US 5,867,977 AGrant
Method and Apparatus for Achieving Power Augmentation in Gas Turbines via Wet Compression
Issue Date:1999-02-09
•38 Claims
•7 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method for effectively adding a mass flow of water particles to a gas turbine preferably by use of a spray rack group assembly having at least one spray rack water pipe and at least one spray rack water nozzle. Water mass flow is added preferably in increments such that operationally-induced thermal transients within the gas turbine are sufficiently minimized to preserve the structural integrity of the gas turbine. Monitoring of the temperature profile of fluid-cooled rotor blades in the turbine section with an optical pyrometer to detect clogging of cooling pathways in those rotor blades from impurities in the liquid added through the wet compression, monitoring of temperature in proximity to the gas turbine compressor inlet to guard against the possibility of icing, a deformation measurement device, preferably a laser emitter and laser target measuring system mounted to the exterior of the gas turbine housing to detect deformation in the housing of the gas turbine from associated cooling effects of the wet compression technique, and periodic addition of heat and humidity, preferably steam, to the compressor inlet are disclosed.
Metadata
Assignee
- The Dow Chemical Company
Inventors
- Richard E. Zachary
- Roger D. Hudson
Application Information
Application Number:US 7156758
Filing Date:1996-09-18
Priority Date:1996-05-14
Art Unit:376
Classifications
IPC:
F02C 700
Field of Search:
6039.05;39.091;39.093;39.3;39.53
Patent Drawings (7 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
Gas turbines are used in a variety of useful applications. Aviation, shipping, power generation, and chemical processing have all benefited from gas turbines of various designs. Land-based gas turbine power generation facilities can also provide combined cycle benefits when a heat recovery unit is used to generate steam from exhaust gas generated by the gas turbine and a steam turbine is operated by that steam.
In regard to general terminology, the term "gas turbine" traditionally has referred to any turbine system having a compression section, combustion section, and turbine section. In recent years, the term "combustion turbine" has become more used to reference the same machine. In this regard, this specification will use the term "gas turbine" to represent both the traditionally used term and the term "combustion turbine" as some would reference it at the present time.
Gas turbines have a compressor section for compressing inlet air, a combustion section for combining the compressed inlet air with fuel and oxidizing that fuel, and a turbine section where the energy from the hot gas produced by the oxidation of the fuel is converted into work. Usually, natural gas (mostly methane), kerosene, or synthetic gas (such as carbon monoxide) is fed as fuel to the combustion section, but other fuels could be used. The rotor, defined by a rotor shaft, attached turbine section rotor blades, and attached compressor section rotor blades, mechanically powers the compressor section and, in some cases, a compressor used in a chemical process or an electric generator. The exhaust gas from the turbine section can used to achieve thrust, it can be a source of heat and energy, or, in some cases, it is discarded.
Some turbine sections employ the use of fluid-cooled rotor blades where either pressurized air, steam, or the like is passed through internal cooling cavities within the rotor blades used in the turbine section; this enables higher temperature output from the combustion section.
Gas turbine compressors are periodically cleaned to remove buildups of particulates on internal components. Some of this cleaning can be performed without full shutdown of the gas turbine, and materials such as water, ground pecan hulls, or chemical cleaning mixtures can be either sprayed, blown, or otherwise input into the inlet of the gas turbine after the gas turbine has been operationally configured for such a cleaning operation. At least one such chemical mixture is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,235 entitled "CLEANING GAS TURBINE COMPRESSORS" issued on Feb. 28, 1989 to Woodson, et al.
Other systems for minimizing buildup of particulates on internal components of gas turbines focus on cleaning of the gas turbine inlet air as is, for instance, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,620 entitled "CLEANING GAS TURBINE INLET AIR" issued on May 22, 1990 to Donle.
Materials such as water can also be added when the gas turbine is operating under full load to augment the power output capability of a gas turbine above the output achievable with normally humidified air; such a procedure is identified as wet compression. Wet compression enables power augmentation in gas turbine systems by reducing the work required for compression of the inlet air. This thermodynamic benefit is realized within the compressor of a gas turbine through "latent heat intercooling", where water (or some other appropriate liquid) added to the air inducted into the compressor cools that air, through evaporation, as the air with the added water is being compressed. The added water can be conceptualized as an "evaporative liquid heat sink" in this regard.
The wet compression approach thus saves an incremental amount of work (which would have been needed to compress air not containing the added water) and makes the incremental amount of work available to either drive the load attached to the gas turbine (in the case of a single shaft machine) or to increase the compressor speed to provide more mass flow (which can have value in both single shaft and dual shaft machines).
An additional incremental contribution to power augmentation is realized in the turbine section by a small increase in mass flow provided by the added vaporized liquid. A further incremental contribution to power augmentation also appears to be provided by an increase in air flow which has been noted to occur with a first, 10-20 gallon per minute, increment of water in a large land-based power gas turbine. It should be noted that additional fuel is required to raise the temperature of the cooled (respective to dry air compression) air/steam mixture discharged from the compressor to the firing temperature of the gas turbine; but the value realized from the wet compression effect is greater than the value of the additional fuel needed, resulting in value added to the operation of the system as a whole.
The power augmentation benefits of wet compression have been generally understood for some time. As noted by David G. Wilson in "The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines" (1984, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), a six stage centrifugal compressor used in a 1903 vintage turbine built by Aegidius Elling injected water between compressor stages.
Also in the 1940s, an overview of some of the principles behind wet compression was reported by "Water Spray Injection of an Axial Flow Compressor" by I. T. Wetzel and B. H. Jennings (Proceedings of the Midwest Power Conference, Illinois Institute of Technology, Apr. 18-20, 1949, pages 376 to 380); this article is hereby incorporated by reference herein for purposes of describing the background of this application. The article indicates that "water . . . was sprayed into the inlet duct just upstream from the compressor through four Spraying Systems type 1/4 LNN6 nozzles." No actual results using a gas turbine, however, were reported by Wetzel and Jennings in the article.
In the development of jet aircraft, wet compression using alcohol or water/alcohol mixtures has been of interest as a method for thrust augmentation as noted in American Society of Mechanical Engineers article 83-GT-230 entitled "Gas Turbine Compressor Interstage Cooling Using Methanol" (ASME, New York, 1983) by J. A. C. Fortin and J. F. Bardon. The Fortin-Bardon article points to concerns with wet compression ". . . that the liquid droplets not cause serious erosion of the compressor blades."
The above comment from the Fortin-Bardon article, and another comment in the Wetzel-Jennings article that "there was no evidence of blade erosion although admittedly the tests were of short duration" help to highlight one concern regarding liquid erosion respecting wet compression that, despite the technology's very significant and long-appreciated benefits, has contributed to preventing wet compression's practical application. Indeed there are a number of risks to a gas turbine system when wet compression power augmentation is used to improve its operational performance.
As noted, one risk is derived from blade erosive effects; another difficulty (especially in large gas turbine systems) relates to localized and non-uniform cooling problems (due to non-uniform distribution of the added water) within the compressor which can distort the physical components of the gas turbine system in such a way as to cause damage from rubbing of the rotor against the inner wall of the housing and associated seals.
A further significant element of risk derives from the possibility of thermal shock if (1) the gas turbine has essentially achieved thermodynamic equilibrium under full load and (2) the liquid addition is abruptly terminated without feed-forward compensation to the energy being added to the gas turbine; the risk is derived from a potentially damaging and abrupt transient in the internal operating temperature of the turbine section if the evaporative liquid heat sink is removed in this manner.
Another element of risk is due to the possibility that components of the liquid addition system may break away and impact against the relatively delicate moving parts of the gas turbine system. Still another element of risk is established from the chance that gas turbine components will foul from impurities in the liquid added to the compression inlet air, as these impurities are deposited on the gas turbine components as a result of evaporation of the liquid in which they had been dissolved.
With particular regard to land-based gas turbine power generation facilities and chemical processing facilities, the above risk factors, the substantial investment in the gas turbines, and non-linear, inherent scale-up considerations have collectively prevented the benefits of wet compression from being realized.
What is needed is an approach and system which enables wet compression to be pragmatically implemented in gas turbine power generation facilities and chemical processing facilities. Such a system would enable an immediate benefit to be realized from the existing base of installed gas turbine power generation facilities and chemical processing facilities. Perhaps more importantly, such a system would conceivably enable gas turbines to be optimized for wet compression at the design stage, opening new possibilities in power generation. This patent teaches such a system for enabling the use of wet compression in gas turbine systems.
