US 5,873,072 AGrant
System and Method for Electronically Providing Customer Services Including Payment of Bills, Financial Analysis and Loans
Issue Date:1999-02-16
•21 Claims
•7 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A computerized payment system by which a consumer may instruct a service provider by telephone, computer terminal, or other telecommunications means to pay various bills without the consumer having to write a check for each bill. The system operates without restriction as to where the consumer banks and what bills are to be paid. The service provider collects consumers' information, financial institutions' information and merchant information and arranges payment based on a financial risk analysis to the merchants according to the consumers' instructions.
Metadata
Assignee
- Checkfree Corporation
Inventors
- Peter J. Kight
- Mark A. Johnson
- Tamara K. Christenson
- Regina Lach
- Philip Pointer
- Kenneth Cook
Application Information
Application Number:US 3726207
Filing Date:1995-01-13
Priority Date:1991-07-25
Art Unit:271
Classifications
IPC:
G06F15100
Field of Search:
364235705401 R;406;408;403375;380;3791;30;34;35;40;42
Patent Drawings (7 sheets)
Description
Background and Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for paying bills. More particularly, the present invention is a computerized system for paying bills whereby a consumer may contact a single source from a remote location via a telephone, a computer terminal with modem, or other electronic means, to direct the single source to pay the consumer's bills instead of the consumer writing checks for each bill. A microfiche appendix has been submitted with the parent case, application Ser. No. 07/736,071, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,383,113 on Jan. 17, 1995 which contains the program code of the present invention and which in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference. An additional hard copy of the appendix is attached as Exhibit A.
It has been common for many years for consumers to pay monthly bills by way of a personal check written by the consumer and sent by mail to the entity from which the bill or invoice was received. Consumers have used other ways to pay bills, including personally visiting the billing entity to make a cash payment. In today's economy, it is not unusual for a consumer to have several regular monthly invoices to pay. Writing individual checks to pay each invoice can be time-consuming and costly due to postage and other related expenses.
A need exists for a method whereby a consumer can contact a single source and inform the source to pay various bills of the consumer, to have the source adjust the consumer's account with the consumer's financial institution (ie., bank, credit union, savings and loan association, etc.) to reflect a bill payment, and to actually pay the billing entity a specified amount by a particular time. The system should be efficient and not unreasonably expensive and relatively simple for a consumer to interact with. Some banks have attempted to provide a service for making payment to a few billing entities to which the banks have established relations. The banks that do provide that type of service are limited in that they provide the service only for their own customers since the banks have not developed a system for accurately acquiring and processing account numbers and balances of customers of all other banking institutions and coordinating that information with bill payment. Furthermore, banks have not developed a system for managing the risks involved in providing such a service and the inherent complexities of providing the service to consumers other than the bank's own customers. Therefore, a need exists for a single source bill payment system that would be available to any consumer, regardless of where the consumer banks and regardless of what bills are to be paid.
The present invention is designed to fulfill the above listed needs. The invention provides a universal bill payment system that works regardless of the consumer's financial institution and bill to be paid. The present invention provides a computerized system by which a consumer may pay bills utilizing the telephone, a computer terminal, or other electronic, data transmission means. Transactions are recorded against the consumer's account wherever he or she banks. The consumer may be an individual or a business, large or small. The present invention works regardless of where the consumer banks.
The method of the present invention includes: gathering consumer information and creating a master file with banking information and routing codes; inputting payment instructions by the consumer at a convenient location (e.g., at home), typically remote from the payment service provider, by using an input terminal such as a push-button telephone; applying the payment instructions to the consumer's file; using computer software of the present invention to examine various files to determine such things as what is the appropriate form of payment based on variables involving banking institutions and merchants; comparing each transaction against a dynamic credit file and routing based on set parameters; and, if the payment system determines that everything is ready for payment to be made, adjusting the consumer's account (usually by debiting) and making payment directly to the billing entity. The single source service provider for consumer bill payment could be any entity with the capability to practice the invention as described hereinafter. The foregoing and other objects and advantages will become more apparent when viewed in light of the accompanying drawings and following detailed description.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical representation of the creation of a consumer database;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical representation of the establishment of a merchant's (billing entities) database and the making of payments;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatical representation of the creation of a consumer pay table;
FIG. 4a is a diagrammatical representation of a payment processing cycle;
FIG. 4b is a continuation of the diagram of FIG. 4a;
FIG. 4c is a continuation of the diagram of FIG. 4b;
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatical representation of a computer hardware system that may be used for accomplishing the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatical representation of another computer hardware system that may be used for accomplishing the present invention.
