US 5,917,320 AGrant
Detection of Passing Magnetic Articles While Periodically Adapting Detection Threshold
Issue Date:1999-06-29
•17 Claims
•16 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method for detection of passing magnetic articles which includes an initial step of sensing an ambient magnetic field and generating a voltage, Vsig, proportional to the magnetic field. A threshold voltage is generated as a percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig. The method further includes the step of generating a proximity detector output voltage that becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed the threshold voltage and another binary level when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is periodically updated to remain the percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig in response to changes that may occur in the peak voltages of Vsig. In one embodiment, the threshold voltage is at a first level corresponding to a first percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig exceeds the threshold voltage and is at a second level corresponding to a second percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig is less than the threshold voltage.
Metadata
Assignee
- Allegro MicroSystems, Inc.
Inventors
- P. Karl Scheller
- Ravi Vig
- Jay M. Towne
- Hitoshi Yabusaki
Application Information
Application Number:US 8477035
Filing Date:1997-04-28
Priority Date:1996-01-17
Art Unit:288
Classifications
IPC:
G01P 348G01P 3489G01B 714
Field of Search:
324338327166;207.2;207.12;207.25;173;174;22532 H510;511
Patent Drawings (16 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to Related Applications
Not applicable.
Statements Regarding Federally Sponsored Research
Not applicable.
Background of the Invention
This invention relates to a proximity detector including a Hall-voltage peak-to-peak percentage threshold detector, and especially to a ferrous-gear-tooth Hall-transducer, or other magnetic-field-to-voltage transducer, capable of detecting the leading and trailing gear tooth edges of an adjacent rotating ferrous gear, or other magnetic articles, and more particularly relates to such a Hall sensor with detection thresholds that adapt to the peak to peak amplitude of the Hall voltage.
The term "magnetic" as used herein applies to magnetized bodies, ferrous bodies and other bodies having a low magnetic reluctance that tend to alter the ambient magnetic field.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,283, issued Aug. 15, 1995 there is described a proximity detector including a Hall-voltage slope-activated, or peak-referenced detector capable of detecting the rising and falling edges of a gear tooth. The detector includes a circuit for tracking a slope of a Hall voltage and briefly holding the ensuing peak voltage before producing a pulse signal indicating the onset of the following Hall-voltage slope of opposite direction. The Hall voltage holding circuit includes a capacitor and circuit means for controllably leaking charge out of or into the capacitor for preventing false tripping of a comparator that provides a pulse output signal. The holding voltage of the capacitor thus has a droop which leads to increasing loss of holding accuracy as the speed of gear tooth passage becomes slower, and therefore the detector has a minimum gear tooth speed at which accurate detection is possible.
The changes in the ambient magnetic field and corresponding changes in the transducer voltage caused by the passing of magnetic articles tend to vary. Most such proximity detectors of the prior art produce a high binary output voltage indicating proximity of a passing article, and produce a low binary voltage when the article recedes from the detector.
The transition in detector output voltage from low to high typically is triggered by a comparator that determines when the transducer voltage rises to equal a fixed internal threshold voltage reference, or in the case of the above described slope-activated, or peak-referenced detector, determines when a transducer voltage peak has just occurred and the signal voltage drops a predetermined incremental voltage from the peak value.
These prior art proximity detectors, having fixed threshold voltages, produce a low to high (or high to low) output voltage that corresponds to different locations in the transducer voltage waveform when there are changes in the amplitude of the transducer voltage.
The sources of such changes in transducer voltage amplitude are many. For example, gear teeth (articles) may have different ferro- magnetic properties from tooth to tooth and undulating changes in the spacings (air gap) gear teeth to transducer caused by eccentricity of the gear. Also, changes in temperature can cause changes in air gap dimensions and in the sensitivity of the transducer and transducer-voltage amplifier. Furthermore, the magnetic-field-to voltage transducer in a proximity detector typically includes an internal DC offset voltage that varies with mechanical stresses and temperature.
Such changes in the transducer voltage therefore cause shifts in the timing of proximity detection relative to the actual distances of article approach and receding at which these transducer voltages exceed or fall below the fixed thresholds. This results in loss of accuracy in proximity detection that has become less and less tolerable especially when employed for detection of the rotational position of a gear by sensing the proximity of the gear teeth.
It is an object of this invention to provide a proximity detector that generates a binary output voltage wherein the transitions accurately correspond to a definite point of approach and a definite point of receding of a passing magnetic article.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a magnetic article proximity detector that periodically determines when the amplitude or offset of the magnetic-field-to-voltage transducer voltage has changed significantly, and adjusts the detection threshold needed to be essentially a predetermined constant percentage of the peak to peak value of a changing detector-transducer-voltage amplitude.
Brief Summary of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for detection of passing magnetic articles which includes an initial step of sensing an ambient magnetic field and generating a voltage, Vsig, proportional to the magnetic field. A threshold voltage is generated as a percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig. The method further includes the step of generating a proximity detector output voltage that becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed the threshold voltage and another binary level when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is periodically updated to remain, within a predetermined tolerance, the percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig in response to changes that may occur in the peak voltages of Vsig. With this arrangement, the detector advantageously provides an output voltage having transitions that correspond more accurately to a definite point of approach and point of receding of a passing magnetic article.
In one embodiment, the threshold voltage is at a first level corresponding to a first percentage of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage when Vsig exceeds the threshold voltage and is at a second level corresponding to a second percentage of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage when Vsig is less than the threshold voltage. The first percentage is between 0% and 50%, and preferably approximately 40% of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage, and the second percentage is between 50% and 100%, and preferably approximately 60% of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage. With this arrangement, the VTH threshold voltage is provided with hysteresis.
The threshold voltage updating step includes updating the first level of the threshold voltage in accordance with variations in the peak values of Vsig and updating the second level of the threshold voltage in accordance with variations in the peak values of Vsig. A PDAC voltage is provided as a function of the positive peak values of Vsig and an NDAC voltage is provided as a function of the negative peak values of Vsig. The threshold voltage, in turn, is generated by a resistor divider coupled between the PDAC and NDAC voltages.
In one embodiment, the PDAC and NDAC voltages may be updated during and/or at the end of predetermined update time intervals. In a further embodiment, any updates to the PDAC and NDAC voltages are provided at the end of the update time intervals.
Also described is a magnetic article proximity detector comprising a magnetic field-to-voltage transducer providing a voltage output signal, Vsig, proportional to the magnetic field, a threshold voltage generator operative to generate a threshold voltage that is a percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig and a comparator comparing Vsig to the threshold voltage to generate a proximity detector output voltage. The proximity detector output voltage becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed the threshold voltage and another binary level when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is periodically updated to remain the percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig in response to changes that may occur in the peak voltages of Vsig. A hysteresis-comparator circuit provides the threshold voltage at a first level that is a first percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig exceeds the threshold voltage and at a second level that is a second percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig is below the threshold voltage.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a first magnetic-article proximity detector of this invention.
FIG. 2 shows a waveform of the Hall voltage, Vsig, in the circuit of FIG. 1 which waveform corresponds to the ambient magnetic field at the passage of one ferrous gear tooth (or other magnetic article). FIGS. 2 and 3 are drawn to the same scale.
FIG. 3 shows the waveform of the output signal, Vout, from the proximity detector of FIG. 1, corresponding in time to the Hall voltage waveform of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 shows a waveform of signal, Vsig, attributable to the passing of a plurality of magnetic articles that generate uneven amplitudes from one to the other in the ambient magnetic field. Shown superimposed on Vsig are the simultaneously generated DAC output voltages V.sub.Pnew and V.sub.Nnew.
FIG. 5 shows a waveform of Vsig during one update interval of 64 pulses in Vsig and during a portion of a succeeding update interval, wherein the peak positive and negative values in Vsig are changing. Superimposed on Vsig are the DAC voltages V.sub.Pnew and V.sub.Nnew, in the one interval and V.sub.Pnew and V.sub.Nnew in the succeeding update interval.
FIG. 5a shows a waveform of the update signal, Vupdt, drawn to the scale as is FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 shows a few periods of the transducer signal Vsig in which an update interval terminates at update and a successive update interval begins.
FIGS. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 show, for the proximity detector of FIG. 1, the waveforms respectively of the input signal to latches 42 and 52, the reset signal to counters 17 and 27, Vpcomp, Vncomp, Q33b, and the proximity-detector output signal Vout, all drawn to the time scale corresponding to that of FIG. 6.
FIG. 13 shows a schematic of a second magnetic-article proximity detector of this invention.
FIG. 14 shows a schematic of the update controller of the proximity detector of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 shows a waveform of Vsig with the VTH threshold voltage, the PDAC voltage and NDAC voltage generated by the detector of FIG. 13 superimposed thereon.
