Single-Piston Fluid Displacement Pump

In applications such as medical laboratory and process instrumentation, it is often necessary to provide precisely measured quantities of a sample, diluents, or reagents. For example, a very small quantity of sample, i.e. several microliters, might be diluted with several hundred microliters of buffer before being mixed with a quantity of reagent.

Very accurate dosages of sample, diluent, and reagent have traditionally been provided by fluid displacement pumps. Such pumps very accurately measure the quantity of fluid displaced. In order to measure fluid displacement accurately, it is necessary to have a precisely machined pump cylinder and piston and a precise mechanism for driving the piston to displace the fluid.

Typically, two different pumps are needed: one for the very small quantity of sample and another for the much larger quantity of diluent. Furthermore, it is typical for the precise driving mechanism to be off-axis from the cylinder and connected to the piston by some mechanical linkage such as pulleys and drive belts. Because the driving mechanism is off-axis, it may introduce substantial strain against the piston, leading to early failure due to wear on the pump seals.

There is a need for a fluid displacement pump which can accept pistons and chambers of varying size, depending on the quantity of fluid needed to be measured. Ideally, such a pump would be able to dispense both a large quantity of diluent and a tiny quantity of sample. Additionally, the pump should have a precision driving mechanism axially aligned with the cylinder and piston, in order to conserve space and reduce wear on the seals.

A single-piston, multimode fluid displacement pump comprising an elongated chamber, a piston reciprocally mounted within the chamber, a driving mechanism axially aligned with the chamber and piston for accurately positioning the piston within the chamber so as to define a measured fluid displacement, and ports for aspirating and dispensing fluid.

The invention relates to a fluid displacement pump, and particularly to a fluid displacement pump with multimode operation, that is, capable of precisely dispensing both very small quantities of sample and substantially larger quantities of diluent or system fluid.

An object of the invention is to provide a fluid displacement pump with a single piston for accurately dispensing very small quantities of sample.

A second object of the invention is to provide a fluid displacement pump with a single piston for accurately dispensing substantially larger quantities of diluent.

A third object of the invention is to provide a fluid displacement pump with a single piston capable of accurately dispensing either very small quantities of sample or substantially larger quantities of diluent.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a fluid displacement pump with a very accurate precision driving mechanism which is substantially axially aligned with the cylinder and piston, thereby reducing wear on the seals and making the pump more compact.

Another object of the invention is to provide a precision driving mechanism with few moving parts that has very little slack or play in it, to enhance the precision and accuracy and reduce the number of moving mechanical parts.

Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid displacement pump with a single port for both input and output with the single port being controlled by a three-way valve.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the fluid displacement pump.

FIG. 2 is a partially broken away schematic of one preferred embodiment of the fluid displacement pump.

FIG. 3 is a partially broken away schematic of a second preferred embodiment of the fluid displacement pump.

FIG. 4 is a partially broken away schematic of a third preferred embodiment of the fluid displacement pump.

FIG. 5 is a partially broken away schematic of the fluid displacement pump in a complete system for dispensing the sample and diluent.

FIG. 6 shows the schematic operation of the pump in aspirating diluent to prime the pump.

FIG. 7 shows the schematic operation of the pump in completing the priming cycle.

FIG. 8 shows the schematic operation of the pump in aspirating a small quantity of sample.

FIG. 9 shows the schematic operation of the pump in aspirating a large quantity of diluent.

FIG. 10 is a partially broken-away schematic of a fourth preferred embodiment of the fluid displacement pump.

FIG. 11 shows the schematic operation of the pump of FIG. 10 in aspirating fluid.

FIG. 12 shows the schematic operation of the pump of FIG. 10 in dispensing fluid.

FIG. 13 shows the partially broken away schematic of the fourth preferred embodiment of the fluid displacement pump with a stepped piston.

The multimode fluid displacement pump is shown generally as number 10 in the Figures. FIG. 2 shows a first embodiment 12 of the pump 10, which is used for aspirating and dispensing large volumes of fluid. The pump 10 has a housing 14, which comprises a top wall 16, bottom wall 18 and side wall 20. The top wall 16, bottom wall 18, and side wall 20 enclose an interior 22. The inner surface 24 of the side wall 20 has an annular means or groove 26 in which a seal 28 is mounted. The seal 28, the inner surface 24 of the side wall 20, and the inner surface 30 of the bottom wall 18 form a chamber 32. The chamber 32 has a first port 34 and a second port 36 for aspirating and dispensing fluids. Mounted reciprocally within the chamber 32 and sliding through the seal 28 is a piston 38.

