US 5,823,032 AGrant
Prethinning for Superplastic Forming
Issue Date:1998-10-20
•21 Claims
•5 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A process for superplastically forming a part from a blank of superplastic material such as titanium alloy, including enclosing and capturing a sheet of superplastic material having uniform thickness between a die lid and a die base. The die lid has a deep recess where localized prethinning of the blank would minimize excessive thinning of the formed part elsewhere on its topography. The peripheral edges of the blank is clamped between the lid and the base by exerting a squeezing force, typically be a press, and the die is heated, along with the blank, to the superplastic temperature of the blank. The die base is pressurized to preform portions of the blank opposite the lid recess into the recess to form a prethinned bulge. After preforming, the die lid above the blank is pressurized to reverse the prethinned bulge down into the cavity and to form the blank into the cavity. The localized prethinning facilitates forming in areas that would tend to form slowest or least and makes material available for other areas of the part that would normally become excessively thinned by virtue of the shape of the adjacent areas or depth of the die cavity, thereby making possible the tailoring of thickness in particular areas of the formed part.
Metadata
Assignee
- The Boeing Company
Inventor
- John Robert Fischer
Application Information
Application Number:US 2242125
Filing Date:1994-04-07
Priority Date:1994-04-07
Art Unit:375
Classifications
IPC:
B21D 2602
Field of Search:
722957;60;63;709421.1
Patent Drawings (5 sheets)
Description
This invention relates to superplastic forming of materials, and more particularly to a method for controlling the thickness of the material in the formed part at the particular locations of interest on the part.
Background of the Invention
Superplastic forming of aluminum, titanium and other metal parts is widely practiced especially in the aerospace industry. The process includes placing a sheet of metal having superplastic characteristics between a die lid and a die base, heating the die and the captured sheet of metal to a temperature at which the metal exhibits superplastic characteristics, applying force to the die lid to hold it closed on the die base against the gas pressure which will be applied against the metal inside the die, and applying the gas pressure to cause the metal to stretch into the die cavity in the base and conform to the surface of the die cavity which is the shape of the final part. After forming, the die lid is removed and a part is cooled and removed from the die base cavity.
A long term problem in the use of the superplastic forming process which has received many attempts over the years at a solution is the excessive thinning of the part in certain areas such as the lower inside corners of concaved parts. Excessive thinning of the part in localized areas such as this can make the part unacceptable and require expensive solutions such as making the part in two pieces and welding the pieces together or making the part with material that is thicker than necessary just to attain the required thickness at the corners or other areas that experience excessive thinning.
One known technique for minimizing thickness when forming superplastic material onto a convex die is to first expand the metal blank into a cavity in the lid to preform the blank so that when the pressure is reversed, the blank is formed downwardly over the convex mold in the die base. This technique improves the thickness uniformity but does not solve the problem of localized thinning in corners of deep concave dies or thinning around tall thin convex forms. Other processes are available which require multiple processing of the blank which increases the handling cost and can result in undesirable metallurgical characteristics because of the multiple heating cycles. Thus, the art has long sought a process by which the thickness of the part in particular areas of concern can be tailored to provide either uniform thickness throughout the entire part, even in areas where uniform thickness has not been possible in the past, or localized area of thickness on parts which needs strengthening in particular areas of the part.
Summary of the Invention
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a process for tailoring the thickness of a superplastically formed part to provide uniform thickness throughout the part, even in inner corners of deep concave parts in a single cycle in a die. Another object of the invention is to provide a method of prethinning a superplastic metal blank in a die during the same cycle the part in the die is to be formed, to eliminate undesirable variations in thickness at different locations on the part. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a superplastic forming die having a localized recess in the die lid into which localized areas of the metal blank can be formed to prethin the blank to tailor the thickness of the formed part in areas of particular interest for uniformity or increased thickness at areas where increased strength is desired.