FIG. 16 shows a waveform of Vout generated by the detector of FIG. 13 during the same time interval shown in FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 shows a waveform of Vsig during several update time intervals in which the positive peak values in Vsig are changing. Superimposed on Vsig are the PDAC, PDAC-.DELTA.V, NDAC and NDAC+.DELTA.V voltages generated by the detector of FIG. 13.
FIG. 17a shows a waveform of Vsig during several update time intervals in which the negative peak values in Vsig are changing. Superimposed on Vsig are the PDAC, PDAC-.DELTA.V, NDAC and NDAC+.DELTA.V voltages generated by the detector of FIG. 13.
FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of the detector of FIG. 13 in updating the PDAC voltage in accordance with certain changes in the positive peak values of Vsig.
FIG. 19 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of the detector of FIG. 13 in updating the NDAC voltage in accordance with certain changes in the negative peak values of Vsig.
FIG. 20 shows a waveform of Vsig during two update time intervals, with the PDAC, PDAC-.DELTA.V, NDAC and NDAC+.DELTA.V voltages superimposed thereon.
FIGS. 20a, 20b, 20c, 20e, 20f and 20g show, for the detector of FIG. 13, respective waveforms of the cnt128 signal, the Vout signal, the p.sub.-- ok signal, the upd.sub.-- pdac signal, the dcrp signal, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal and the clk signal, all drawn to the same time scale as FIG. 20.
FIG. 21 shows a schematic of a third magnetic-article proximity detector of this invention.
FIG. 22 shows a schematic of the update controller of the proximity detector of FIG. 21.
FIG. 23 shows a waveform of Vsig during several update time intervals in which the positive peak values in Vsig are changing. Superimposed on Vsig are the PDAC, PDAC-.DELTA.V, NDAC and NDAC+.DELTA.V voltages generated by the detector of FIG. 21.
FIG. 23a shows a waveform of Vsig during several update time intervals in which the negative peak values in Vsig are changing. Superimposed on Vsig are the PDAC, PDAC-.DELTA.V, NDAC and NDAC+.DELTA.V voltages generated by the detector of FIG. 21.
FIG. 24 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of the detector of FIG. 21 in updating the PDAC voltage in accordance with certain changes in the positive peak values of Vsig.
FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of the detector of FIG. 21 in updating the NDAC voltage in accordance with certain changes in the negative peak values of Vsig.
FIG. 26 shows a waveform of Vsig during three update time intervals, with the PDAC and PDAC-.DELTA.V voltages superimposed thereon.
FIGS. 26a, 26b, 26c, 26d, 26e, 26f, 26g, 26h and 26i show, for the detector of FIG. 21, respective waveforms of the pcomp signal, the p.sub.-- latbig signal, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal, the p.sub.-- ok signal, the p.sub.-- latsm signal, the p.sub.-- update signal, the phold signal, the CLK signal and the cnt128 signal, all drawn to the same time scale as FIG. 26.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The Hall element 10 of FIG. 1 is energized by a current I.sub.H and has an output connected to the input of a Hall voltage amplifier 12. Hall element 10 may be mounted at a pole of a magnet (not shown), so that when a ferrous article approaches, the Hall voltage V.sub.H and the amplified Hall voltage Vsig increase (or decrease); and when the article recedes, V.sub.H and Vsig decrease (or increase depending on the polarity of the magnet pole). Alternatively, the sensor circuit of FIG. 1 may be used to detect magnetic articles that themselves are magnetized, in which case the Hall element need not be mounted adjacent a magnet.
A magneto resistors bridge (not shown) may be substituted for the Hall element. And two Hall elements with their outputs connected differentially to the input of the Hall voltage amplifier (not shown) represents a second alternative magnetic-field-to-voltage transducer.
The amplified Hall voltage Vsig is manipulated by the remaining circuits in the proximity detector of FIG. 1 to produce a binary square wave output signal, Vout, that like a shadow graph reflects the profile of the passing articles.
Referring to FIG. 1, the amplified Hall voltage Vsig is applied to the positive input of a first comparator 14 and is also applied to the positive input of one second comparator 16 and to the negative input of another second comparator 26 which generate Vpcomp and Vncomp respectively (FIGS. 9 and 10). A composite latch, composed of the invertors 32a and 32b and the clocked flip-flops 33a and 33b for producing an intermediate signal Q33b (FIG. 11) and proximity-detector output voltage Vout (FIG. 12). The circuitry including comparators 16 and 26, invertors 32a and 32b, and flip flops 33a and 33b comprise a peak-to-peak percentage threshold detector in which the comparator hysteresis circuitry biases the center of the comparator hysteresis loop to a level corresponding to a predetermined percentage of the peak-to-peak transducer signal.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, and also to FIGS. 6 and 9, during each positive going portion of Vsig, the voltage Vsig falls from the positive peak and at time t.sub.1 goes below the threshold reference voltage V.sub.Pth, produced at a tap in the resistive voltage divider 34. At times t.sub.1, the output V.sub.pcomp of comparator 16 goes from a binary high to a low level as in FIG. 9, and Vout goes from a high to a low level as seen in FIG. 12.
During each negative going portion of Vsig, the voltage Vsig rises (or falls away) from the negative peak and at time t.sub.2 goes above the threshold reference voltage V.sub.Nth, produced at low tap in the resistive voltage divider 34. At times t.sub.2, the output V.sub.ncomp of comparator 16 goes from a binary low to a high as in FIG. 10, and Vout goes from a low to a high level as seen in FIG. 12.
Assuming, as a starting point, that the counter 17 is at zero count, when the output of the first comparator 14 goes high the counter 17 begins counting the clk pulses from clk 18. The resulting count is presented to the digital-to-analog converter (PDAC1) 20 which produces an output analog voltage V.sub.Pnew always lying somewhere within the range from zero to the DC supply voltage, +Vreg. At any instant the amplitude of V.sub.Pnew is a direct linear function of the count signal from counter 17. When power is first applied to the detector circuit, a logic block (not shown) senses the time of turning on of the DC supply voltage, +Vreg, and resets the counters to zero count.
The comparator 14 has hysteresis and so is a Schmitt type comparator. The output of the DAC 20 (PDAC1) is connected to the negative input of the comparator 14 so that whenever Vsig becomes greater than voltage V.sub.Pnew plus the small hysteresis threshold voltage V.sub.hys1 of the comparator 14, then the comparator 14 output goes high. If at that time Vout is low, then the output of AND gate 15 goes high and the counter 17 is enabled and counting. When Vsig is growing more positive, V.sub.Pnew is caused to track Vsig in stair step fashion, as is illustrated in FIG. 4. The incremental vertical excursions of the stair stepped V.sub.Pnew are equal to Vreg/2.sup.n, where n is the number of DAC bits. The incremental horizontal times, .DELTA.t1, increase as the slope of Vsig decreases.
As is illustrated in FIG. 4, when a peak positive voltage of Vsig is reached, the counter 17 stops counting (e.g. at time t.sub.pp1) and V.sub.Pnew holds this peak voltage until at a subsequent positive pulse in the signal Vsig that is greater than the held voltage V.sub.Pnew, V.sub.Pnew again begins to track the subsequent positive pulse to its peak and to hold (e.g. at time t.sub.pp2) that new peak voltage.
An update counter 36 is a six bit counter which counts the low-to-high transitions, i.e. positive transitions, in the proximity-detector output signal Vout. When at time t.sub.update, 64 positive binary transitions have been counted, counter 36 wraps and starts again from zero count to count the ensuing positive transitions. Referring to FIGS. 5, 5a, 6, 7 and 8, at t.sub.update the output of the update counter 36 goes high and latches 42 and 52 are enabled and then disabled before the counter 17 (and counter 27) is (are) reset via the delay circuit 39.
Thus at the end of each update time interval of 64 counts, the PDAC1 output voltage V.sub.Pnew holds the positive peak voltage of the highest positive excursion that has occurred in the signal Vsig during that update time interval. The most recent maximum peak positive voltage in Vsig is accordingly updated at the end of each update time interval of a predetermined number of excursions of one polarity in Vsig. The predetermined (count) number in this example was set at 64 positive excursion peaks and the counter 36 is accordingly a six bit counter, but this number is not critical.
At the end of each count 64, the output of the update counter 36 goes high to enable the update AND gate 38. If the update signal, Vupdt, is simultaneously high, the output of the update AND gate 38 goes high and enables the latch 42. Latch 42 holds the count in counter 17 during the following update time interval (of 64 pulses in Vsig). That count is applied to the input of PDAC2 44 during that update time interval. At the end of the first update time interval following detector startup, PDAC2 44 generates at its output an analog signal V.sub.Pold that is equal to the initial amplitude of Vsig at the beginning of the first update time interval (left-most update time interval as seen in FIG. 5).
