US 5,860,147 AGrant
Method and Apparatus for Replacement of Entries in a Translation Look-Aside Buffer
Issue Date:1999-01-12
•21 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Some virtual memory systems allow more that one memory page size. To quickly translate virtual page addresses into physical page addresses, a multi-page size translation look-aside buffer is needed. The multi-page size translation look-aside buffer has a virtual address array and a physical address array. The virtual address array has a set of virtual address entries that are compared to a received virtual address. The virtual address array entries have virtual address tag field, a valid bit, and a page size bit. The page size bit defines the size of the memory page and thus defines the number of bits in the virtual address that must be matched with virtual address tag bits in the virtual address array. The valid bit indicates if the entry is valid or not. When a hit is detected in the virtual address array, a corresponding entry in the physical address array is activated. The physical address array comprises a physical page address and a set of page attributes. The physical address array also has a locked bit and an access bit that are used to implement a translation look-aside buffer replacement scheme.
Metadata
Assignee
- Intel Corporation
Inventors
- Simcha Gochman
- Jacob Doweck
Application Information
Application Number:US 7148941
Filing Date:1996-09-16
Priority Date:1996-09-16
Art Unit:272
Classifications
IPC:
G06F 1210G06F 1212
Field of Search:
711203;204;205;207
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of microprocessor architecture. Specifically, the invention relates to a mechanism that implements a translation look-aside buffer for translating virtual addresses into physical addresses.
ART BACKGROUND
In recent years, the size of computer programs have outgrown the main memory available in computers. To accommodate very large programs in a limited amount of physical memory, virtual memory was created. Virtual memory defines a large virtual address space that a program is allowed to run in. The virtual memory is divided into blocks of memory known as pages. A subset of the virtual memory pages are mapped onto physical memory pages. To create a large virtual address space, only a limited number of the virtual memory pages are mapped into a short term physical memory such as dynamic RAM. The remainder of the virtual memory pages are mapped onto long term storage such as hard disk drives.
Furthermore, virtual memory simplifies the implementation of multitasking operating systems. Each process in the multitasking system is allocated a limited number of the available physical memory pages. However, each process is given a large virtual address space wherein a subset of the virtual memory pages are mapped onto the allocated physical memory pages. The remainder of the virtual memory pages are mapped to long term storage.
Virtual memory systems are usually implemented with the use of a "page table." A page table is a data structure that is indexed using a virtual page address to retrieve a physical page address. Thus, when a program accesses memory using a virtual address, the operating system or the hardware examines the page table to translate the virtual page address into a physical memory page address. Then, using the physical address, the memory location is accessed.
Page tables are usually stored in main memory. To reduce the time required to perform virtual memory address to physical memory address translations, many computer processors implement a Translation Look-Aside Buffer (TLB). A translation look-aside buffer is a high speed cache that is dedicated to performing translations from virtual memory addresses into physical memory addresses.
Some processors implement virtual memory systems that have more than one size of page. For example, in the Intel Microprocessor Architecture, supports both 4 kilobyte pages and 4 Megabyte pages. It would therefore be desirable to have a fully associative translation look-aside buffer that supports more than one size of memory pages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention introduces a translation look-aside buffer for translating virtual page addresses into page addresses where the memory pages can be of different sizes. The translation look-aside buffer has a virtual address array and a physical address array. The physical address array has a locked bit and an access bit in each entry. The access bit is used to implement a pseudo-least recently used replacement scheme. The locked bit is used to protect entries that are currently being used from being replaced. Specifically, entries are locked when a microinstruction routine access the entry. The locked bit is later cleared when the microinstruction routine terminates.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings, and from the detailed description that follows below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art, in view of the following detailed description and drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art method of implementing a translation look-aside buffer that supports two different sized pages.
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of the translation look-aside buffer of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Methods and apparatus for implementing a fully associative translation look-aside buffer in a computer processor are disclosed. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in order to practice the present invention. Well known circuits and devices are shown in block diagram form.
A Prior Translation Look-Aside Buffer
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a translation look-aside buffer arrangement for a processor that uses two different sizes of memory pages. The translation look-aside buffer arrangement of FIG. 1 actually consists of two translation look-aside buffers: a first translation look-aside buffer 110 for four kilobyte (4 Kb) pages and a second translation look-aside buffer 130 for four Megabyte (4 Mb) pages.
To perform a virtual address to physical address translation, the virtual memory address is provided to both the first translation look-aside buffer 110 and the second translation look-aside buffer 130. The physical address (if any) provided by each translation look-aside buffer is routed through a multiplexer 150. The multiplexer 150 is controlled by logic 160 that selects the translation look-aside buffer (110 or 130) that has a hit.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, two complete translation look-aside buffers are used to implement a translation look-aside buffer system that handles different sized pages. The two different translation look-aside buffers may be set-associative to improve the translation time. It would be desirable to simplify the circuitry required to implement such a translation look-aside buffer.
