US 5,866,550 AGrant
Method of Inhibiting Replication of Hyperproliferative Cells Using a Nucleic Acid Encoding EIA
Issue Date:1999-02-02
•12 Claims
•8 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
This invention relates to methods for converting a pathologic hyperproliferative human cell to its non-malignant phenotype. The method comprises introducing into the cell a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having adenovirus E1A activity and growing the cell under conditions such that the polypeptide is produced. This invention also relates to a method of converting a population of pathologic hyperproliferative cells in a subject to a non-hyperproliferative state by expressing, in some but not all of the hyperproliferative cells, an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having adenovirus E1A activity. In a further aspect, the invention relates to promoting differentiation of pathologically hyperproliferative cells.
Metadata
Assignee
- La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation
Inventor
- Steven M. Frisch
Application Information
Application Number:US 4733991
Filing Date:1995-06-06
Priority Date:1992-10-13
Art Unit:162
Classifications
IPC:
A68K 4800C12N 1500
Field of Search:
5144244493.2
Patent Drawings (8 sheets)
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Adenovirus is a large DNA virus whose natural host is human cells. Virtually every adult has been infected with adenovirus at some time, the major effect being cold-like symptoms. Adenovirus is referred to as a "DNA tumor virus" purely because of its oncogenic effect in rodents. Expression of the adenovirus genome occurs in two stages. First, the early gene products are expressed which encode the E1A and E1B genes. These products are necessary for expression of the late gene products. Late gene products encode proteins necessary for replication as well as the viral structural proteins.
The proteins encoded by the E1A gene of adenovirus have been studied primarily from two points of view. First, the 243 amino acid and 289 amino acid forms of E1A (arising from alternative splicing of the precursor RNA such that the 243 amino acid protein is a subset of the 289 amino acid protein) are both transcriptional regulatory proteins, J. Flint, T. Shenk, Ann. Rev. Gen. 23:141-161 (1989). Secondly, these proteins facilitate the oncogenic transformation of certain rodent cells by other oncogenes, H. E. Ruley, Nature 304:602-606 (1983), and, as such E1A is generally classified as an oncogene. The interactions of E1A proteins with various defined cellular proteins are believed to mediate its oncogenic effects in rodent cells, J. M. Howe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:5883-5887 (1990).
In human cells, E1A does not appear to cooperate with other oncogenes to transform cell lines, however, mild tumorigenic effects have been reported in only two instances. For example, embryonic kidney, F. Graham, J. Smiley, W. Russell, R. Nairn, J. Gen. Virol. 36:59-72 (1977), and embryonic retinoblast cell lines, P. J. Byrd, K. W. Brown, P. H. Gallimore, Nature 298:67-71 (1982), stably expressing E1A are weakly tumorigenic when injected into mice. Moreover, these transformants arise very rarely after cotransfection of E1A with another oncogene.
The normal and transformed phenotypes of a cell are thought to be maintained by a balance of activities encoded by oncogenes and antioncogenes (tumor suppressor genes). The absence of functional tumor suppressor gene products contributes to carcinogenesis. Conversely, replacement or overexpression of these products promises to be useful in controlling tumor cell growth. Only a limited number of tumor suppressor genes have been characterized at present, notably, retinoblastoma protein, Huang et al., Science 24:1563-1566 (1988), and p53, Chen et al., Science 250:1566-1570 (1990). However, when reintroduced into tumor cells, both of these gene products simply kill the cells.
Two reports in the literature claim tumor suppression effects of E1A, but both of these effects arose from epiphenomena not related to the growth controlling effects of E1A expression. Rat sarcoma cells stably transfected with E1A are less tumorigenic in nude rats than their untransfected counterparts (T. A. Walker, B. A. Wilson, A. M. Lewis, J. L. Cook, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 88:6491-6495 (1991). Decreased tumorigenicity of E1A-expressing cells resulted from sensitization of these cells to cytolysis by natural killer cells and these cells were still tumorigenic in nude mice. The second report (D. Yu, K. Scorsone, M. C. Huang Molec. Cell Biol. 11:1745-1750 (1991) showed that E1A prevented an oncogene known as neu from transforming the mouse cell line 3T3. E1A accomplished this solely by inhibiting the expression of neu at the transcriptional level. 3T3 cells transfected with a chimeric neu gene that utilized an E1A-resistant gene promoter were still transformed by neu even in the presence of E1A. The use of E1A to suppress tumor proliferation in the manner implied by the observations above would require E1A expression in all of the cells in the tumor. This requirement poses extreme practical limitations on the use of tumor suppressor genes for therapy since the technology does not exist to introduce a desired gene into 100% of the cell population. In light of these drawbacks, strategies for inhibiting the uncontrolled replication of hyperproliferative cells using tumor suppressor genes have not yet emerged.
