US 5,884,164 AGrant
Call Handover in a Non-Geostationary Satellite Constellation
Issue Date:1999-03-16
•8 Claims
•8 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Following a call set-up request transmitted by a terminal of a given user of a telecommunications system using a constellation of non-geostationary satellites, the terminal reserves a channel in the cell in which it is located and in neighboring cells not including all the cells it will have to cross during a predetermined time period. For each cell where a channel has not been reserved, the given user's terminal waits until it is at a predetermined distance from its point of handover into the cell, equal to the greatest distance a user can travel in the cell, before transmitting a reservation request. The call set-up request is accepted only if a condition relating to the number of other users near the given user at the time of the call set-up request is satisfied.
Metadata
Assignee
- France Telecom
Inventors
- Maral Gerard
- Joaquin Restrepo
Application Information
Application Number:US 9463852
Filing Date:1997-10-07
Priority Date:1996-10-08
Art Unit:275
Classifications
IPC:
H04B 7185
Field of Search:
455370422;428;427;429;430;434;436;440;450;455;11.1;12.1-13.1;516-517;524-525;62316;329;331
Patent Drawings (8 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally concerned with non-geostationary satellite constellations in telecommunications systems with satellite-fixed cells.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Several non-geostationary satellite constellation projects propose to offer circuit-mode telecommunication services such as telephony, facsimile and transmission of data to mobile users. These project include the IRIDIUM (registered trademark) project of the American company MOTOROLA, the GLOBALSTAR (registered trademark) project of the American company LORAL SPACE SYSTEMS, the ICO project proposed by INMARSAT and the ODYSSEY (registered trademark) project of the American company TRW.
The satellites in these constellations are equipped with multibeam antennas. Each beam defines a contour on the surface of the Earth delimiting a coverage area called a "cell". With no specific device for varying the pointing of the antennas, the beams and therefore the associated cells remain in a fixed position relative to the body of the satellite. This concept is therefore known as the satellite-fixed cell system. Because the satellites are not geostationary, the cells move over the surface of the Earth and calls in progress have to change cell if the duration of the call exceeds the time for the cell to pass over the user. This change of cell is known as handover from beam to beam for a call, i.e. "beam handover". It may be necessary for the calls to be transferred from one satellite to the next, which is known as "satellite handover".
The cell or the satellite taking over the call in progress may not have any free channel at the time of such handover and the call is then interrupted, which is known as "forced call termination". Mobile phone users currently served by terrestrial cellular networks encounter the same problem, but here because of the mobility of the users. For fixed users of terrestrial cellular networks who remain in the same cell throughout the duration of their call, there is no handover of the call from one cell to another, and therefore no interruption of the call. Given that the non-geostationary satellite constellations are intended to constitute an extension of the terrestrial cellular service, it would be desirable to be able to offer a service quality equivalent to that of terrestrial cellular networks. Furthermore, these constellations could provide communication services to fixed users. To offer fixed users a service quality equivalent to that of terrestrial systems or of geostationary satellite systems, interruption of calls due to cell-to-cell handovers resulting from the movement of the satellites must be avoided.
The non-geostationary satellite constellations envisaged at this time are intended to offer communication services to mobile users and could offer services to fixed users but without guaranteeing mobile or fixed users successful beam handover or successful satellite handover. This means that the service quality offered to fixed users in such constellations would be worse than that provided by other telecommunication systems such as with microwave beams, optic fibers, geostationary satellites, etc. This drawback means that such constellations are not a very beneficial alternative for fixed users.
One method of guaranteeing call continuity to users on beam handover or satellite handover in non-geostationary satellite constellation systems is to reserve a channel in each of the cells that the user will pass through during the call when a user submits a call set-up request. Apart from the fact that it is difficult to predict the exact duration of a call, and therefore the number of cells concerned, this process leads to unnecessary over-rating of the capacity of the satellite.
Objects of the Invention
The main object of this invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks.
Another object of this invention is to guarantee successful user call handover in a non-geostationary satellite constellation for respective periods predefined by the users, reserving the strictly necessary number of channels, for the minimal time, in the cells that the users cross.