Objects of the Invention
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide apparatus and method which achieves an increase in the net output of a gas turbine by feeding liquid water to the inlet of an industrial gas turbine. The effect of this is to reduce the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression and to thereby increase the net power output available for continuously driving, without limitation, an attached generator or chemical manufacturing compressor above the net power output which would be available at comparable conditions in all other respects.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus and method which achieves control of the rate of temperature change in the working fluid due to the addition of liquid water by controllably augmenting the amount of liquid water provided to the inlet of the axial-flow multistage compressor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus and method which ultimately provides liquid water to the axial-flow multistage compressor in sufficient amount to achieve at least a 10% increase in the net output of an industrial gas turbine as measured against the net output of the industrial gas turbine at comparable conditions in all other respects.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus and method which provides heat and humidity to the working fluid to allow continued power augmentation during periods when the temperature of the working fluid would otherwise drop to a level which would allow detrimental ice formation to occur in the inlet of the axial-flow multistage compressor of a gas turbine.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus and method which insures a sufficiently uniform distribution of liquid water in the working fluid to limit deformation of the housing (casing) to a generally predetermined acceptable limit so that damage to the axial-flow multistage compressor of a gas turbine will be prevented.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method for effectively adding a mass flow of water to the inlet air to the compressor section of a gas turbine through (a) locating a device for adding such water a sufficient distance away from the inlet of the compressor section whereby, in the event any element of the device breaks away and is carried with the inlet air toward the compressor inlet, that element is gravitationally pulled to a lower surface of the inlet duct used to convey air into the gas turbine before entering the compressor inlet, and (b) by providing nebulized water through the device which, given the separation of the device from the compressor inlet, is essentially entrained in the inlet air and is carried therewith into the compressor section of the turbine.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus made up of a spray rack group assembly having at least one spray rack water pipe and at least one spray rack water nozzle.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which will add the water mass flow in a plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments such that operationally-induced thermal stresses within the gas turbine due to the use of said mass flow of nebulized water are sufficiently minimized to preserve the structural integrity of the gas turbine.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method for detecting potentially deleterious deformations in the housing of the gas turbine which might be caused from thermal stress due to wet compression power augmentation.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method for monitoring the temperature profile of fluid-cooled rotor blades in the turbine section so that clogging of cooling pathways in those rotor blades, for example, by the influence of impurities in the liquid added through the wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method, can be detected at the earliest possible time.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method for temperature measurement in the gas turbine compressor inlet, to (1) guard against the possibility of icing occurring in the inlet to such a degree that this ice, if broken away, might damage downstream elements of the gas turbine, (2) minimize the use of freezing control materials such as either steam or a freezing point depressant, and/or (3) provide an input to a control system which is used to coordinate, monitor and/or control the overall wet compression apparatus and method.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which employ a viewport near the compressor inlet so that icing can be monitored.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which add steam in the compressor inlet to control the inlet air temperature and to hereby prevent ice-forming conditions in the compressor inlet and elsewhere.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method using a laser emitter and laser target measuring system mounted to the exterior of the gas turbine housing for detecting deformation in the housing of the gas turbine which might be caused from thermal stress due to wet compression power augmentation.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method employing an optical pyrometer for monitoring the emitted energy of each of the cooled rotor blades in the turbine section through a sighting tube to characterize the temperature profile of the fluid cooled rotor blades.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which have a video camera positioned and focused to scan for ice buildup through a viewport near the compressor inlet so that icing can be monitored.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which provide treated water containing sufficient quantities of critical elements contained in the alloys respective to the materials of construction of the gas turbine engine that the resulting water stream minimizes the effects of leaching respecting the alloys of the components of the gas turbine engine as wet compression is executed.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which use a restricting orifice to protect the gas turbine from excessive water flow in case a spray nozzle in the spray rack group assembly mentioned above should break away from the assembly.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which tie a process control computer (1) to valves used to adjust the mass flow of nebulized water and (2) to a light sensitive target or other device enabling measurement of any deformation of the housing, for executing process control logic to control the mass flow of nebulized water through the valves so that deformation in the gas turbine housing is minimized.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which employ a material for depressing the freezing point of the water particles to help avoid icing in the compressor inlet.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which can broadly be used with an axial compressor, a rotary-positive-displacement compressor, or a centrifugal compressor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which have a sensor to ascertain the presence of liquid at the discharge of the compressor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which can more particularly be used with a gas turbine system made of a gas turbine having an axial compressor and an inlet air duct whose flow axis is essentially aligned with the axis of rotation of the gas turbine rotor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which can be used with a gas turbine system made of a gas turbine having an axial compressor and an inlet air duct whose axis is essentially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the gas turbine rotor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which provide for pre-filtering of the compressed air of the axial compressor section before it is used for cooling turbine section rotor blades so that plugging of cooling passages in the turbine section rotor blades will not occur.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a wet compression power augmentation apparatus and method which can be readily installed in gas turbine systems which are presently in operation without requiring substantial maintenance, retrofit, or "tear-down" of the gas turbine engine.
Summary of the Invention
The invention generally relates to a method for augmenting the net output of a gas turbine used, for prolonged periods of time, to drive a generator or compressor, the gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air wherein the method includes the step of providing liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the axial-flow compressor to reduce the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression to achieve an increase in the net output of the gas turbine available to drive said generator or compressor as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
In the specific context of the above described method, one aspect of the invention relates to controllably augmenting the amount of liquid water provided to the inlet of the axial-flow multistage compressor whereby the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves at least about a 10% or greater increase in the net output of the gas turbine as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
Another aspect of the method of the invention relates to providing heat and humidity to the working fluid to allow continued power augmentation during periods when the temperature of the working fluid would otherwise drop to a level which would allow detrimental ice formation to occur in the inlet.
Still a further aspect of the method of the invention relates to the step of insuring a sufficiently uniform distribution of liquid water in the working fluid to limit angular deformation of the housing to a generally predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial-flow multistage compressor.
Still a further aspect of the method of the invention relates to the step of measuring angular deformation in the housing which is related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid.
In a different context, the invention relates to a method for operating a gas turbine used, for prolonged periods of time, to drive a generator or compressor, the gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air, the method comprising providing non-gaseous water comprising solid water particles to the inlet during periods when the temperature of the working fluid is sufficiently cold to prevent detrimental ice formation from occurring in the inlet.
In a different context, the invention relates to a method for augmenting the net output of a gas turbine having an axial flow multistage compressor for acquiring and compressing a working fluid comprising air comprising adding liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the compressor, the mass flow rate of the liquid droplets being modified with respect to time to moderate thermal stresses within the gas turbine which are related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid, and, thereafter, providing liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the compressor at a substantially constant mass flow rate over a prolonged period of time to augment the net output of the gas turbine by wet compression.
In yet a different context, the invention relates to apparatus generally comprising a gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air.
An aspect of the apparatus of the invention relates to means for providing heat and humidity to the working fluid acquired by the compressor to allow liquid water to be provided to the working fluid during periods when the temperature of the working fluid would otherwise drop to a level which would allow detrimental ice formation to occur in the inlet.
Still a further aspect of the apparatus of the invention relates to means for controlling angular distortion of the housing which is related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid to a generally predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial-flow multistage compressor.
Another aspect of the apparatus of the invention as it relates to the providing of liquid water droplets to the working fluid more specifically relates to providing a plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments including means for modifying the total mass flow of said water mass flow increments.
Another aspect of the apparatus of the invention relates to means communicating with the inlet for converting liquid water to solid water particles, and means for controllably providing said solid water particles to the inlet during periods when the temperature of the working fluid is sufficiently cold to prevent detrimental ice formation from occurring in the inlet.
To achieve the foregoing, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation method for adding water to a gas turbine, preferably by nebulizing the water so that it is essentially entrained in the inlet air to the compressor and is carried into the compressor for lessening the work of the compressor through latent heat intercooling, the means provided for so nebulizing the water being located, however, a sufficient distance from the compressor inlet such that any substantial element of the nebulizing means breaking away from the nebulizing means and being carried toward the compressor inlet will not enter the compressor inlet but be drawn by gravity to a lower surface of the gas turbine inlet duct, short of the compressor inlet.
In another aspect, a method is provided for nebulizing water near the inlet of the compressor as suggested in the known literature but adding the nebulized water to the inlet air in a plurality of water mass flow increments with respect to either position and/or time, so that operationally-induced thermal stresses within the gas turbine due to the use of the nebulized water are sufficiently minimized to preserve the structural integrity of the gas turbine.
In still another aspect, the water is both nebulized remote from the compressor inlet and added in a plurality of water mass flow increments with respect to either position and/or time.
Additionally, the present invention provides in the context of such a wet compression power augmentation method, an approach and method for detecting deformation in the housing of the gas turbine so that asymmetric cooling effects due to the use of the wet inlet air will not overly deform the aligned components of the gas turbine, especially as they relate to the gas turbine compressor housing.
Additionally, the present invention provides an approach and method for monitoring the temperature profile of fluid-cooled rotor blades in the turbine section where the combusted gas exchanges its kinetic energy with the rotor blades. The temperature profile of fluid cooled rotor blades is a measurement which helps to identify plugging which may result from minerals or other precipitate solids from the nebulized water in the compressor air stream being used to cool the turbine section rotor blades. The temperature profile is also useful in identifying damage which might occur on the surface of a multilayer turbine section blade from the erosive effects of water carried through the compressor into the turbine section or from precipitate solids in the compressor air stream.
Additionally, the present invention provides an approach and method for measuring the temperature in the compressor inlet to (1) guard against the possibility of icing occurring in the inlet to such a degree that this ice, if broken away, might damage downstream elements of the gas turbine, (2) minimize the use of freezing control materials such as either steam or a freezing point depressant, and/or (3) provide an input to a control system which is used to coordinate, monitor and/or control the overall wet compression apparatus and method.
Additionally, the present invention provides a viewport-based approach and method for monitoring icing in the compressor inlet.
Additionally, the present invention provides an approach and method for adding steam near the compressor inlet to counteract icing.
Additionally, and beyond simply adding sufficient steam to "counteract" icing, the present invention contemplates adding sufficient steam to the system to maintain a temperature in the inlet air stream so that icing in the axial compressor does not substantially occur.
Additionally, the present invention provides an approach and method for adding a material which depresses the freezing point of the nebulized water, and which, in an alternative or supplemental fashion, also counteracts icing.
Additionally, the present invention provides an approach and method for adjusting the nebulized water mass flow increments to minimize deformation and control the rates of expansion and contraction in the gas turbine housing with respect to the rotor.