A window comparator 46 has a reference-voltage input connected to the output of PDAC1 20. The output signal V.sub.POld from PDAC2 is applied via a unity gain buffer stage 48 to one end of the resistor voltage divider 34. And from there the signal V.sub.Pold is applied to the plus and minus inputs of the window comparator 46 via respectively the additive and subtractive DC bias voltages .DELTA.v.
Referring to FIG. 5, at the end of an update time interval, time t.sub.update, the output of window comparator 46 goes high only if V.sub.Pnew lies outside of the range from V.sub.Pold +.DELTA. and V.sub.Pold -.DELTA.. If at the end of an update interval, V.sub.Pnew is higher than or lower than this range then the output of the window comparator goes high causing the output of OR gate 50 to go high. This in turn causes the output of AND gate 38 to go high, and causes latch 42 to latch in the current count in counter 17. As is illustrated in FIG. 5, this updates V.sub.Pold, namely PDAC2 44 generates at its output an analog signal V.sub.Pold that is equal to the initial amplitude of the held V.sub.Pnew generated during the preceding update time interval. All update time intervals following the first update time interval begin with a decision as to whether to update V.sub.pold to the last held value of V.sub.xnew of the preceding time interval as illustrated in the second time interval of FIG. 5.
If the current value of V.sub.new, namely the maximum peak positive peak value of Vsig during an entire update time interval, is not outside of and lies within the range from V.sub.Pold +.DELTA. and V.sub.Pold -.DELTA. at the end of that update time interval, then the output of comparator 46 remains low and latch 42 will not be enabled.
A lower circuit portion in the proximity detector of FIG. 1 essentially mirrors the construction of the upper portion just described. The lower circuit portion manipulates the negative pulses in Vsig in the same way as does the upper portion with respect to positive pulses in Vsig. Except for the holding of negative peaks in Vsig by NDAC1 30, latch 52 and NDAC2, there is no action going on in the lower circuit portion during positive going portions of Vsig.
For example, the output of comparators 24 and 26 go high only when Vsig goes negative. Thus only when Vsig is going negative are there changes of state in the signals of AND gate 25, counter 27, NDAC1 30, latch 52, NDAC2 54, buffer 58 and window comparator 56. The upper (P) and lower (N) portions of the circuit share the clk 18, the reset delay circuit 39 and the OR gate 50. It should be noted that the DC reference voltages +Vreg and ground are connected to NDAC1 30 and NDAC2 54 inversely with respect to those connections to PDAC1 20 and PDAC2 44. Thus instead of the output voltage going up as the count increases (in counter 17) to the PDACs, the output voltage of the NDACs goes down as the count (in counter 27) goes up. Alternatively, the NDACS could have been connected to the DC reference voltages as are the PDACs if the counter 27 had been of the kind that counts down from maximum count. Also, the counters 17 and 27 are of the kind that include an anti-overflow feature that prevents wrapping of the count when maximum count is exceeded, whereas counter 36 is of the simple kind that does wrap. The resistive voltage divider 34 is a component that bridges the upper and lower circuit portions.
The ends of voltage divider 34 are connected respectively to the outputs of buffer stages 48 and 58. The held signal V.sub.Pold is applied to the upper end and the held signal V.sub.Nold is applied to the lower end of voltage divider 34. At the resistance center (from which there are equal resistances to the two ends) a voltage Vos is generated which is equal to the center voltage between the held positive peak voltage (of Vsig) V.sub.Pold and the held negative peak voltage V.sub.Nold. The threshold voltages V.sub.Nth and V.sub.PNth are shown respectively at about a third the way up and two thirds the way up the voltage divider 34.
It will now be appreciated that these threshold voltages V.sub.Nth and V.sub.Pth have been adjusted after every update time interval to remain at a fixed percentage of the peak to peak voltage of Vsig even when the peak voltages of Vsig vary and/or when the offset voltages included in Vsig vary.
Voltage divider 34 is made up of six equal resistance resistors. The voltage Vos is 50% of the voltage Vreg. V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth are preferably set at about 67% and 33% of Vreg, and generally in the steepest portions of Vsig near Vos. In general, V.sub.Pth may be taken at the center point in the voltage divider, or may be at a higher point between 50% and 100% of the difference voltage V.sub.Pnew -V.sub.Nnew. Likewise, V.sub.Nth may be at the center point in the voltage divider, namely at 50% of V.sub.Pnew -V.sub.Nnew, or may be at a lower point between 50% and 0% of the difference voltage V.sub.Pnew -V.sub.Nnew. The thresholds V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth may be other than equal magnitudes from center voltage Vos, i.e. non symmetrical.
In any case, these threshold values vary with time and are always a fixed percentage of the current (updated) peak to peak difference voltage in the signal (Vsig). This has the great advantage when operating in peak-to-peak percentage threshold mode as described above, that the proximity sensor provides a binary output voltage wherein the transitions correspond more accurately to a definite point of approach and point of receding of a passing magnetic article.
Referring to FIG. 13, an alternate embodiment of a magnetic-article proximity detector is shown, in which like reference numbers refer to like elements. The detector includes the Hall element 10 providing a Hall voltage to the amplifier 12 which provides the amplified Hall voltage, Vsig, as described above in conjunction with FIG. 1. Like the detector of FIG. 1, the detector of FIG. 13 is operative to produce a binary square-wave output signal, Vout, at a first binary level when Vsig rises to exceed a threshold voltage and another binary level when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the threshold voltage is comprised of the individual V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth voltages whereas, in the embodiment of FIG. 13, the single threshold voltage, VTH, is provided with hysteresis.
The embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 13 are further similar in that, in both cases, the threshold voltage is a percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig and is updated to remain the percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the Vsig voltage. Accordingly, both such detectors can be characterized as peak-to-peak percentage threshold detectors. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the VPh threshold voltage is a first percentage of Vsig and the V.sub.Nth, threshold voltage is a second percentage of Vsig. In the embodiment of FIG. 13 on the other hand, the VTH threshold voltage is at a first level corresponding to a first percentage of Vsig when Vsig exceeds the threshold voltage and is at a second level corresponding to a second percentage of Vsig when Vsig is less than the threshold voltage (i.e., the threshold voltage VTH is provided with hysteresis).
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, and is within the scope of this invention, that the detectors described herein may be implemented in the form of, or to include, mid-signal detectors in which the threshold voltage is a fixed percentage of the Vsig voltage or peak-referenced (i.e., slope-activated detectors). As one example, the peak-to-peak percentage threshold detectors may include a peak-referenced detector such that the detector output signal Vout becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed a held negative peak excursion by a predetermined amount and another binary level when Vsig falls to below a held positive peak excursion by a predetermined amount.
The Vsig voltage is applied to the positive input of a first comparator 100 and to the negative input of a second comparator 104. The output signals of comparators 100 and 104 are coupled to an input of respective NOR gates 108 and 112. The second input of NOR gates 108 and 112 receives a respective control signal from an update controller 120, described further below in conjunction with FIG. 14. Specifically, NOR gate 108 has a p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up.sub.-- n signal applied to its second input and NOR gate 112 has an n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up.sub.-- n signal applied to its second input, as shown.
The output of NOR gate 108 is applied to a HOLD input of an up/down counter 114. The counter output is held constant (i.e., the counter is disabled) when the HOLD input signal is at a first logic level and is released (i.e., the counter is enabled) when the HOLD input signal is at the second logic level. In the illustrative embodiment, the counter 114 is a six bit counter which is enabled when the HOLD input is low. A control signal, p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up from the update controller 120 (FIG. 14) is applied to an UPDN input of the counter 114 in order to control the count direction. As will become apparent, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal normally causes the counter 114 to count up. Under certain conditions however, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal causes the counter 114 to count down for a single clock cycle. The counter 114 is clocked by a system clock signal, clk, and is further responsive to a pndac.sub.-- resn signal which resets the counter 114 upon start up of the detector.
The outputs of the counter 114 are coupled to inputs of a Positive Digital-to-Analog Converter (PDAC) 118. The output of the PDAC 118 provides a voltage, PDAC, which is used to generate the detector threshold voltage, VTH, as will be described. In operation, the PDAC voltage varies in accordance with certain variations in the positive peak values of the Vsig voltage. The resolution of the PDAC 118 is selected to ensure that changes in the VTH threshold voltage caused by changes in the PDAC voltage are substantially imperceptible. In the illustrative embodiment, the resolution of the PDAC 118 is 50 mV. The PDAC voltage is coupled to a buffer 124 and is fed back to the negative input of comparator 100, as shown.
The comparator 100, NOR gate 108, counter 114, PDAC 118 and buffer 124 comprise a "positive portion" of the detector circuitry. A "negative portion" of the detector is similarly arranged. Specifically, the output of the NOR gate 112 is coupled to a HOLD input of an up/down counter 130. The counter 130 is further responsive to the clk clock signal, the pndac.sub.-- resn reset signal, and an n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up control signal provided by the update controller 120 (FIG. 14) which controls the count direction.