Summary of the Invention
Accordingly, a method of handing over calls of users in a cellular telecommunications system using a constellation of non-geostationary satellites and satellite-fixed cells with which call channels are respectively associated and which move relative to the surface of the Earth in a predetermined direction, the speed of users relative to the surface of the Earth being negligible in comparison to the speed of travel of the cells, the users having positions known at the time of each call set-up request transmitted by user's terminals,
is characterized in that it includes, for a given user after a call set-up request transmitted by the terminal of the given user and for each cell of a predetermined group of adjacent cells to which the given user may be successively allocated, the given user being in a first cell of the predetermined group at the time of the call set-up request:
first steps wherein, if a first distance between the given user and a predetermined handover point into the each cell at the time of the call set-up request, the first distance being zero if the each cell is the first cell of predetermined group, is greater than a predetermined distance equal to a maximal length of the each cell parallel to the predetermined direction, a reservation of a call channel associated with the each cell is requested for/by the terminal if the given user's terminal is substantially at the predetermined distance from the predetermined handover point, and
if the first distance is less than the predetermined distance, (i) the call set-up request is refused if no call channel associated with the each cell is free and, otherwise, (ii) a call channel is reserved for/by the given user's terminal,
second steps wherein the call set-up request is refused if a number of users communicating in one of areas obtained by translating the each cell in the predetermined direction by a distance lying between the first distance and a second distance is at least equal to a capacity in terms of call channels of the each cell, the second distance being that between the given user and a predetermined handover point of the given user into an allocation cell succeeding the each cell, at the time of the call set-up request.
Following the call set-up request, the given user being firstly in the first cell of the predetermined group, a call channel is reserved in this cell and possibly in adjacent cells of the predetermined group near the first cell, if at least one call channel is available in each of these cells. A call channel reservation request is then effected in each of the other cells of the predetermined group, which are at a greater distance from the first cell, only if the user is at the corresponding predetermined distance from the handover point in that cell. The method of the invention minimizes the time for which the call channels are reserved.
Moreover, if there is no call set-up refusal for the given user, handovers of a call consequent upon the previously mentioned call set-up request are guaranteed.
The method of the invention applies to mobile users when their speed is sufficiently low relative to the speed at which the cells move across the surface of the Earth. This condition is satisfied for the intended non-geostationary satellite constellations. The speed at which the cells move relative to the surface of the Earth is 7 km/s for constellations in low Earth orbit, i.e. at 500 to 2000 km altitude, and from 1 to 2 km/s for constellations in intermediate orbit, at 10 000 to 20 000 km altitude. The method therefore covers most mobiles including pedestrians, terrestrial and maritime mobiles and subsonic aircrafts.
Preferably, the number of users communicating concerns only users whose respective predetermined groups of adjacent cells include said each cell. In this case, said number of users communicating is always less than or equal to the capacity of said each cell in terms of call channels. The users referred to here are users who may subsequently be allocated to said each cell and who have not yet made any channel reservation request in that cell, or users not yet allocated in that cell but having submitted a channel reservation request in the latter, or users already using a channel of said each cell.
According to a variant of the method, if, at the time of the call set-up request transmitted by the given user's terminal, the first distance between the given user and the predetermined handover point into said each cell is greater than the predetermined distance, the reservation of a call channel is requested only if a number of users communicating in an area obtained by translating the each cell in the predetermined direction by the first distance and if the predetermined cell groups respectively to which said users communicating in said area may be allocated include said each cell, is less than the capacity in terms of call channels of said each cell.
The predetermined group of cells can be constructed on the one hand so that the given user is not handed over into said each cell if said each cell is a cell other than the first cell of the predetermined group until after having remained allocated for as long as possible to a preceding cell, and on the other hand so that if, on leaving a cell of the predetermined group, the given user is simultaneously included in plural cells of the telecommunications system, the cell from said plural cells to which the given user is allocated is that which the travel time of said given user is the longest. This minimizes the number of handovers to be effected for the given user during a call consequent upon his call set-up request.
The number of cells in the predetermined group of cells typically depend on a duration previously defined, for example by the given user, during which the process is applied for that given user after each call set-up request transmitted by the terminal of the given user.
According to a second embodiment of the invention, the method further includes a step for eliminating beforehand in each of the cells of the telecommunications system at least one area of overlap with another cell of said telecommunications system.