The present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus made up of a spray rack group assembly.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus made up of a spray rack group assembly having at least one spray rack water pipe and at least one spray rack water nozzle.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus made up of a spray rack group assembly having at least one spray rack water pipe and at least one spray rack water nozzle and an associated restricting orifice.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which uses a laser emitter and laser target measuring system mounted to the exterior of the housing for detecting deformation in the housing.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which uses an optical pyrometer for monitoring the emitted energy of each of the cooled rotor blades through a sighting tube, and for characterizing the temperature profile of each of the fluid cooled rotor blades.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which uses temperature sensors to monitor the temperature in the compressor inlet area to (1) guard against the possibility of icing occurring in the inlet to such a degree that this ice, if broken away, might damage downstream elements of the gas turbine or induce stall by starving the compressor, (2) minimize the use of freezing control materials such as either steam or a freezing point depressant, and/or (3) provide an input to a control system which is used to coordinate, monitor and/or control the overall wet compression apparatus and method.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which uses a viewport positioned near the compressor inlet so that this area can be visually monitored for ice formation.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which provides a steam dispersion assembly for adding steam near the compressor inlet.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which provides a video camera positioned and focused to scan for ice buildup through the viewport.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which provides at least one nozzle spray rack group assembly having a throughput which corresponds to one of the nebulized water mass flow increments in the plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus which provides a process control computer executing process control logic to control the mass flow of nebulized water to the compressor inlet so that deformation in the gas turbine housing is minimized.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus for a gas turbine having an axial compressor and an inlet air duct whose axis is essentially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the gas turbine rotor shaft.
Additionally, the present invention provides a wet compression power augmentation apparatus for a gas turbine having an axial compressor and inlet air duct whose axis is essentially aligned with the axis of rotation of the gas turbine rotor shaft.
Additional features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from a reading of the detailed description of the preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which:
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 shows an overview of a typical gas turbine power generation facility (the affiliated electric generator is not actually shown in FIG. 1, but is presumed to be apparent) used to generate electric power from the combustion of fuel with air.
FIGS. 2A and 2B show details of a gas turbine engine having an axial compressor.
FIG. 3 shows the positioning of a spray rack group assembly used in the gas turbine power generation facility of FIG. 1. Affiliated steam pipes are also shown.
FIG. 4 shows further details for the layout of the spray rack, showing an elevation view of the relative location of individual spray rack water pipes, the positioning of each spray rack water nozzle, and the use of spray rack stiffeners.
FIG. 5 is a plan view showing details of the spray rack assembly of FIGS. 3 and 4 with a steam manifold for feeding steam to the steam pipes.
FIG. 6 presents details for monitoring for deformation of the housing of the gas turbine engine system shown, for example, in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Definition of Terms
"Industrial gas turbine" means to at least a 20 megawatt or a larger megawatt turbine used for land-based power generation in industrial and utility power-generating applications. The term industrial gas turbine can include heavy duty as well as aircraft derivative turbines.
"Heavy duty gas turbine" refers to a type of gas turbine which, from a design standpoint, is not specifically designed to accept abrupt changes of significant magnitude in power output. Heavy duty gas turbines are thus intended to distinguish, particularly, aircraft turbines. An aircraft turbine, in contrast to a heavy duty gas turbine, is also designed specifically to ingest large quantities of liquid water associated with its normal operating environment.
"Working fluid". The typical working fluid of a gas turbine is a gas; the typical working fluid in the compressor of a gas turbine is humidified air; in the present invention the working fluid is expanded to include liquid water and/or particulate water which, within the gas turbine thermodynamic cycle, vaporizes to produce gas. The working fluid can change its composition as it progresses through the industrial gas turbine (i.e. due to injection of materials and from the combustion process). In this regard, the working fluid can, at various positions along the axis of the gas turbine as it progresses through the working cycle of the gas turbine, be either a gas mixture, a two-phase liquid in gas mixture, a two-phase mixture of solid particles in gas, or a three-phase mixture of liquid particles and solid particles in gas.
"Net output" is in reference to the net output of a gas turbine and means the available shaft power for driving a generator or process compressor (external to the gas turbine). Net output of a gas turbine is measured by torque and speed of the rotor shaft and can be expressed in terms of either horsepower or megawatts. When expressed in terms of megawatts, the term net output generally includes generator losses. When comparing net outputs under comparable conditions, but with and without liquid water provided, the comparable conditions include a comparable method for measuring net output.
"Addition of heat and humidity" references the addition of heat and moisture to the working fluid up to the saturation point of the working fluid.
"Angular deformation" refers to a condition of bowing or distortion of the housing related to the addition of liquid water to the working fluid which can result in interference between the rotor and housing in the compressor section of the turbine.
"Damage" means harmful alteration of any of the components of the gas turbine beyond that which would be anticipated in the course of reasonable use and operation. With wet compression, a certain degree of erosion of blade coating or blade material is anticipated.
"Water" means water which, in compositional nature, is useful for ingestion into the gas turbine for purposes of power augmentation by wet compression. It can include impurities and additives such as, for example, a freezing point depressant.
"Varying a number of mass flow increments in a balanced manner" refers to increments of water added to the working fluid. The term "balanced manner" refers to an increment as having been qualified to not cause a distortion of the gas turbine housing which exceeds an acceptable angular distortion limit when the increment is implemented and further that the combined increments cannot produce unacceptable angular distortion in the housing after an increment(s) has either been added to or subtracted from the previous set of combined increments.
"Sufficiently uniform distribution" refers to a distribution of liquid water mass in the working fluid acquired by the compressor which will result in a distribution of liquid water within the compressor which will not cause a distortion of the gas turbine housing which exceeds an acceptable angular distortion limit.
"A prolonged period of time" is in reference to prolonged periods of use of an industrial gas turbine contemplated in its normal operating environment to drive a generator or process compressor. A prolonged period of time within the context of the present invention is any period of continuous use greater than four hours.
"Improved fuel efficiency" means the production of more net output per unit of fuel when liquid or solid water is added to the working fluid than would be achieved under comparable conditions but without said water added to the working fluid.
Detailed Description of the Drawings and Invention
Turning now to FIG. 1, an overview is provided of a gas turbine power generation facility 100 used to generate electric power from the combustion of fuel with air which is exemplary of a facility which may employ the apparatus and method of the present invention to achieve certain benefits as hereinafter described through the addition of liquid water to the working fluid (the affiliated electric generator is not actually shown in FIG. 1, but is presumed to be apparent). The gas turbine power generation facility 100 comprises a gas turbine or gas turbine engine 101 which includes an axial-flow compressor or axial compressor section 103. The axial compressor section 103 has a compressor inlet 102 for acquiring working fluid comprising air. (It is understood that the gas turbine engine 101 and axial compressor section 103 are illustrated only and that the invention may be practiced on other types of gas turbine engines known to the art. It is also understood that the invention may be beneficially used with a axial compressor section which has, for example, multiple locations for addition of liquid water to the working fluid rather than a single inlet for acquiring liquid water in the working fluid.)
An inlet air filter 109 via an inlet air duct 133 is connected between the inlet air filter 109 and the compressor inlet 102 (see FIG. 2A). The inlet air duct 133 is made of an inlet air duct convergent portion 135, an inlet air duct constricted portion 137 (having a lower surface 136), and an inlet air duct manifold portion 139 with a viewport 413.
In some cases, a heat recovery unit 131 is used to generate steam from the turbine section exhaust gas. The steam generated by the heat recovery unit 131 can then be used to either generate electric power from a steam turbine, operate steam driven equipment, provide heat to chemical processing facilities, or the like.
FIGS. 2A and 2B show further detail respecting gas turbine engine 101. After entering the compressor inlet 102, the air is compressed in the axial compressor section 103 by using a series of compressor stages 113. After compression, the compressed air then flows into combustion chambers 105 in the combustion section where it is mixed with fuel and the fuel is combusted to generate a hot pressurized gas for use in driving the turbine section 107. The turbine section 107 has a series of turbine section stages 108 which incrementally (1) convert the energy of the hot pressurized gas into work manifested as a rotating rotor 111 (preferably having coated components in the turbine section 107) and (2) generate an exhaust gas having a lower temperature and pressure than the hot pressurized gas which entered the respective turbine section stage 108. The exhaust gas from the first such turbine section stage 108 is then the hot pressurized gas for the second stage; the exhaust gas from the last stage is also the exhaust gas from the turbine section 107.
The rotor 111 is a part of both the turbine section 107 and the axial compressor section 103 and includes the rotor shaft 127 and the set of all rotor blades (115, 121) in both the turbine section 107 and the axial compressor section 103 mounted to rotor shaft 127. Rotor shaft 127 powers both the axial compressor section 103 and an electric generator or some other useful machine such as, without limitation, a large compressor used in chemical processing. In this regard, rotor shaft 127 is either a single structural component or, alternatively, a series of individual components which are mechanically attached together to form a virtual single structural component.
The various gases and fluids within the gas turbine engine 101 are generally contained by a housing 125 which defines an inner space of the gas turbine engine 101 to (a) channel the pre-compression air, (b) contain the compressed air in its progression through the sequential compressor stages 113, (c) provide a pressure shell to contain the compressor discharge around the combustion chamber(s) 105 in the combustion section, (d) contain the hot pressurized gas in which fuel has been combusted as it expands in the turbine section 107, and (e) channel exhaust gas while resident within the combustion engine 101. The housing 125 is usually constructed of several different pieces which are essentially connected together.