These and other objects of the invention are attained in a strain equalization technique which superplastically preforms the metal diaphragm in an otherwise low strain zone to maximize final part thickness in an otherwise high strain zone. The preforming alters the diaphragm at the outset of the final forming operation such that prethinned material is deposited on the die surface, permitting unthinned diaphragm material to advance further into the deeper pockets of the die contour than it could have otherwise done. Greater diaphragm thickness at this intermediate stage of forming results in a thicker part at the completion of forming in these deeper pockets. The process can also be employed to produce prethinned areas that will allow unthinned diaphragm material to be delivered to localized locations on the die cavity surface that need to be stronger and thicker to resist greater stress anticipated in those localized areas.
Description of the Drawings
The invention and its many attendant objects and advantages will become more clear when reading the following description of the preferred embodiment in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a part formed according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is a superplastic forming die for making the part illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional elevation of the die shown in FIG. 2 showing the die closed on a superplastic material blank;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion of the die base shown in FIG. 3 and the blank at the moment it touches the die cavity surface;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevation of a superplastic forming die made in accordance with this invention, showing a blank of superplastic material in two successive positions during forming;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional elevation of a prior art superplastic forming die base illustrating an exaggerated pattern of thinning which parts of this general configuration often experience;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional elevation of a superplastic forming die in accordance with a refinement of the invention illustrated in FIG. 5; and
FIG. 8 is a wire frame perspective view showing the superplastic material blank that was preformed into the lid of the die shown in FIG. 7 and is beginning to be formed down into the cavity in the die base of FIG, 7.
Description the Preferred Embodiments
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference characters designate identical or corresponding parts, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, a part 20 is shown having a curved vertical end wall 22, a crest 24, a curved substantially vertical step 26, two straight steps 28 and 30 and a step 32 which extends partially across the width of the part. The part 20 is formed in a die 34 shown in FIG. 2. The die 34 is actually designed to make two parts simultaneously which are then cut apart on a center parting line 36 and trimmed to make the final part. The die 34 includes a die lid 38 and a die base 40. The die base 40 has a cavity 42 having a topography shaped like the part 20 on one side 44 of the cavity 42, and the other side 46 of the cavity 42 is shaped like the other part (not shown).
A recess 50 is provided in the lid 38 for preforming a blank 52 of superplastic material such as titanium in the die 34. The recess 50, also shown in figure three, is vented through a vent hole 54 into a gas channel 56 by which the die lid 38 can be connected to a gas pressure control system 58 such as the one shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,170, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This gas control system enables the blank 52 to be preformed into the recess 50 in a prethinning step and then formed into the cavity 42.
The cavity 42 in the die base 40 includes a mold form having a topography like the cross-sectional shape of the part 20. The mold form 60 includes a vertical face 62 and other steps and geometrical shapes corresponding to the shape of the part 20. Two vents 64 and 66 communicate with a gas channel 68 by which the cavity 42 can be connected to the same gas management system 58 through gas lines 69.
In operation, the blank 52 is inserted into the die 34 between the lid 38 and the die base 40. The die lid is closed over the top of the die base 40 and pressure is exerted by a press indicated by force arrows 70. The force is concentrated on a seal bead 72 around the periphery of the cavity 42 to provide a continuous seal region between the die lid 34 and the die base 40 to ensure that forming gas when delivered to the die lid and that die cavity 42 does not escape from the die 34.
Heat is applied to the die 34, usually by preheating the die in a separate oven and also by applying heat through the platens of the press. The heat in the die 34 heats the blank 52 to its superplastic temperature, that is the temperature that the material can be formed superplastically by gas pressure acting against one or the other surface of the blank 52. When the blank 52 reaches superplastic temperature, gas pressure is delivered from the gas management system 58 through the line 69 and gas channel 60 through the vents 64 and 66 to pressurize the cavity 42. Simultaneously the gas management system 58 vents the recess 50 through the vent 54 and the gas channel 56 and through the gas line 59 to allow the blank 52 to be formed superplastically by the gas pressure in the cavity 42 up into the recess 50. The recess 50 is circular in cross-section at its base transitioning to an entry radii of about 0.75" or greater to prevent localized thinning of the blank 52 as it preforms into the recess 50. The depth of the recess 50 is slightly smaller than the width of the recess just inside of the entry radii. These proportions insure that the blank 52 will be prethinned to the amount required for the application while leaving an opening that is unimpeded when the blank preformed section is to be reversed into the cavity 42 as a bulge 74 while providing a sufficiently increased surface area of the recess 50 over the surface area of the opening of the recess 50 to achieve sufficient prethinning of the blank 52.
