US 5,844,965 AGrant
Method and Apparatus for Using Film Density Measurements of a Radiograph to Monitor the Reproducibility of X-Ray Exposure Parameters of a Mammography Unit
Issue Date:1998-12-01
•12 Claims
•13 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Apparatus and methods for using film density measurements of a radiograph to monitor the reproducibility of x-ray exposure parameters used by a mammography unit to make the radiograph are disclosed. Radiographic images of a breast phantom and a novel mammography beam quality phantom are formed simultaneously on a film using a single x-ray exposure. The mammography beam quality phantom comprises at least a first section and a second section formed from materials having different x-ray attenuation properties and thicknesses. For any combination of x-ray exposure parameters useful for film mammography, including the parameters of kilovoltage peak, dose, and half value layer, the material from which the first section is formed is selected so that the optical density produced by the first section of the mammography beam quality phantom is greater than the optical density produced by the breast phantom. The material from which the second section is formed is selected so that the optical density produced by the second section of the mammography beam quality phantom is less than the optical density produced by the breast phantom. The difference in optical density between the first and second sections of the mammography beam quality phantom, adjusted for the effect of film processing, is calibrated in terms of exposure parameters. Thus, the film density measurements of a radiographic image of a mammography beam quality phantom can be used to monitor the reproducibility of x-ray exposure parameters of a mammography unit in making repeat radiographs of a breast phantom.
Metadata
Assignee
- Thomas Jefferson University
Inventor
- Benjamin M. Galkin
Application Information
Application Number:US 9687920
Filing Date:1997-10-27
Priority Date:1989-11-24
Art Unit:286
Classifications
IPC:
G01D 1800
Field of Search:
378207
Patent Drawings (13 sheets)
Description
Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of radiology, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for standardizing and monitoring image quality in autoradiography.
Background of the Invention
Radiographic imaging of the body is well known and extremely useful as a diagnostic tool in the medical arts. Radiographic imaging involves positioning a part of a patient to be imaged denoted as the "structure of interest" under an x-ray tube, exposing the structure of interest to an x-ray beam, and recording the x-ray image on an image receptor. The receptor in most instances is a radiographic film disposed in contact with an intensifying screen. The intensifying screen absorbs x-ray radiation and radiates light in proportion to the radiation absorbed. Light emitted by the intensifying screen exposes the film. The film and screen are kept in tight contact during exposure in a film holder or cassette. After exposing the structure of interest, the film is removed from the cassette, may be labeled with the patient's name and other identifying information, and then developed. The use of radiography to image the human female breast is referred to as mammography.
Mammography is today the most important and accurate method for diagnosing breast disease. The diagnostic value of mammograms is highly dependent on image quality which, in turn, depends upon the interplay of several factors: the size, the angle, and elemental composition of the x-ray target, the energy spectrum of the x-ray beam, the type of imaging system, the image processing system, patient radiation dose, etc. Recent studies by the inventor and by others have shown that there is a wide variation in the quality of mammograms being produced at breast imaging facilities in the United States.
Because of the importance of good image quality in mammography a number of regulatory agencies and professional groups have recommended that mammography facilities have an ongoing quality assurance program. One of these professional groups initiated a voluntary accreditation program for mammography centers in 1987. In order to become accredited a mammography facility must, among other things, submit a radiographic image of a prescribed phantom which contains artifacts that simulate breast calcifications, tumors and fibers. Image quality is determined subjectively, i.e., by visual assessment of a known phantom image having a number of known artifacts.
It is well known in the field of radiology to utilize an inanimate object in place of a patient in conducting serial x-ray exposures for calibration or similar purposes. Such an object is called a phantom and in mammography the object is called a breast phantom. Breast phantoms are composed of materials, for example, certain plastics and wax, that simulate the x-ray absorptive characteristics of a human female breast. Small discrete objects are incorporated in a phantom to differentially absorb x-rays in a manner similar to that encountered in a clinical situation in order to produce an image on a receptor such as an x-ray film. These objects are usually called artifacts. In some phantoms the artifacts are imbedded in a wax plate that fits into the plastic body of the phantom. In others the artifacts are imbedded in the plastic itself. The artifacts are also sometimes configured to simulate the physiological shape and approximate size of important clinical markers such as tumors, fibrils and calcifications. State of the art phantoms usually incorporate nylon fibers of different diameter to simulate fibrils, different size particles of alumina oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxyappotite, calcium sulfate, etc. to simulate breast calcifications and cross sections of nylon spheres to simulate tumors. These artifacts are positioned in the phantom in an arbitrary but generally reproducible way and nominal specifications regarding size and sometimes thickness are provided by the vendor. The phantom used in the accreditation program consists of a plastic block and a wax insert that contains the artifacts. A radiograph of the insert by itself, that is without plastic block, is provided to the user to demonstrate the location of the artifacts. This image is also intended to demonstrate the maximum number of artifacts that can be visualized in a contact radiograph with essentially no excess scatter. In the accreditation program, the complete breast phantom is radiographed and the scatter helps to reduce the number of artifacts seen. Viewers score image quality on the basis of the number of artifacts seen.
The radiation dose and beam quality used to produce the phantom mammogram is calculated from phantom surface exposure measurements, using solid state detectors, i.e., thermoluminscent dosimetry (TLD). These calculations are typically made by a commercial firm independent of the mammography centers or the accrediting organization, the American College of Radiology.