Description of Preferred Embodiment(s)
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates the steps in the creation of a consumer database for use with the present invention. The first step in the process is to establish a consumer's data records on the system. This may be accomplished by the consumer completing an authorization form 20 which would contain the needed information to input into the system concerning the consumer. This information may include the consumer's name, address, telephone number and other applicable information. The consumer would also provide a voided check from the consumer's personal checking account. The consumer's information may then be manually input via a keyboard 52 into the consumer database record 22. Default amounts may be set for an individual credit line parameter and for a total month-to-date parameter. These amounts establish the maximum unqualified credit risk exposure the service provider is willing to accept for an individual transaction and for the collective month-to-date transactions of a consumer. As explained hereinafter, the service provider may be at risk when paying a consumer's bills by a check written on the service provider's account.
From the voided check, the consumer's bank routing transit and individual account numbers at an institution are input into the computer system. This information may be edited against an internal financial institutions file (FIF) database 24 of the present invention. FIF 24 is a database of financial institutions' identification codes and account information for the consumer. This file edits the accuracy of the routing transit number and the bank account number. If the numbers do not correspond with the correct routing and bank numbers, they are rejected and the data entry is done again. FIF 24 in conjunction with the software of the present invention also updates the consumer database 22 for both electronic and paper draft routing and account information. The needed information may be obtained from each banking institution and each consumer.
The consumer is notified by the service provider of his or her local phone number access and personal security code for informing the service provider that a bill is to be paid. This information may be stored in a phone access table 26. The personal security code may be much like an ATM machine four digit code. In addition, to comply with federal law, an electronic pre-note 28 will be created to be sent to the consumer's bank to inform the bank that the service provider is authorized to debit the consumer's account. For further security to the service provider, a consumer credit record 30 may be obtained. The default credit limit amounts over which the service provider may be unwilling to assume financial risk may be modified based on the information obtained from the credit report 30.
In FIG. 2 the steps are shown for establishing merchants to be paid and the making of a payment. The consumer must inform the service provider or processor of a merchant's name, address, phone number and the consumer's account number with the merchant 32. The term "merchant" as used herein is intended to pertain to any person or entity that the consumer wishes to pay and is not to be limited to the usual merchants most consumers pay, such as the electric company, a home mortgage lender, etc. This information is put into a merchant master file database 42 (MMF). The consumer may also indicate whether the merchant is a variable or fixed merchant. A variable merchant is one in which the date and amount of payment will vary each month. A fixed merchant is one in which the date and amount remain the same each month. If the merchant is fixed, the frequency of payment may be other than monthly, such as weekly, quarterly, etc. The consumer should inform the service-provider of the date on which the merchant is to be paid and the amount to be paid.
Through a telecommunications terminal 34 (e.g., a push-button telephone or computer terminal), a consumer may initiate payment of bills. Through the terminal, the consumer may access his merchant list and input the payment date and amount. The system may be provided with a payment date editor 36 to insure that the date is valid and logical (i.e., payment dates already in the past or possibly a year or more into the future would be questioned). As payments are initiated, a consumer "checkbook register" may be created and automatically updated to reflect this activity. The merchant list can be visible on the consumer's personal computer screen. On a personal computer a consumer may enter merchant payment amounts and payment dates on the computer screen and then transmit this information to the service provider.
By telephone, the list may be presented by programmed voice. The voice may be programmed to ask the consumer if a particular merchant (selected from the consumer's MMF, which may be updated from time to time) is to be paid and to tell the consumer to press 1 if yes, or press 2 if no. If yes, the voice may instruct the consumer to enter the amount to be paid by pressing the numbers on a touch tone phone. The asterisk button could be used as a decimal point. After the amount is entered, the voice may ask the consumer to enter the date on which payment is to be made to the merchant. This may be accomplished by assigning each month a number, such as January being month 01. The consumer may then enter month, day and year for payment. The programmed voice may be accomplished with a VRU (voice response unit) available from AT&T or other vendors. It may communicate with a data processor to obtain consumer information. At the end of the consumer's session on the terminal a confirmation number may be sent to the consumer, providing a record of the transaction.