The outputs of the up/down counter 130 are coupled to inputs of a Negative Digital-to-Analog Converter (NDAC) 134 which produces an NDAC voltage used, along with the PDAC voltage, to generate the VTH threshold voltage. The NDAC voltage varies in accordance with certain variations in the negative peak values of the Vsig voltage. Like the PDAC 118, the resolution of the NDAC 134 is selected to ensure that changes in the VTH threshold voltage caused by changes in the NDAC voltage are substantially imperceptible. In the illustrative embodiment, the resolution of the NDAC 134 is 50 mV. The NDAC voltage is coupled to a buffer 136 and is further fed back to the negative input of comparator 104, as shown.
The buffered PDAC and NDAC voltages are coupled to a resistor divider 140 comprising series resistors 142, 144, 146 and 148 in order to generate the VTH threshold voltage for comparison to the Vsig voltage by a comparator 160. The output of comparator 160 provides the detector output signal, Vout, which is at a first binary, or logic level when the Vsig voltage exceeds the VTH threshold voltage and is at a second binary level when the Vsig voltage is less than the VTH threshold voltage.
The VTH threshold voltage is set at a percentage of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage and is adaptive in the sense that it is updated in accordance with certain variations in the Vsig voltage so as to remain the percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage. As will become apparent, this arrangement is achieved by using the PDAC and NDAC voltages to generate the VTH threshold voltage and varying the PDAC and NDAC voltages in accordance with certain variations in the positive and negative peak values of Vsig, respectively.
The VTH threshold voltage is provided with hysteresis in the sense that VTH is at a first level corresponding to a first percentage of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage when Vsig exceeds the VTH threshold voltage and is at a second level corresponding to a second percentage of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage when Vsig is less than the VTH threshold voltage. That is, once the Vsig voltage falls below the first level of the VTH threshold voltage, the VTH threshold voltage is increased so that the Vsig voltage has to exceed a second, higher level of the VTH threshold voltage before the Vout signal transitions. In the illustrative embodiment, the first and second percentages are fixed percentages of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage, but providing the percentages as variable percentages of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage is within the scope of the invention.
More particularly, a pair of switches 166, 168 is provided for selectively "shorting" respective resistors 142, 148. To this end, switches 166 and 168 are coupled in parallel with resistors 142 and 148 of resistor divider 140, respectively. The Vout signal from comparator 160 is inverted by an inverter 164 to provide a pos.sub.-- compn signal which is applied to a control input of switches 166 and 168, as shown. A second control input of switches 166 and 168 is responsive to the Vout signal.
Referring also to FIGS. 15 and 16, when the Vout and pos.sub.-- compn control signals are in first respective logic states, one of the switches 166, 168 is open and the other is closed. In the illustrative embodiment, when the Vout signal is at a logic high level and the pos.sub.-- compn signal is at a logic low level, switch 166 is open and switch 168 is closed. Under this condition, resistor 148 is "shorted" by closed switch 168 and the VTH threshold voltage is at a first level relative to the PDAC and NDAC voltages. In the illustrative embodiment, the first level is approximately 40% of the difference between the PDAC and NDAC voltages. When the Vout signal is at a logic low level and the pos.sub.-- compn signal is high, switch 166 is closed and switch 168 is open, thereby causing resistor 142 to be "shorted". Under this condition, the VTH threshold voltage is at a second level which, in the illustrative embodiment, is approximately 60% of the PDAC-NDAC voltage. Since the PDAC and NDAC voltages are updated in accordance with certain variations in the Vsig voltage as will be described, the first VTH threshold voltage level corresponds to a first percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage and the second VTH threshold voltage level corresponds to a second percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage. Generally, both the first and second percentages are between 0% and 100% of the peak-to-peak Vsig voltage. More preferably and in the illustrative embodiment, the first percentage is between 0% and 50% and the second percentage is between 50% and 100%.
In order to update the PDAC and NDAC voltages in accordance with certain variations in the positive and negative peak values of the Vsig voltage, respectively, "voltage ok windows" are established for use by the update controller 120 (FIG. 14). The voltage ok windows establish the "predetermined tolerance" between the VTH threshold voltage and percentage(s) of the Vsig voltage it represents. A first voltage source 170 is coupled to the buffered PDAC voltage to generate a voltage, PDAC-.DELTA.V, which is a predetermined voltage less than the PDAC voltage. In the illustrative embodiment, .DELTA.V is the equivalent of two bits, or 100 mV. Similarly, a voltage source 172 is coupled to the buffered NDAC voltage to generate a voltage, NDAC+.DELTA.V, which, in the illustrative embodiment, is the equivalent of two bits higher than the NDAC voltage. A "positive voltage ok window" used to update the PDAC voltage is defined between the PDAC and PDAC-.DELTA.V voltages and a "negative voltage ok window" used to update the NDAC voltage is defined between the NDAC and NDAC+.DELTA.V voltages.
Referring to FIGS. 17, 17a, 18 and 19, the manner by which the PDAC and NDAC voltages are updated in accordance with variations in the positive and negative peaks of the Vsig voltage, respectively, will be described. Specifically, FIG. 17 illustrates how the PDAC voltage varies with certain variations in the positive peaks of Vsig over several updated time intervals and FIG. 18 is a corresponding flow diagram illustrating operation of the detector in updating the PDAC voltage. FIG. 17a illustrates the manner in which the NDAC voltage varies with certain variations in the negative peaks of Vsig over several update time intervals and FIG. 19 is a corresponding flow diagram. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the methods illustrated by FIGS. 18 and 19 are illustrative only and may be readily varied, such as by varying the sequence of the steps.
The first time interval ending at time X follows power up of the detector and is referred to as a start up time interval. Subsequent time intervals, during and/or after which the PDAC and NDAC voltage may be updated, are referred to as update time intervals. During the start up time interval, the PDAC 118 and the NDAC 134 track the highest and lowest peaks of the Vsig voltage, respectively, as shown. Since the initial Vsig voltage is unknown, the PDAC voltage is set to a value lower than the least positive expected peak of Vsig, such as the negative voltage rail, and the NDAC voltage is set to a value greater than the least negative expected peak of Vsig, such as the positive voltage rail. The update controller 120 (FIG. 14), which is operative to update the PDAC and NDAC voltages as necessary, is disabled during the startup time interval.
After the startup time interval, at time X, if any positive peak of Vsig is within the positive voltage ok window during a given time interval, then the PDAC voltage is not updated either during or at the end of the interval, as is illustrated during the interval between times X and X+1 in FIG. 17. If, however, a positive peak value of the Vsig voltage exceeds the positive voltage ok window (i.e., exceeds PDAC), then the PDAC voltage is increased to the value of this positive peak voltage, as illustrated during the interval between times X+2 and X+3 in FIG. 17. Finally, if all of the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage during a given time interval are less than the positive voltage ok window (i.e., are less than PDAC-.DELTA.V), then the PDAC voltage is decremented by a predetermined amount at the end of that interval, as is illustrated in the interval between times X+1 and X+2 in FIG. 17. In one embodiment, the PDAC voltage is decremented by one bit at the end of any time interval during which all positive peaks of the Vsig voltage are less than the positive voltage ok window.
Referring to FIG. 18, the method for updating the PDAC voltage as a function of the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage commences in step 200. In step 204, it is determined whether Vsig is greater than the upper boundary of the positive voltage ok window, or PDAC. If the Vsig voltage is greater than PDAC, then the PDAC voltage is incremented in subsequent step 208 to the value of the Vsig voltage. In the event that the Vsig voltage is not greater than the PDAC voltage, then it is next determined in step 212 whether the current time interval is over. Steps 204-212 are repeated until the time interval has ended.
An update time interval is comprised of a predetermined number of transitions of the Vout voltage. In the illustrative embodiment, preferably, each time interval is comprised of 128 positive (or alternatively 128 negative) transitions of the Vout signal. More generally however, it is advantageous for the time interval to be greater than one revolution of a passing magnetic article. Considering, for example, the case in which the magnetic article is a rotating gear having teeth spaced by valleys, this arrangement ensures that the highest tooth and deepest valley will be detected during each time interval.
At the end of each time interval, in step 216, it is determined whether all of the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage during that particular time interval were less than the positive voltage ok window (i.e., PDAC-.DELTA.V). If all of the positive Vsig peaks during the particular interval were less than PDAC-.DELTA.V, then the PDAC voltage is decremented by a predetermined amount in step 220, following which the process terminates in step 224. In the illustrative embodiment, the predetermined amount by which the PDAC voltage is decremented is one bit, or fifty millivolts. If however, not all of the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage during the interval were less than the positive voltage ok window, then the process terminates in step 224, as shown.