After the blank 52 has been preformed into the recess 50 the gas pressure in the die is reversed to vent the cavity 42 and to deliver forming gas under pressure to the gas line 59, gas channel 56 and the vent 54. This reversed gas pressure causes the prethinned portion of the blank 52 to extend downward into the die cavity as a prethinned bulge 74. The prethinned bulge 74 continues to translate into the cavity 42 until it contacts the sloping surface 76 in the cavity 42. It is problematical whether the superplastic material will stick to the die when it contacts the die surface or will slide across the die, but in this die geometry, I believe that the prethinned bulge 74 slides downward along the sloping surface 76 under the influence of gas pressure above the blank 52 and straightens the curved portion 78 of the blank 52 above the prethinned bulge 74 and to the right in FIGS. 3 and 4.
Simultaneously with the sliding of the preformed bulge 74 down the surface 76, the unthinned portion of the blank 52 will be pushed downward into the die cavity about its contact point with crest of the mold form 60 until it reaches a position corresponding about to the line 80. At this position, the prethinned portion of the blank 52 has been laid flat against the surface of the die cavity 42 and has delivered the unthinned portion 81 of the blank 52 to the position indicated by the line 80. The unthinned portion 81 is now superplastically formed against the bottom of the cavity 42 and against the vertical face 62 of the mold form 60.
Because of the prethinning of the bulge 74, the surface area of the prethinned portion of the blank 52 is substantially increased which enables the blank to be formed into the die cavity by the forming gas pressure before any substantial thinning of the unthinned portion 81 of the blank begins. The path length of the prethinned portion of the blank shown in FIG. 4 is preferably about 65-95% of the path length of the corresponding portion of the part, thereby enabling the unthinned portion 81 to be delivered to the position 80 in relatively thick condition so that it does not become excessively thinned in the small amount of forming it must undergo during forming against the small section of cavity bottom to the left of the line 80 and the vertical face of the mold form
The bulge 74 is positioned outside of the boundaries of the part 20, and the mold form 60 is a convex shape. A second embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 5, positions the prethinned blank material within the boundaries of the part and the mold form is concave. This embodiment, illustrated as a generic baking dish shape, has deep, steep sidewalls and a flat bottom. The part thickness distribution often encountered in superplastic forming parts of this nature, as illustrated in exaggerated form for clarity of illustration in FIG. 6, is an excessively thick flange 86, substantially the original thickness of the blank 84, occasional thinning below the shoulders 85 just below where the flange 86 transitions into the sidewall, and often excessive thinning of the bottom inside corners 90. I believe that the excessive thinning in the corners 90 is a consequence of the blank 84 sticking to the center of the floor 94 of the die cavity 92, after which it no longer contributes to the thinning of the blank. Thus, all the thinning that results from the forming of the blank into the lower inside corners of the die cavity must be contributed by the relatively small amount of blank material between the shoulder region and the center region of the die cavity floor 94. Since this portion of the blank material had already experienced some thinning during the forming into the die cavity, the additional thinning during final forming into the corners greatly increases the thinning in this last-to-form region and often produces the thinnest areas on the part.