In axial compressor section 103, each compressor stage 113 is made up of a series of compressor rotor blades 115 mounted on the rotor shaft 127 and both the preceding and following sets of compressor stator blades 117 where, for each set, compressor stator blades 117 are mounted as a series in a radially disposed manner as a stationary blade row. The compressor stator blades 117 are (a) proximately fitted closely to the internal wall of housing 125 and (b) sealed to the rotor 111 (usually with labyrinth seals) in such a manner as to enable, in operation, an essential fluid isolation of one compressor stage 113 from its companion compressor stage(s) 113. The compressor rotor blades 115 and the compressor stator blades 117 collectively function to increase the pressure of air passing through compressor stage 113 by (1) transferring kinetic energy to the air (or gas flow) from the rotating compressor rotor blades 115 and (2) channeling the air flow, which results in a pressure and temperature rise in the air as the air is decelerated by the compressor stator blades 117 following the compressor rotor blades 115. The pressure ratio of exit pressure to inlet pressure in one compressor stage 113 is limited by intrinsic aerodynamic factors, so several compressor stages 113 are usually required to achieve a higher overall pressure ratio for the axial compressor section 103 than could be achieved by a single axial compressor stage 113.
After addition of fuel in the combustion chamber(s) 105 of the combustion section and oxidation of the fuel by the oxygen within the compressed air, the resultant hot pressurized gas is converted into work within turbine section 107 by expansion; this process is achieved by transferring the high kinetic energy from the hot pressurized gas to the turbine section rotor blades 121 in a series of turbine section stages 108.
Each turbine section stage 108 is made up of a series of turbine section rotor blades 121 mounted on the rotor shaft 127 and the preceding set of turbine section stator blades 122 which are mounted as a series in a radially disposed manner as a stationary blade row. The turbine section stator blades 122 are (a) proximately fitted closely to the interior wall of housing 125 and (b) sealed to the rotor 111 (usually with labyrinth seals) in such a manner as to enable, in operation, an essential fluid isolation of one turbine section stage 108 from its companion turbine section stage(s) 108. The turbine section rotor blades 121 and the turbine section stator blades 122 collectively function to incrementally decrease the pressure of the hot pressurized gas by (1) channeling the hot pressurized gas and (2) transferring kinetic energy from the hot pressurized gas to the rotating turbine section rotor blades 121, producing work which is manifested in the rotation of the rotor 111 as it drives its load.
In some cases, the turbine section rotor blades 121 have multilayered surfaces or coated surfaces to enable the use of higher temperature hot pressurized gas; in some cases the turbine section rotor blades 121 have (or, alternatively, can also have) cooling provided within the turbine section rotor blades 121 through use of a machined or cast tube or cavity section within the turbine section rotor blades 121. During operation, the machined or cast tube or cavity section is in fluid communication with (a) compressed air from the axial compressor section 103 and (b) a reduced pressure discharge for exit of the compressed air; the compressed air flows through the machined or cast tube or cavity section which is positioned inside of each individual turbine section rotor blade 121 to cool that turbine section rotor blade 121.
As will be noted in another part of this specification, the use of such cooling systems for each turbine section rotor blade 121 can be most effective if measurements of the individual turbine section rotor blade 121 surface temperatures are used to identify possible plugging within the machined or cast tube or cavity section of any blade, as such plugging can restrict the flow of coolant and result in an unacceptably high temperature on an individual turbine section rotor blade 121. In a gas turbine engine 101 using the present invention, such plugging could be caused by trace mineral precipitates (from the essentially entrained nebulized or particulated water) in compressor discharge air used to cool the turbine section rotor blades 121.
The preferred method for keeping such material from entering the cooling system for the turbine section rotor blades 121 is to provide for comprehensive pre-filtering of the compressed air of the axial compressor section 103 before it is used for cooling the turbine section rotor blades 121 and for measurement of representative individual turbine section rotor blade 121 surface temperature profiles to reasonably confirm that the blades 121 are adequately cooled. A preferred system for performing such measurements of individual turbine section rotor blade 121 surface temperatures is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,648,711 issued on Mar. 10, 1987 to Richard E. Zachary and entitled "Sight Tube Assembly and Sensing Instrument for Controlling a Gas Turbine". This patent is expressly incorporated herein by reference into this specification. It should be further noted that best results from pyrometry used in conjunction with wet compression will be achieved if a pyrometer sensitive to a frequency of 3.9 microns is used in conjunction with a pyrometer sensitive at 0.95 microns; this avoids infrared emissions from the water vapor carried into the turbine section 107 which would confound pyrometry measurements performed only at 0.95 micron sensitivity.
Comprehensive pre-filtering of the compressed air delivered from the axial compressor section 103 before it is used for cooling the turbine section rotor blades 121 is suggested, through use of a filter interposed between the discharge of compressed air which is to be used for cooling the turbine section rotor blades 121 and the inlet tube which fluidly communicates the compressed air to each cooled turbine section rotor blade 121.
FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of means for providing liquid water particles to the working fluid acquired by the axial-flow compressor 103, and, thereafter, for controllably augmenting the amount of liquid water provided to the working fluid to reduce the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression. The invention, in respect to its aspects relating to power augmentation by wet compression, contemplates providing a working fluid acquired by the compressor which comprises essentially from at least about three-quarters of one weight percent and, preferably, from about two weight percent to about eight weight percent liquid water in admixture with essentially fully humidified air. Generally, the invention contemplates apparatus and method wherein at least about a ten percent increase in net output and, most preferably, about a twenty to about a forty percent increase in the net output of gas turbine 101 is achieved essentially through reducing the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression through introducing liquid water to the working fluid acquired by the compressor 103 (Some of the referenced increased is provided by a small increase in the mass flow provided by the added vaporized liquid. The increase in net output is measured against the net output of the turbine under comparable conditions but without the addition of water. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the means for providing liquid water can also be used to fully humidify the working fluid (i.e. full saturation).
Referring now specifically to FIG. 3, a preferred apparatus for adding liquid water to the working fluid acquired by the axial compressor section 103 comprises a spray rack group assembly 201 communicating with the compressor inlet 102 of the axial compressor section 103. The spray rack group assembly 201 can be positioned anywhere between the inlet air filter 109 and the compressor inlet 102, but it is preferably inserted into the inlet air duct 133 in the inlet air duct constricted portion 137 after the inlet air duct convergent portion 135. This positioning has benefits in that sufficient separation from the compressor inlet 102 is provided so that a nozzle 305 (or other damaged part of either the steam addition system or spray rack group assembly 201) which might become detached from spray rack group assembly 201 will be gravitationally pulled to the lower surface 136 of inlet air duct 133 before the nozzle 305 (or damaged part) is pulled into the rotating rotor 111. The remote positioning, which provides the advantage of potentially preventing components of the spray rack group assembly 201 from breaking off and entering the axial compressor section 103, requires that the spray rack water nozzles 305 develop a sufficiently fine mist of liquid water such that the mist will be essentially entrained in the working fluid. At closer distances between the spray rack water nozzles 305 and the compressor inlet 102, a more coarse spray can be employed provided that a sufficiently uniform distribution of water in the working fluid is attained to limit deformation of the housing 125 to a generally predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial compressor section 103 (as is described more fully hereinafter). The use of a coarser spray may require changing the flow profile of the liquid water droplets added to the working fluid to insure sufficient uniformity of the dispersion of the liquid water in the axial compressor 103 to avoid unacceptable angular distortion of the housing 125. The procedure for determining the appropriate flow pattern can follow the same procedure as is described with respect to the preferred embodiments of the invention below.
In one embodiment, the spray rack group assembly 201 is made up of a group of individual spray racks 301, where each individual spray rack 301 is made of a spray rack water pipe 303 with a group of spaced spray rack water nozzles 305 for nebulizing the water which is sent through the spray rack water pipe 303. In another embodiment (not shown) where, for instance, the axis of inlet air flow in the inlet air duct 133 is aligned with the axis of the rotor 111, the nozzles are more effectively disposed on a circularly-, elliptically-, or ovally-shaped water pipe. Additionally, a spray rack steam pipe 313 with spray rack steam hole(s) 315 is provided to add steam heating to the inlet air. Mounting sleeve(s) 336 are periodically employed on each spray rack steam pipe 313 to provide free movement during thermally induced expansion and contraction of the spray rack steam pipe 313.
Preferably very clean water, for example, water having a conductance of about 0.4 micromhos or less with no particulates, whether as condensate water or distilled, deionized water, is in this manner nebulized (or atomized) to form a preferably very fine spray or fog of water (a benefit of using a very fine mist, in contrast to using a coarser spray, is to reduce blade erosion caused by the impact of water particles on the turbine blades). A number of nozzle designs could be employed for providing this very fine water spray, with a 1-7N-316SS12 nozzle from Spraying Systems Co. (P.O. Box 7900, Wheaton, Ill., 60189) being preferred in the gas turbine systems on which the present invention has been demonstrated to date for providing a spray characterized by a volume mean diameter of 153 microns (2 gallon per minute flow rate) at a pressure drop of 80 psig and a temperature in the range of 45 to 165 degrees Fahrenheit. An alternative 1-7N316SS16 nozzle from Spraying Systems Co. provides a spray characterized by a volume mean diameter of 188 microns (2.6 gallon per minute flow rate) at a pressure drop of 80 psig and a temperature in the range of 45 to 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
With further regard to the water used and the aforementioned risks which have heretofore been associated with the use of wet compression power augmentation, very pure water can negatively impact the components of the gas turbine engine 101 insofar as critical chemical elements vital to alloyed materials used in the construction of gas turbine engine 101 can be leached, by the very pure water, from the affiliated components and thereby detrimentally alter the beneficial properties of the alloyed materials; in this regard, technically ideal water results, for example, from a process where extremely pure water is passed through a facilitative mass transfer system. An example of such a facilitative mass transfer system is where the pure water is passed over beads of chemical elements which are compositionally balanced so that the resulting water stream contains sufficient quantities of each critical alloying element respective to the materials of construction of the components of gas turbine engine 101, so that the resulting water stream sufficiently minimizes the effects of leaching with regard to critical and vital chemical elements in the alloyed components of the gas turbine engine 101 that the integrity of those components is properly preserved as wet compression is executed.