Referring to FIGS. 17a and 19, the operation of the detector in updating the NDAC voltage in accordance with certain negative peak values of the Vsig voltage will be described. In general, the NDAC voltage is updated in response to the negative peaks of Vsig conversely to the manner in which the PDAC voltage is updated in response to the positive peaks of Vsig. Specifically, and as illustrated between times X and X+1 in FIG. 17a, as long as one of the negative peaks of the Vsig voltage during a given interval is within the negative voltage ok window, then the NDAC voltage is not modified. If however, all of the negative peaks of the Vsig voltage during the interval were greater than the negative voltage ok window (i.e., greater than NDAC+.DELTA.V), then the NDAC voltage is incremented by a predetermined amount, such as one bit, at the end of that interval, as illustrated at time X+2. Finally, in the event that any of the negative Vsig peaks is less than the negative voltage ok window (i.e., is less than the NDAC voltage), then the NDAC voltage is decremented to equal that negative peak voltage, as occurs between times X+2 and X+3 in FIG. 17a.
The operation of the detector in updating the NDAC voltage is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 19 which commences at step 230. In step 234, it is determined whether the Vsig voltage is less than the NDAC voltage. In the event that the Vsig voltage is less than the NDAC voltage, then the NDAC voltage is decremented to equal the value of the Vsig voltage. Alternatively, if the Vsig voltage is not less than the NDAC voltage, then step 242 is next performed in which it is determined whether the particular time interval has ended. Steps 234-242 are repeated until an interval has ended, as shown.
At the end of each time interval, it is determined, in step 246, whether all of the negative peaks of the Vsig voltage during the just ending interval were greater than the negative voltage ok window (i.e., greater than NDAC+.DELTA.V). In the event that all of the negative Vsig peaks during the particular interval were greater than the negative voltage ok window, then the NDAC voltage is incremented by a predetermined amount, such as one bit, in step 250 as illustrated at time X+2 in FIG. 17a, following which the process terminates in step 254. Otherwise, the process terminates directly after step 246, as shown.
Referring to FIG. 14, the update controller 120, which is operative to cause the detector to update the PDAC and NDAC voltages as necessary, includes a positive controller portion 122 and a negative controller portion 126. Since the arrangement and operation of the positive and negative controller portions 122 and 126 mirror each other, the circuitry and operation will be described with particular reference to the positive controller portion 122 for simplicity of illustration.
A counter 128 counts transitions of the Vout voltage of a particular polarity, such as each positive going transition, to provide an update time interval clock signal, cnt128. As noted above, in the illustrative embodiment, each update time interval is comprised of 128 transitions of the Vout output voltage. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the update time interval may be readily varied.
The positive controller portion 122 includes a comparator 132 having a positive input to which the Vsig voltage is applied and a negative input to which the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage is applied. Thus, the comparator 132 compares the Vsig voltage to the lower boundary of the positive voltage ok window. The output signal of the comparator 132, p.sub.-- ok, is applied to the reset input of a cross-coupled NOR latch 150. The output signal of the NOR latch 150, upd.sub.-- pdac, is applied to the input of a flip-flop 152 which is clocked by the cnt128 signal and which provides an output signal, dcrp. The dcrp signal is applied to the input of a further flip-flop 156 which is clocked by clkn, an inverted version of the system clock signal. The Q output of flip-flop 156 provides the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up.sub.-- n signal to the NOR gate 108 (FIG. 13) and to an input of a NOR gate 154. The Q output of flip-flop 156 provides the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal which is applied to the UPDN input of the counter 114 (FIG. 13) to control the count direction. Flip-flop 152 is reset by the NOR gate 154 at detector start up and each time the counter 114 counts down.
The negative controller portion 126 includes a comparator 138 which compares the Vsig voltage to the upper boundary of the negative voltage ok window, or NDAC+.DELTA.V. The output signal of the comparator 138, n.sub.-- ok, is coupled to the reset input of a NOR latch 176, which is set at the end of each update time interval by the cnt128 signal. The Q output of latch 176 is a signal, upd.sub.-- ndac, which is applied to a flip-flop 178. Flip-flop 178 is clocked by the cnt128 signal, as shown, and provides a dcrn output signal to a further flip-flop 182 which is clocked by the clkn signal. The Q output of flip-flop 182 provides the n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- upon signal to NOR gate 112 (FIG. 13) and further to an input of a NOR gate 180. The flip-flop 182 is reset by the NOR gate 180 at detector start up and when the counter 130 counts down. The Q output of flip-flop 182 provides the n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal to the UPDN input of counter 130 (FIG. 13) to control the count direction.
The latch 150 is set by the cnt128 signal at the end of each update time interval. Further, at the end of an update time interval in which the latch 150 has not been reset, the dcrp signal goes high (i.e., the decrement bit is set). Upon the next clock cycle following the decrement bit being set, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up.sub.-- n signal goes high for a single clock cycle and the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal goes low for a single clock cycle. A low pulse on the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal of a one clock cycle duration commands the counter 114 to count down one bit. Recall however, that the counter 114 is only able to count, either up or down, if its HOLD input signal is low.
Referring also to FIGS. 20-20g, the operation of the update controller 120 will be illustrated by an example. Specifically, FIG. 20 shows two illustrative update time intervals of the Vsig voltage, with the PDAC voltage, the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage, the NDAC voltage and the NDAC+.DELTA.V voltage superimposed thereon. FIG. 20a illustrates the cnt128 output signal of the counter 128 (FIG. 14), FIG. 20b illustrates the detector output signal Vout and FIG. 20c illustrates the p.sub.-- ok output signal of comparator 132 (FIG. 14), during the same time intervals shown in FIG. 20. FIG. 20d shows the upd.sub.-- pdac output signal of the NOR latch 150, FIG. 20e illustrates the dcrp output signal of flip-flop 152, FIG. 20f illustrates the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up output signal of the flip-flop 156 and the clk signal is shown in FIG. 20g, during the same time intervals shown in FIG. 20.
Consider, for example the interval between times X+1 and X+2, in which all of the positive Vsig peaks are less than the lower boundary of the positive voltage ok window, PDAC-.DELTA.V. In this case, the p.sub.-- ok voltage remains low, so the latch 150 is not reset during this interval. Thus, at the end of the interval, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal goes low for a single clock cycle to command the counter 114 to count down by one bit. Further, the counter 114 is enabled under this condition, since the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up.sub.-- n input signal to NOR gate 108 is high and thus, the HOLD input to counter 114 is low.
In the case where at least one positive Vsig peak during an interval is within the positive voltage ok window, as illustrated between times X and X+1 in FIGS. 20-20g, the PDAC voltage is not modified. Under this condition, the p.sub.-- ok signal goes high to reset the upd.sub.-- pdac voltage, thereby preventing the decrement bit, dcrp, from being set. Thus, at the end of this interval, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal remains high to command the counter 114 to count up. However, the PDAC voltage is not modified since the counter 114 is disabled. More particularly, the HOLD input to the counter 114 is high since both the output of the comparator 100 and the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up.sub.-- n signal are low.
Finally, when a positive Vsig peak exceeds the PDAC voltage, the PDAC voltage is updated to follow, or track the Vsig positive peak any time during the interval. In this case, the p.sub.-- ok output signal of comparator 100 goes high to reset the latch 150. More particularly, the latch 150 is reset when Vsig exceeds the PDAC voltage. This condition causes the upd.sub.-- pdac signal to go low and prevents the decrement bit, dcrp, from being set by flip-flop 152 at the end of the interval. Thus, at the end of the interval, the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal remains high to keep the counter 114 in count up mode. This condition also presents a low to NOR gate 108, allowing the counter 114 to increment as needed any time during the interval by releasing the HOLD signal.
Referring also to FIG. 21, an alternate detector embodiment is shown. The detector of FIG. 21 operates in a similar manner to the detector of FIG. 13 to provide an output voltage Vout which is at one binary level when the Vsig voltage exceeds a threshold voltage VTH and is at another binary level when the Vsig voltage is less than the threshold voltage. Further, the detector of FIG. 21 provides the VTH threshold voltage with hysteresis in a like manner to the detector of FIG. 13. The detector of FIG. 21 differs from that of FIG. 13, however, in the manner in which the PDAC and NDAC voltages are updated in accordance with certain variations in the positive and negative peaks of the Vsig voltage, respectively. In general, the detector of FIG. 21 is characterized in that any modifications, or updates to the PDAC and NDAC voltages occur at the end of a particular update time interval and further, in that the PDAC and NDAC voltages are incremented and decremented, respectively, by a predetermined amount. This arrangement is contrasted to varying the PDAC voltage to track a positive peak of Vsig as occurs between times X+2 and X+3 in FIG. 17 or varying the NDAC voltage to track a negative peak of Vsig as occurs between times X+2 and X+3 in FIG. 17a. By incrementing or decrementing the PDAC and NDAC voltages by only a predetermined amount, the occurrence of "hunting" (i.e., the PDAC and NDAC voltages fluctuating to track noise peaks) is reduced.