To counteract this effect, the die shown in FIG. 5 has a die lid 96 having an annular peripheral recess 112 positioned in the region over the shoulder 114 of the die base cavity. The proportions of the recess are such that the surface area of the recess is about 1.5-3.5 times greater than the surface area of the opening of the recess in the plane of the underside of the die lid 96, which produces significant prethinning of the blank 84 without impeding the reversal of the prethinned bulge of the blank, as described below. A pair of vents 106 and 108 is provided in the deepest part of the recess and connect with a gas channel 110. Likewise, a pair of vents 100 and 102 are provided in the bottom inside corners of the die base cavity 92 and connect with a gas channel 104. The gas channels 104 and 110 connect to gas lines (not shown) for connection to a gas management system 58 in the same manner as illustrated in FIG. 3.
In operation, the blank 84 is inserted into a heated die between the die lid 96 and the die base 98 and pressure is applied to hold the die lid against the die base with the blank 84 clamped around the peripheral edges of the die. The heated die is then purged of air, and when the temperature of the blank reaches the superplastic forming temperature of the blank material, gas pressure is introduced into the cavity 92 through the gas channel from the gas management system 58. The blank is locally preformed into the recess 112 and the pressure is then reversed by the gas management system 58 to vent the cavity 92 and pressurize the area under the die lid 96 through the gas channel 110. The forming gas pressure acts against the prethinned annular bulge in the recess 112 and reverses the bulge downwardly into the cavity, to drape over the shoulders 114 of the die cavity 92 as illustrated in the successively formed view of the blank at 84'. At this point, the central portion of the blank 84' has not experienced any substantial thinning and remains approximately the same thickness as the original blank. Superplastic forming of the blank 84' now begins at the position of the blank 84' shown in FIG. 5, but there is now more material to form since the material that would otherwise have been wasted in the thick flange 86 is now available for forming in the central portion of the blank 84.
When the blank has formed down into the cavity far enough to contact the floor 94, it will stick to the floor 94 where it makes contact, and that portion of the blank will no longer be available to contribute to the overall thinning of the blank 84'. However, the central portion of the blank 84' is largely unthinned at this point because the preformed peripheral bulge now draped over the shoulders 114 of the cavity 92 have positioned the blank 84' well into the cavity, so relatively little forming was necessary before the center of the blank 84' contacted the die cavity floor 94. As a consequence, there is sufficient blank material available to contribute to the final forming into the inside corners of the cavity 94 without causing excessive thinning.
Turning now to FIGS. 7 and 8, a refinement of the invention is shown having the same die base 98 as the embodiment of FIG. 5, including the same cavity and a wrinkle control groove 118. It also has the same vents and gas channel for connection to the same gas management system 58, although these gas control features are omitted from FIG. 7 for clarity of illustration. The lid 96' is also identical, with the same annular recess 112' as in the lid 96 and the same gas control features as in the lid 96, except that the lid 96' has a central recess 122 and a vent 124 connection from the deepest part of the recess 122 to the gas channel 96'.
In operation, a blank 126 is preformed into the central recess 122 at the same time it is preformed into the peripheral annular recess 112' to produce a prethinned central bulge 128. After preforming into the lid 96', the gas pressure from the gas management control system is reversed to vent the cavity 92 and pressurize the area under the lid. The gas pressure reverses the central bulge 128 as illustrated in an initial stage in FIG. 8 and illustrated fully reversed in the successive position of the blank 126' shown in FIG. 7. In the position of the blank shown at 126', the preformed, prethinned annular bulge in the recess 112' has been reversed and is now draped over the shoulders 114 of the cavity 92. The center bulge 128 is fully reversed and is in contact with the floor 94 of the die cavity 92. The portion of the blank 126' between the center bulge 128 and the annular bulge draped over the shoulders 114 is substantially unthinned at this point. Consequently, the material of the blank has been distributed in such a way as to provide a relatively thick band of material for the final forming into the inside corners of the die cavity 92. In this way, the inside corners can be made as thick or even thicker if desired than the other portions of the part.