The piston 38 is driven and accurately positioned longitudinally within the chamber 32 by a positioning means 40. In the preferred embodiment, the positioning means 40 comprises linear actuator or a stepper motor 42 and a lead screw 44, the lead screw being connected to the piston 38. In the preferred embodiment, the positioning means 40 is substantially axially aligned with the chamber 32 and piston 38.

In operation of the first embodiment 12, fluid is aspirated into the chamber 32 by actuating the motor 42 and lead screw 44 to withdraw the piston 38 from the chamber 32. This movement creates a partial vacuum in the chamber 32, allowing fluid to flow into the chamber 32 through the first port 34. The amount of fluid aspirated is equal to .PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 x, where r.sub.1 is the radius of the piston 38 and x is the distance by which the piston is withdrawn. The distance x can be controlled very accurately by the stepper motor and lead screw. Fluid is dispensed by advancing the piston 38 into the chamber 32, forcing fluid out of the pump through the second port 36. The operation of the first port 34 and second port 36 is controlled by a valve (not shown) which permits fluid to enter through the first port 34 and exit through the second port 36. The pump is first primed with fluid, by aspirating and dispensing fluid as described above, to remove all air before operation begins.

FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment 46 of the pump 10, used for aspirating and dispensing small volumes of fluid, wherein the chamber 32 is defined by seal 28 in annular groove 26 at the end of the chamber 32 nearest the positioning means 40, and second seal 47 in a second annular groove 48 in the inner surface 24 of the side wall 20 at the end of the chamber 32 nearest the bottom wall 18. The piston 38 further comprises a rod 38 with a step 50, thereby forming a larger diameter segment 52 and a smaller diameter segment 54. The step 50 may be machined so as to create a range of differences in diameter between the larger diameter segment 52 and smaller diameter segment 54, thereby creating a range of fluid displacements. Preferably, the chamber 32 is made narrower at some point along its length so as to accommodate and firmly grip the smaller diameter segment 54 by the second seal 47. Alternatively, the outer diameter of seal 47 may be larger than seal 28 rather than changing chamber dimensions. The chamber 32 has a first port 34 and a second port 36 for aspirating and dispensing fluids.

The piston 38 is driven and accurately positioned longitudinally within the chamber 32 by a positioning means 40. In the preferred embodiment, the positioning means 40 comprises a stepper motor 42 and a lead screw 44, the lead screw being connected to the piston 38. In the preferred embodiment, the positioning means 40 is substantially axially aligned with the chamber 32 and piston 38.

In operation of the second embodiment 46, fluid is aspirated into the chamber 32 by actuating the motor 42 and lead screw 44 to withdraw the larger diameter segment 52 from the chamber 32. This movement creates a partial vacuum in the chamber 32, allowing fluid to flow into the chamber 32 through the first port 34. The amount of fluid aspirated is equal to (.PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 -.PI.r.sub.2.sup.2)x, where r.sub.1 is the radius of the larger diameter segment, r.sub.2 is the radius of the smaller diameter segment, and x is the distance by which the larger diameter is withdrawn. The distance x can be controlled very accurately by the stepper motor and lead screw. Fluid is dispensed by advancing the larger diameter segment into the chamber 32, forcing fluid out of the pump through the second port 36. The operation of the first port 34 and second port 36 is controlled by a valve (not shown) which permits fluid to enter through the first port 34 and exit through the second port 36. The pump is first primed with fluid, by aspirating and dispensing fluid as described above, to remove all air before operation begins.

FIG. 4 shows a third embodiment 56 of the pump 10, used for dispensing both large and small quantities of fluid, wherein there is a first (small) chamber 58 in which the larger diameter segment 52 and the smaller diameter segment 54 reciprocate together, and a second (large) chamber 60 in which the smaller diameter segment 54 reciprocates. The first (small) chamber 58 is separated from the second (large) chamber 60 by the seal 61 in an annular groove 62 in the inner surface 24 of the side wall 20 and by the smaller diameter segment 54. The first (small) chamber 58 has a first port 34 and a second port 36 for aspirating and dispensing fluids. The second (large) chamber 60 has a third port 64 for aspirating and dispensing fluids. It will be seen that the larger diameter segment 52 and smaller diameter segment 54 define a first fluid displacement volume in the first (small) chamber 58 equal to the difference between the volume of the larger diameter segment 52 and the volume of the smaller diameter segment 54. The smaller diameter segment 54 defines a second fluid displacement volume in the second (large) chamber 60 equal to the volume of the smaller diameter segment 54.