The diagnostic value of radiographic imaging as described above is dependent on the quality of the radiographic image, which in turn depends on an interplay of several factors. One of the more important of these factors is the process by which the radiographic image is developed. Radiographic images which are made on radiographic films are generally developed in devices called "film processors." Film processors are subject to many variations which are functions of the kind of film processor used to develop the film, the age and quality of the chemicals in the film processor which develop the film, the duration of time the film is processed, and the temperature and pH of the chemicals. Since the diagnostic value of a radiographic image is highly dependent upon the quality of the radiographic image, it is imperative that the film processor be well controlled in order to optimally develop the image. It is also important to minimize fluctuation of processor parameters from film to film.
Processor performance, determined by sensitometry/densitometry measurements of the processor used to develop the radiograph, is generally made in-house by the facility seeking accreditation. A separate thirty day record of processor performance is submitted as part of the documentation for accreditation. However, none of these records are directly linked to the phantom image so that the effect of processor performance on the phantom radiograph cannot taken into account in evaluating image quality.
Data from several thousand mammography facilities participating in this program have now been collected. These data continue to show a wide variation in patient dose and image quality, even amongst facilities that are accredited in the aforementioned fashion.
The same professional group has recently introduced a program to re-accredit mammography centers once every three years and to update accreditation on a more frequent basis. The method used for image evaluation and the criteria for reaccreditation remains essentially the same.
The inventor of the subject matter herein claimed and disclosed has recognized a need in the art to improve the current method used to evaluate image quality in mammography. Specifically, a need exists for objective image quality standards rather than the subjective type evaluation now being used in the accreditation program. Such quality standards should be based on physical measurements rather than subjective impressions.
Moreover, processor performance is a critical parameter that needs to be incorporated in any determination of mammographic image quality and the establishment of image quality standards.
A need exists for more frequent independent monitoring of image quality in mammography once in three years, and this monitoring too, should incorporate a measurement of the effect of film processing on image quality.
As is known by those with skill in the art, an x-ray image of acceptable diagnostic quality generally comprises an image of the structure of interest as a series of gray levels. Examination of the gray level image indicates whether the structure of interest is healthy, or whether the structure of interest may contain certain diseases such as, for example, cancer.
Since the quality of the radiographic image is highly dependent on the film processor, the film processor must be periodically tested to ensure that the images which are produced have a high diagnostic quality. There are several prior methods currently in use to test film processors. One such method involves the use of a "sensitometer" and a "densitometer." A sensitometer is an instrument which impresses a series of graduated exposures on a photographic material. In these sensitometers, a light source of known luminous intensity is displaced at a fixed distance from an exposure plane and emits radiation of known spectral intensity. The surface of the photographic material is positioned to substantially coincide with the exposure plane.
In the sensitometer, an exposure modulating device is located between a film and the light source. If the exposure modulating device is removed, the entire photosensitive material may be uniformly illuminated. However, the purpose of the exposure modulating device is to alter this condition so that various areas of the photosensitive surface are subjected to a series of different exposures, thereby forming a graded density pattern on the photosensitive surface which is developed as a series of gray levels. This density pattern is a function of the type of film and the action of the processor.
After the film is developed by a film processor with the sensitometric graded density gray scale level pattern imposed thereon, a densitometer is used to measure densities created by the exposure modulated device. In this fashion, the graded density pattern, which may be precalibrated in terms of various parameters such as for example, film speed, base and fog, and contrast, can be used to gauge and evaluate the performance of the film processor.
Various other methods and apparatus have been used to test film processors. Examples of these other methods and apparatus are sensitometric film strips which have been preexposed and aged, and are then packaged to be sold commercially. These pre-exposed strips are used in conjunction with a readout device. To check the film processor, one of the strips is developed and inserted into the readout device. When the film is withdrawn, the readout device produces a light signal which indicates the temperature and the condition of the chemicals in the processor. No digital readout is provided and no quantitative indications of the condition of the film processor can be determined.
Methods to check film processors by measuring the pH of the chemicals and the operating temperature of the film processor are also known in the art. It has also been known to use "step wedges" to create a graded pattern on radiographic films. These step wedges are generally constructed of an x-ray absorbing material and are used to determine the effect that the x-rays have on the image quality, but not the effect that the film processor has on the image quality.
The aforementioned prior methods for testing a film processor which develops radiographic images do not satisfy long-felt needs in the art for methods and apparatus to test film processors that are quick, efficient and standardized to particular exposures and film types. The recommended frequency for conducting sensitometric and densitometric tests is daily. However, in the realities of the clinical environment, daily testing of film processors is often not completed.
There are many reasons that daily testing is not always accomplished. Chief among these reasons are that special training and equipment are needed, and additional x-ray film is required. As a result, the diagnostic quality of x-ray images is often severely compromised. Poor film processor performance results in degraded radiographic image quality and could ultimately result in failure to detect diseases. This is particularly devastating, for example, in radiographic images of female breasts called "mammograms" where diagnostic features are often subtle, and early detection of breast cancer is often critical to future survival.
The inventor of the subject matter herein claimed and disclosed has recognized a need in the art to standardize image quality of breast specimen radiographs and autoradiographs. In the mammographic imaging of the intact breast, one of the factors limiting the accuracy of mammographic diagnosis is poor radiographic contrast between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue. Efforts to increase contrast include the use of contrast agents that can be administered before mammography. Desirable characteristics of such agents are that they be non-toxic and have a preferential affinity for the cancer tissue. If the agent has a higher physical density or effective atomic number than breast tissue, its distribution in the breast can be imaged on film using x-rays.