In its broad form, the invention contemplates that liquid water can be provided to the working fluid acquired by the axial compressor section 103 in a smooth ramping-up manner such as by increasing the water pressure providing water to one or more of the spray rack nozzles 305. In the alternative, the liquid water can be provided to the working fluid acquired by the compressor section 103 in a stepped fashion. Yet, as another alternative, a combination of smooth ramping and/or stepped modification of the amount of water provided to the working fluid acquired by the axial compressor section 103 can be beneficially employed either in a concurrent fashion or sequentially.
Accordingly, it is contemplated that the liquid water mass can beneficially be added through the spray racks 301 and associated spray nozzles 305 in a ramped or smoothly increasing or decreasing rate in order to controllably modify the amount of liquid water provided to the compressor inlet 102, whereby the liquid water ultimately provided achieves the desired increase in net output. However, it should be recognized that, in the broad form of the invention, a single nebulizing source or water spray could be employed, in the alternative, to achieve the objectives of the invention.
Most preferably, however, the liquid water, when either increasing or decreasing its flow, will be added or reduced in a stepped manner using a plurality of water mass flow increments. In respect to the preferred use of a plurality of water mass flow increments, preferred apparatus for practicing the invention comprises spray rack nozzles 305, wherein each individual spray rack 301 can in this regard be said to generate a nebulized water mass flow increment. In other words, the set of spray rack water nozzles 305 in the individual spray rack 301 will operate with an incremental output determined by the pressure drop across the set of spray rack water nozzles 305. Each nozzle 305 will generally have a range of pressures over which a particular liquid can be properly nebulized given an adequate supply of the liquid being nebulized, but the spray rack water nozzle 305 employed in the present invention should preferably provide an essential increment of water mass flow in the form of a very fine spray or fog at a given pressure drop for water at a given temperature. In this regard, the smallest increment of water mass flow is then the increment of water mass flow needed to activate the smallest nozzle 305 which might be deployed in facilitating wet compression.
As should be apparent, if the water mass flow were, in either a continuous flowrate or incremental flowrate manner of operation, to be modified to decline below the minimum water mass flow needed to achieve the generation of acceptable spray for entrainment and mixing into the inlet air, then the water being added would not become essentially entrained but would be swept as an unnebulized water mass into the compressor inlet 102 in a non-uniform pattern. The negative effects of the unnebulized water mass being swept into the compressor inlet 102 in a non-uniform pattern relate to the distortion concern and to a more rapid erosion of components subject to impact of the unnebulized water mass. With respect to the range of pressures over which a fluid can be reasonably nebulized, some continuous analog adjustment in the amount of flow can be facilitated by modifying the delivery pressure, but the effect of these modifications on attributes of the spray from the nozzles 305 needs to be considered as this is implemented. This approach to adjusting mass flow of liquid has some use, however, in fine-tuning the spray delivery after wet compression has been essentially established.
If the pressure is controlled to the spray rack water pipe 303, a group of spray rack water nozzles 305 connected to that spray rack water pipe 303 will operate to process a general increment of water mass flow equal to the sum of the individual spray rack water nozzle 305 mass flow increments.
In an alternative embodiment, each individual spray rack water nozzle 305 may be separately valved and controlled to provide a maximum number of controllable water mass flow increments, with each increment being the essentially predictable and constant flow where the spray rack water nozzle 305 will deliver its functionally suitable spray pattern at the pressure drop available.
In yet another embodiment, a group of spray rack water pipes 303, each having an associated spray rack water nozzle 305 set controlled at the spray rack water pipe 303 level, may be mixed with other spray rack water nozzles 305 which are individually controlled.
It should be apparent from the above that a number of different arrangements of nozzles and pipes can achieve the provision of mass flow of nebulized water in a plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments. In some cases also, the spray rack water nozzles 305 may be of different sizes to enable either pre-defined spray concentration profiles from a particular spray rack water pipe 303 or to facilitate passage and flushing of particulates from within a particular spray rack water pipe 303 to avoid clogging of any spray rack water nozzle 305. In this regard, the internal clearances on larger throughput nozzles 305 can accommodate the passage of particulates more readily than the internal clearances on smaller throughput nozzles 305.
The manner in which the liquid droplets are provided in a controlled smooth ramp or increments (i.e. stepped manner) to the working fluid acquired by the axial compressor section 103 is modified with respect to time to moderate and effectively reduce (a) thermal stresses imposed on the gas turbine 101 and (b) the rate of change of thermal expansion and thermal contraction related to the addition of relatively large amounts of liquid water to the working fluid.
Yet another desirable attribute of the method and apparatus for adding liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the compressor 103 is related to controlling angular deformation of the housing 125 which is related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid. If the liquid droplets, on a mass basis, are not sufficiently uniformly distributed in the working fluid, the working fluid will create temperature differences inside the axial compressor section 103 due to the fact that the mass distribution of the liquid water in the working fluid is not substantially or adequately uniform. Experience has generally established that the water droplets travel in a generally laminar fashion through the compressor 103 with surprisingly minimal mixing; thus, the rotation of the rotor 111 and rotor blades (115) can not generally overcome the tendency of laminar flow sufficiently to relieve substantial temperature variances inside the compressor 103. These temperature variances produced by the non-uniform evaporative cooling of the working fluid by the unevenly distributed water droplets tend to modify axial dimensions of the housing 125, leading to angular deformation of the housing 125.
A further aspect of the invention is to control the angular deformation of the housing 125 caused by adding liquid water to the working fluid. This can be done by insuring a sufficiently uniform distribution of water droplets in the working fluid to insure that angular deformation of the housing 125 is limited to a predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial compressor section 103 of the turbine 101.
The angular deformation of the housing 125 can be monitored and the deformation limit generally predicted using the laser emitter 403 and laser target 407 described in more detail hereinafter. The use of a plurality of nebulized mass flow increments allows the deformation to be predicted based on the amount of deformation previously measured as a function of each of the increments. For example, as each mass flow increment is activated, the deformation from that increment can be measured. Accordingly, the spray rack assembly 201 operated (either as a smooth ramp or in a stepped manner) will produce, in connection with the measuring system, specific data which defines the deformation characteristics of the housing 125 caused by the addition of liquid water. Thus, once the system is qualified with regard to a particular inlet configuration, it can be confidently operated to control deformation within a generally predetermined acceptable limit even though measurements are no longer made (for example, the measuring system may be removed). In this regard, the measuring system is most advantageously used for design purposes and may or may not be used as a permanent part of the turbine power generation facility 100 after the angular deformation of the housing 125 is adequately defined with respect to a specific rack 201 and nozzle 305 design.
The system can be fine tuned to control angular deformation of the housing 125. For example, deformation, if detected, can be compensated for by repositioning nozzles 305 to provide additional water particles to the area which the measuring system indicates is receiving less liquid water. Most desirably, fine tuning is accomplished by using a mist or fine spray of particles which will, due to entrainment, follow the velocity vectors associated with the air acquired by the working fluid. Thus, the deficient area can, through the essentially entrained movement of the liquid water be reliably enriched with liquid water, in turn controlling the deformation of the housing 125 by counteracting the imbalance in the water distribution inside the axial compressor section 103. In other words, the essentially entrained liquid water droplets tend to follow a laminar flow process inside the axial compressor, allowing areas which are deficient in water to be identified and compensated-for in order to control housing deformation. This means that the droplets need to be dispersed uniformly or sufficiently uniformly on a mass basis in the inlet 102 in order to be ingested into the axial compressor section 103 in such a manner as to insure generally adequate uniform distribution of the liquid droplets within the working fluid inside the compressor section 103. That is, if generally uniform distribution is achieved in the inlet 102, the temperature distribution inside the compressor 103 will be properly maintained to insure that the housing 125 deformation is limited to tolerances which will not cause damage to the gas turbine 101.
With regard to the enabling of established and predictable spray concentration profiles as well as the provision of a very fine water spray or fog (as opposed to a coarse infusion of water) into the compressor inlet 102, what is desirable is a sufficiently uniform (with respect to the compressor inlet 102) dispersion or distribution of water that permits a desired amount of water to be added while controlling compressor operation transients and minimizing distortions in the housing 125 due to uneven water-cooling effects through an uneven or non-uniform distribution of the significant water added through the nozzles 305. Depending on the positioning of the spray rack group assembly 201 and the manner in which water is thus added for a particular gas turbine engine 101, it will be appreciated that a uniform sizing and distribution of the nozzles 305 across a cross-section of the inlet air duct 133 occupied by the spray rack group assembly 201 may not be best for accomplishing the desired uniformity in the nebulized water flow to the compressor inlet 102. Rather, the optimum arrangement can appropriately be determined through observation of the effect of various arrangements for various incremental additions of water on distortion of the housing 125.
To expand upon a feature or aspect mentioned previously, the spray rack group assembly 201 is preferably, irrespective of whether spray rack group assembly 201 is operated (a) via a method where the water mass flow is modified in a continuous flowrate manner or (b) via a method where the water mass flow is modified in an incremental flowrate manner of operation, positioned essentially in the inlet air duct constricted portion 137 and with sufficient separation from said compressor inlet 102 such that, in operation, any spray rack water nozzle 305 (or any other damaged portion of the spray rack group assembly 201) which breaks away from the spray rack group assembly 201 will be gravitationally pulled to the lower surface 136 of inlet air duct 133 before the spray rack water nozzle 305 (or damaged portion) is pulled into the compressor inlet 102 and/or rotating rotor 111 by forces derived from pressure and flow attributes within inlet air duct 133. The reason for positioning the spray rack group assembly 201 in the inlet air duct constricted portion 137 instead of in the inlet air duct convergent portion 135 is that the velocity of the inlet air stream is generally higher in the inlet air duct constricted portion 137 than in other parts of inlet air duct 133, and the nebulized water from the spray rack group assembly 201 will, as a consequence, generally be more effectively essentially entrained into the flowing inlet air stream.