A Fully Associative Translation Look-Aside Buffer
FIG. 2 illustrates the fully associative Translation Look-Aside Buffer of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the Translation Look-Aside Buffer of the present invention comprises two main parts: a virtual memory array 210 and an associated physical address array 230.
The virtual memory array 210 is a specialized content addressable memory (CAM) array that contains a 20 bit virtual address tag 211, a valid bit 213, and a page size flag 215. When a virtual memory address to be translated is applied to the virtual memory array 210, the virtual memory array 210 will test each entry and indicate a "hit" if a virtual address tag in an entry matches the applied virtual memory address and the valid bit 213 indicates that the virtual memory array 210 entry is valid.
When attempting to match the applied virtual memory address, a page size flag 215 is used. The page size flag 215 is used to determine the number of bits that need to be matched for that entry. If the page size flag 215 indicates that an entry is for a four Kilobyte page, then all 20 bits of the virtual tag must be matched. Alternatively, if the page size flag 215 indicates that the entry is for a four Megabyte page, then only the 10 most significant bits must match for a hit. In other embodiments, a larger multi-bit page size field could be used such that additional memory page sizes exist.
When a hit occurs in the virtual memory array 210, the virtual memory array 210 activates a match line that accesses a corresponding row in the physical address array 230. The physical address array 230 consists of a physical page address field 231 and a set of control bits. When a row in the physical address array 230 is activated, the physical address array 230 outputs the physical page address from the physical page address field 231 of the selected row.
When outputting the physical page address, the physical address array 230 also uses a page size flag 232. The page size flag 232 of the physical address array 230 determines how many bits of the physical page address field 231 will be output when a hit occurs. Specifically, if the page size flag 232 indicates that the entry of the physical address array 230 is for a four Kilobyte page, then all 20 bits of the physical page address field 231 are output. Alternatively, if the page size flag 232 indicates that the entry of the physical address array 230 is for a four Megabyte page, then only the 10 most significant bits of the physical address field 231 are output and the 10 least significant bits are bypassed from the virtual address.
The physical address array 230 also includes several other control bits. A set of page attribute bits 236 define the characteristics of the memory page such as whether it is read-only, "dirty" (has been written to), or a supervisor page. A virtual parity bit 233 and a physical parity bit 234 are used to ensure that the virtual and physical addresses are correct. The parity bits are used for error detection. The access bit 238 and the locked bit 239 are used to implement a sophisticated replacement scheme for the translation look-aside buffer. The replacement scheme will be described in detail later in this document.
As illustrated in the translation look-aside buffer of FIG. 2, any virtual address and physical address pair may be placed into any entry of the translation look-aside buffer. Furthermore, each entry in the translation look-aside buffer may be for a different sized page. Thus, the translation look-aside buffer of FIG. 2 efficiently handles all types of virtual address to physical address translations in a single fully associative translation look-aside buffer.
Translation Look-Aside Buffer Replacement System
Once all the entries in a translation look-aside buffer become filled, then new entries must replace older entries. To most efficiently continue virtual address translation, it would be desirable to replace a translation look-aside buffer entry that will not be needed again. A good approximation of this is to select the entry that was least recently used. However, it is very difficult to implement a fast least-recently-used replacement circuit. Thus, many caches and translation look-aside buffer implement pseudo-least-recently-used replacement systems.
To implement a pseudo-least-recently-used replacement system, an access bit 238 is provided for each entry in the physical address array 230. Each time an entry in the physical address array 230 is accessed, the access bit 238 for that entry is set. When a translation look-aside buffer entry must be replaced, the translation look-aside buffer replacement logic selects a translation look-aside buffer entry that does not have the access bit 238 set.
When there is only one translation look-aside buffer entry with a clear access bit and setting that entry's access bit 238 would result in having all then access bits set, then all the other access bits in the translation look-aside buffer are cleared and only the access bit for that one entry is set. This ensures that there is always an entry that can be replaced.
Many of the current generation microprocessors operate by decoding architectural level instructions into internal microinstructions. Some simple architectural level instructions can be implemented with a single internal microinstruction. However, other complex architectural level instructions require full software routines consisting of several microinstructions.
When a microinstruction routine implementing a single architectural level instruction that will use the translation look-aside buffer begins executing, the contents of a translation look-aside buffer entry must remain consistent for the microinstruction routine to execute properly. Specifically, the translation look-aside buffer entry must not change until the full microinstruction routine that executes the instruction completes. To keep the value of a translation look-aside buffer entry consistent during a microinstruction routine, the present invention introduces a locked bit 239 in each translation look-aside buffer entry. The locked bit 239 works in conjunction with the access bits such that when an entry needs to be replaced, the least recently used entry that is not locked will be replaced.
Referring to FIG. 2, each entry in the physical address array 230 of the translation look-aside buffer includes an access bit 238 and a locked bit 239. When a microinstruction routine accesses an entry in the physical address array 230, the locked bit 239 for that entry of the physical address array 230 is set. When the locked bit 239 for an entry of the physical address array 230 is set then that entry will not be replaced. After the microinstruction routine completes execution, then the locked bit 239 that was set is cleared such that the entry can be replaced.