According to a third embodiment of the invention, the cells are identical, rectangular in shape and aligned relative to the predetermined direction, and the second steps are eliminated.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows two satellites of a constellation of non-geostationary satellite in the same orbit and cells fixed to these satellites;
FIG. 2 is a call handover algorithm conforming to first and second embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 3A and 3B respectively show cells that a user may cross through during a call, and cells to which the user may be allocated during the call;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of areas obtained by translation of an allocation cell of the user used in the FIG. 2 algorithm;
FIG. 5 is a diagram for determining a maximal distance in a cell, used in the FIG. 2 algorithm;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are respectively diagrams showing two configurations of position of the user relative to an allocation cell;
FIG. 7 is a diagram for reducing a cell in a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of areas obtained by translation of a reduced allocation cell in the second embodiment;
FIG. 9 shows identical rectangular cells used in a third embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 10 is a call handover algorithm conforming to the third embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 11 shows cells fixed to satellites moving in different directions.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
Referring to FIG. 1, satellites S1 and S2 travel around the Earth in the same low or intermediate orbit OR at a known constant speed V.sub.S relative to the surface of the Earth. The satellites S1 and S2 are part of a constellation of non-geostationary satellites typically comprising several orbits and several satellites per orbit. In the IRIDIUM (registered trademark) project of the American company MOTOROLA, for example, the constellation of non-geostationary satellites comprises 66 satellites in six orbital planes at an altitude of 787 km.
Several antenna beams F1, F2 from each satellite S1, S2 respectively define contours on the surface of the Earth delimiting coverage areas called cells CL1, CL2. The cells CL1, CL2 are fixed to the satellite S1, S2 and therefore travel across the surface of the Earth. The contours of the cells CL1, CL2 correspond to constant values of a radio parameter, for example the gain, associated with the antennas of the satellite S1, S2. The satellite S1, S2 covers a total coverage area ZC1, ZC2 consisting of the combination of the cells CL1, CL2.
Ground stations ST1 and ST2 fixed relative to the Earth transmit and receive call signals in order to exchange information between terrestrial networks, such as the switched telephone network RTC or a terrestrial mobile phone network RTM, and the satellites S1 and S2 of the constellation of non-geostationary satellites. Thus, if a given fixed or mobile user UG(i) in the total coverage area ZC1 of the satellite S1, to be more precise in a cell CL1, having a terminal capable of transmitting and receiving radio signals wishes to set up a call, for example to a user UGd of the switched telephone network RTC, a call set-up request is transmitted by the terminal of the fixed or mobile user UG(i) via an uplink signaling channel of a beam F1 to the satellite S1 and is then retransmitted to a ground station ST1 connected to the switched telephone network RTC in order to be transmitted to the terminal of the called fixed user UGd. During a call between the terminals of users UG(i) and UGd, consequent upon the previously mentioned call set-up request, cells CL1, CL2 moving over the surface of the Earth pass successively over the user UG(i) if the duration of the call exceeds the time for the user UG(i) to cross a cell. The method of the invention hands over the call in progress from one cell to the next without interrupting the call.
In the remainder of the description, all movements are considered in a frame of reference R.sub.S fixed relative to the satellites. In the frame of reference R.sub.S, the satellites are fixed and the user UG(i), whose speed relative to the surface of the Earth is negligible, moves along a straight line path T(i), shown in FIG. 3A, in a direction opposite to the direction of movement of the satellites relative to the surface of the Earth. The straight line path (T(i) depends on the speeds of the satellites and the speed of rotation of the Earth and on the initial position X.sub.0 (i) of the user UG(i) at the time of a call set-up request effected by the latter's terminal. It is assumed that this initial position X.sub.0 (i) is known.
For simplicity, only the distances traveled by the user UG(i) in the cells are taken into consideration hereinafter, rather than the time to cross these cells. The time-to-distance conversion is given by the equation:
where X(i) is the distance traveled by the user UG(i) in time t and V.sub.S is the aforementioned speed of the satellites relative to the surface of the Earth.
In accordance with the invention, the user UG(i) has previously subscribed to a "guaranteed handover" service ATG described hereinafter. To this end, the user UG(i) has defined a predetermined maximal call duration .tau.(i) during which the ATG service applies for each call with another user. The duration .tau.(i) called as predetermined maximal guaranteed-handover duration corresponds through the above time-to-distance conversion to a predetermined maximal guaranteed-handover distance L.sub..tau. (i)=V.sub.S .tau.(i). If the duration of a call by the user UG(i) exceeds the maximal duration .tau.(i), then the user UG(i) no longer benefits from the ATG service for the remainder of the call.
FIG. 2 is an algorithm of the method of the invention implemented for a user who has subscribed to the ATG service, referred to hereinafter as an "ATG user". The algorithm is implemented partly in a control ground station SC or in a satellite of the constellation and partly in the terminal of the ATG user.