The invention can be applied selectively to provide tailored thickness on a superplastically formed part to achieve uniform thickness, which is the usual requirement, or to provide regions of greater thickness at areas of a part that might be expected to experience stress concentrations. The die for each part will need to be individually designed to achieve the desired distribution of thickness. In general, the localized prethinning recesses in the lid of the die will be positioned such that the prethinned material delivers portions of the blank substantially unthinned to the areas of the mold surface in the die base where the desired thickness is to be located.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variation of the described preferred embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art in light of this disclosure. Accordingly, it is expressly to be understood that these variations and modifications, and the equivalents thereof, may be practiced while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims, wherein I claim:
Claims
I claim:
1. A process for superplastic forming a part from a superplastic material comprising the steps of: (a) inserting a sheet of superplastic material having uniform thickness into a die having a die lid and a die base, the lid having a prethinning recess where localized prethinning of the sheet would minimize excessive thinning of the formed part elsewhere on its topography, the base having a cavity with a cavity floor having a shape corresponding to the formed part; (b) clamping the sheet between the lid and the base by exerting a squeezing force on the lid and the base; (c) heating the material to the superplastic temperature of the material; (d) while maintaining the superplastic temperature, pressurizing the die base cavity with compressed, inert gas to form superplastically localized portions of the sheet that die opposite the lid recess into the lid recess to form a prethinned bulge; (e) while maintaining the superplastic temperature, pressurizing the die lid above the bulge with compressed inert gas to a gas forming pressure to reverse the prethinned bulge down into the cavity and, thereafter, to form superplastically the sheet into the cavity to define the formed part, (f) forming peripheral regions of the sheet around the cavity into a peripheral recess around the cavity in the die base to control wrinkles that could otherwise form in the sheet in the cavity; whereby the localized prethinning bulge effectively expands the material by initially superplastically forming the material in areas that would tend to form slowest or least in the base die cavity because of contact between the sheet and the die surface and whereby the localized prethinning bulge makes material available for other areas of the part that would normally become excessively thinned by virtue of the shape of the adjacent areas or depth of the die cavity, the localized prethinning bulge thereby permitting unthinned material to advance farther into the cavity than the unthinned material would have advanced without prethinning.
2. A process for forming a part as defined in claim 1, wherein: said prethinning recess surface area is 1.5 to 3.5 times larger than the area of the opening in the prethinning recess in the plane of the underside of the die lid.
3. A process for forming a part as defined in claim 1, further comprising: embedding a low sealing bead on a peripheral area around said die cavity into said material at the superplastic temperature thereof to seal said cavity and said die lid against loss of internal gas forming pressure out of said die.
4. A process for forming a part as defined in claim 1, further comprising: concurrently venting said cavity while pressurizing said die lid above said sheet to establish a pressure differential for forming said sheet.
5. A process for forming a part as defined in claim 1, wherein: said lid prethinning recess has a opening cross-sectional area, in a plane coinciding with the underside of said lid, that is less than 60% of the surface area of said lid prethinning recess.
6. A process for forming a part as defined in claim 1, wherein: after prethinning, said material has a path length in cross section that is between 65% and 95% of a corresponding portion of the path length of said part when it is finally formed in said cavity.
7. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of trimming the localized prethinned bulge from the formed part.
8. A process for superplastically forming a part from at least one sheet of superplastic material comprising the steps of: (a) heating the sheets to the superplastic forming temperature of the material; (b) superplastically expanding at the superplastic forming temperature a localized area of the sheet into at least one recess in a lid of a die in which the sheet is enclosed, the expanding prethinning a bulge at the localized area; the recess being located spatially opposite an area of a die base that the material will contact first when the material is formed into a cavity in the die base, the area generally being the most shallow portion of the die cavity and being closest to the sheet when superplastic forming begins and being outside boundaries of the part; (c) thereafter superplastically forming the expanded sheet with the prethinned localized area against the die cavity to the final shape of the part, wherein the prethinning permits advance of unthinned material into the boundaries of the part and into the cavity farther than otherwise would occur.
9. A process for forming a part from a superplastic material as defined in claim 8, wherein: said localized area prethinning step and said final forming step are both performed in series without removing said part from said die.