If the contrast agent is an x- or gamma- emitting radioactive compound, the emissions from the compound can be detected outside the body and the distribution of the agent can be imaged on film, either directly or indirectly by radiation detection electronic equipment. In either case, image quality depends on the type of film used and by the film processing procedure.
If a non-radioactive contrast agent is administered before breast surgery, breast tissue specimens excised during surgery can be imaged on film by x-rays to show the distribution of the agent. This procedure is called specimen radiography. On the other hand, if the excised surgical specimen contains a radioactive contrast agent, the distribution of the agent can be imaged on film using the emissions from the radioisotope. Radioisotopes that emit x-rays, beta particles or alpha particles can be used, depending on the thickness of the tissue specimen.
Radioactivity in thin sections of tissue can be localized by placing the section in close proximity or in contact with a film or a film screen combination, and allowing the emissions to expose the film for a period of time. The tissue is then removed and the film is developed to produce an image showing the spatial distribution of the radioactive material in the tissue.
The optical density of such an image depends on the amount and half-life of the radioactive material, the type of emissions, the duration of film exposure and the effect of film processing. This type of imaging is called autoradiography and the resulting image is called an autoradiograph or autorad. Autoradiography can also be used to measure protein metabolism, nucleic acid sequencing and gene expression of normal and malignant breast tissue.
In all the above, image quality is effected by the type of film used and by film processing. Moreover, in autoradiography hand processing is common. In such processing the need for monitoring for the effect of the processing on image quality is even more significant.
Summary of the Invention
The advantages of the invention are achieved in methods and apparatus for correcting for the effect on image quality of a film processor which develops a radiographic image of a structure of interest on a film having an emulsion. Such methods and apparatus include shielding a first portion of the film along one edge from the x-ray energy used for imaging the structure of interest and impressing a first calibrated test pattern on the first portion of the film. The first pattern includes a first calibrated graded stepwise density pattern having density positions. The density pattern is produced by visible light. A first plurality of symbols is located adjacent the first pattern, wherein each symbol indicates the magnitude of one of the density positions. A control film of similar emulsion as the emulsion of the image film is provided and impressed with a second calibrated test pattern along one edge. The second pattern includes a second calibrated graded stepwise density pattern having density positions, which pattern was also produced by visible light. A second plurality of symbols is located adjacent the second pattern, wherein each symbol indicates the magnitude of one of the density positions. The intensity and spectrum of the visible light used for impressing the first and second patterns is adjustable. The film is processed in a film processor to develop the first pattern and the radiographic image of the structure of interest. The control film is processed to develop the second pattern. The performance of the film processor used to develop the film is measured by comparing and noting the symbols associated with those density positions between the first and second patterns which match. Physical parameters of selected portions of the developed image of the structure of interest are measured, such parameters define image quality. These parameters are corrected for the effect of film processor performance by adjusting the values of the measured physical parameters according to the optical density values at the match positions of the first and second patterns.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The present invention will be better understood, and its numerous objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are isometric views of cassettes for holding radiographic films;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematics of radiographic films in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram of radiographic films in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an exposed and processed x-ray image containing a number of phantoms for use in the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a quality assurance system constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing a line profile across one of the artifacts depicted in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is an isometric views of cassettes constructed in accordance with the invention for holding radiographic films;
FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a cassette holder constructed in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph of optical density versus sensitometer strip step number; and
FIG. 9 is a general/schematic perspective view of a mammography beam quality phantom constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a composite image used to determine image quality in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a general/schematic perspective view of a non-uniform height mammography beam quality phantom constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a general/schematic perspective view of a non-uniform height mammography beam quality phantom constructed in accordance with the present invention together with test object slabs; and
FIG. 13 is an exposed and processed autoradiographic image for use in the present invention.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments
The present application proposes to solve the above noted problems of the past by supplementing the image of the breast phantom with images of additional objects designed to test different imaging parameters and by supplementing the visual assessment of image quality with optical density measurements of all the recorded images, wherein these measurements are compared against control standards.
To this end, described below are methods and apparatus for testing breast phantom image quality in terms of multi-parameter physical measurements on selected portions of the phantom image and other portions of the imaging film. These methods and apparatus determine the effect of film processing on image quality by coupling a sensitometer pattern to each imaging film. One edge of the film is shielded from x-rays during exposure of the phantom. The shielded area is flashed with a sensitometer. The film is then developed in the regular way.
Densitometric measurements of the developed sensitometer pattern are compared with control measurements to monitor for processor stability and the effect of processing on the phantom image.
Unfortunately, the effect of a change in beam quality or half value layer (HVL) on phantom image quality is difficult to determine using present quality control methods, because most automatic exposure control devices on mammography units are designed to produce a preset film density over the useful kVp range.
The methods and apparatus described below also determine the effect of beam quality on image quality by adding an image of a Mammography Beam Quality Phantom (MBQP) alongside the breast phantom image.
Consider first, sensitometer based methods and apparatus for quality control.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, in FIG. 1A a cassette holder having a front cover 20 and back cover 20a provides a housing for the film 30. The film 30 is generally a type of radiographic imaging film. In preferred embodiments, a silver halide emulsion coats a first side of the film 30 and absorbs radiation to form an image of a structure of interest on film 30.