In a first embodiment, the algorithm includes an initial step E1, a channel reservation request step E4 and a channel reservation step E7, test steps E5 and E9, and a final step in the form of call set-up request acceptance E13 or of call set-up request refusal E6 or E10.
Step E1, which follows on from a call set-up request transmitted by the terminal of the user UG(i) in a step E0, consists in predetermining the cells to which the user UG(i) will be allocated during a call consequent upon the aforementioned call set-up request. There are overlap areas between the cells in which users can be allocated to a plurality of different cells at a given point on their path of movement, i.e. in which users can use call channels of more than one cell. The function of step E1 is to pre-allocate user UG(i) to a group of cells successively crossed by his path T(i) with the minimal number of user handovers from one cell to another. Step E1 is described in more detail hereinafter with reference to FIG. 3A.
FIG. 3A shows, by way of example, the contours of adjacent cells C1 through C5 "fixed" to one or more satellites in the same orbit and the path T(i) of user UG(i) across cells C1 through C5. The cells are typically different shapes and different sizes and there are overlap areas between them shown cross-hatched in FIG. 3A. The allocation of user UG(i) to the cells is based on three criteria CR1, CR2 and CR3.
The first criterion CR1 requires the user, when allocated to a given cell, to remain allocated to the given cell for as long as possible and not to be handed over to a subsequent cell, that is to say to begin to use a channel of the subsequent cell, as soon as the user has reached the boundary of said given cell. Thus, in FIG. 3A, the user UG(i) effecting a call set-up request at a point X.sub.0 (i) in cell C1 continues to be allocated to that cell up to a handover point P1 at the intersection of path T(i) and the contour of cell C1.
According to the second criterion CR2, when the user leaving a cell enters an area of overlap between a plurality of cells, they are allocated to the cell in which they can travel the greatest distance, i.e. in which the user travel time is the longest. In the example shown, upon leaving cell C1 user UG(i) enters an area of overlap between cells C2 and C3. The user is then handed over into cell C2, and not into cell C3, and remains allocated to cell C2 up to a handover point P2 of intersection between the path T(i) and the contour of cell C2. This second criterion CR2 is also applied to choosing the first allocation cell if the point X.sub.0 (i) is in an overlap area.
According to the third criterion CR3, if user UG(i) can be allocated to a plurality of overlapping cells at a point on path T(i) and the distances that it can travel in these overlapping cells are equal, as shown by cells C4 and C5 at the exit from cell C2 in FIG. 3A, the user is allocated to whichever of said overlapping cells is allocated the greatest capacity in terms of call channels, regardless of whether these channels are busy or free.
This allocation process is continued up to a limit point P.sub.L (i) of path T(i) at distance L.sub..tau. (i) from X.sub.0 (i) In practise, however, cells usually overlap only two by two. In this case the second criterion is used only to determine the first allocation cell.
FIG. 3B shows only the cells to which the user is successively allocated along path T(i), respectively referred to as cells C1! through CJ! in the remainder of the description, the last cell CJ! containing the aforementioned point P.sub.L (i). J is an integer dependent on the predetermined distance L.sub..tau. (i) and therefore on the predetermined duration .tau.(i) and designating the maximum number of cells for which the method of the invention is applied to the user UG(i).
For a better understanding of the algorithm in accordance with the invention, there follow definitions of the following notation, some of which are used in FIGS. 3B, 4 and 5:
X.sub.h (i)j-1,j!: predetermined point of handover of the call of the user UG(i) from cell Cj-1! to cell Cj!, also known as the point of handover of the user UG(i) into cell Cj!. This point is determined in step E1.
For the first cell C1! to which user UG(i) is allocated, the handover point X.sub.h (i)0,1! is equal to X.sub.0 (i).
A handover point X.sub.h (i)J,J+1! to a cell following on from cell CJ! is also defined in accordance with criteria CR1.
D(i)j!: distance between the user UG(i) and handover point X.sub.h (i)j-1,j! into cell Cj! at the time of the call set-up request, as shown in FIG. 4. This distance is equal to X.sub.h (i)j-1,j!-X.sub.0 (i) if the user UG(i) is outside cell Cj! at the time of the call set-up request and is equal to 0 if the latter user is already on the contour of or inside cell Cj! at this same time.
L(i)j!: length of travel of the user UG(i) in cell Cj! along path T(i), as shown in FIG. 4. This length is equal to X.sub.h (i)j,j+1!-X.sub.h (i)j-1,j!.