In FIG. 3 the steps are shown for the creation of the consumer pay table 38 and making updates to it. The consumer's files may be received at the service provider on a front end processor 40 that interfaces with the telecommunications network. The consumer's records may be edited 44 for validity by comparing to the merchants' account scheme. Any new merchant records are added to the consumer's pay table. New merchants are compared to the MMF 42 and appropriately cross-referenced to the pay table to check if a merchant record already exists. If no merchant record exists, a merchant record will be created on the MMF 42.
Payment records may also be received on the service provider's processor. The payment may first go through a validation process against the pay table. The validation process checks for duplicate payments and if duplicates are found they are sent to a reject file. The validation process also verifies that merchants are set up and may check for multiple payments to be paid to a particular merchant. Orders for payment go to the consumer pay table to determine when the payment should be released and how it will be released for payment.
The service provider may pay merchants by a draft or check (paper) or by electronic funds transfer. To create a draft that will pass through the banking system, it must be specially inked. This may be accomplished by a printer which puts a micr code on drafts, like standard personal checks. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the front end processor 40 may be a DEC VAX which is connected to an IBM main frame 46 Model 4381. Consumers may call by telephone 35, a number that passes through the private bank exchange (PBX) 39 and contacts a voice response unit 41 in association with the front end processor 40. After the consumer's payment instructions are received an analysis is performed to determine the most cost effective and least risk mode of payment for the service provider to use. One preferred mode of payment is electronic funds transfer through the Federal Reserve Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network 47. If the service provider is not a bank, a bank intermediary may be needed to be connected to the Federal Reserve Network. Another payment mode is a charge to the consumer's credit card through the RPS Network 49. Additionally, an IBM Laser Printer attached to a micr post printer 48 may be used by the service provider to send drafts 76 or consolidated checks 78 to merchants. The main frame 46 has data storage means 50 and runs the FIF 24 and MMF 42 programs. It may also have a tape drive or telecommunication interface for accomplishing electronic funds transfer. It should be recognized that various other hardware arrangements could be used to accomplish the present invention. FIG. 6 illustrates a similar arrangement for use when the consumer is using a personal computer 37 to instruct the service provider. The personal computer may access the front end processor 40 through the standard X.25 Network 43.
Referring now to FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c, the payment process is shown. The payment process may be cycled 56 each day or more or less frequently. The first step is to establish when payment items are to be processed. This may be accomplished through a processing calendar 58. A processing calendar 58 may be built into the system. The calendar 58 enables the system to consider each date, including weekends and the Federal Reserve holidays. Payments are released from the consumer pay table 38 using the due date. Any bank date, payments, or payments within a period such as four business days may be released the same day. All future payment dates would be stored in the consumer pay table 38. On-line inquiry may be made on the consumer pay table 38. The service provider has on-line capability to make changes to the consumer payment upon request until the day the payment is released. A consumer's merchant change may also affect the consumer's payment on the pay table 38.
The method of payment to the merchant may be either paper (draft or check) or electronic. There are several factors in the process used to determine if a payment will be released as a paper item, or an ACH electronic transaction (automated clearing house; service provider is a party to transaction). Each consumer may be assigned a status such as: active=good; inactive=bad; and, pending=uncertain, risky. If a consumer's status is pending 60, when reviewing the payment file with the processing calendar 58, the payment should go out as a draft paper to protect the service provider. When payment is made by draft, the service provider is not a contractual party to the transaction. The consumer's bank account codes are actually encoded onto the draft prepared by the service provider and act much like the consumer's personal check. The draft has been specially designed for this process. The draft is payable to either the service provider or the particular merchant. This allows the draft to be delivered to the merchant for payment and depositing, but allows the draft to be legally payable by the bank, with proper authorization. Additionally, posting information for the merchant is contained on the body of the draft. To the applicant's knowledge, it is the first time a draft has been used in such a manner and with this unique design to accomplish this. If the consumer's bank transit number does not indicate an electronic bank 62 (i.e., a banking institution that will accept electronic funds transfer), the program associated with FIF 24 sends the payment as a draft. A pre-note 28 is required any time 64 new banking information is entered on a consumer and the bank shows on FIF 24 as an electronic receiving bank. The pre-note period is ten (10) days under federal law. Any payments released during this period are sent as paper.