Thus, there exists a need to regulate hyperproliferative cell populations through small subpopulations of cells endowed with the ability to dominantly influence their growth. The present invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as well.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to methods for converting a pathologic hyperproliferative human cell to its non-malignant phenotype. The method comprises introducing into the cell a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having adenovirus E1A activity and growing the cell under conditions such that the polypeptide is produced. This invention also relates to a method of inhibiting the growth of a population of pathologic hyperproliferative cells in a subject by expressing, in some but not all of the hyperproliferative cells, an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having adenovirus E1A activity. In a further aspect, the invention relates to promoting differentiation of pathologically hyperproliferative cells.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1. Demonstration that E1A can be stably expressed in transfected tumor cells. Immunoprecipitation of E1A proteins from stably transfected and parental cell lines. 35S!Methionine-labeled proteins from E1A-expressing clones derived from HT1080 cells (lanes 1-5), HeLa cells (lanes 6-8), or A2058 cells (lanes 9-11) were immunoprecipitated with anti-E1A antibodies (E) or control antibodies (C). Lanes: 1-5, HT1080, p2AHT2a, p1Aneo3, p1Aneo15, and p1Aneo16, respectively: 6-8, HeLa, Medg18, and Medg28, respectively: 9-11, A2058, 1A58c8-1, and 1A58c11-1, respectively. The bands corresponding to E1A protein species are bracketed.
FIG. 2. Demonstration that E1A expressing cells are converted into a flat, contact-inhibited morphology. Phase-contrast micrographs of parental (top row), neomycin-resistance transfected (middle row), and E1A-expressing (bottom row) human tumor cells. Bottom row, photomicrographs of HT1080neo.sup.r and E1A-expressing HT1080 soft agarose colonies.
FIG. 3. Demonstration that E1A expression causes loss of anchorage-independent growth (soft agarose colony formation) in transfected tumor cells. Soft agarose colony formation assays of parental neomycin-resistance transfected, and E1A-expressing human tumor cells.
FIG. 4. Demonstration that E1A reduces tumorigenicity of human tumor cells. Tumorigenicity of parental tumor cells (HT1080, A2058, and HeLa) and E1A derivatives in nude mice.
FIGS. 5A to 5C. DNA sequence of E1A coding sequences (cDNA). Bottom line: 243 amino acid sequence. Top line: 289 amino acid sequence.
FIG. 6. Structure of a reverse-transforming retrovirus construct. The 243 amino acid form of E1A (12S cDNA) was cut at adenovirus map position 610 with BstX1 and the 5' end was reconstructed with a double-stranded oligonucleotide, thus removing all E1A 5' noncoding sequences. The HindIII end of this oligonucleotide was made blunt ended and the 3' end of E1A was cut with HpaI (map position 1575) to remove the polyA addition site. The resulting E1A sequence was subcloned into the retrovirus vector LNSX (described in Miller and Rosman, Biotechniques 7:980-990 (1989). Retroviruses were then packaged as described in the text.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention results from the observation that the adenovirus E1A gene unexpectedly influences the phenotype of human tumor cells so as to restore their contact inhibitory properties and promote their differentiation. Stable expression of the adenovirus 5 E1A gene reduces anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenic potential, promotes reorganization, induces flat morphology, and restores contact inhibition in human tumor cell lines. By these criteria, E1A functions as a tumor suppressor gene in this human context. The apparent paradox accorded by the observations of the ability of E1A to transform rodent cells in cooperation with other oncogenes suggests that E1A may be the prototype of a class of growth-regulatory proteins having context-specific transforming and antioncogenic activities.