The detector of FIG. 21 includes the Hall element 10 and the Hall voltage amplifier 12 which provides the amplified Hall voltage, Vsig, as described above. The Vsig voltage is coupled to the positive input of a first comparator 260 and to the negative input of a second comparator 264, as shown. The output signal of the comparator 260, pcomp, is inverted by an inverter 266 for coupling to a multiplexer 268, as shown. The multiplexer 268 is further responsive to a phold control signal provided by an update controller 280 (FIG. 22) for selecting between the output of the inverter 266 and the phold signal for coupling to the multiplexer output. The output signal 270 of the multiplexer 268 provides the HOLD input signal to an up/down counter 274. The select input signal to the multiplexer 268, en.sub.-- update, is provided by a cross-coupled NOR latch 278, which is set by the startup signal and reset by the cnt128 signal, as shown.
Similarly the output of the comparator 264 is inverted by an inverter 316, the output of which provides an input to a multiplexer 320. A further input to the multiplexer 320 is provided by an nhold control signal generated by the update controller 280. The multiplexer 320 is responsive to the en.sub.-- update signal for selecting between the output of the inverter 316 and the nhold signal for coupling to the multiplexer output. The multiplexer output provides the HOLD input signal to an up/down counter 322.
The remainder of the detector of FIG. 21 is substantially identical to the detector of FIG. 13. Specifically, like counter 114 (FIG. 13), the counter 274 is clocked by the CLK signal and reset by the pndac resn signal. A p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal provided by the update controller 280 controls the direction of the count by the counter 274. The outputs of the counter 274 are coupled to inputs of a PDAC 284, the output of which provides the PDAC voltage. A buffer 286 buffers the PDAC voltage and a voltage source 290 generates the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage, which is a predetermined voltage, .DELTA.V, less than the PDAC voltage, such as two bits, or 100 mV.
In the "negative portion" of the detector, the counter 322, like counter 130 (FIG. 13), is clocked by the CLK signal and is reset by the pndac.sub.-- resn signal, as shown. An n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal, provided by the update controller 280, controls the direction in which the counter counts. The outputs of the counter 322 are coupled to inputs of an NDAC 324, the output of which provides the NDAC voltage, as shown. The NDAC voltage is buffered by a buffer 328 which provides a buffered NDAC voltage and a voltage source 330 generates the NDAC+.DELTA.V voltage, which is a predetermined voltage, .DELTA.V, greater than the NDAC voltage, such as two bits, or 100 mV.
A resistor divider 292, including series-coupled resistors 294, 296, 298 and 300, is coupled across the buffered PDAC and NDAC voltages to provide the threshold voltage, VTH, as shown. Hysteresis switches 304 and 306 are arranged and operative to provide the VTH threshold voltage with hysteresis in the same manner described above in conjunction with FIG. 13. The VTH threshold voltage is compared to the amplified Hall voltage, Vsig, by a comparator 310, the output of which is the Vout signal. An inverter 312 inverts the Vout voltage to provide a further control input signal to hysteresis switches 304 and 306, as shown.
The logic circuitry which provides the HOLD input signals to the counters 274 and 322 is operative to hold the output of the respective counter constant (i.e., to disable the counter) during each update time interval and at the end of any update time interval during which at least one Vsig peak was within the respective voltage ok window. However, at the end of any update time interval during which a condition requiring updating of the PDAC or NDAC voltage occurred, the logic circuitry is operative to enable the respective counter for a single system clock cycle. In this way, the counter is able to count up or down (depending on the state of the respective p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up and n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signals) by one bit.
Considering the "positive portion" of the HOLD logic circuitry, during the first update time interval following startup of the detector, the en-update signal is high to select the A input to multiplexer 268. With the A input selected, the output signal of the multiplexer 268 follows the inverted version of the output of comparator 260. Stated differently, during the first update time interval following detector powerup, the HOLD input signal causes the counter 274 to increment for as long as Vsig is greater than PDAC. Thus, during the first update time interval, the PDAC voltage increases, as necessary, to track the most positive peak of the Vsig voltage.
At the end of the first update time interval, the cnt128 signal resets the latch 278, causing the en.sub.-- update signal to go low to select the B input to the multiplexer 268. The B multiplexer input signal is the phold signal provided by the update controller 280. As will become apparent, the phold signal is normally high, causing the counter 274 to be disabled. However, at the end of any update time interval during which a condition requiring updating of the PDAC voltage occurred, the phold signal goes low for a single system clock cycle to enable the counter 274 to count up or down (depending on the logic level of the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal) by a predetermined amount, such as one bit.
The "negative portion" of the HOLD logic circuitry, including inverter 316 and multiplexer 320, is operative to provide the HOLD input signal to the counter 322 in a manner similar to that of inverter 266 and multiplexer 268. In particular, during the first update time interval, when the en.sub.-- update select input to the multiplexer 320 is high, the multiplexer 320 selects the A input for coupling to the HOLD input of counter 322. Accordingly, during the first update time interval, the NDAC voltage tracks the most negative peak of the Vsig voltage. At the end of the first update time interval, when the en.sub.-- update signal goes low, the B input to the multiplexer 320 (i.e., the nhold signal) is selected to provide the HOLD input signal to counter 322. Like the phold signal, the nhold signal is normally high, causing the counter 322 to be disabled. However, at the end of any update time interval during which a condition requiring the NDAC voltage to be updated occurs, the nhold signal goes low for a single system clock cycle to permit the counter 322 to count up or down (depending on the logic level of the n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal) by a predetermined amount, such as one bit.
Before discussing the update controller 280 shown in FIG. 22 and the illustrative way in which the phold, nhold, p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up and n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signals are generated, the manner by which the detector of FIG. 21 updates the PDAC and NDAC voltages in accordance with certain variations in the positive and negative peaks of the Vsig voltage, respectively, will be described in conjunction with FIGS. 23, 23a, 24 and 25. Referring to FIG. 23 and the corresponding flow diagram of FIG. 24, the PDAC updating operation of the detector of FIG. 21 commences at step 400, following which it is determined in step 404 whether the current update time interval is over. Step 404 is repeated until a time interval ends, at which time it is determined in step 408 whether any positive peak of the Vsig voltage during the just ending interval exceeded the PDAC voltage. If any positive peak of Vsig during the interval was greater than the PDAC voltage, then the PDAC voltage is incremented by a predetermined amount, such as one bit, in subsequent step 412, as illustrated at time X+1 in FIG. 23.
In step 416, it is determined whether all the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage during the just ending interval were less than the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage (i.e., whether all positive peaks of Vsig were less than the positive voltage ok window). In the event that all positive Vsig peaks during the interval were less than the positive voltage ok window, then the PDAC voltage is decremented by a predetermined amount, such as one bit, in subsequent step 420, following which the process terminates in step 424. This condition is illustrated at time X+2 in FIG. 23. Alternatively, the process terminates directly after step 416, as shown.
Referring to FIGS. 23a and 25, the operation of the detector of FIG. 21 in updating the NDAC voltage commences at step 430, following which it is determined in step 434 whether the particular update time interval has ended. Once a time interval ends, it is determined in step 438 whether any negative peak of the Vsig voltage during the just ending interval was less than the NDAC voltage (i.e., was less than the negative voltage ok window). In the event that a negative peak of the Vsig voltage was less than the NDAC voltage, then the NDAC voltage is decremented by a predetermined amount, such as one bit, in step 442. This condition is illustrated at time X+1 in FIG. 23a. Alternatively, step 442 is bypassed. Subsequently, in step 446, it is determined whether all of the negative peaks of the Vsig voltage during the just ending interval were greater than the NDAC+.DELTA.V voltage (i.e., whether all negative Vsig peaks were greater than the negative voltage ok window). In the event that all negative Vsig peaks during the interval were greater than the negative voltage ok window, then the NDAC voltage is incremented in step 450 by a predetermined amount, such as one bit, following which the process terminates in step 454. This condition is illustrated at time X+2 in FIG. 23a. Alternatively, the process terminates directly after step 446, as shown.
Referring to the update controller 280 of FIG. 22, like the controller 120 of FIG. 14, the controller 280 includes a positive controller portion 350 and a negative controller portion 352. The update controller 280 will be described with particular reference to the positive controller portion 350 for simplicity. Also shown in the schematic of FIG. 22 is the counter 128 which is responsive to the Vout signal for providing the cnt128 signal, in the manner discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 14.