Means for intensifying x-rays 40 is provided to the cassette. Intensifying means 40 is generally a screen that is placed in cooperative relationship with radiographic film 30 to intensify the x-rays, shown at 70, which carry information about the structure of interest. Intensifying screen 40 fluoresces when x-rays 70 impinge on it such that the fluorescent radiation forms an image of the structure of interest on film 30.
In preferred embodiments, film 30 is a single emulsion film for use in mammography. Thus, the structure of interest is a human breast. Since a single emulsion film is used in mammography, only one intensifying screen 40 is provided to the cassette. However, in other radiographic imaging techniques where double emulsion films are typically used, two intensifying screens are provided to the cassette. In describing the invention hereinafter, reference will be made to single emulsion radiographic films for use in mammography wherein the structure of interest is a human breast and the cassettes therefore have a single intensifying screen.
In further preferred embodiments, a pressure pad 50 is placed in the cassette in cooperative relation with intensifying screen 40 so that when the cassette is closed, intensifying screen 40 fits snugly against film 30 during x-ray imaging of the breast. Means 55 for allowing codable information to identify the patient to be impressed on film 30 is integrally formed on front cover 20. Codable means 55 provides for an area 60 on film 30 wherein identifying information of the patient can be impressed on film 30. Codable means 55 blocks x-rays so that coding area 60 is not impressed with a radiographic image during imaging of the breast. Preferably, the identifying information is impressed photographically on coding area 60 after the breast is imaged.
Similarly, means 80 for blocking x-rays 70 is integrally mounted on front side 20 and interfaced with a first portion 100 of film 30 to block x-ray energy from reaching the first portion 100 of film 30. In this fashion after x-rays 70 have irradiated film 30, the silver halide emulsion which exists on the first portion 100 of the film has not been irradiated and remains pristine. Furthermore, intensifying screen 40 does not fluoresce radiation onto first portion 100 since x-rays are blocked from reaching screen 40 in an area corresponding to the first portion 100. Thus, other information may be impressed on the first portion 100 of the film 30, rather than the information about the breast which has been carried by x-rays 70 to a second portion 130 of film 30.
Since the first portion 100 of film 30 and coding area 60 are not to be impressed with radiographic images of the breast, the intensifying screen 40 is cut out at 90 and 95 corresponding to areas on film 30 substantially equal to the area of the first portion 100 and coding area 60 respectively. Since it is desired that no fluorescent energy reaches the first portion 100 of film 30 and area 60, cutouts 90 and 95 in intensifying screen 40 are provided to ensure that no florescent energy reaches the first portion of the film 100 and area 60.
Other means may be provided to the cassette to ensure that area 60 and first portion 100 are not impressed with radiographic images during breast imaging. Referring to FIG. 1B, light blocking means 120 is provided to the cassette disposed between intensifying screen 40 and film 30. Light blocking means 120 is generally a strip of opaque material having approximately the same extent in the X and Y directions as area 60 and first portion 100. Light blocking means 120 prevents florescent energy from reaching area 60 and first portion 100, or more specifically, the space on film 30 corresponding to the area of light blocking means 120.
In yet further preferred embodiments, intensifying screen 40 could simply be made smaller than film 30 so that area 60 and first portion 100 are not illuminated with florescent energy from the screen. Alternatively, an x-ray blocker could be integrally formed in holder 20 to prevent x-rays 70 from reaching areas on screen 40 corresponding to area 60 and first portion 100. An x-ray blocker of this sort preferably comprises a thin sheet of lead which absorbs the x-rays.
The first portion 100 of film 30 is adapted to receive a graded density test pattern which acts as a test means to determine the performance of the film processor that develops the mammogram on second portion 130 of film 30. The graded density pattern is impressed on the first portion 100 of film 30 by a standard sensitometric technique. After the radiographic image has been impressed on second portion 130, film 30 is removed from the cassette in a darkroom so that the graded density pattern can be impressed on first portion 100. Similarly, identifying information for the patient is photographically impressed on coding area 60 after film 30 has been removed from the cassette. During impression of the graded density test pattern on first portion 100, light having a known spectral content, shown generally at 110, irradiates the film on first portion 100. The light 110 is multifrequency, having energy equal to h.SIGMA..nu. signifying radiant energy associated with a range of frequencies. The light 110 is generally emitted from a sensitometer having first been modulated by an exposure modulating device (not shown) and therefore, has a known spectral intensity corresponding to the various frequencies in light 110. A graded density test pattern is thus impressed on film 30 in first portion 100.
In still further preferred embodiments of the cassette provided in accordance with the present invention, the x-ray blocking means 80 and codable means 55 are comprised of a material which absorbs x-rays, thereby preventing the x-rays from reaching intensifying screen 40. Various types of polymer plastics, absorbing foils, or other radiant energy absorbers may thus be used to form x-ray blocking means 80 and codable means 55. Similarly, light blocking means 120 is also constructed of a material which can absorb light comprising multifrequencies.
A graded density test pattern is impressed on the first portion 100 of film 30 by light of known spectral content 110. Thus, film 30 will have essentially two types of useful images impressed thereon. The first image is the standard radiographic image of a structure of interest on the second portion 130 of film 30 called a mammogram. The other image is formed on the first portion 100 of film 30, and is a graded density pattern which is used to test and evaluate the performance of the film processor.