FIG. 4 shows further details for the layout of the spray rack group assembly 201 shown in FIG. 3, showing, in an elevation view, the relative location of individual spray racks 301, the positioning of each spray rack water nozzle 305, and the use of spray rack stiffeners 311. In this regard, the dimensions and connections for spray rack stiffeners 311 are confirmed empirically to define a stable system which will be structurally robust. A system which can also be used to monitor the spray rack group assembly 201 for overall integrity during operation is a spray rack vibration monitor 411, for detecting unacceptable resonance in the assembly 201.
FIG. 5 shows plan view assembly details of the spray rack assembly of FIGS. 3 and 4 which illustrates a preferred manner of adding both heat and humidity to the working fluid to allow continued power augmentation during periods when the temperature of the working fluid would otherwise drop to a level which would allow detrimental ice formation in the inlet. While there are alternative ways to add heat and humidity to the working fluid (i.e., without limitation, by heating the water directly), the preferred form of adding heat and humidity is to provide steam to the inlet 102. (This is because only minimal heating can be provided by directly heating the water.) Accordingly, in a preferred form of the invention, steam is added to the spray rack steam pipes 313 via steam manifold 319. The steam is added in the embodiment of FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 to provide steam sufficient to achieve a temperature in the inlet air which is above a point where water in the air freezes in the compressor inlet 102. At least one steam hole 315 is used for each spray rack steam pipe 313, although a preferred construction is that about 5 steam holes 315 are provided for each spray nozzle 305; these steam holes 315 are equally dispersed along each steam pipe 313. Generally, it is expected that the compressor inlet 102 will be most susceptible to icing due to cooler inlet air proceeding along or being channeled along the walls of the housing 125 in the vicinity of the compressor inlet 102, and so preferable sufficient steam will be provided by means of the pipes 313 or by other, supplemental means at the periphery of the inlet air duct constricted portion 137 to prevent icing from occurring in this matter.
In order to further assure that the gas turbine engine 101 is not adversely affected by any inrush of liquid which will result if any spray rack water nozzle 305 should become detached from its spray rack water pipe 303, a restricting orifice 317 or other suitable flow restricting means (which is sized to limit the throughput of water in the respective spray rack water pipe 303) is preferably inserted into the source feed line for the spray rack water pipe 303. A steam flow restricting orifice 335 also restricts the amount of steam added in case of any breakage in the steam delivery system.
It is important to manage the inlet air temperature at the compressor inlet 102 to prevent the water added and essentially entrained in the inlet air from freezing on surfaces in the vicinity of the inlet guide vanes of the compressor. Ice may starve the compressor into surge or may break free and encounter the rotating blades 115 in the axial compressor section 103.
The temperature of the working fluid in the compressor inlet 102 is preferably monitored with at least one temperature sensor (not shown) to help identify the proper amount of steam that needs to be added to the inlet air; in the case of essentially pure water, the inlet air temperature should generally be maintained above about 45 degrees Fahrenheit to assure that icing will not be induced by adiabatic expansion in the compressor inlet 102.
In the absence of the heating provided, for example, through the addition of the steam via steam holes 315 or by other means, it will be appreciated that this temperature limit effectively places an ambient temperature constraint on gas turbines employing the wet compression technology of the present invention with pure water addition. However, the heating provided through steam addition (generated in an added heat recovery unit 131 for a gas turbine power generation facility 100 operating in simple cycle or from low-pressure steam available in a facility operating in combined cycle) enables utilization of the present invention at considerably lower ambient temperatures.
With particular regard to a combined cycle operation with inlet air evaporative cooling, additional, presently unutilized heat may additionally be recovered and beneficially applied for inlet air heating purposes by cross-exchanging the condenser heat from the steam turbines to the inlet air evaporative cooler (not shown) for purposes of inlet air heating and humidification (effectively turning the inlet air evaporative cooler into an inlet air evaporative heater/humidifier), such that, with added steam injection (or, possibly, without steam injection), operation of the wet compression technology of the present invention should be enabled at ambient temperatures well below 45 degrees Fahrenheit--certainly as low as about 15 degrees Fahrenheit, although the practical lower temperature operating limits are more appropriately determined on a case-by-case basis.
An additional safeguard against potentially destructive icing occurring at the compressor inlet 102 is preferably provided by placing at least one viewport 413 in the wall of the inlet air duct manifold portion 139 which enables viewing and scanning for ice buildup by an operating technician. If such a viewport 413 is used, the use of a video camera (not shown) can further simplify the information gathering process by enabling an operating technician to have a convenient visual of the interior of the inlet air duct 133 and/or compressor inlet 102 on a video screen monitor. In this regard, the water mass flow may need to be reduced or interrupted to facilitate a full visual examination of that part of the interior of inlet air duct 133 and/or compressor inlet 102 which can be viewed from viewport 413. An optional further anti-icing enhancement to the system providing water to spray rack group assembly 201 is to also mix a material into the water stream which depresses the freezing point of the water particles. In this regard, freezing point depressants such as methanol can be used to provide for a lower working temperature in the inlet air.
Another aspect of the invention contemplates providing non-gaseous water comprising solid water particles to the working fluid acquired by the compressor 103 during periods when the temperature of the working fluid is sufficiently cold to prevent detrimental ice formation from occurring in the compressor inlet 102 to achieve improved fuel efficiency in the operation of the gas turbine 101 and/or to achieve an increase in the net output of the gas turbine 101 as measured against the net output of the gas turbine 101 under comparable conditions but without said water provided. For example, method and apparatus have been well described for forming and distributing snow in large volume through apparatus similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,968,164 to A. W. Hansen entitled "Method of Generating Snow" issued on Jan. 17, 1961; the preferred practice of the present invention is to use the spray rack described herein to perform the conversion, and further modifications directed toward precluding freezing in the spray rack components are also implemented in the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 2,968,164 is hereby expressly incorporated into the present disclosure by reference for the purpose of economically developing particles of solid water for use in accordance with the water addition methods and apparatus hereof as applied to gas turbines. The spray rack and nozzles designed to provide liquid water droplets can be operated in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 2,968,164 to provide essentially entrained snow or ice particles which can be swept into the compressor inlet 103 to provide wet compression even in extremely cold ambient air conditions. In order to provide solid water particles to the inlet, the pipes 303 delivering water to the spray rack nozzles 305 would require heat tracers and insulation where necessary to prevent freezing of water in the pipes 303. In addition, it would be sometimes desirable to move the spray rack assembly 201 back further from the compressor inlet 102 to enable a longer residence time in the working fluid to freeze the water particles prior to entry into the compressor inlet 102 to insure that the water particles will not allow detrimental ice formation to occur in the compressor inlet 102.
FIG. 6 presents details for monitoring deformation of the housing 125 of the gas turbine engine 101. In this regard, the addition of a substantial mass of nebulized water into the air being processed by the axial compressor section 103 can, as previously indicated, have a detrimental effect on the gas turbine engine 101 because of cooling effects which may not be symmetrical with respect to the inner surface (inner perimeter, inner wall) of the portion of the housing 125 containing the axial compressor section 103. If one portion of the housing 125 is cooled unequally with respect to another portion, then the housing will be distorted from the necessary symmetrical alignment. Such distortion can precipitate the disruption of internal fluid flows in the axial compressor section 103 inducing a stall or a rotating stall leading to destructive stresses in the components of the axial compressor section 103, or such distortion can induce mechanical rubbing between components of the axial compressor section 103, resulting in either damage to these components or, possibly in the most extreme case, a compressor wreck.
FIG. 6 shows the use of a laser emitter 403, a laser reflector 405, and a laser target 407 to achieve monitoring of distortion in the housing 125. It should be noted that the use of the laser reflector 405 is to provide response to angular distortion, and a series of laser reflectors 405 can be used as desired to further enhance the sensitivity of the assembly to distortions of the housing 125 by effectively multiplying the angular displacement and distance that the laser beam emitting from the laser emitter 403 will undergo prior to registering upon the laser target 407. In a less sensitive deployment of the laser, no laser reflector 405 is used. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a single laser reflector 405 is considered acceptable for axial compressor sections 103 of traditional length (in some emergent designs, however, a more sensitive arrangement may be best). Multiple sets of laser emitters 403, laser reflectors 405 and laser targets 407 can be used to monitor the distortion of different portions of the housing 125, or the beam from the laser emitter 403 can alternatively be split, using a partially reflective mirror (not shown), and then directed to different laser reflectors 405 mounted on different parts of the housing 125 for sensing by different laser targets 407, each directed to monitoring distortion of a different part of the housing 125.
The non-symmetrical cooling effects of the housing 125 are additionally of concern when the gas turbine power generation facility 100 has an inlet air duct 133 attached to the housing 125 with an inlet air duct constricted portion 137 (the preferred location for the spray rack group assembly 201), where the axis respecting the inlet air duct 133 (said axis being defined as the continua of the general fluid flow and flux cross-sectional midpoints aligned with the direction of general fluid flow and flux in the duct) is essentially perpendicular to the axis of rotation for the rotor 111 (as is shown in FIG. 1). In this case, the rotor shaft 127 may rotate within a tunnel transversing and suspended within the inlet air duct compressor inlet manifold portion 139; the tunnel constitutes a fluid-flow obstacle which, along with the essentially right angled fluid flow directional change induced by the perpendicular inlet duct axis with respect to the rotor axis, disrupts the equal and symmetrical distribution of nebulized water in the inlet air stream.