The positive controller portion 350 includes a comparator 354 for comparing the Vsig voltage to the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage. The output signal of comparator 354, p.sub.-- ok, is coupled to the reset input of a cross-coupled NOR latch 356, the set input to which receives the cnt128 signal. The output of latch 356 is inverted by an inverter 358 to provide a p.sub.-- latsm signal, as shown. The p.sub.-- latsm signal indicates whether or not the Vsig voltage exceeded the lower boundary of the positive voltage ok window, PDAC-.DELTA.V, during the just ending update time interval.
The comparator 260 (FIG. 21), which compares the Vsig voltage to the PDAC voltage, provides a pcomp signal which is coupled to the update controller 280 and, specifically, to the set input of a cross-coupled NOR latch 360. The NOR latch 360 is reset by the cnt128 signal and provides, at its output, a p.sub.-- latbig signal, as shown. The p.sub.-- latbig signal indicates whether or not the Vsig voltage exceeded the upper boundary of the positive voltage ok window, PDAC, during the just ending update time interval.
The p.sub.-- latsm and p.sub.-- latbig signals are coupled to respective inputs of an OR gate 364, the output of which is coupled to a first input of an AND gate 366. The second input to AND gate 366 is provided by the en.sub.-- update signal, as shown. The output signal of AND gate 366 is coupled to the D input of a flip-flop 368, the Q output of which provides a p.sub.-- update signal. The flip-flop 368 is clocked by the cnt128 signal and is reset by the output of a NOR gate 370, as shown. The p.sub.-- update signal provides the D input to a further flip-flop 374, the Q output of which is fed back to a first input of the NOR gate 370. The second input to NOR gate 370 receives the startup signal, as shown. The Q output of flip-flop 374 provides the phold signal to the B input of multiplexer 268 (FIG. 21).
The p.sub.-- latsm signal is further coupled to a flip-flop 376, the Q output of which provides the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal to the counter 274 (FIG. 21) to control the direction of operation of the counter. The flip-flop 376 is clocked by the cnt128 signal and reset by the startup.sub.-- n signal, as shown.
As noted above, the negative controller portion 352 is substantially identical to the positive controller portion 350. More particularly, the negative controller portion 352 includes a comparator 378 which compares the Vsig voltage to the upper boundary of the negative voltage ok window, NDAC+.DELTA.V. The n.sub.-- ok output signal of comparator 378 is coupled to a latch 380, the output of which is inverted by an inverter 382. The comparator 264 (FIG. 21), which compares the Vsig voltage to the NDAC voltage, provides an output signal, ncomp, which is coupled to a latch 384, as shown. The output of latch 384 is an n.sub.-- latbig signal and the output of inverter 382 is an n.sub.-- latsm signal both of which are coupled to inputs of an OR gate 386. The n.sub.-- latsm signal is further coupled to the input of a flip-flop 396. The output of flip-flop 396 provides the n.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal which controls the direction of operation of counter 322 (FIG. 21). The output of OR gate 386 is coupled to a first input of an AND gate 388, the second input to which is provided by the en.sub.-- update signal. The output of AND gate 388 is coupled to a flip-flop 390 which provides an n.sub.-- update signal to a further flip-flop 394. The Q output of flip-flop 394 provides the nhold signal to the multiplexer 320 (FIG. 21). The Q output of flip-flop 394 is fed back to a NOR gate 392 which is further responsive to the startup signal for resetting the flip-flop 390.
Considering operation of the positive controller portion 350, the latch 356 is set at the end of each update time interval and is reset when the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage. Thus, the p.sub.-- latsm output signal of inverter 358 transitions to a logic low level during any update time interval in which at least one positive Vsig peak exceeded PDAC-.DELTA.V.
Latch 360 is set when the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC voltage and is reset at the end of each update time interval. Thus, the p.sub.-- latbig signal transitions to a logic high level when the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC voltage and remains high until the end of the particular update time interval. Accordingly, the output of OR gate 364 is high if either (1) the Vsig voltage has exceeded the PDAC voltage during the current time interval; or (2) the Vsig voltage has been less than the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage during the entire current time interval (i.e., if a condition has occurred requiring the PDAC voltage to be updated).
If the output of OR gate 364 is high and the first update time interval following detector startup has passed, then the output of AND gate 366 goes high. Under this condition, at the end of the current update time interval, the flip-flop 368 latches in the high input signal to provide a logic high p.sub.-- update signal to the flip-flop 374. Further, at the end of the current system clock cycle, the logic high p.sub.-- update signal is latched into flip-flop 374 to provide a logic low phold signal to the multiplexer 268 (FIG. 21). With the phold signal low, the HOLD input to the counter 274 is likewise low, thereby enabling the counter 274 to count. Further, the phold signal remains low for only a single system clock cycle so that the counter 274 increments or decrements by a predetermined amount, such as one bit.
The direction of operation of counter 274 is determined by the logic level of the p.sub.-- cnt-up signal. As noted above, the p.sub.-- cnt-up signal is normally high, causing the counter 274 to count up. However, when the p.sub.-- latsm signal is low at the end of an update time interval (i.e., if all positive peaks of the Vsig voltage during the just ending interval were less than PDAC-.DELTA.V), then flip-flop 376 causes the p.sub.-- cnt-up signal to go low, causing the counter 274 to count down. Further, the counter 274 counts down for only a single clock cycle since the phold signal is low for only a single clock cycle.
The operation of the positive controller portion 350 will become more apparent by reference to the three illustrative update time intervals of the Vsig voltage in FIG. 26, which shows only the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage for simplicity of illustration. During the interval between times X and X+1, one of the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC voltage. Thus, at the end of the interval, the PDAC voltage is incremented by one bit. To this end, when the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC voltage, the pcomp signal goes high and transitions back to a low level when the Vsig voltage decreases to below the PDAC voltage, as shown in FIG. 26a. The positive going transition of the pcomp signal causes the latch 360 to be set and the p.sub.-- latbig signal to go high, as shown in FIG. 26b. The p.sub.-- ok output signal of comparator 354 transitions to a high level every time the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage and returns to a logic low level when the Vsig voltage falls to below the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage, as shown in FIG. 26d. Thus, the p.sub.-- latsm signal goes low following the first positive going transition of the p.sub.-- ok signal during the interval, as shown in FIG. 26e.
At the end of the update time interval, at time X+1, the cnt128 signal goes high, which causes flip-flop 368 to latch in the high input signal and the p.sub.-- update signal to go high. Further, at time X+1, flip-flop 376 latches in the low input signal, causing the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal to go high and the counter 274 to count up. During the interval ending at time X+1, the D input to latch 368 went high due to the p-latbig signal going high as Vsig exceeded PDAC. Also during this interval, the D input to flip-flop 376 went low due to the p.sub.-- ok signal resetting latch 356. On the falling edge of the system clock signal CLK following the end of the update time interval, the phold output signal of flip-flop 374 goes low until the next falling edge of the CLK signal. The p.sub.-- update signal returns to a logic low level when the flip-flop 368 is reset by the phold signal going low. With this arrangement, the counter 274 is enabled by the phold signal to count for a single clock cycle.
During the time interval between times X+1 and X+2, all of the positive peaks of the Vsig voltage are less than the positive voltage ok window, or PDAC-.DELTA.V. Under this condition, the PDAC voltage is decremented by one bit at the end of the interval. Since the Vsig voltage remains less than PDAC-.DELTA.V, the latch 356 is not reset during this time interval and the p.sub.-- latsm signal remains high. With p.sub.-- latsm high, the output of OR gate 364 goes high and, since the time interval is not the first following detector start up, the output of AND gate 366 goes high. At time X+2, the p.sub.-- update signal goes high and upon the next falling edge of the CLK signal, phold goes low for a single clock cycle. Thus, under this condition, the counter 274 is enabled to count up or down by one bit. In particular, the counter 274 counts down, since the p.sub.-- cnt.sub.-- up signal is low due to the p.sub.-- latsm signal being high, as shown.
Considering finally the interval between times X+2 and X+3, one of the positive Vsig peaks is within the positive voltage ok window during this interval. Thus, the PDAC voltage is not updated at the end of the interval. To this end, once the Vsig voltage exceeds the PDAC-.DELTA.V voltage, the p.sub.-- ok output signal of comparator 354 goes high and resets the latch 356 causing the p.sub.-- latsm signal to go low. Since the p.sub.-- latsm signal is low at the end of the interval, the outputs of OR gate 364 and AND gate 366 are low. Thus, the p.sub.-- update signal and the phold signal remain low and the counter 274 remains disabled, thereby preventing the PDAC voltage from being updated.