The third manner in which the service provider may pay bills is by a check written on the service provider's account. A consolidated check may be written if many customers have asked the service provider to pay the same merchant. Under this method of payment the service provider assumes some risk since the service provider writes the check on its own account. The service provider is later reimbursed by the (consumer's) banking institution.
As a means of minimizing risk to the service provider, any transaction may be compared to the MMF 42 credit limit. For example, if the check limit is greater than zero and the payment is $50.00 or less 66, the item may be released as electronic 74 or by service provider check 78. If the payment is greater than $50.00 but less than or equal to the merchant credit limit 68, the payment may be released as electronic payment 74 or check 78. Any payments within the merchant's credit limit 70 are added to the consumer's monthly ACH balance 72. This provides a monthly total billing day to billing day summary of the consumer's electronic payment activity. Any transaction may be compared to the consumer's database credit limit parameters. If a payment amount is greater than the consumer's credit limit, the item is released as a draft 76 which is written on the consumer's account. If the payment amount plus the total of electronic payments in a particular month is greater than the consumer's credit limit, the item is released as a draft 76. Items not released as paper are initiated as an ACH debit against the consumer's account.
The consumer database may be reviewed for proper electronic funds transfer (EFT) routing. Payment to the merchant may be accomplished one of three ways, depending on the merchant's settlement code. Various merchant's settlement codes may be established. For example, a merchant set up with a settlement code "01" results in a check and remittance list 78 being mailed to the merchant. Merchants with a settlement code, such as "10" produce an ACH customer initiated entry (CIE). Merchants with a settlement code, such as, "13" produce a remittance processing system (RPS) credit.
In the consumer pay table, for fixed payments, a payment date gets rolled to the next scheduled payment date on the pay table. The number of remaining payments counter is decreased by one for each fixed payment made. For variable payments once made, the payment date is deleted on the consumer pay table. The schedule date and amount on the consumer pay table roll to zero. A consumer payment history may also be provided which show items such as process date as well as collection date, settlement method, and check number in addition to merchant name and amount.
The software of the present invention is designed in part to make several decisions relating to particular transactions for consumers. The following example is provided to more fully describe the software. This example is not intended to limit the application to the details described in the example and is only provided to further enhance the description of the invention already stated above.
For this example, assume that a consumer has five transactions of varying amounts for which the consumer has asked the service provider to arrange payment. For simplicity, assume that the five payments are to be made on the same day. First, the consumer database 22 is edited to validate the status, banking institution, and pre-note flags associated with the consumer's requested payments. The account numbers provided by the consumer for the merchants to be paid, are also checked to determine if they are valid. Assuming the merchant account numbers are valid, the program begins with the first dollar analysis.
For purposes of this example, the five payments the consumer has requested are in the amounts of: $25.00; $75.00; $150.00; $250.00; and $1,000.00. The program will consider each dollar amount individually as it goes through the various edit modes. The first edit may be called a $50.01 edit. In this example, any transaction that is less than $50.01 is automatically sent as an ACH debit to the consumer's account. This means that the service provider uses ACH to electronically transfer funds from the consumer's account to the service provider's clearing account.
In this example, the initial payment of $25.00 will satisfy the $50.01 edit and therefore will be paid without any further edits being conducted for this particular payment. Continuing with the example, the next edit may be a merchant dollar edit that is established for the specific merchant to which the transaction is being sent. For purposes of this example, this edit is set at $100.00 for all merchants. Different dollar edits can be incorporated for different merchants. In the example, the second payment request of the consumer, for $75.00, meets the $100.00 merchant edit parameter and is sent as an ACH debit to the consumer's account. Note that the $75.00 payment would not have satisfied the $50.01 edit and therefore would have passed on to the second edit which in this case, is the merchant dollar edit.
The remaining three payments in the example exceed both the $50.01 edit and the merchant $100.00 edit and therefore, go to the next edit. In the example, the next edit is for a consumer individual transaction limit set at $200.00. The $150.00 payment is less than the $200.00 consumer individual transaction limit and is, therefore, sent as an ACH debit to the consumer's account and paid. The other two remaining payments yet to be made exceed the $200.00 limit in this example and pass to the next edit.