As discussed previously, the positioning, water mass increment definition and sizing of individual spray rack nozzles 305 and spray rack water pipes 303 are preferably designed in this instance to provide a sufficiently symmetrical and uniform cooling of the housing 125 that the housing 125 will not be unacceptably distorted. The modification of the mass flow of nebulized water to the compressor inlet 102 via a plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments is then done in operation so that operationally-induced thermal stresses within the gas turbine engine 101, due to the use of the modified mass flow of nebulized water, are sufficiently minimized to preserve the overall structural integrity of the gas turbine engine 101. In this regard, temperature shocks due to very rapid modification of the mass flow of nebulized water to the compressor inlet 102 can induce cracking in certain alloyed components within the gas turbine engine 101 if the surface temperature of the component is rapidly decreased (inducing thermal contraction in the surface portion of the component) while the remainder of the alloyed component is either (a) not comparably contracted or (b) is in a state of dimensional expansion.
As should be apparent and as discussed previously, when the axis respecting the inlet air duct 133 (the axis again being defined as the continua of the general fluid flow and flux cross-sectional midpoints aligned with the direction of general fluid flow and flux in the duct) is essentially aligned to the axis of rotation for the rotor 111, the nozzle 305 and spray rack water pipe 303 configuration which will enable sufficiently symmetrical and uniform cooling of the housing 125 will preferably be more radially symmetrical (disposed on a circularly-, elliptically-, or ovally-shaped water pipe) with respect to the position of the effective axis of the inlet air duct 133.
Another wet compression instrumentation enhancement is the use of a combustion section liquid presence sensor to ascertain the presence of liquid in the entrance to the combustion section at the compressor outlet. In this regard, it may be of use to either limit the amount of water mass flow added to such a level that liquid is not sensed at the compressor outlet (inlet to the combustion section), or (if the combustion chambers 105 are sufficiently robust or protectively coated to withstand any potentially erosive effects of water from the compressor outlet) it may indeed be desirable to add sufficient water to definitely achieve liquid in the combustion section, to achieve extended power augmentation in a manner similar to that now achieved in the art by water injection to the turbine section for NO.sub.x control. Such a sensor or set of sensors should be located at the interior perimeter (inside wall) of housing 125 at the compressor outlet since any free liquid will probably be centrifugally moved to that position.
To aid in the operation of the gas turbine engine 101 incorporating wet compression according to the present invention, a process control computer (not shown) is, in some cases, connected to the valves (not shown) which are used for adjusting the mass flow of nebulized water and to the laser target 407, so that the process control computer can execute process control logic for controlling ("turning on" or "turning off") the mass flow of nebulized water to each individual spray rack water pipe 303 and spray rack water nozzle 305, so that deformation in the housing 125 is minimized. In this regard, some embodiments of the present invention use individual tuning nozzles (not shown) which can be installed in either the spray rack assembly 201 or at some other location in the inlet air duct 133 or compressor inlet 102 to provide additional degrees of freedom in achieving stable and responsive control of the wet compression process. The process control computer also executes logic to control the pressure to the entire spray rack assembly 201 to fine-tune the overall mass flow of water.
Additionally, the process control computer can be connected to measure the temperature of each temperature sensor, measure the inputs from the spray rack vibration monitor 411, measure the inputs from the combustion section liquid presence sensors, control the steam flow to the spray rack steam holes 315, control the addition of a freezing point depressant to the water feed, facilitate other measurements such as optical pyrometry measurements of the turbine section blades 121, and facilitate still other measurements and control outputs which might be taken to comprehensively control the overall system's operation.
In operation, the nebulized water mass flow is supplied in a plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments during startup and shutdown of the water addition system, such that operationally-induced thermal stresses within the gas turbine engine 101 due to the use of the nebulized water are sufficiently minimized to preserve structural integrity in the gas turbine engine 101. In this regard, best results are achieved if the amount of water is incrementally increased over time to enable an essential and reasonable thermal equilibrium of and between the various components of the gas turbine engine 101 to be achieved in a stepwise manner over a period of time up to the maximum amount of water flow which is desirable. When the water flow rate is to be decreased, it should be decreased over time in increments which enable an essential and reasonable thermal equilibrium of and between the various components of the gas turbine engine 101 to be achieved in a stepwise manner over a period of time down to the minimum amount of water flow which is desirable. Thus, for example, the size and spacing of the increments should be such that the housing 125 and rotor shaft 127 are not caused to expand or contract to such different degrees and at such different rates, that a mechanical rub occurs between these elements because of axial misalignment. Those skilled in the art will understand that the ramp-up rates employed for various gas turbines (on a dry basis) will provide a readily adaptable basis for determining how quickly increments of a given size should be added or removed according to the present invention.
Adjustments in nebulized water mass flow increments may also be done on a positional basis. In this regard, for example, a measured distortion in housing 125 might be best counteracted by incrementally modifying the nebulized water mass flow in the upper (top) part of inlet air duct 133 by a different percentage than that used to modify the nebulized water mass flow in the lower (bottom) part of inlet air duct 133.
Positionally as well as with respect to time, positive or negative increments of the water mass should be added or subtracted in such a manner as to properly minimize destructive thermal and mechanical stresses to gas turbine engine 101. During the initial stages of implementation, it is useful to confirm the alignment of the housing 125 periodically (after the thermal equilibrium of and between the various components of the gas turbine engine 101 has reasonably been achieved) prior to adding or subtracting the increments of nebulized water mass flow to the inlet air.
In this regard, a clear difference from prior practice (as described in the several background references) is needed in facilitating wet compression in large machines operating under load; in the prior case, the liquid added for wet compression in smaller gas turbines could be essentially "turned on" in a single increment (1) since a smaller gas turbine (especially as used on aircraft) was not as dimensionally sensitive to cooling effects and (2) the use of wet compression was only for a relatively short period of time. In large land-based gas turbines, the liquid added for wet compression should be essentially "turned on" (or, alternatively, either "turned down" or "turned off") in a stepwise plurality of increments in both a positional and time context (1) since a large gas turbine is dimensionally sensitive to associated cooling effects from the added liquid and (2) the use of wet compression is for a sustained and ongoing period of time. It will also be apparent to those of skill in the art that the introduction of large volumes of water into any type of gas turbine in a manner that (a) moderates thermal stresses or (b) moderates thermal expansion and contraction can be beneficially employed on any type of gas turbine, even those which are designed to ingest large quantities of water in their operating environment, such as aircraft turbines.
While the most preferred form of providing liquid water droplets to the working fluid uses relatively inexpensive spray nozzles 305, the manner of forming the liquid droplets is not critical to the broad concept of the invention. Other apparatus and methods known to the art for forming liquid mist or nebulized water droplets (i.e. ultrasonic water nebulizers) theoretically can be used beneficially in the practice of the invention. In addition, while the laser emitter and laser target technique provides an elegant and inexpensive method and apparatus for use in controlling the angular deformation of the housing 125 related to adding water to the working fluid, it should be apparent that there are other techniques that can be employed to beneficially produce the same type of measurement and which are well known to the prior art. Examples of such measuring techniques include the use of taut wires as well as the numerous types of measuring devices which have heretofor been developed and applied for measuring deformation in flat and angular surfaces. These can obviously be employed as an alternative to the preferred laser measuring method and apparatus described specifically in this disclosure.
The wet compression power augmentation apparatus, system and method of the present invention have been particularly described for a gas turbine including an axial compressor. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the wet compression power augmentation apparatus, system and method herein described will also be useful for other types of compressors which are used or which have been known in gas turbine systems. Among these other types of compressors are rotary-positive-displacement compressors and centrifugal compressors.
The invention is further illustrated by the following example, which relates the application of the invention to a specific power generator facility 100.
Example
An example of the benefit of wet compression has been an estimated power augmentation of 26 percent above the dry base load capacity of a Westinghouse W-501A (with inlet air at 80 degrees Fahrenheit) with the introduction of 89 gallons per minute of water into the machine. Five step increments were used through the spray rack group assembly 201 and the previously installed compressor wash system to reach the 89 gallon per minute flow rate, with each such increment having been qualified as not causing excessive distortion of the housing 125.
Spray mist systems were installed in the inlet air ducts of two Westinghouse 501A gas turbines. Each of five spray nozzle headers could be individually valved to a common water supply capable of providing approximately 80 psi to the nozzles after accounting for the pressure drop associated with a restricting orifice in each of the five header supply lines. Nebulization was sufficiently fine (on the order of 150 to 200 micrometers) to permit entrainment of the water droplets in the air flowing to the axial compressor, the inlet of which was more than eight feet away.
Based on calculations incorporating air velocity, drag coefficient, and nozzle weight, this distance provided drop time to prevent damage to the compressor in the event that a spray nozzle might have broken loose. Restricting orifices in the individual nozzle rack supply lines limited flow to approximately 35 gpm in the event of line breakage or nozzle loss, thus protecting the compressor from uncontrolled flooding which could induced stall/surge. A computer also monitored flow for excess above the predicted rate. This supply system was used in conjunction with the existing coarse spray compressor wash system (annular nozzles) to supply a total of 89 gpm for power augmentation by wet compression.
A self contained diode (firearm targeting) laser with restricted spot size was mounted between the fore support legs close to the compressor inlet at a convenient location. A reflecting mirror was mounted in a convenient location on the combustor shell axially displaced by a distance measured to be approximately 102 inches from the emitter. The beam was reflected onto a target mounted beside the laser diode emitter. A change in position of the spot on the target, delta, defined the change in angle between the two mount positions (alpha) by the relationship, alpha=arch tangent delta/(2.times.102)!. An angular change of 0 degrees, 5 minutes, six seconds was indicated as the angle of distortion between dry operation and operation with the old compressor wash system plus the center spray rack (which had partially plugged nozzles). This was defined by a change in the target spot position of the laser of approximately 0.303 inches. This represented the maximum distortion observed between dry compression and maximum water used in this wet compression experiment (89 gpm). The observed angle of distortion was the maximum allowable set for the test and represented approximately 80% of the allowable angle of distortion which would be required to produce a rotor rub based on 0.090 blade tip and seal clearances, machine geometry, and laser mount points, for the assumed uniform curvature between the laser and mirrow mount points (102 in).
