10 is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. In contrasts when the decentered optical system (ocular optical system) 6 is constructed by using at least one three-dimensional surface which is three-dimensionally decentered and has no plane of symmetry according to the present invention, the LCD 10 is offset to one side, and moreover, the long or short sides thereof are not perpendicular to the plane of symmetry although there is no plane of symmetry in this arrangement, it is shown for comparison with FIG. 9(a)!. Accordingly, when the decentered optical system 6 is used in a head-mounted image display apparatus, for example, as shown schematically in FIG. 10, a portion that is vacant as a result of the deviation of the LCD 10 to one side becomes a dead space. Therefore, that portion of the casing which corresponds to the dead space can be cut as indicated by reference numeral 12 to thereby achieve a reduction in the size of the apparatus. In FIG. 10, reference numeral 11 denotes an electric board. It is also possible to dispose the electric board 11 in the dead space to thereby achieve a reduction in the size of the casing.
As shown in FIG. 11D when decentered optical systems 6L and 6R according to the present invention are used as left and right ocular optical systems of a head-mounted image display apparatus that enables the observer to see with both eyes, the left and right decentered optical systems 6L and 6R are inclined toward each other so as to face in respective directions intersecting the center of the vergence angle (.alpha.) between the left and right eyes that is determined by the interpupillary distance. In this cases if the decentered optical systems 6L and 6R are formed by using three-dimensional surfaces having no plane of symmetry, the left and right LCDs 10L and 10R are skewed with respect to the decentered optical systems 6L and 6R. However, it is possible to dispose both the LCDs 10L and 10R in a straight line and to illuminate the left and right LCDs 10L and 10R by a single elongate back light 13 as shown by the dashed line.
In a case where a decentered optical system according to the present invention is used as an image-forming optical system, it is possible to adopt arrangements such as those shown in FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) (the same is true of an arrangement in which a decentered optical system is constructed of four or more surfaces). In the arrangement shown in FIG. 12(a), a stop 14 is disposed in front of the first surface 3. In the case of an electronic cameras an image pickup device 15 e.g. a CCD, is disposed in the image plane 7. In the case of a camera that uses a silver halide films the film is disposed in the image plane 7. Light from a subject passes successively through the stop 14 and the decentered optical system 6 to form an image of the subject on the image pickup device 15 or the silver halide film. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 12(b), a stop 14 is disposed in front of the third surface 5. In the case of an electronic camera, an image pickup device 15, e.g. a CCD, is disposed in the image plane 7 of the decentered optical system 60 In the case of a camera that uses a silver halide film, the film is disposed in the image plane 7. Thus, an image of a subject is formed as in the case of the arrangement shown in FIG. 12(a).
In a case where an image-forming optical system arranged as shown in FIG. 12(a) or 12(b) is used in an endoscope, the image-forming optical system shown in FIG. 12(a) is used in a side-view or oblique-view type endoscope. In this case, the image pickup device 15 is disposed in the image plane 7. Alternatively, a relay lens or the entrance end surface of an image fiber guide is disposed in the image plane 7. The image-forming optical system shown in FIG. 12(b) is used in a direct-view type endoscope. In this cases the image pickup device 15 is disposed in the image plane 7.
As will be clear from the foregoing descriptions according to the present inventions a rotationally asymmetric surface is formed from a curved surface having no plane of symmetry. Therefore, it is possible to correct rotationally asymmetric aberration with no plane of symmetry that is produced by a three-dimensionally decentered optical system. Accordingly, it is possible to provide a decentered prism optical system or the like which is compact and has minimal aberrations and which is suitable for use as an ocular optical system in a head-mounted image observation apparatus or the like or as an image-forming optical system
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A decentered optical system comprising at least one rotationally asymmetric optical surface, wherein said rotationally asymmetric surface is a curved surface having no plane of symmetry, and said decentered optical system includes at least one transmitting surface and at least one reflecting surface, wherein a space lying between said surfaces is filled with a medium having a refractive index larger than 1.
2. A decentered optical system according to claim 1, wherein said at least one optical surface includes, in an order of forward or backward ray tracing, a first surface serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface; a second surface as a first reflecting surface; and a third surface as a second transmitting surface.
3. A decentered optical system according to claim 2, wherein said first surface is a curved surface having no plane of symmetry.
4. A decentered optical system according to claim 1, wherein said rotationally asymmetric surface is defined by the following equation (a): ##EQU3## where C.sub.m (m is an integer of 2 or higher) are coefficients.
5. A decentered optical system according to claim 4, which satisfies the following condition: where C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 ! denotes a coefficient of each term with an odd-numbered power of x (x.sup.2n+1, where n is an integer) in said equation (a).
6. A decentered optical system according to claim 4, which satisfies the following condition: where C.sub.m x.sup.2n+1 ! denotes a coefficient of each term with an odd-numbered power of x (x.sup.2n+1, where n is an integer) in said equation (a).
7. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, which is used as an image-forming optical system.
8. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, which is used in a head-mounted image display apparatus.
9. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal rays and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of a said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where DY denotes a difference between a value of a tangent of a line normal to said at least one rotationally asymmetric surface in a YZ-plane at a position where a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a direction of the X-axis impinges on said surface and a value of a tangent of a line normal to said surface in the YZ-plane at a position where said axial principal ray impinges on said surface.
10. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal ray, and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle AY that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where DY denotes a difference between a value of a tangent of a line normal to said rotationally asymmetric surface in a YZ-plane at a position where a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a direction of the X-axis impinges on said surface and a value of a tangent of a line normal to said surface in the YZ-plane at a position where said axial principal ray impinges on said surface, and DY(S4-S3) denotes a value obtained by subtracting DY at the second surface as a first reflecting surfaces as counted from a pupil side, from DY at the first surface serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surface.
11. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal ray, and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where DX denotes a difference between a value of a tangent of a line normal to said at least one rotationally asymmetric surface in an XZ-plane at a position where a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a direction of the Y-axis impinges on said surface and a value of a tangent of a line normal to said surface in the XZ-plane at a position where said axial principal ray impinges on said surface.
12. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal rays and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where DX denotes a difference between a value of a tangent of a line normal to said rotationally asymmetric surface in an XZ-plane at a position where a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a direction of the Y-axis impinges on said surface and a value of a tangent of a line normal to said surface in the XZ-plane at a position where said axial principal ray impinges on said surface, and DX(S4-S3) denotes a value obtained by subtracting DX at the second surface as a first reflecting surface, as counted from a pupil side, from DX at the first surface serving as both a first transmitting surface and a second reflecting surfaces.
13. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal rays and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where, regarding each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface, as counted from a pupil side, and the first surface as a second reflecting surface in a YZ-plane, Cxn (1/millimeter) denotes a difference in curvature in a direction of the X-axis between a portion of each surface at which a principal ray at a maximum field angle in the positive direction of the Y-axis impinges on the surface and a portion thereof at which a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a negative direction of the Y-axis impinges on the surface.
14. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal ray, and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where, regarding each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface, as counted from a pupil sides and the first surface as a second reflecting surface in an XZ-plane, Cyn (1/millimeter) denotes a difference in curvature in a direction of the Y-axis between a portion of each surface at which a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a positive direction of the X-axis impinges on the surface and a portion thereof at which a principal ray at a maximum field angle in a negative direction of the X-axis impinges on the surface.
15. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal ray, and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where Pxn and Px are defined such that, in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is a slight distance H (millimeters) away from the center of said pupil in a direction of the X-axis in parallel to said axial principal ray, and which enters said optical system in parallel to said axial principal ray, a value obtained by dividing said distance H by an NA of said light ray exiting from said optical system (i.e. a value of a sine of an angle formed between said light ray and said axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fx (millimeter) in the direction of the X-axis of an entire optical systems and in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is the distance H (millimeter) away from the center of said pupil in a direction of the Y-axis, and which enters said optical system in parallel to said axial principal rays a value obtained by dividing said distance H by an NA of said light ray exiting from said optical system (i.e. a value of a sine of an angle formed between said light ray and said axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fy (millimeter) in the direction of the Y-axis of the entire optical system, and that reciprocals of the focal lengths Fx and Fy are defined as refracting powers Px and Py (1/millimeter) of the entire optical system in the directions of the X- and Y-axes, respectively, and refracting powers in the directions of the X- and Y-axes of each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface are denoted by Pxn and Pyn (1/millimeter), respectively.
16. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein, assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal ray, and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where Pyn and Py are defined such that, in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is a slight distance H (millimeters) away from the center of said pupil in a direction of the X-axis in parallel to said axial principal ray, and which enters said optical system in parallel to said axial principal ray, a value obtained by dividing said distance H by an NA of said light ray exiting from said optical system (i.e. a value of a sine of an angle formed between said light ray and said axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fx (millimeter) in the direction of the X-axis of an entire optical system, and in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is the distance H (millimeter) away from the center of said pupil in a direction of the Y-axis, and which enters said optical system in parallel to said axial principal ray, a value obtained by dividing said distance H by an NA of said light ray exiting from said optical system (i.e. a value of a sine of an angle formed between said light ray and said axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fy (millimeter) in the direction of the Y-axis of the entire optical system, and that reciprocals of the focal lengths Fx and Fy are defined as refracting powers Px and Py (1/millimeter) of the entire optical system in the directions of the X- and Y-axes, respectively, and refracting powers in the directions of the X- and Y-axes of each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface are denoted by Pxn and Pyn (1/millimeter) respectively.
17. A decentered optical system according to any one of claim 1 to 6, wherein assuming that a light ray passing through a center of a pupil and reaching a center of an image is defined as an axial principal ray, and that a direction of the axial principal ray from the pupil to the first surface of said decentered optical system is defined as a positive direction of a Z-axis, and further that an arbitrary direction in which a line segment extending from the center of said image perpendicularly to the Z-axis tilts within a range of angle .DELTA.Y that satisfies the following condition (0-1) in a plane perpendicular to the Z-axis is defined as a positive direction of a Y-axis, and further that an axis that constitutes an orthogonal coordinate system in combination with said Y- and Z-axes is defined as an X-axis: the following condition is satisfied: where Px and Py are defined such that, in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is a slight distance H (millimeters) away from the center of said pupil in a direction of the X-axis in parallel to said axial principal ray, and which enters said optical system in parallel to said axial principal ray, a value obtained by dividing said distance H by an NA of said light ray exiting from said optical system (i.e. a value of a sine of an angle formed between said light ray and said axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fx (millimeter) in the direction of the X-axis of an entire optical system, and in ray tracing of a light ray which passes through a point that is the distance H (millimeter) away from the center of said pupil in a direction of the Y-axis, and which enters said optical system in parallel to said axial principal ray, a value obtained by dividing said distance H by an NA of said light ray exiting from said optical system (i.e. a value of a sine of an angle formed between said light ray and said axial principal ray) is defined as a focal length Fy (millimeter) in the direction of the Y-axis of the entire optical system, and that reciprocals of the focal lengths Fx and Fy are defined as refracting powers Px and Py (1/millimeter) of the entire optical system in the directions of the X- and Y-axes, respectively, and refracting powers in the directions of the X- and Y-axes of each of the second surface as a first reflecting surface and the first surface as a second reflecting surface are denoted by Pxn and Pyn (1/millimeter), respectively.