In the next edit, which happens to be the last edit in the example, the consumer's month-to-date "unqualified" risk limit is checked. In the example, the month-to-date limit is set at $1,500. Assume that for this particular consumer $400.00 of month-to-date payments have already been made on the consumer's behalf. Added to the $400.00 would be the three payments made above for $25.00, $75.00 and $150.00. So an additional $250.00 is added to the $400.00 month-to-date for a total of $650.00 "unqualified" risk for the current month-to-date amount. The next payment to be made is for $250.00 and would fall within the $1,500 month-to-date limit when added to the current $650.00 risk amount. Therefore, the $250.00 payment is made and an ACH debit is sent to the consumer's account. This brings the total month-to-date "unqualified" risk amount to $900.00. The final $1,000 payment has not been paid and would send the "unqualified" risk amount over $1,500 when added to the $900.00. Since the final payment of $1,000 in the example fails the consumer month-to-date limit edit, the $1,000 payment would be sent as a paper draft directly drawn on the consumer's account, and for which the service provider has no liability. In the example, the final step would be updating the consumer month-to-date current total to $900.00.
The apparatus for and method of bill payment of the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will be understood from the foregoing description. It will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form and steps thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of its advantages.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system for use by a service provider to pay bills rendered to a consumer by billing entities, said system comprising: a financial institutions database containing information pertaining to consumers' accounts from which payments to the billing entities may be made; means for creating said financial institutions database consisting of the identification by a consumer of information regarding the consumer's accounts from which payment from the consumer to a billing entity may be made; a billing entities database having information pertaining to the billing entities to which payments on the consumers' behalf may be made from the consumer's account; at least one remote telecommunications device operable by a consumer to be in communication with a central processing unit operated by said service provider; a program directing the operations of said central processing unit to analyze instructions received from said consumer through said telecommunications device, said program further including means for identifying a preferred form of payment from the consumer's account with respect to payments to be effected to said billing entities, said preferred form of payment being selected by the service provider from the consumer's account in the form of at least one of the group consisting of an electronic funds transfer, a charge to a credit card, a check, and a draft, the determination of the preferred form of payment being made by comparing the amount of the bill to be paid to a value corresponding to at least one of: a fixed currency value amount, a predetermined upper limit of funds determined by the service provider associated with a particular consumer, and a credit limit otherwise associated with the consumer's account, and means for effecting payment of the bills to said billing entities on behalf of the consumer by transferring funds from the consumer's account to the billing entity.
2. The system of claim 1 in which, if the amount of the bill to be paid is less than the fixed currency value, payment of the bill is made by an electronic funds transfer drawn from the consumer's account to the billing entity.
3. The system of claim 1 in which, if the amount of the bill to be paid is in excess of one of the upper limit or the credit limit, payment of the bill is made by a draft drawn on the consumer's account in favor of the billing entity.
4. The system of claim 1 in which, if the amount of the bill to be paid is less than one of the upper limit or the credit limit, payment of the bill is made by a draft payable on behalf of the consumer written on the account of the service provider, and upon presentation of the draft, funds corresponding to the amount of the draft are transferred from the consumer's account to the account of the service provider on which the draft is drawn.
5. The system of claim 4 in which a single payment is made to a billing entity representing in the aggregate the sum of a number of individual bills rendered to multiple consumers.
6. The system of claim 5 wherein a list is provided to the billing entity of each individual bill amount and each consumer on whose behalf the payment is made.
7. The system of claim 1 in which the values to which the amount of the bill to be paid are compared comprise differing amounts, and the amount of a particular payment is compared in turn to each of said differing amounts in the order of the increasing value of said amounts to determine the category within which a particular payment corresponds.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein said program further includes means for relating predetermined dollar amount limits to preselected forms of payment to determine the form of payment to be effected.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein said dollar amount limits include per transaction dollar amounts and per month dollar amounts.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein said remote telecommunications device is selected from at least one member of the group consisting of a touch tone telephone, computer, computer terminal, voice transmission and data transmission.
11. The system of claim 10 wherein said remote telecommunications device is a touch tone telephone and the telephone is used by the consumer in communication with a voice response unit within said system.
12. The system of claim 1 wherein the information in said financial institutions database comprises at least one of the group consisting of routing transit numbers and consumers' account numbers.
13. The system of claim 1 wherein the information in said billing entities database comprises at least one of the group consisting of billing entities' names, billing entities' addresses, billing entities' telephone numbers, consumers' merchant account number(s), account edits, and merchant data.