FIG. 5 shows the fluid displacement pump 10 in a complete system for aspirating and dispensing the sample 66 and diluent 68. The flow of fluids through the first port 34, second port 36, and third port 64 is controlled by a valve 70. The valve 70 has a first valve conduit 72 connected to the second port 36 of the pump 10 by tubing 74, and a second valve conduit 76 connected to the third port 64 of the pump 10 by tubing 80. The valve 70 also has a third valve conduit 82 connected to a source of diluent 88 by tubing 89. The valve 70 also has a rotating T-connector 84 with arms 86 for interconnecting the various valve conduits. A source of sample 90 is connected to the first port 34 of the pump 10 by tubing 91 and pipette 92, as the pipette 92 dips into the sample 66.

The operation of the third embodiment will now be described. It will be seen that two different displacement volumes are available from the pump 10. As larger diameter segment 52 is advanced by the positioning means 40 into the first (small) chamber 58, a volume of fluid will be displaced equal to (.PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 -.PI.r.sub.2.sup.2)x, where r.sub.1 is the radius of the larger diameter segment, r.sub.2 is the radius of the smaller diameter segment, and x is the distance by which the larger diameter segment 52 is advanced. The distance x may be controlled very accurately by the stepper motor 42 and lead screw 44, or other equivalent positioning means 40. As the smaller diameter segment 54 is advanced by the positioning means 40 into the second (large) chamber 60, the smaller diameter segment 54 will displace a volume of fluid equal to .PI.r.sub.2.sup.2 x, where r.sub.2 is the radius of the smaller diameter segment and x is the distance by which the segment is advanced.

The pump 10 is initially primed as follows, as shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. The valve 70 will make a connection A between the third valve conduit 82 and the second valve conduit 76 by positioning the T-connector 84 as shown. The smaller diameter segment 54 will be withdrawn from the second (large) chamber 60 by the motor 42 in the direction as shown by the arrow. As the smaller diameter segment 54 withdraws from the second (large) chamber 60, a partial vacuum will be created in the second (large) chamber 60, causing diluent 68 to flow from the source of diluent 88 through the tubing 89 and the third valve conduit 82, through the connection A in the valve 70, through the second valve conduit 76, tubing 80, and the third port 64 and into the second (large) chamber 60, as indicated by the curved arrows. As shown in FIG. 7, the valve 70 then breaks connection A and establishes a connection C between the second valve conduit 76 and the first valve conduit 72. The smaller diameter segment 54 is then advanced into the second (large) chamber 60 by the motor 42 in the direction shown by the arrow D. The piston thus forces air and diluent out of the second (large) chamber 60, through tubing 80 and the second valve conduit 76, through connection C in the valve 70, the first valve conduit 72, tubing 74, and second pump port 36 and into the first (small) chamber 58. Because the second displaced volume of (large) chamber 60 is much larger than the residual volume in the first (small) chamber 58, air and diluent will be forced out of the first (small) chamber 58 through the first port 34 and tubing 91 and pipette 92 and into the waste receptacle 93. The pump, valve, and all connecting portions will now contain only diluent, with no trapped air. This cycle may be repeated to eliminate air completely.

FIG. 8 shows the operation of the pump in aspirating a small quantity of sample. The valve 70 will establish connection A between the third valve conduit 82 and the third port 64. The motor 42 will withdraw the larger diameter segment 52 from the first (small) chamber 58, in the direction show by the arrow B. As the larger diameter segment 52 withdraws, a small volume of sample 66 equal to (.PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 -.PI.r.sub.2.sup.2)x as discussed above will be drawn into the first (small) chamber 58 through the pipette 92, tubing 91, and first port 34 from the sample source 90. Concurrently, a volume of diluent 68 will be drawn into the second (large) chamber 60. All or part of the sample in the first (small) chamber 58 may now be dispensed through the first port 34 by advancing the piston 38 a known distance, with the sample source 90 being replaced by a receptacle 93. At the same time, diluent will be returned from the second (large) chamber 60 through connection A to the source of diluent 88.

FIG. 9 shows the operation of the pump in aspirating a large quantity of diluent. The valve 70 will establish connection C between the first valve conduit 72 and the second valve conduit 76. As the piston 38 is withdrawn from the first (small) chamber 58 and second (large) chamber 60 by the motor 42 in the direction of the arrow B, a volume of diluent 68 from the source of diluent 88 will be drawn through the pipette 92, tubing 91, first port 34, second port 36, tubing 74, first valve conduit 72, T-connector 84, second valve conduit 76, tubing 80, and third port 64 into the first (small) chamber 58 and second (large) chamber 60. The maximum volume aspirated will equal the sum of the volumes displaced in the first (small) chamber 58 and the second (large) chamber 60, that is (.PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 -.PI.r.sub.2.sup.2)x +.PI.r.sub.2.sup.2 x=.PI.r.sub.1.sup.2. The diluent may now be dispensed by advancing the piston 38, with the source of diluent 88 being replaced with a receptacle 93 for receiving the diluent.