These unexpected observations provide the basis for this invention, which in one embodiment provides a method for reverse-transforming pathologic hyperproliferative mammalian cells. The cells are contacted with an effective amount of nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having E1A activity under conditions such that the nucleic acid is introduced into the cell. The cell is then grown under conditions such that the polypeptide is expressed. The method may be practiced in vitro or in vivo.
Provided by this invention is a method for reversing the transformed phenotype of hyperproliferative cells located in pathological tissue by transducing with, for example, retroviral vectors, isolated nucleic acids having E1A activity. Transducing vectors can be introduced by direct injection or other suitable application. Such reverse-transformed cells will arrest growth of neighboring, non-transduced cells.
Alternatively, provided by this invention is a method of reverse-transforming a population of pathologic hyperproliferative cells in a subject which comprises obtaining a suitable sample of cells from the subject, contacting the cells with a suitable retroviral vector containing nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having E1A activity for a time period for transfection of the nucleic acid into the cell. These cells are then grown under suitable conditions such that the nucleic acid is expressed. The actively expressing cells are then reinfused into the subject.
As used herein, the term "hyperproliferative," as it relates to cells, includes but is not limited to those cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., existing and reproducing independently of normal regulatory mechanisms. Hyperproliferative diseases may be categorized as pathogenic, i.e., characterizing or constituting a disease state, or may be categorized as non-pathologic, i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state. "Pathologic hyperproliferative" cells occur in disease states characterized by malignant tumor growth including but not limited to breast cancer, sarcomas and other neoplasms, bladder cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, various leukemias and lymphomas. In addition, the term can be applied to such conditions as thyroid hyperplasia and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Examples of non-pathologic hyperproliferative cells are found, for example, in embryonic tissue, in mammary ductal epithelial cells during development of lactation and also in cells associated with wound repair. Pathologic hyperproliferative cells characteristically exhibit loss of contact inhibition and a decline in their ability to selectively adhere which implies a change in the surface properties of the cell and a further breakdown in intercellular communication.
The sequence of E1A is provided in FIG. 5. The E1A gene product has the capacity, when expressed in a malignant cell to convert the phenotype such that the resulting cell is able to inhibit the growth of neighboring tumor cells. Such capacity is herein termed E1A activity. The invention is intended to E1A, its functional subunits and fragments and modifications to the native sequence which retain E1A activity.
As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" means DNA, RNA or cDNA. A "polypeptide having E1A activity" encompasses any amino acid sequence having the biological activity of the adenovirus E1A gene product. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, this amino acid sequence is the 243 amino acid polypeptide product of the adenovirus E1A gene, as provided in FIG. 5. Functional equivalents of the 243 amino acid polypeptide are polypeptides that specifically can also effect promotion of contact inhibition as provided herein.
As used herein, the term "introducing" encompasses any method of inserting an exogenous nucleic acid molecule into a cell and includes, but is not limited to transduction, transfection, microinjection and viral infection of host cells. Methods of carrying out these procedures are well known to those of skill in the art. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the nucleic acid is introduced into the cell by contacting a cell with a retroviral vector containing the nucleic acid under conditions such that the nucleic acid is inserted into the cell. In the most preferred embodiment of this invention, the virus is a replication-incompetent retrovirus. A replication-incompetent retrovirus is defined as a virus not having the ability to produce viral proteins, precluding spread of the vector in the infected host cells. Examples of such vectors useful for the practice of this invention are well known and readily available to those of skill in the art.
Isolated nucleic acids useful in this invention are those that encode a polypeptide functionally equivalent to a polypeptide encoded by the E1A region of the adenovirus genome. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the isolated nucleic acid is the adenovirus E1A region. This region is defined by those of skill in the art to be from nucleotide 560 to nucleotide 1542.
This invention also provides a novel form of cancer therapy. Previously, anti-cancer genes or drugs targeted to kill tumor cells were effective in eradicating tumors only if 100% of the cells are exposed to the drug and forced to express the gene. This consistent exposure is seldom, if ever, achieved in vivo. Malignant cells transfected to express the isolated nucleic acids of this invention can dominantly prevent the growth of neighboring tumor cells. Thus, by converting a small fraction of the malignant cells, the tumor can be effectively eradicated or inhibited.