The access bit 238 of a TLB entry is set when a lookup hits that particular TLB entry. A access bit 238 is cleared when that TLB entry is invalidated. All of the access bits in the TLB are cleared if one of the two following conditions occur:
1. The Translation Look-Aside Buffer (TLB) is flushed; or
2. (A.sub.0 +L.sub.0) (A.sub.1 +L.sub.1) (A.sub.2 +L.sub.2) . . . (A.sub.n +L.sub.n)=1 Where A.sub.i represents an access for entry i and L.sub.i represents a locked bit for entry i.
The second case that causes all the access bits in the TLB to be clear occurs when there is no TLB entry that can be replaced since all entries have at least the access bit or the locked bit set.
As illustrated above, the present invention combines the functions of the access bits and the functions of the locked bits into a single translation look-aside buffer replacement policy. Specifically, an entry in the translation look-aside buffer can only be replaced if the access bit 238 for the entry is clear and locked bit 239 for the entry is clear. If either the access bit 238 or the locked bit 239 is set, then the entry will not be replaced. To always have at least one TLB entry that can be replaced, all the access bits will be cleared if all entries have either their access bit or their locked bit set.
The foregoing has described methods and apparatus for implementing a fully associative translation look-aside buffer in a computer processor. It is contemplated that changes and modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, to the materials and arrangements of elements of the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims
Certificate of Correction present
The claims shown below may not include correction changes. Use the corrected PDF for authoritative text.
We claim:
1. An apparatus for translating a virtual address into a physical address, said apparatus comprising an array of entries, each of said entries comprising: a virtual address tag field; an access bit, said access bit for implementing a pseudo-least recently used replacement system; a locked bit, said locked bit used to lock said entry, said locked bit set when a microinstruction routine accesses a physical address entry matched to said virtual address tag field, said locked bit reset when said microinstruction routine terminates.
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein each entry further comprises a set of page attributes, said page attributes describing the characteristics of a memory page.
3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said apparatus is divided into a virtual address array and a physical address array.
4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein said virtual address array comprises a content addressable memory.
5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein each entry of said array further comprises a first page size field, said first page size field indicating a size of a memory page.
6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said locked bit of a first entry is set when a microinstruction routine accesses said first entry, said locked bit reset when said microinstruction routine terminates.
7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein an entry in said physical address array can only be replaced if a locked bit for said entry is clear and an access bit for said entry is clear.
8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein all access bits are cleared if all entries have either an access bit or a locked bit set.
9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein all access bits are cleared if all entries have either an access bit or a locked bit set.
10. In a computer processor that processes architectural instructions using microinstruction routines, an apparatus for translating a virtual address into a physical address, said apparatus comprising: a virtual address array, said virtual address array comprising a plurality of virtual address array entries wherein each virtual address array entry has a virtual address tag field, said virtual address array fully associative such that any virtual address may occupy any virtual address array entry; and a physical address array, said physical address array comprising a plurality of physical address array entries wherein each physical address array entry is coupled to a corresponding virtual address array entry by a match line, each of said physical address array entries comprising: a physical address field; a locked bit, said locked bit set when a microinstruction routine accesses said physical address entry, said locked bit reset when said microinstruction routine terminates.
11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein each entry of said virtual address array further comprises a page size field, said page size field indicating a size of a memory page.
12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein each entry of said physical address array further comprises a page size field, said page size field indicating a size of a memory page.
13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein each entry of said physical address array further comprises an access bit, said access bit used to implement a pseudo-least recently used replacement scheme.
14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein each entry of said physical address array further comprises a set of page attributes.
15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein each entry of said virtual address array further comprises a valid bit.
16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein said locked bit of a first entry is set when a microinstruction routine accesses said first entry, said locked bit reset when said microinstruction routine terminates.
17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein an entry in said physical address array can only be replaced if a locked bit for said entry is clear and an access bit for said entry is clear.
18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 17 wherein all the access bits are cleared if all entries have either the access bit or the locked bit set.
19. A method of replacing entries in a translation look-aside buffer, said method comprising the steps of: examining a locked bit and an access bit on a translation look-aside buffer entry; replacing said translation look-aside buffer entry if said lock bit and said access bit are clear; clearing the access bit in all translation look-aside buffer entries if all said entries have either an access bit or a locked bit set; setting the locked bit in a particular translation look-aside buffer entry if a microinstruction routine accesses said translation look-aside buffer entry; clearing said locked bit in said translation look-aside buffer entry when said microinstruction routine terminates.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19 further comprising the step of setting an access bit in a particular translation look-aside buffer entry when a microinstruction routine accesses said translation look-aside buffer entry.
21. The method as claimed in claim 19 further comprising the step of clearing all access bits and locked bits when a reset occurs.
Patent Citations (6)
Non-Patent Literature (1)
- Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Operating Systems--Design and Implementation, p. 225, 1987.