10. A process for forming a part from a superplastic material as defined in claim 8, wherein: said recess has a cross section in a plane parallel to the underside of said die lid that is smaller than the surface area of said recess by a percentage about equal to the desired percentage of prethinning of said material.
11. A process for forming a part from a superplastic material as defined in claim 8, wherein: said preformed portions of said material are expanded by an amount sufficient to deliver non-prethinned portions of said material to a surface of a cavity into which said material is formed, from which it can be strained into contact with the remaining surface of said die cavity and retain the desired degree of thickness.
12. A process for forming a part from a superplastic material as defined in claim 8, wherein: said recess has a depth about 50% to about 100% of its width.
13. A process for superplastically forming parts from a superplastic material, comprising the steps of: (a) heating the material in a first and second die forming a die set to a superplastic forming temperature of the material; (b) superplastically expanding the material at the superplastic forming temperature into a central bulge recess to form a first prethinned region while increasing the surface area of the material and into a peripheral recess to form a second, discrete prethinned region, the bulge recess and peripheral recess being in the first die the expansion effectively increasing the surface area of the material by prethinning the material in the region of the bulge recess and the peripheral recess; and (c) superplastically forming the expanded material at the superplastic forming temperature into a part cavity in the second die so that the expanded material forms a part having adequate thickness throughout where, absent the expanding step, the part would have areas of excessive thinning.
14. The process of claim 13 wherein the material is titanium.
15. The process of claim 13 wherein expanding and superplastic forming are done using gas pressure acting against the material to force the material against the bulge recess or part cavity.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein, prior to forming, the part cavity includes a shoulder relatively close to the material in the die set and an inner corner relatively far from the material in the die set and wherein the expanding step permits forming the inner corner with adequate thickness by expanding the material in the vicinity of the shoulder.
17. The process of claim 15 further comprising the step of monitoring the gas pressure with a gas control system.
18. The process of claim 13 further comprising the step of trimming the part to remove the prethinned area.
19. The process of claim 13 wherein the central bulge recess has entry radii and has a depth slightly smaller than the width of the recess just inside the entry radii.
20. A process for superplastically forming a part from a sheet of superplastic material having a substantially uniform thickness, comprising the steps of: (a) loading the sheet into a superplastic forming press having a die lid and a die base between which the sheet is sealingly clamped; (b) heating the sheet to the superplastic forming temperature of the material; (c) superplastically expanding the sheet under gas pressure into a recess in the lid to form a bulge in a portion of the sheet, the thickness of the material in the bulge being less than the sheet thickness, while constraining portions of the sheet that do not register with the recess; (d) superplastically forming the sheet, including the bulge, under gas pressure into a cavity of the die base, the cavity having at least one prominent, male topographical feature, a cavity floor, and relatively steeply sloped cavity wall connecting the cavity floor to the feature, the forming causing the bulge to engage the wall of the cavity first so that thickness of the sheet in the formed sheet seating along the feature and steeply sloped wall is substantially uniform and substantially the original thickness of the uniformed sheet; and (e) timming the thinned bulge portion from the completed part.
21. A process for superplastically forming a part from a sheet of superplastic material, the part having a surface area significantly greater than the surface area of the sheet, the sheet having a substanfially uniform thickness, comprising the steps of: (a) clamping the sheet between a die lid and a die base; (b) heating the sheet to the thermoplastic forming temperature of the material; (c) expanding the sheet into a recess in the die lid to form a localized, prethinned, bulge region in an otherwise substantially unformed, substantially uniformly thick sheet; (d) reversing the bulge region out of the recess into a cavity in the die base to engage and to contact walls of the cavity while the majority of the unformed portion of the sheet is not in contact with the cavity walls, the prethinned bulge allowing the unformed portion of the sheet to advance farther into the cavity without thinning; (e) thereafter, superplastic forming the unformed portion of the sheet into contact with the remainder of the cavity of the die base to define the shape of the completed part; and (f) trimming the thinned bulge region from the completed parts.
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