D.sub.max j!: maximal distance a user can travel in cell Cj!. This distance, shown in FIG. 5, is equal to the maximal length of cell Cj! parallel to path T(i) and is predetermined by calculating the maximal length of K segments S.sub.1 through S.sub.K parallel to path T(i) included in cell Cj! and delimited by the contour of cell Cj!.
Z.sub.0 (i)j!: area obtained by translating cell Cj! in a direction opposite that of path T(i), i.e. in the direction of movement of the satellites relative to the Earth, by distance D(i)j!. This area with its contour includes the point X.sub.0 (i).
Z.sub.n (i)j!: area, shown in FIG. 4, obtained by translating cell Cj! in a direction opposite that of path T(i) by a distance D(i)j!+(n/N.times.L(i)j!), where n and N are integers such that n.ltoreq.N. This area contains point X.sub.0 (i).
Z.sub.N (i)j!: area obtained by translating cell Cj! in a direction opposite that of path T(i) by a distance D(i)j!+L(i)j!=D(i)j+1!. The user UG(i) at point X.sub.0 (i) is at the exit from this area, on its contour, at the time of the call set-up request.
N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.n (i)j!}: number of ATG users present and communicating in area Z.sub.n (i)j!, where n=0 through N, and entitled to the ATG service for their handover into cell Cj! at the time of the call set-up request by the user UG(i).
CCj!: capacity in terms of call channels of cell Cj!, i.e. the number of channels allocated to that cell, if this capacity is constant. If this capacity varies, for example if the constellation is a dynamic channel allocation system, CCj! designates the maximal capacity that can be allocated to cell Cj!. The number N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.n (i)j!} is always less than or equal to CCj!.
Wj!: buffer memory configured as an FIFO queue and receiving channel reservation requests from ATG users for cell Cj!.
Referring again to FIG. 2, for each cell Cj! determined by j=1 to J (step E2), that the user UG(i) is likely to cross during a call, the distance D(i)j! between the user UG(i) and his handover point X.sub.h (i)j-1,j! into cell Cj! at the time of the call set-up request is compared to D.sub.max j! in test step E3. If user UG(i) is at this time at a distance from his handover point into cell Cj! greater than or equal to D.sub.max j!, as shown in FIG. 6A, then the algorithm advances to step E4 and to step E8 simultaneously. In step E4, if the user is not at the distance D.sub.max j} from their point of handover X.sub.h (i)j-1,j! into cell Cj!, the terminal of the user UG(i) waits until it is there before effecting a channel reservation request in that cell. The position information is supplied to the terminal by the control ground station SC in the form of a signaling message transmitted in a signaling channel of an uplink beam of the control station SC or of a repeater station receiving this message from the control station SC, towards the satellite from which the user UG(i) is visible and from the satellite to the terminal of the user UG(i) in a signaling channel of a downlink beam. Accordingly the terminal of the user UG(i) waits for the previously mentioned signaling message to effect the channel reservation request. In a variant of this, the control station SC makes the channel reservation request in cell Cj! on behalf of the terminal of the user UG(i).
Given the above, at the time user UG(i) is handed over into cell Cj!, i.e. reaches handover point X.sub.h (i)j-1,j!, all users, ATG or no-ATG, communicating in cell Cj! at the time of the channel reservation request by the user UG(i) will have left cell Cj! and will no longer be allocated to cell Cj!.
The channel reservation request is placed in the queue configuration buffer memory Wj! associated with cell Cj!. If the memory Wj! is empty when the reservation request of the user UG(i) is entered into it and if there is at least one free channel, i.e. at least one channel that is not busy and not reserved, allocated to cell Cj!, this free channel is immediately reserved for the terminal of user UG(i) and will be busied by the call of user UG(i) when this user reaches his handover point X.sub.h (i)j-1,j! into cell Cj!.
The memory Wj! contains only channel reservation requests in cell Cj! transmitted by ATG user terminals entitled to the ATG service for the handover in cell Cj!. As already specified, each ATG user UG(i) is entitled to the ATG service only for a predetermined duration .tau.(i) corresponding to a predetermined distance L.sub..tau. (i) and therefore to a predetermined number J of cells on the path T(i). Beyond the predetermined distance L.sub..tau. (i), handovers of the user, or of his calls, from one cell to another are no longer guaranteed by the method of the invention. The terminal of the user must then transmit a channel allocation request in each cell in the conventional way each time that (for example) the power of the signal it receives in the cell to which it is allocated falls below a predetermined threshold.