The graded density test pattern is generally a sensitometric image whose development is highly dependent upon the parameters which affect the film processor. Thus, it is possible to use the graded density test pattern to evaluate the film processor's performance independently of other factors that effect the image of the structure of interest, and to ensure that the mammogram formed on the second portion 130 of film 30 is a high quality image that is useful for diagnostic purposes.
It is generally desired to provide means 140 interfaced with film 30 to identify film type. There are many types of radiographic films which can generally be used to form radiographic images. Depending on the type of film used, the film processor will develop the film and produce images whose gray scale is also dependent on film type corresponding to particular radiographic needs.
In yet further preferred embodiments, means 140 for identifying film type is simply a "notch" which is cut out of film 30, and placed in a preferred orientation on film 30. A cartesian coordinate system 150 indicates that notch 140 is oriented along the long edge of film 30. In other preferred embodiments, notch 140 could be oriented along the narrow edge of the film. As is conventional, when film 30 is held in the right hand and notch 140 is in the upper right hand corner, the emulsion side of film 30 faces the individual holding film 30. There may be a single notch, or a series of notches of various shapes cut into film 30 to indicate the particular film type.
Referring to FIG. 2A, a radiographic image, herein a mammogram, is shown at 160. As is known by those with skill in the art, female breasts are subject to a particularly devastating form of cancer which, if detected early, may be curable with a high success rate. Thus, high quality mammograms are desired in the radiographic imaging art to allow radiological physicians and professionals to make early and accurate diagnoses of breast cancer.
The film 30 generally comprises an exposable area which is coated with a silver halide emulsion. The exposable area, corresponding to first portion 100, area 60 and second portion 130 in FIGS. 1A and 1B, has impressed thereon various images including mammogram 160, coding area 170 for identifying the patient, and test means 180 and 182 which are generally a graded density test pattern and a contrast pattern that have been sensitometrically produced. In preferred embodiments, coding means 170 may be photographically produced, but it could simply be mechanically attached to the exposable area of film 30. Notch 140 indicates the film type, and is oriented in a preferred direction along an edge of the film.
As is illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, graded density test pattern 180 in preferred embodiments is a series of gray levels impressed on film 30. Referring to FIG. 2B, a control film 190 is placed in a proximate position to film 30 so that a control density pattern 200 and a control contrast pattern impressed on control film 190 can be compared to graded density test pattern 180 and contrast pattern 182 impressed on film 30. In preferred embodiments, control density pattern 200 is also a graded density pattern.
In accordance with the present invention, control density pattern 200 impressed on control film 190 is held in position while film 30 having graded density test pattern 180 and mammogram 160 imposed thereon is placed in a proximate position to control film 190 so that graded density test pattern 180 and control density pattern 200 can be visually compared. Variations from accepted norms of graded density test pattern 180 as compared to control pattern 200 may then be visually noted by comparing step markers 210 on control film 190 to step markers 215 on film 30, thereby indicating the quality by which the film processor has developed mammogram 160 on film 30. Step markers 210 and 215 correspond to the various gray levels in control density pattern 200 and graded density test pattern 180, respectively.
Markers 210 provide an indication of what parameters have been measured, for example, film speed, base and fog, and contrast. Control density pattern 200 is calibrated to provide a gray scale indication of a film processor that is considered to be performing optimally in developing radiographic images. By lining up the gray levels on test pattern 180 to the corresponding gray levels on control pattern 200, the difference between step markers 215 and step markers 210 can be noted. Step markers 215 and 210 may be numbers corresponding to gray levels, or generally any type of standardized symbols that provide an indication of the magnitude of the gray levels. The difference between the step markers 215 and 210 after the gray levels on graded density test pattern 180 and control density pattern 200 have been matched provides an indication of how the film processor is performing, and therefore the diagnostic quality of mammogram 160. In a similar manner, the contrast patterns can be compared.
Radiographic films provided in accordance with the present invention eliminate the need for complex, frequent densitometric tests of film processors. Thus radiographic films and control films provided in accordance with the present invention eliminate costly, independent densitometric tests of radiographic films to determine film processor performance, and greatly streamline the testing process for the film processor. No inaccuracies in determining performance of film processors is engendered through the use of methods and apparatus provided in accordance with the present invention because a human eye can detect differences in density of at least 0.05. This is well within the accepted requirements for analyzing sensitometric graded density patterns to determine film processor efficiency and performance.
In accordance with the present invention, notch 220 is physically cut from control film 190 to determine the control film type. By comparing notch 220 with notch 140, the radiologist can ensure that the same type of film which is used in constructing mammogram 160 is used to provide the control density pattern 200.
Methods and apparatus provided in accordance with the present invention are generally useful for both dedicated and non-dedicated film processors. A "dedicated" film processor is one that is used exclusively for developing a single type of radiographic image such as a mammogram. However, most film processors are "non-dedicated" because they are used to develop a number of different kinds of radiographic images including mammograms. Since control film 190 is precalibrated to represent an optimal film processor, it is useful in determining the performance of both dedicated and non-dedicated film processors. Thus, methods and apparatus for testing both dedicated and non-dedicated film processors provided in accordance with the present invention solve long-felt needs in the art for efficient and cost-effective tests to ensure that mammograms and other radiographic images are of the highest quality for diagnostic purposes. These needs have not been satisfied by methods and apparatus which have existed prior to the invention herein claimed and disclosed.