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the invention.
EXAMPLE I
Material and Methods
Stable E1A-expressing cell lines from A2058 melanoma and HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells (ATCC Acession No. CCL121) were constructed using the plasmid p1Aneo as described in Frisch et al., Oncogene 5:75-83 (1990), incorporated herein by reference. E1A-expressing HeLa cells, as described in Brunet and Berk, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4799-4807 (1988), incorporated herein by reference, were obtained from L. Brunet and A. Berk (University of California, Los Angeles). Cells labeled HT1080neo.sup.r and A2058neo.sup.r resulted from transfection with Bluescript plasmid (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) containing the simian virus 40 early enhancer-promoted aph gene (encoding resistance to G418).
Cells were plated at 4.times.10.sup.4 (A2058 and derivatives), 3.times.10.sup.4 (HeLa and derivatives), or 2.times.10.sup.5 (HT1080 and derivatives) cells per 60-mm plate as described in Freedman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:4435-4439 (1972) and Tucker et al., Cancer Res. 37:1571-1579 (1977), which are incorporated herein by reference, and stained, after a 14- to 17-day incubation with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (0.5 mg/ml) for 16 h.
Cells were injected into 4- to 5-week old athymic nude mice (Harian-Sprague-Dawley) in 0.25 ml of phosphate-buffered saline at the indicated cell number. Nine mice were injected per cell line, and tumors were dissected at the indicated incubation times.
Confluent cultures of cell lines (containing 2.times.10.sup.6 cells) were labeled for 5 hours in 35-mm wells with 0.4 mCi (1 Ci=37 GBq) of .sup.35 S! methionine (Tran.sup.35 S-label, ICN) in methionine-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 5% (vol/vol) dialyzed fetal calf serum. Cells were washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline and scraped into 1.0 ml of RIPA-1 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5/0.1% Nonidet P-40/250 mM NaCl/aprotinin (10 .mu.g/ml) leupeptin (5 .mu.g/ml) 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride/5 mM EDTA/soybean trypsin inhibitor (10 .mu.g/ml)!. After addition of bovine serum albumin to 0.5 mg/ml, lysates were preabsorbed with 100 .mu.l of a 50% (wt/vol) protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia) slurry (prepared in RIPA-1 containing bovine serum albumin at 0.5 mg/ml) by mixing at 4.degree. C. for 30 min and centrifuging for 10 min at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf microcentrifuge and 0.5-ml samples were then incubated with 1.5 pg of anti-E1A monoclonal antibody M73 (12) or control antibody anti-fos Ab-1 (Oncogene Sciences, Mineola, N.Y.)! for 2 h at 0.degree. C. Then 25 .mu.l of 50% protein A-Sepharose slurry was added and the tubes were mixed for 20 min at 4.degree. C. followed by a 2-min centrifugation and five 0.5-ml washes with RIPA-1. Pellets were then resuspended in 60 .mu.l of sample buffer and analyzed with SDS/PAGE.
EXAMPLE II
Reverse Transformation of Malignant Cells
The expression of the E1A gene was documented at the RNA level by Northern blot analysis as described in Frisch et al., Oncogene 5:75-83 (1990) and Brunet and Berk, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4799-4807 (1988), which are incorporated herein by reference and, in the present study, protein expression was documented by immunoprecipitation with E1A-specific monoclonal antibodies (FIG. 1). Multiple species of E1A protein were detected on the gel.
In each case, the E1A-transfected cells are relatively flat and "epithelioid" compared with the respective parental cell lines or lines transfected with the aph gene alone (FIG. 2A). These morphologic changes are consistent with the widely reported observation that transformed cells tend to be more refractile and less substrate-attached than normal cells as described in Edelman and Yahara, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:2047-2051 (1976). The altered morphology was observed at the time the colonies were first identified on the G418-selection plates, suggesting that secondary stochastic changes in the genome are not required for induction of the altered phenotype.