Channel reservation requests from ATG users take priority over all call set-up requests. Accordingly, if any user terminal effects a call set-up request in cell Cj!, for this request to be accepted there must be a free channel, i.e. a channel that is not busy and not reserved, in the cell, and the memory Wj! must be empty. Furthermore, as soon as a channel is released in cell Cj!, and if the memory Wj! contains at least one reservation request, this channel is reserved and will be allocated to the terminal of the user corresponding to the first reservation request in the memory wj! when it reaches its point of handover into cell Cj!.
If, in step E3, distance D(i)j! is less than D.sub.max j! as shown in FIG. 6B, step E5 verifies if there is one free call channel in cell Cj!. If no channel is free in that cell, the algorithm stops at steps E6. The call set-up request of the user UG(i) is then refused and all channel reservations and channel reservation requests concerning user UG(i) effected for cells C1! through Cj-1! preceding cell Cj! along path T(i) are cancelled. If there is at least one free channel in cell Cj! in step E5, this channel is immediately reserved by/for the terminal of the user UG(i) in step E7. The algorithm then advances to step E8.
Steps E8 through E11 constitute an iterative test loop. In each area Z.sub.n (i)j! (n=0 through N) obtained by translating the cell Cj! as already indicated and including point X.sub.0 (i), step E9 compares the number N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.n (i)j!} of ATG users already communicating and entitled to the ATG service for cell Cj! to the capacity in terms of communication channel CCj! of cell Cj!.
If, in step E9, the aforementioned number of ATG users is equal to the capacity CCj! of cell Cj!, the algorithm stops at step E10, the call set-up request of user UG(i) is refused and all channel reservation requests and channel reservations concerning user UG(i) effected for cells C1! through Cj! are cancelled.
If the number N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.n (i)j!} is less than the capacity CCj! of cell Cj! and the integer n is less than N in step E11, the integer n is incremented so as to apply step E9 to area Z.sub.n+1 (i)j! and then iteratively up to area Z.sub.n (i)j! if the result of steps E9 is still positive.
If the algorithm does not stop in step E10, the cycle including steps E2 through E11 is resumed at step E12 for a subsequent cell Cj+1!. If the condition of step E9 is verified for the cell CJ!, i.e. the last cell for which the user UG(i) is entitled to the ATG service, the call set-up request of the user UG(i) is accepted in step E13. At this time is certain that neither the call of user UG(i) nor the calls of other ATG users already accepted will be interrupted on handing over user UG(i) from one cell to the other during the predetermined duration .tau.(i), since in each cell to which the user UG(i) will be handed over the total number of ATG users communicating in that cell will in no case exceed the capacity of that cell.
If the condition of step E3 is verified for the handover of the user UG(i) into a cell Cj!, i.e. if D(i)j!.gtoreq.D.sub.max j!, steps E4 and E8 are preferably executed if and only if, in a step E34, the number N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.0 (i)j!} of ATG users communicating in area Z.sub.0 (i)j! at the time of the call set-up request from the terminal of the user UG(i) entitled to the ATG service for their handover into cell Cj! is less than the capacity CCj! of cell Cj!. If the number N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.0 (i)j!} is equal to CCj!, the algorithm stops at step E34', the call set-up request of user UG(i) is refused and all channel reservation requests and channel reservations previously effected for user UG(i) are cancelled.
In a second embodiment of the invention, a preliminary step E.sub.prel reduces the area of the cell fixed to the satellites of the constellation, initially delimited by contours corresponding to a constant radio parameter, as already indicated.
FIG. 7 shows how the area of any cell CL is reduced. For each user of a plurality of imaginary users moving along parallel paths T.sub.1 through T.sub.Q in the frame of reference R.sub.S tied to the satellites, and crossing completely at least cell CL, the three criteria CR1, CR2 and CR3 defined previously are applied in order to allocate that user successively to cells in the same manner as already described with reference to FIG. 3A relating to step E1 of the algorithm. Paths T.sub.1 through T.sub.Q are chosen so as to sweep the entire cell CL and so that their respective initial points X.sub.1 through X.sub.Q are each outside an overlap area. In each area of overlap Ch.sub.a through Ch.sub.d between the cell CL and neighboring cells CL.sub.a through CL.sub.d, if there is no imaginary user in this area along his path allocated to cell CL in accordance with the aforementioned three criteria, then the overlap area is eliminated in cell CL. In the example shown, the overlap areas Ch.sub.a and Ch.sub.b are eliminated since all the imaginary users crossing these areas are handed over into cell CL only after reaching the boundary of cells CL.sub.a and CL.sub.b, given the first criterion CR1. Areas Ch.sub.a and Ch.sub.b are exclusively allocated to cells CL.sub.a and CL.sub.b, respectively. Likewise, area Ch.sub.d is allocated exclusively to cell CL. In contrast, area Ch.sub.c is maintained as an overlap area in cells CL and CL.sub.c.