It is also within the scope of the present invention for the film containing the structure of interest, the first density pattern and the second density pattern to be formed on separate films. In such a situation, each film will have an emulsion, wherein it is preferred for all emulsions to be identical. The density patterns are formed in a manner identical to that described above. It is noted however, that best results can be obtained if the image film and the test film are processed either simultaneously or close in time in the same processor. It may also be desirable to process the control film and the image film simultaneously. It may still further be desirable for the multiple films to have identifying information impressed thereon.
Heretofore, in mammography accreditation programs, such as those presently being conducted, image quality is determined subjectively. A viewer counts and scores image quality on the basis of the number of artifacts visualized in a radiographic image of a standardized phantom. No objective measurements of important image parameters such as contrast, density, resolution, or density gradient are made of the artifacts and no comparison is made against measured physical standards for these variables. The above described embodiments adapt well to resolving the standardization problem.
The standardization problem is resolved by first forming a film and control film as previously described. i.e. with the density and/or contrast patterns impressed thereon. Thereafter such films are processed in a film processor to develop the films. The performance of the film processor is measured by comparing the density positions between the first calibrated test pattern on the film and the second calibrated test pattern on the control film and determining which positions match. If necessary portions of the structure of interest on the film are optically magnified forming a magnified image. This image is converted to an electrical signal. The physical parameters of the magnified image of the structure of interest are measured from the electrical signal and corrected for the effect of the film processor by adjusting the parameters in relation to the optical density values at the match positions of the first and second calibrated test patterns.
Such a method can be more clearly understood by reference to FIGS. 3-5. In FIG. 3, a breast phantom 300 has been formed on film 30 together with a graded density pattern 180. As will be appreciated, phantom 300 contains several artifacts 310, which as explained previously are intended to simulate various physiological features of the human breast. One of those artifacts is a calcification. Since such artifacts contain relatively tiny features, that portion of the phantom is magnified. The film also contains images of a contrast pattern 311 and a resolution pattern 312 produced by the x-ray beam. Radiation dose can be measured using separate solid state or film dosimeters 313 exposed while obtaining the radiograph of the phantom. It is noted that FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a breast phantom and calibrated density pattern, wherein the numbers or symbols represent different density values.
In accordance with the present invention, radiation dose can be measured by optical density measurements of portions of the film corrected for the effect of film processing traceable to measurements made by an ionization chamber or TLD measurements.
As shown in FIG. 4, film 30 is placed over a calibrated light source. The particular artifact is illuminated by light source 320 which emits light of a known intensity, spectrum and spatial orientation. Such spatial orientation can be determined from the calibration process, wherein a blank is placed over the emitting surface of source 320. Light intensity is then measured so that when an image is placed on the source, corrections can be made for any non-uniformities that are present. It is noted that while a uniform light source is preferred, a calibrated light source can be utilized. Microscope 322, which in the preferred embodiment is a binocular dissecting microscope, receives the light passing through film 30 and magnifies the structure of interest forming a magnified image. It is noted that artifact size can be determined using microscope 322, provided the microscope contains internal measurement features, such as a reticule. It is also noted that for larger artifacts, magnification will not be necessary, however, calibration of the light source is still required. The magnified image is directed in any known manner onto video camera 324, which in the preferred embodiment exhibits a logarithmic response, however, a linear response can also be used.
Camera 324 converts the magnified image into an electrical signal, i.e. digitizes the image, which is provided to computer 326 for storage and/or manipulation. In the preferred embodiment, computer 326 includes a display for displaying the electrical signal. Such a displayed signal is depicted in FIG. 5. From this signal physical parameters can be measured, which parameters are thereafter corrected in relation to a comparison between the density patterns 180 and 200. It is noted that in the preferred embodiment, camera 324 also provided with a video monitor. If electronic markers are displayed on the monitor, artifact size can be determined. In the preferred embodiment, camera 324 is an ITM Data Vision Model 250 SOFCAM camera. This camera is preferred because it exhibits a logarithmic response with relation to transmitted light. Such a logarithmic response converts to a linear relationship as shown in FIG. 8.
In the preferred embodiment the graded density patterns are provided with symbols. In such a case, the comparison of the density positions between the test patterns involves noting the symbols associated with those positions on the control film which match.
It is noted that the image quality of a radiographic imaging film can be more accurately evaluated when one utilizes a phantom image, formed in accordance with the above methods or by using apparatus of the present invention, in conjunction with the information relating to the corrections made to the physical parameters to account for the effect of the film processor. Such information can be stored in any known storage device such as an electronic memory, if such information is in the form of an electrical signal or on a hard copy if such information has been printed.
It is also possible to correct for the effect on image quality of a film processor which develops a radiographic image of a structure of interest by taking a film produced in accordance with the above described methods, by measuring the performance of the film processor by comparing and noting the symbols associated with those density positions between the first calibrated test pattern on the film and the second calibrated test pattern on the control film which match, by measuring physical parameters of selected portions of the developed image of the structure of interest, wherein the parameters define image quality and by correcting for the effect of film processor performance on image quality by adjusting the values of the measured physical parameters according to the optical density values at the match positions of the first and second calibrated test patterns.