14. The system of claim 13 including further means for determining a correct consumer merchant account number when an incomplete or incorrect consumer merchant account number is input into said billing entities database.
15. The system of claim 1 wherein said program includes means for making a determination of a consumer's creditworthiness.
16. The system of claim 1 wherein said means for effecting payment includes a printer and post processor to generate an instrument corresponding to a funds transfer.
17. The system of claim 1 wherein said program differentiates between regularly occurring bills of the same amount due to a billing entity and bills of variable amounts due to a billing entity.
18. The system of claim 1 wherein said program includes a processing calendar for determining dates on which payments are made to particular billing entities.
19. A system for use by a service provider to pay bills rendered to a consumer by billing entities, said system comprising: a financial institutions database containing information pertaining to consumers' accounts from which payments to the billing entities may be made, the information in said financial institutions database including at least one of the group consisting of routing transit numbers and consumers' account numbers; means for creating said financial institutions database consisting of the identification by a consumer of information regarding the consumer's accounts from which payment from the consumer to a billing entity may be made; a billing entities database having information pertaining to the billing entities to which payments on the consumers' behalf may be made from the consumer's account, the information in said billing entities database including at least one of the group consisting of billing entities' names, billing entities' addresses, billing entities' telephone numbers, consumers' merchant account number(s), account edits, and merchant data; at least one remote telecommunications device operable by a consumer to be in communication with a central processing unit operated by said service provider; a program directing the operations of said central processing unit to analyze instructions received from said consumer through said telecommunications device, said program further including means for identifying a preferred form of payment from the consumer's account with respect to payments to be effected to said billing entities, said preferred form of payment being selected by the service provider from the consumer's account in the form of at least one of the group consisting of an electronic funds transfer, a charge to a credit card, a check, and a draft, said preferred form of payment further including a funds transfer of an amount that is a total of more than one consumer's payments to a particular billing entity accompanied by a list of each consumer on whose behalf a payment is made, said program including means for relating predetermined dollar amount limits to preselected forms of payment to determine the form of payment to be effected, said dollar amount limits including per transaction dollar amounts and per month dollar amounts; and means for effecting payment of the bills to said billing entities on behalf of the consumer by transferring funds from the consumer's account to the billing entity.
20. A method by which a consumer directs, through a remote telecommunications device operable by a consumer that is in communication with a central processing unit operated by a service provider, the payment of bills rendered to the consumer by billing entities, the payment being effected by the service provider, comprising the following steps: providing information to the service provider pertaining to consumers' accounts from which payments to the billing entities may be made on the consumer's behalf and maintaining the information provided in a financial institutions database; providing a billing entities database having specific information pertaining to the billing entities to which payments on the consumers' behalf will be made; instructing the service provider through said telecommunications device with regard to payments to be made on the consumer's behalf from the consumer's account; selecting by the service provider, from at least one of the group of multiple differing types of funds transfers available to the service provider, a preferred form of payment drawn on the consumer's account with respect to payments to be effected; and effecting payment of the bills to said billing entities on behalf of the consumer by the service provider's instruction of a preferred form of payment from the consumer's account corresponding to amount of the consumer's instructions regarding the billing entity to be paid.
21. The method of claim 20 in which the preferred form of payment is selected from at least one of the group consisting of an electronic funds transfer, a charge to a credit card, a check, and a draft.
Patent Citations (6)
Non-Patent Literature (5)
- "Myte Myke Bus. Sys.: Order-Entry Billing", Product Literature Abst. From Microsearch File Of Orbit AN:-87-039522.
- "Home Banking: A Case Study", Robert B. Wilumstad, pp. 41-55, Banker's Magazine, Nov.-Dec. 1984.
- "Round up of Financial Software: Home Account", II Computing, vol. 1 No. 3, p. 7413; 2136 Abst. from Microsearch, AN:-86-031926, Malnig, Anita.
- "Electronic Checkbook", Rae, Sharon Gamble, MacIntosh Buyer's Guide p. 128/ 1 May 1985, Microsearch Abst. AN:85-028312.
- Hines, Tracie Forman, "The Check is in the Modern: Excel", Mac User, vol. 1 No. 1 p. 6815; 10185 1985 Microsearch Abst. AN:85-028676.