All steps E1 through E13, E34 and E34' of the algorithm of FIG. 2 are executed in the same manner as in the first embodiment. In this second embodiment, cells C1! through CJ! corresponding to the user UG(i) are cells the areas of which have previously been reduced, as shown in FIG. 8 in which, for simplicity, the same notation is used as in FIGS. 3B through 6B. The predetermined distance D.sub.max j! associated with the reduced area cell Cj! is determined beforehand in exactly the same way as previously described with reference to FIG. 5 for calculating the longest possible path of the user in that cell.
In step E1, however, if the user UG(i) is in an overlap area of several cells at the time of their call set-up request, for example overlap area Ch.sub.c shown in FIG. 7, the first cell to which they are allocated is not determined in accordance with the criterion CR2 previously mentioned, but is whichever cell of said plurality of cells that path T(i) reaches first. In this way it is certain that no ATG user possibly present in any of the areas eliminated from a cell will be allocated to the cell concerned.
In steps E9 and E34 of the FIG. 2 algorithm the numbers of ATG users N.sub.ATG (i){Z.sub.n (i)j!} (n=0 through N) are determined in areas Z.sub.n (i)j! of reduced sizes, which reduces the computation time and most importantly avoids the need to take into account in each area Z.sub.n (i)j! ATG users who will not be allocated to the corresponding cell Cj! with the user UG(i). The probability of call set-up request refusal in steps E10 and E34' is thus reduced compared to the first embodiment of the invention.
In a third embodiment of the invention, the cells fixed to the satellites are all identical, with the same rectangular shape and the same capacity in terms of call channels CC. The rectangular cells are further contiguous and aligned with the direction of movement of the satellites relative to the surface of the Earth; in other words two sides of the cells are parallel to this direction of movement. FIG. 9 shows this particular case, in which user UG(i) travels the same distance in each of the rectangular cells along its path T(i), i.e. its time to cross each cell is the same. The predetermined maximum distance, here denoted D.sub.max, is the same for all the rectangular cells and is equal to the length of the sides of the rectangle parallel to path T(i)
Referring to FIG. 10, in which, for simplicity, the same notation is used as in FIGS. 2 through 8, the algorithm in this third embodiment is simplified compared to the algorithm of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
In step E1.sub.a for allocation of the user UG(i) to cells, cells C1! through CJ! to which the user is allocated are the first J rectangular cells crossed, even partially, by path T(i), the integer J depending on the duration .tau.(i) previously defined by the user UG(i) as previously described. The three criteria CR1 through CR3 used in the first embodiment are not applied in this third embodiment. The test step E34 associated with the call set-up request refusal step E34' and the steps E8 through E11 are eliminated in the third embodiment.
Step E5.sub.a verifies if there is at least one free call channel in each of the first two rectangular cells C1! and C2! crossed by path T(i) of the user UG(i) (steps E2.sub.a and E3.sub.a), cell C1! including initial point X.sub.0 (i). If no channel is available in any of these cells, the call set-up request is refused in step E6.sub.a, in the same manner as in step E6. If there is a free channel in step E5.sub.a, a reservation of this channel is executed by/for the terminal of the user UG(i) in step E7.sub.a. If the condition of step E5.sub.a is verified for both cells C1! and C2!, the call set-up request is accepted in step E13.sub.a.
For each subsequent cell Cj!, with 3.ltoreq.j<N, the user UG(i) waits until they are at the distance D.sub.max from cell Cj!, i.e. from entry point X.sub.h (i)j-1,j! into cell Cj!, to effect a channel reservation request in step E4.sub.a. Accordingly, on each handover of user UG(i) into cell Cj!, a channel reservation request is transmitted in the next cell Cj+1!.
The above description has been given for cells fixed to satellites in the same orbit. The present invention also applies if user UG(i) crosses cells fixed to satellites in different, parallel or concurrent orbits, for example orbits intersecting the equator when projected onto the terrestrial surface.