To obtain the objective data needed to standardize image quality in mammography, the artifacts in the phantom are carefully calibrated according to size, shape, thickness and chemical composition. Sections of the breast phantom image that show the artifacts and other selected portions of the radiograph are measured using the magnification video analysis. Sections of the film containing the image of one or more of the artifacts are optically magnified by a predetermined amount and the magnified images are subjected to video image analysis. The light intensity, light spectra and light uniformity used to illuminate the portion of the film being examined is carefully measured and controlled. The following image parameters are measured: absolute and relative optical density of the images of the artifacts; optical density profiles across the artifacts, line density across high contrast and a low contrast resolution patterns, radiation dose from density measurements of the film, processor performance by density measurements of the graded density pattern.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown an alternative cassette, wherein an x-ray impervious shield 330 formed for example from lead is positioned along one edge of cover 20. Such a shield is used to prevent x-rays from causing the exposure of an edge of film 30. It is preferred to impress the graded density pattern in this area. In the preferred embodiment, shield 330 is formed on the inner surface of cover 20. However, it is also within the scope of the invention for shield 330 to be formed within cover 20 or on the surface of cover 20.
Referring now to FIG. 7, an alternative platform is shown for providing the desired shielding to a portion of film 30 along one edge. In this embodiment there is shown a cassette holder 342. Holder 342 is substantial hollow presenting an opening 344, which is sized for insertion of a cassette such as that shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B and 6. An x-ray impervious shield 346 is formed along one edge of holder 342. When a cassette is inserted, x-rays will be prevented from causing the exposure of film 30 along an edge.
Consider now the use of MBQP methods and apparatus.
The mammography beam quality phantom can be configured to produce a range of optical densities that is suitable for different types of film emulsions and processing. As shown in FIG. 9, an MBQP 400 is shown to include three sections 402, 404 and 406. Each section is shown to have a different total linear attenuation coefficient .mu.. Use of phantom 400 will result in an image being formed on the composite image 410, shown in FIG. 10. Comparison of the beam quality phantom image to a beam quality phantom control image will reveal whether any changes in beam quality exist relative to the beam quality in the control image. Such comparisons can be made by measuring the optical density of certain sections of the beam quality phantom and control images.
In other words, the beam quality phantom 500 includes a first portion formed from a first material having a first linear attenuation coefficient and a second portion formed from a second material having a second linear attenuation coefficient. The selection of the first and second materials is made in order to cause the difference in optical density of the images formed by the first and second portions to change in a known manner in relation to kilovolt peak when the optical densities are corrected for the effects of film processing. That is, if the beam quality phantom is imaged on more than one occasion using the same film emulsion and the same processing, the difference in optical density of the images formed by the first and second portions at a given kilovolt peak on one occasion may be compared to the difference in optical density of the images formed by the first and second portions at the same kilovolt peak on subsequent occasions. Such a comparison will reveal differences in beam quality, i.e., differences in kilovolt peak, dose or half value layer (HVL), for subsequent uses.
It is important to note that it is preferred for the first and second linear attenuation coefficients to be linear and for the first and second portions to have first and second thicknesses. The first and second thicknesses are selected so that the optical densities of the images formed by each of the first and second portions bracket the range of optical densities of the image of an accreditation phantom.
The preferred beam quality phantom further includes a third portion formed from a third material having a third attenuation coefficient. This third portion can be used to replace the characteristics of the accreditation phantom, thereby making the use of an accreditation phantom unecessary for monitoring beam quality.
It will be appreciated from the above that when mammography apparatus is calibrated a calibrated control image is generated of beam quality phantom 400, other test objects and a sensitometer pattern. Periodically, the mammography apparatus is evaluated by forming the composite image 410 which also includes an image of a beam quality phantom and images of the same test objects and sensitometer pattern. Comparison of the periodic composite image with the control images will reveal any deviations in the beam quality, i.e. kVp deviations, dose deviations or signal to noise deviations.
The effect on breast phantom image quality due to changes in focal spot size is also difficult to assess using current quality control methods. As described previously. an image of a resolution test pattern is added alongside the breast phantom image as also shown FIG. 10.
It is noted that in FIG. 10, a small processor monitoring sensitometer pattern is imprinted in the film identification area. Preferably, this pattern is flashed at the same time as the identification information.
FIG. 11 depicts a beam quality phantom 500, which is similar to phantom 400 except the height of each section is non-uniform. Varying the height of MBQP 500 in this manner results in an image which is more sensitive to variations in the beam quality, i.e. deviations in kVp.
Still further, it may be desirable to either place test objects adjacent the MBQP 500 or form MBQP 500 with said test objects integral therewith.
FIG. 13, is substantially similar to that described in relation to FIGS. 2A and 2B above, except that an autoradiographic image 600 has been formed in place of the radiographic image at 160. It will be appreciated that the radioisotope need not be internal to the tissue being imaged, but, may also be external. It is also within the scope of the invention to utilize a scintillation fluid in conjunction with the radioisotope. In such situations the tissue sample for which the autoradiograph is being generated is placed into a scintillation fluid such as poppop.
While the above summary and attached drawings describe the invention as used in film mammography, the invention is also application for xeromammography and other radiographic imaging procedures.
While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that modification and variations may be made without departing from the principles of the invention as described herein above and set forth in the following claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A mammography beam quality phantom for use in monitoring mammographic kilovoltage peak, said phantom comprising: a first portion formed from a first material having a first total linear attenuation coefficient; and a second portion formed from a second material having a second total linear attenuation coefficient, wherein the selection of said first and second materials causes the difference in optical density of the images formed by said first and second portions to change in a known manner in relation to kilovoltage peak useful in mammography when the optical densities are corrected for the effects of film processing.