The tumorigenicity of cells in vivo generally correlated with their ability to form anchorage-independent colonies (Shin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:4435-4439 (1972) and Tucker et al., Cancer Res. 37:1571-1579 (1977), which are hereby incorporated by reference). To test for anchorage-independent growth, cell lines were plated in soft agarose at fixed cell number and monitored for colony formation. While the parental tumor cell lines formed colonies in soft agarose (=1% efficiency), E1A-expressing clones derived from these cell lines failed to form colonies (FIG. 3). In fact, microscopic examination revealed that the E1A-expressing clones failed even to initiate colony formation on soft agarose, ruling out a growth-rate effect. The colony-suppressed phenotype was never observed among 15 independent HT1080 clones that had been transfected with the aph gene alone and selected for G418 resistance; these results indicate that the soft agarose colony suppression was an effect of the E1A gene and not of the selection process. These observations demonstrate that E1A expression can convert the human tumor cells to a phenotype that is anchorage-dependent for growth.
To test whether E1A expression rendered the human tumor cell lines non-tumorigenic in vivo, they were injected subcutaneously into nude athymic mice and monitored for tumor formation (FIG. 4). The parental cell lines formed large tumors with incubation times of 15-17 days. In contrast, the E1A-expressing A2058 and HT1080 cells produced undetectable or very small tumors. E1A only partially suppressed tumorigenicity in the HeLa cells (4-fold), possibly because transcription from the glucocorticoid-dependent murine mammary tumor virus promoter, which was driving the E1A gene, was compromised in the subcutaneous environment.
To further rule out the possibility that E1A simply slowed growth rates so as to render soft agar colonies and tumors undetectable at short time points, growth curves were constructed. E1A did not substantially affect the growth rate of subconfluent tumor cells.
The possibility that the tumor suppression could have been augmented by the ability of E1A to sensitize certain cells to lysis by tumor necrosis factor .alpha. was also considered. This was, however, unlikely in that .sup.51 Cr-labeled p2AHT2a cells gave only 18% more lysis than parental HT1080 cells in tumor necrosis factor .alpha. at 500 units/ml--a dose high enough to kill nearly 100% of sensitive rodent cells.
This is the first time that the phenotypic effects of E1A in human cells have been described. The experiments reported here establish that E1A converts three diverse types of human tumor cells into a phenotypically non-transformed state. Paradoxically, a salient phenotypic effect of adenovirus E1A is collaboration with the ras oncogene to transform primary rodent cells. Since specific rodent cell types can turn out to be affected antioncogenically by E1A, it would be premature to ascribe this discrepancy to species differences only, especially since the effects of E1A expression in spontaneously transformed rodent cell lines have not been reported.
EXAMPLE III
Inhibition of Tumor Cell Growth By Contact Inhibition
This example describes a method for inhibiting the uncontrolled replication of human tumor cells through contact inhibition with cells reverse transformed by E1A expression.
Construction of E1A viral expression vectors was achieved by subcloning cDNAs encoding the 243 amino acid or 289 amino acid E1A proteins of adenovirus type 5 into the retroviral vectors: LNCX, LNSX. (For vector descriptions, see Miller and Rosman, Biotechniques 7:980-990 (1989); details of plasmid constructions are given in the legend to FIG. 6). 10 .mu.g of these plasmid DNAs were transfected as in Example II into the ecotropic packaging cell line gpE86 (maintained in hygromycin/mycophenolic acid selection medium). At 48 h post transfection, unselected virus stocks were prepared by collecting conditioned media, clearing by centrifugation and freezing. These viral stocks were used to infect the amphotropic packaging cell line gpEam12 (cells available from ATCC) in 35 mm wells by incubation for 12 h in DME/10% fetal calf serum media containing 4 .mu.g/ml polybrene. At 24 h post-infection, cells were split at ratios between 1:100-1:300, and infected cells were selected in 500 .mu.g/ml G418 for 3 weeks. Virus-producing cell lines were expanded into 35 mm wells and conditioned media containing virus was prepared for each line. Virus stocks were prepared from producer cell lines containing either 243 amino acid E1A or 289 amino acid E1A, in the vectors LNCX and LNSX (which promote transcription using internal CMV or SV40 early enhancers, respectively).