FIG. 11 shows, by way of example, two cells C.sub.1a and C.sub.2a fixed to one or two satellites in an orbit O.sub.a, and two cells C.sub.1b, C.sub.2b fixed to one or two satellites moving in the opposite direction to the cells C.sub.1a and C.sub.2a in an orbit O.sub.b adjacent orbit O.sub.a. An imaginary path TR is defined for any user UG initially at a point X.sub.1a in cell C.sub.1a at the time of a call set-up request effected by the latter's terminal. Path TR, determined in accordance with the three criteria CR1 through CR3, includes a first rectilinear portion X.sub.1a X.sub.2a in a direction opposite the direction of movement of the satellites in the orbit O.sub.a relative to the surface of the Earth, the end point X.sub.2a of which is on the contour of cell C.sub.2a. A second rectilinear portion X.sub.2a X.sub.1b of path TR is in a direction opposite the direction of movement of the satellites in orbit O.sub.b relative to the surface of the Earth.
The FIG. 2 algorithm is applied to the user UG as described hereinabove. All distances are measured along its broken path TR and cell translations are effected also along path TR. Accordingly, the length of path TR, equal to the sum of the lengths of the portions X.sub.1a X.sub.2a and X.sub.2a X.sub.1b, is the maximal predetermined length defined in advance by the user UG. For example, the distance between the user UG at the time of his call set-up request and his handover point into cell C.sub.1b, denoted X.sub.2b, is equal to the sum of the lengths of the portions X.sub.1a X.sub.2a and X.sub.2a X.sub.2b.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A method of handing over calls of users in a cellular telecommunications system using a constellation of non-geostationary satellites and satellite-fixed cells with which call channels are respectively associated and which move relative to the surface of the Earth in a predetermined direction, the speed of users relative to the surface of the Earth being negligible in comparison to the speed of travel of the cells, said users having positions known at the time of each of call set-up requests transmitted by user's terminals, said method including, for a given user after a call set-up request transmitted by the terminal of said given user and for each cell of a predetermined group of adjacent cells to which said given user may be successively allocated, said given user being in a first cell of said predetermined group at the time of said call set-up request: first steps wherein, if a first distance between said given user and a predetermined handover point into said each cell at the time of said call set-up request, said first distance being zero if said each cell is said first cell of predetermined group, is greater than a predetermined distance equal to a maximal length of said each cell parallel to said predetermined direction, a reservation of a call channel associated with said each cell is requested for said given user's terminal if said given user is substantially at said predetermined distance from said predetermined handover point, and if said first distance is less than said predetermined distance, (i) said call set-up request is refused if no call channel associated with said each cell is free and, otherwise, (ii) a call channel is reserved for said given user's terminal, second steps wherein said call set-up request is refused if a number of users communicating in one of areas obtained by translating said each cell in said predetermined direction by a distance lying between said first distance and a second distance is at least equal to a capacity in terms of call channels of said each cell, said second distance being that between said given user and a predetermined handover point of said given user into an allocation cell succeeding said each cell, at the time of said call set-up request.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein if, at the time of said call set-up request, said first distance is greater than said predetermined distance, said reservation of a call channel is requested only if a number of users communicating in an area obtained by translating said each cell in said predetermined direction by said first distance and if the predetermined cell groups respectively to which said users communicating in said area may be allocated include said each cell, is less than the capacity in terms of call channels of said each cell.
3. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein said predetermined group of adjacent cells is constructed so that said given user is not handed over into said each cell, if said each cell is a cell other than said first cell of said predetermined group, until after having remained allocated for as long as possible to a preceding cell.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said predetermined group of adjacent cells is constructed so that if, on leaving a cell of said predetermined group, said given user is simultaneously included in plural cells of said telecommunications system, the cell from said plural cells to which said given user is allocated is that in which the travel time of said given user is the longest.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1, including a step for eliminating beforehand in each of said cells of said telecommunications system at least one area of overlap with another cell of said telecommunications system.
6. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein said cells of said telecommunication system are identical, rectangular in shape, contiguous and aligned relative to said predetermined direction and wherein said second steps are eliminated.
7. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein said number of users communicating concerns only users whose predetermined groups of adjacent cells include said each cell.
8. Method claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of cells included in said predetermined group of adjacent cells depends on a predetermined maximal call duration during which said method is applied for said given user for each call set-up request transmitted by said given user's terminal.