Having described the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may be used. It is felt therefore that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Claims
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What is claimed is:
1. A method for detection of passing magnetic articles, comprising the steps of: a) sensing an ambient magnetic field and generating a voltage, Vsig, that is proportional to the magnetic field; b) generating a threshold voltage that is a percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig; c) generating a proximity-detector output voltage that becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed the threshold voltage and another binary level when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage; and d) periodically updating unit each of plurality of update time intervals the threshold voltage to remain the percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig in response to changes that may occur in the peak voltages of Vsig, wherein each of said update time intervals encompasses a plurality of positive peaks in Vsig.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the threshold voltage generating step comprises: a) providing the threshold voltage at a first level that is a first percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig exceeds the threshold voltage; and b) providing the threshold voltage at a second level that is a second percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig is less than the threshold voltage.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold voltage updating step comprises: a) updating the first level of the threshold voltage in accordance with variations in peak values of Vsig; and b) updating the second level of the threshold voltage in accordance with variations in peak values of Vsig.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold voltage updating step comprises: a) generating a PDAC voltage as a function of positive peak values of Vsig; and b) generating an NDAC voltage as a function of negative peak values of Vsig, wherein the first level of the threshold voltage is the first percentage of the voltage PDAC-NDAC and the second level of the threshold voltage is the second percentage of the voltage PDAC-NDAC.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the PDAC voltage generating step comprises: a) increasing the PDAC voltage to vary in accordance with the most positive peak value of Vsig; and b) at the end of each of a plurality of update intervals, decreasing the PDAC voltage by a first predetermined amount if substantially all of the positive peak values of Vsig during the respective update interval are less than the PDAC voltage held during the respective update interval by a second predetermined amount.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the NDAC voltage generating step comprises: a) decreasing the NDAC voltage to vary in accordance with the most negative peak values of Vsig; and b) at the end of each of a plurality of update intervals, increasing the NDAC voltage by a first predetermined amount if substantially all of the negative peak values of Vsig during the respective update interval are greater than the NDAC voltage held during the respective update interval by a second predetermined amount.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the PDAC voltage generating step comprises: a) at the end of each of a plurality of update intervals, increasing the PDAC voltage by a first predetermined amount if any of the positive peak values of Vsig during the respective update interval exceeds the PDAC voltage held during the respective update interval; and b) at the end of each of the plurality of update intervals, decreasing the PDAC voltage by the first predetermined amount if substantially all of the positive peak values of Vsig during the respective update interval are less than the PDAC voltage held during the respective update interval by a second predetermined amount.
8. The method of claim 4 wherein the NDAC voltage generating step comprises: a) at the end of each of a plurality of update intervals, decreasing the NDAC voltage by a first predetermined amount if any of the negative peak values of Vsig during the respective update interval is less than the NDAC voltage held during the respective update interval; and at the end of each of the plurality of update intervals, increasing the NDAC voltage by the first predetermined amount if substantially all of the negative peak values of Vsig during the respective update interval are greater than the NDAC voltage held during the respective update interval by a second predetermined amount.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the first percentage is in the range from 0% to 50% of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig and the second percentage is in the range from 50% to 100% of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig.
10. A magnetic article proximi detector comprising: a magnetic field-to-voltage transducer providing a voltage output signal, Vsig, proportional to a magnetic field; a threshold voltage generator operative to generate a threshold voltage that is a percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig, wherein the threshold voltage is periodically updated in each of a plurality of update time intervals to remain the percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig in response to changes that may occur in the peak voltages of Vsig, wherein each of the update time intervals encompasses a plurality of positive peaks in Vsig; and a comparator comparing Vsig to the threshold voltage to generate a proximity detector output voltage that becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed the threshold voltage and another binary level when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage.
11. The detector of claim 10 wherein the threshold voltage generator comprises a hysteresis circuit providing the threshold voltage at a first level that is a first percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig rises to exceed the threshold voltage and at a second level that is a second percentage of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig when Vsig falls to below the threshold voltage.
12. A method for detection of passing magnetic articles comprising; a) sensing an ambient magnetic field and generating a voltage, Vsig, that is proportional to the magnetic field; b) generating threshold voltages V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth referred, respectively, to the positive and negative peaks of Vsig and that are respectively fixed percentages of the peak to peak voltage in Vsig at the beginning of, each of a succession of update time intervals; c) generating a proximity-detector output voltage that becomes one binary level when Vsig rises to exceed V.sub.Pth and that becomes another binary level when Vsig falls to below V.sub.Nth ; and d) periodically updating in each of a plurality of update time intervals the threshold voltages V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth to remain the fixed percentage, within a predetermined tolerance, of the peak-to-peak voltage of Vsig in response to changes that may occur in the peak voltages of Vsig, wherein each of the update time intervals encompasses a plurality positive peaks in Vsig.
13. The detection method of claim 12 additionally comprising: a) at the beginning of detection, generating a signal voltage V.sub.Pold that is equal to the first positive peak in Vsig, at the beginning of each update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Pold during the each update time interval; b) generating a signal voltage V.sub.Pnew that is equal to the highest positive peak voltage in Vsig during the each update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Pnew until the end of the each update time interval; c) at the end of each update time interval, generating an update command pulse, when V.sub.Pnew lies outside the range V.sub.Pold -.DELTA.v to V.sub.Pold +.DELTA.v, where .DELTA.v is an incremental DC bias voltage; d) in response to the update command pulse, at the beginning of each successive update time interval, changing the signal voltage V.sub.Pold to equal the voltage V.sub.Pnew at the end of the preceding update time interval and holding the voltage V.sub.Pold until the end of the each update time interval.
14. The detection method of claim 13 additionally comprising: a) at the beginning of detection, generating a signal voltage V.sub.Nold that is equal to the first negative peak in Vsig, at the beginning of the each update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Nold during the each update time interval; b) generating a signal voltage V.sub.Nnew that is equal to the lowest negative peak voltage in Vsig during the each update time interval, and holding the voltage VNnew until the end of the each update time interval; c) at the end of each update time interval, generating an update command pulse when V.sub.Nnew lies outside the range V.sub.Nold -.DELTA.V to V.sub.Nold +.DELTA.v, where .DELTA.v is an incremental DC bias voltage; and d) in response to the update command pulse, at the beginning of each successive update time interval, changing the signal voltage V.sub.Nold to equal the voltage V.sub.Nnew at the end of the preceding update time interval and holding the voltage V.sub.Nold until the end of the each update time interval.
15. The detection method of claim 14 wherein said generating threshold voltages V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth that are respectively fixed percentages of the peak to peak voltage in Vsig is accomplished by, at the occurrence of each of the update command pulses, holding the threshold voltages V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth to the respective fixed percentages of the updated peak-to-peak voltage V.sub.Pold-V.sub.Nold.
16. A method for detection of passing magnetic articles comprising: a) sensing an ambient magnetic field and generating a voltage, Vsig, that is proportional to the magnetic field; b) generating threshold voltages V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth to be fixed percentages of the peak to peak voltage in Vsig at the beginning of each of a succession of update time intervals, each of the update time intervals encompassing a plurality of positive peaks in Vsig; c) generating a proximity-detector binary output voltage that becomes high when Vsig rises to exceed V.sub.Pth and that becomes low when Vsig falls to below V.sub.Nth ; d) generating a signal voltage V.sub.Pold that is equal to the first positive peak in Vsig, at the beginning of the first update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Pold during the first update time interval; e) generating a signal voltage V.sub.Pnew that is equal to the highest positive peak voltage in Vsig during the each update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Pnew ; f) at the end of each update time interval, generating a binary voltage, Vupdt, that is momentarily high when V.sub.Pnew lies outside the range V.sub.Pold -.DELTA.to V.sub.POld +.DELTA.v, where .DELTA.v is an incremental DC bias voltage; generating a signal voltage V.sub.NOld that is equal to the first negative peak in Vsig, at the beginning of the first update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Nold during the first update time interval; h) generating a signal voltage V.sub.Nnew, that is equal to the lowest negative peak voltage in Vsig during the each update time interval, and holding the voltage V.sub.Nnew ; i) at the end of each update time interval, generating a momentary high in the binary voltage, Vupdt, when V.sub.Nnew lies outside the range V.sub.NOld -.DELTA.v to V.sub.Nold +.DELTA.v, where .DELTA.v is an incremental DC bias voltage; j) when Vupdate goes momentarily high, changing the signal voltages V.sub.Pold and V.sub.Nold to equal respectively the voltages V.sub.Pnew and V.sub.Nnew at the end of the preceding update time interval and holding the voltages V.sub.Pold and V.sub.Nold until the end of the each update time interval so that the threshold voltages V.sub.Pth and V.sub.Nth have the fixed percentages of the updated peak-to-peak voltage V.sub.Pold -V.sub.Nold.
17. The method of detection of claim 16 wherein the fixed percentage of the threshold voltage V.sub.Pth is in the range from 50% to 100% of V.sub.Pnew -V.sub.Nnew and the fixed percentage of the threshold voltage V.sub.Nth is in the range from 50% to 0% of V.sub.Pnew -V.sub.Nnew.
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