A fourth embodiment of the fluid displacement pump is shown generally as number 110 in FIGS. 10-12. FIG. 10 shows a fourth embodiment 112 of the pump 110 which is used for aspirating and dispensing volumes of fluid. The pump 110 has a housing 114, which comprises a top wall 116, bottom wall 118 and side wall 120. The top wall 116, bottom wall 118, and side wall 120 enclose an interior 122. The inner surface 124 of the side wall 120 has an annular means or groove 126 in which a seal 128 is mounted. The seal 128, the inner surface 124 of the side wall 120, and the inner surface 130 of the top wall 116 form a chamber 132. The chamber 132 has a port 134 for aspirating and dispensing fluids. Mounted reciprocally within the chamber 132 and sliding through the seal 128 is a piston 138. It will be seen that the piston 138 may be stepped and there may be a chamber 132 formed by seal 128 and a second seal 129, as in the second embodiment above, shown in FIG. 13.

The piston 138 is driven and accurately positioned longitudinally within the chamber 132 by a positioning means 140. In the preferred embodiment, the positioning means 140 comprises linear actuator or a stepper motor 142 and a lead screw 144, the lead screw being connected to the piston 138. In the preferred embodiment, the positioning means 140 is substantially axially aligned with the chamber 132 and piston 138.

In operation of the fourth embodiment 112, fluid is aspirated into the chamber 132 by actuating the motor 142 and lead screw 144 to withdraw the piston 138 from the chamber 132. This movement creates a partial vacuum in the chamber 132, allowing fluid to flow into the chamber 132 through the port 134. The amount of fluid aspirated is equal to .PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 x, where r.sub.1 is the radius of the piston 138 and x is the distance by which the piston is withdrawn. The distance x can be controlled very accurately by the stepper motor and lead screw. Fluid is dispensed by advancing the piston 138 into the chamber 132, forcing fluid out of the pump through the port 134. The operation of the port 134 is controlled by a three-way valve 170 which permits fluid to alternately enter through the port 134 and exit through the port 134. The pump is first primed with fluid, by aspirating and dispensing fluid as described above, to remove all air before operation begins.

FIG. 11 shows a fluid displacement pump 110 in a complete system for aspirating and dispensing fluids. The flow of fluids through the port 134 is controlled by a three-way valve 170. The valve 170 has a first valve conduit 172 connected to the port 134 of the pump 110 by tubing 174, and a second valve conduit 176 connected to the pipette 192 by tubing 180. The valve 170 also has a third valve conduit 182 connected to a source 188 by tubing 189. The valve 170 also has a rotating T-connector 184 with arms 186 for interconnecting the various valve conduits.

FIG. 11 shows the operation of the pump in aspirating a quantity of source fluid 188. The valve 170 will establish a connection D between the third valve conduit 182 and the port 134. The motor 142 will withdraw the piston 138 from the chamber 132, in the direction shown by the arrow. As piston 138 withdraws, a volume of source fluid 188 equal to .PI.r.sub.1.sup.2 -.PI.r.sub.2.sup.2)x as discussed above will be drawn into the chamber 132 through the port 134 from the sample source 188.

FIG. 12 shows the operation of the pump 10 in dispersing the aspirated fluid. The valve 170 will establish a connection E between the port 134 and the second valve conduit 176 and pipette 192. The piston 138 is now advanced into the chamber 132 in the direction shown by the arrow, causing fluid to flow out through the port 134, valve 170, and pipette 192.

It will be seen that a multi-mode fluid displacement pump with a single piston has been described. Several embodiments have been described. In a first embodiment, the single piston is of the same diameter throughout its length, reciprocating in a single chamber. In the second embodiment, the piston is tapered so as to comprise a rod with segments of two different diameters. This produces a pump with a fluid displacement equal to the difference in volumes of the segments. In a third embodiment, a second chamber is added, so as to provide two different displacements with the same pump. In a fourth embodiment, a single port controlled by a three-way valve is used for both aspirating and dispersing fluids. In all embodiments, the piston is preferably driven by a stepper motor and lead screw arrangement which is axially aligned with the piston and chamber. The pump has the advantage of being able to very accurately dispense either very small volumes of sample or larger volumes of diluent, or both at the same time. A further advantage is that the precision driving mechanism is axially aligned with the piston and chamber and the two seals which assist in alignment and reduced wear, thereby producing less strain and wear on the seals and occupying less space. Furthermore, the stepper motor and lead screw arrangement has less slack or play in it than a pulley and drive belt arrangement.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and it is therefore desired that the present embodiment be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.