2. The phantom of claim 1, wherein said first and second portions have first and second thicknesses.
3. The phantom of claim 2, wherein said first and second thicknesses are selected so that the optical densities of the images formed by each of said first and second portions bracket the range of optical densities of the image of a breast phantom.
4. The phantom of claim 1, further comprising a third portion formed from a third material having a third attenuation coefficient.
5. A mammography beam quality phantom for use in measuring kilovoltage peak of an x-ray beam produced by a mammography unit to create a radiographic image of a breast phantom on a film, wherein said mammography beam quality phantom comprises a body having a first section and a second section, wherein said first section is formed from a first material and has a first thickness and said second section is formed from a second material having a second thickness, wherein said first and second materials and said first and second thicknesses are selected so that said first and second sections have different x-ray attenuation properties wherein said different x-ray attenuation properties cause an x-ray beam from a single exposure transmitted through said first and second sections to produce on said film a first optical density for said first section and a second optical density for said second section, wherein a comparison of the measured values of said first and second optical densities, adjusted for the effect of film processing, results in an optical density difference, which difference is reflective of kilovoltage peak.
6. The mammography beam quality phantom of claim 5, further comprising a third section for use in place of said breast phantom.
7. The mammography beam quality phantom of claim 5 wherein image quality test objects are contained in one or more sections.
8. A mammography beam quality phantom for use in measuring half value layer of an x-ray beam produced by a mammography unit to create a radiographic image of a breast phantom on a film, wherein said mammography beam quality phantom comprises a body having a first section and a second section, wherein said first section is formed from a first material and has a first thickness and said second section is formed from a second material having a second thickness, wherein said first and second materials and said first and second thicknesses are selected so that said first and second sections have different x-ray attenuation properties wherein said different x-ray attenuation properties cause an x-ray beam from a single exposure transmitted through said first and second sections to produce on said film a first optical density for said first section and a second optical density for said second section, wherein a comparison of the measured values of said first and second optical densities, adjusted for the effect of film processing, results in an optical density difference, which difference is reflective of half value layer.
9. The mammography beam quality phantom of claim 8, further comprising a third section for use in place of said breast phantom.
10. The mammography beam quality of claim 8, further comprising image quality test objects.
11. Apparatus for using optical densities of a film to measure at least one of a set of exposure parameters of an x-ray beam produced by a mammography unit to create a radiographic image of a breast phantom on a first area of said film, said exposure parameters comprising kilovoltage peak, half value layer and milliampere seconds, said apparatus comprising: a mammography beam quality phantom exposed simultaneously with said breast phantom by said x-ray beam to create a radiographic image of said mammography beam quality phantom on a second area of said film; said mammography beam quality phantom comprising a body having a first section and a second section, wherein said first section is formed from a first material having a first thickness and said second section is formed from a second material having a second thickness, wherein said first and second materials and said first and second thicknesses are selected so that said first and second sections have different x-ray attenuation properties wherein said different x-ray attenuation properties cause an x-ray beam from a single x-ray beam exposure transmitted through said first and second sections to produce on said film a first optical density for said first section and a second optical density for said second section, wherein a comparison of the measured values of said first and second optical densities, adjusted for the effect of film processing, results in an optical density difference, which difference is reflective of at least one of said set of exposure parameters.
12. A method for using optical densities of a control film and a test film to monitor a mammography system for changes in x-ray exposure parameters used to radiograph a breast phantom, said mammography system comprising a mammography x-ray unit having an automatic exposure control sensor, film screen cassette combination and an automatic film processor, comprising the steps of: generating a control film comprising the steps of: positioning said breast phantom over said automatic exposure control sensor of said mammography unit; providing a mammography beam quality phantom positioned away from said automatic exposure control sensor; shielding a first portion of the test film along one edge of the film from x-ray energy used for imaging the breast phantom; radiographing both phantoms simultaneously with a single x-ray exposure from said mammography unit operated at a preset kilovoltage peak, automatic exposure control setting, and known target-filter combination; exposing said shielded edge of the control film with visible light from a sensitometer to create a stepwise density pattern having calibrated and numbered steps; and processing the control film in a film processor to develop images of the breast phantom, the mammography beam quality phantom and the sensitometric pattern; generating a test film comprising the steps of: positioning said breast phantom over said automatic exposure control sensor of said mammography unit; providing a mammography beam quality phantom positioned away from said automatic exposure control sensor; shielding a first portion of the test film along one edge of the film from x-ray energy used for imaging the breast phantom; radiographing both phantoms simultaneously with a single x-ray exposure from said mammography system operated at a preset kilovoltage peak, automatic exposure control setting, and known target-filter combination; exposing said shielded edge of the test film with visible light from a sensitometer to create a stepwise density pattern having calibrated and numbered steps; and processing the test film in a film processor to develop images of the breast phantom, the mammography beam quality phantom and the sensitometric pattern; measuring optical densities of the images of the breast phantom and the mammography beam quality phantom on the test and control films; measuring optical densities of the sensitometric patterns on the test and control films; adjusting the optical densities of the images of the breast phantom and mammography beam quality phantom of the test film for differences in film processing in relation to the optical density values of similarly numbered density positions of the sensitometric patterns of the test and control films; and detecting changes in the exposure parameters of the mammography system by comparing the adjusted optical densities of the breast phantom and mammography beam quality phantom on the test film with the control film.
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