These stocks were used to infect the human fibrosarcoma line HT1080 by incubating 0.4 ml of virus stock with a 35 mm well of HT1080 cells for 8 h in medium containing polybrene; infected cells were split at various ratios 24 h post-infection, and either G418-resistant clones or mixed populations of infected cells were analyzed further.
The results were as follows. In cultures infected with some of the virus stocks, no morphologic change was observed compared with the uninfected controls. Western blotting demonstrated that these infected cultures were negative for E1A expression, possibly as a result of rearrangement of retroviral DNA sequences in the producer cell lines.
With one of the virus stocks, encoding the 243 amino acid form of E1A in the LNSX vector (especially 4/LNSX8), essentially 100% of the cells were converted into a morphology closely resembling that of E1A-transfected cells (see FIG. 2). Upon prolonged incubation, these cells maintained their epithelioid morphology and failed to grow beyond monolayer stage, suggesting contact inhibition of growth. These cells expressed an amount of E1A protein per cell comparable with the levels seen in calcium phosphate-transfected cell lines, but all of this E1A was the 243 amino acid form, as expected.
With other virus stocks, a mixture of "transformed morphology" and "E1A morphology" clones was noted after G418 selection. Significantly, upon longer incubation, these cultures were found to eventually (2-3 weeks post-infection) convert into nearly 100% "E1A morphology"; i.e., epithelioid, contact-inhibited cells.
The latter phenomenon indicates that cells expressing E1A contact-inhibit each other. They also contact-inhibit tumor cells. Consistant with this observation is that the tumor cells are incapable of "sending" contact inhibition signals as expected, but are capable of "receiving" and responding to them. These differential signaling responses eventually produce the outcome described in the preceding paragraph. Thus, contact inhibition can be achieved within an hyperproliferating cell population by expressing E1A in a fraction of the cells and not within the total population.
The conceptual advance bearing important ramifications for cancer therapy is as follows. Genes or drugs targeted to kill tumor cells are effective in eradicating tumors only if 100% of the cells are exposed to the drug or forced to express the gene. This condition is seldom, if ever, satisfied in vivo. E1A-expressing cells can dominantly prevent the growth of neighboring tumor cells, so forcing a small fraction of the cells in a tumor to express E1A will to eradicate the tumor. Delivery of E1A by retroviral vectors will achieve this effect. E1A is unique among tumor suppressor genes presently characterized in preserving the viability of the cells into which it is introduced, and this property can be exploited to eradicate tumor growth.
Although the invention has been described with reference to the disclosed embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are only illustrative of the invention. It should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for reverse-transforming a pathologically hyperproliferative transformed human cell in a subject, wherein said pathologically hyperproliferative transformed cell does not overexpress the neu oncogene, comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid sequence encoding E1A or a fragment or subunit of E1A having reverse-transforming activity of E1A, operatively linked to a promoter and expressing said nucleic acid sequence in said transformed cell, whereby said expression reverse-transforms said transformed cell such that said cell demonstrates a reduction in tumorigenic potential.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes adenovirus E1A polypeptide.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the E1A polypeptide is the 243 amino acid polypeptide product of the adenovirus E1A gene as shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO. 2).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pathologically hyperproliferative transformed human cell is a malignant cell.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is in a retroviral vector.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pathologically hyperproliferative transformed human cell is selected from the group consisting of a sarcoma, a carcinoma, a melanoma and a breast cancer cell.
7. A method for reverse-transforming pathologically hyperproliferative transformed human cells in a tumor in a subject, wherein said pathologically hyperproliferative transformed cells do not overexpress the neu oncogene, comprising administering to the subject a nucleic acid sequence encoding E1A or a fragment or subunit of E1A having reverse-transforming activity of E1A, operatively linked to a promoter and expressing said nucleic acid sequence in said transformed cells, whereby said expression reverse-transforms said transformed cells, thereby inhibiting growth of said tumor.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes adenovirus E1A polypeptide.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the E1A polypeptide is the 243 amino acid polypeptide product of the adenovirus E1A gene as shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NO. 2).
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the pathologically hyperproliferative transformed human cell is a malignant cell.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is in a retroviral vector.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the pathologically hyperproliferative transformed human cell is selected from the group consisting of a sarcoma, a carcinoma, a melanoma and a breast cancer cell.
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