A "raw" power augmentation of 8.2 megawatts was demonstrated at an inlet temperature of approximately 80.degree. F. with 89 gpm of compressor water without adjustment for an intentional reduction in firing temperature by a downward shift of 12.degree. F. in the control curve and a change in compressor inlet temperature of 3.degree. F. A raw improvement in the heat rate from 13,478 to 13,218 Btu/kilowatt was demonstrated between dry and wet compression at 89 gpm. The flow rate of 89 gpm did not represent a limit for power augmentation by wet compression but rather represented the maximum combined flow capacities of the two compressor water systems previously defined.
The maximum increment of water was approximately 20.5 gpm with an associated power increase from 33.8 Mw to 36.2 Mw (7.1%) using the compressor wash system (although two spray racks were put in service within a ten minute averaging period before the third test point).
Conceptualized inlet duct heating for extension of operation to an ambient of 15.degree. F. is illustrated as follows: Air is to be maintained at 100% humidity and a temperature of 45.degree. F. in the inlet duct prior to entering the compressor. Steam can be injected directly into the inlet air to provide heating and humidification of lower temperature air. A piggy-back steam injection manifold could be installed on the spray mist manifold structure.
For a turbine operating in simple cycle it would further be advantageous to add a heat recovery unit to provide the steam for inlet air heating/humidification. In combined cycle operation with inlet air evaporative cooling, the condenser heat from the steam turbines or the process, which is presently rejected to the atmosphere via cooling tower should be cross exchanged to the inlet air evaporative cooler (which may even look like a cooling tower). This arrangement allows not only for heating of the inlet air but also for humidification via evaporation.
To extend the operation of the turbines from 45.degree. F. to 15.degree. F. requires on the order of 25,000 lb/hr of low pressure steam per machine. Half of this amount goes to humidification alone.
It should also be noted that more frequent compressor cleaning might be beneficial to counteract possible fouling from precipitated minerals when making substantial use of wet compression power augmentation.
The present invention has been described in an illustrative manner. In this regard, it is evident that those skilled in the art, once given the benefit of this disclosure, may now make modifications to the specific embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Such modifications are to be considered within the scope of the present invention which is limited solely by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
Claims
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The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for augmenting the net output of a gas turbine characterized in operation by periods of continuous use exceeding about 4 hours in duration in driving a generator or compressor, the gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air, the method comprising the steps of: providing liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the axial-flow compressor to reduce the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression to achieve an increase in the net output of the gas turbine available to drive said generator or compressor as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided, and said method including the further step of providing heat and humidity to the working fluid to allow continued power augmentation during periods when the temperature of the working fluid would otherwise drop to a level which would allow detrimental ice formation to occur in the inlet.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing heat and humidity comprises the step of adding steam into the inlet.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of measuring the temperature of the working fluid to insure sufficiently uniform addition of heat and humidity to the working fluid to avoid detrimental ice formation from occurring in the inlet.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves an increase of at least about 10% in the net output of the gas turbine as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
5. A method for augmenting the net output of an industrial gas turbine characterized in operation by periods of continuous use exceeding about 4 hours in length in driving a generator or compressor, the industrial gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air, said axial-flow multistage compressor having a housing, the method comprising the steps of: providing liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the axial-flow compressor to reduce the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression to achieve an increase in the net output of the industrial gas turbine available to drive said generator or compressor as measured against the net output of the industrial gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided, said method including the further step of insuring a sufficiently uniform distribution of liquid water in the working fluid to limit angular deformation of the housing to a generally predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial-flow multistage compressor.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves an increase of at least about 10% in the net output of the industrial gas turbine as measured against the net output of the industrial gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of measuring angular deformation in the housing which is related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of measuring angular deformation comprises using a laser emitter and a laser target for measuring angular deformation of the housing.
9. A method for augmenting the net output of an industrial gas turbine characterized in operation by periods of continuous use exceeding about 4 hours in length in driving a generator or compressor, the industrial gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air, said axial-flow multistage compressor having a housing, the method comprising the steps of: providing liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the axial-flow compressor to reduce the temperature increase of the working fluid caused by compression to achieve an increase in the net output of the industrial gas turbine available to drive said generator or compressor as measured against the net output of the industrial gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided, said method including the further step of measuring angular deformation in the housing which is related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves an increase of at least about 10% in the net output of the industrial gas turbine as measured against the net output of the industrial gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of measuring angular deformation comprises using a laser emitter and a laser target to for measuring angular deformation of the housing.
12. The method of any of claim 1 through 11 wherein the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves an increase in the range of between about 20% to about 40% in the net output of the gas turbine as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without water provided.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the gas turbine is a heavy duty industrial gas turbine.
14. A method for augmenting the net output of a gas turbine having an axial flow multistage compressor for acquiring and compressing a working fluid comprising air, the method comprising the steps of: adding increasing amounts of liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the compressor, with the mass flow rate of the liquid droplets being increased over time to avoid destructive thermal stresses within the gas turbine which are related to the providing of increased amounts of liquid water to the working fluid, and thereafter, after achieving a desired mass flow rate, providing liquid water comprising liquid droplets to the working fluid acquired by the compressor at a substantially constant mass flow rate over a period of continuous operation exceeding about 4 hours to augment the net output of the gas turbine by wet compression.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves an increase of at least about 10% in the net output of the gas turbine as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein liquid water is provided to the working fluid in the form of a plurality of nebulized mass flow increments.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the mass flow rate is varied in an incremental manner.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the axial-flow compressor has a housing and wherein angular distortion of the housing related to providing liquid water to the axial-flow compressor is controlled by a method comprising providing nebulized mass flow increments in a balanced manner to the working fluid which insures that angular deformation of the housing related to adding liquid water to the working fluid is controlled within generally predictable limits.
19. The method of any of claim 14 and 16 through 18 wherein the liquid water ultimately provided to the axial-flow multistage compressor is in an amount which achieves an increase in the range of between about 20% to about 40% in the net output of the gas turbine as measured against the net output of the gas turbine under comparable conditions but without liquid water provided.
20. The method of claim 19 for augmenting the net output of a heavy duty industrial gas turbine.
21. The method of any of claim 1, 5, 9, 14, and 16 through 18 wherein the working fluid acquired by the compressor over a period of continuous operation exceeding about 4 hours comprises at least about three-quarters of one weight percent of liquid water in admixture with fully-humidified air.
22. The method of claim 21 for augmenting the net output of a heavy duty industrial gas turbine.
23. The method of any of claim 1, 5, 9, and 14 wherein the working fluid acquired by the compressor over a period of continuous operation exceeding about 4 hours comprises from about two weight percent to about eight weight percent of liquid water in admixture with fully-humidified air.
24. The method of claim 23 for augmenting the net output of a heavy duty industrial gas turbine.
25. Apparatus comprising a gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air, the apparatus further comprising: means for providing liquid water particles to the working fluid acquired by the compressor, and means for providing heat and humidity to the working fluid acquired by the compressor to allow liquid water to be provided to the working fluid during periods when the temperature of the working fluid would otherwise drop to a level which would allow detrimental ice formation to occur in the inlet.
26. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the means for providing heat and humidity comprises means for providing steam to the inlet.
27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the apparatus includes means for measuring the temperature of the working fluid to insure sufficiently uniform addition of heat and humidity to the working fluid to avoid detrimental icing in the inlet.
28. The apparatus of any of claim 23 through 27 wherein the apparatus comprises means for providing a working fluid acquired by the compressor which comprises essentially at least about three-quarters of one weight percent liquid water in admixture with fully humidified air.
29. Apparatus comprising an industrial gas turbine having an axial-flow multistage compressor having an inlet for acquiring a working fluid comprising air, the apparatus further comprising: means for providing liquid water particles to the working fluid acquired by the compressor, and means for controlling angular distortion of the housing which is related to the providing of liquid water to the working fluid to a generally predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial-flow multistage compressor.
30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said means for controlling angular distortion of the housing comprises means for insuring a sufficiently uniform distribution of liquid water in the working fluid to limit angular deformation of the housing to a generally predetermined acceptable limit that prevents damage to the axial-flow multistage compressor.
31. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said means for controlling angular distortion of the housing comprises means for measuring angular distortion of the housing.
32. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein said means for controlling angular distortion of the housing comprises means for measuring angular distortion of the housing.
33. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein said means for measuring angular distortion of the housing comprises a laser emitter and a laser target.
34. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the industrial gas turbine is a heavy duty industrial gas turbine.
35. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein the means for providing liquid water comprises means to provide a plurality of water mass flow increments essentially entrained in the working fluid, and means for varying the total mass flow of water supplied to the working fluid with respect to time.
36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the means for varying the total mass flow of water with respect to time comprises means for varying the mass flow in a balanced incremental manner to generally insure the uniform distribution of the liquid water in the working fluid.
37. The apparatus of any of claim 29 through 36 wherein the apparatus comprises means for providing a working fluid acquired by the compressor which comprises essentially at least about three-quarters of one weight percent liquid water in admixture with fully humidified air.
38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the apparatus comprises means for providing a working fluid to the compressor which comprises from at least about 2 to about 8 weight percent of liquid water in admixture with fully humidified air.
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