US 5,723,375 AGrant
Method of Making EEPROM Transistor for a DRAM
Issue Date:1998-03-03
•12 Claims
•4 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A floating gate transistor is formed by simultaneously creating buried contact openings on both EEPROM transistor gates and DRAM access transistor source/drain diffusions. Conventional DRAM process steps are used to form cell storage capacitors in all the buried contact openings, including buried contact openings on EEPROM transistor gates. An EEPROM transistor gate and its associated cell storage capacitor bottom plate together forms a floating gate completely surrounded by insulating material. The top cell storage capacitor plate on an EEPROM transistor is used as a control gate to apply programming voltages to the EEPROM transistor. Reading, writing, and erasing the EEPROM element are analogous to conventional floating-gate tunneling oxide (FLOTOX) EEPROM devices. In this way, existing DRAM process steps are used to implement an EEPROM floating gate transistor nonvolatile memory element.
Metadata
Assignee
- Micron Technology, Inc.
Inventors
- Manny K. F. Ma
- Yauh-Ching Liu
Application Information
Application Number:US 6391869
Filing Date:1996-04-26
Priority Date:1996-04-26
Art Unit:114
Classifications
IPC:
H01L 218247
Field of Search:
43743843;47;48;60;191;195;919238;241;258;593
Patent Drawings (4 sheets)
Description
The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to semiconductor integrated circuits and, more particularly, to fabrication of an electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) element compatible with a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) process.
Background of the Invention
During fabrication of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) integrated circuit die on a semiconductor wafer, it is desirable to include a nonvolatile storage element which can be programmed during wafer probe and device testing. For example, programming a nonvolatile storage element could be used to identify the DRAM die, to reconfigure a tested DRAM array having defective memory cells into a smaller DRAM array having only functional cells, or even to remap defective DRAM memory cell addresses so that functional redundant cells are addressed instead.
There are several ways to implement nonvolatile storage on a DRAM integrated circuit die. For example, fusible links could be fabricated and data represented by using a laser to selectively create open circuits in the links. Such a nonvolatile memory is not reprogrammable since the vaporized fusible links cannot be reliably restored.
Laser trimming involves precise control of the power and position of the focused energy. It is more convenient to electrically program nonvolatile memory during wafer probe without using a laser. Fuses exist which can be selectively electrically programmed by exceeding a certain current and thereby creating an open circuit in the fuse. Antifuses can also be selectively electrically programmed by applying a voltage to break down a dielectric material contacted by two conductive terminals of the antifuse. This permanently changes the resistance presented by the antifuse from a high resistance to a low resistance.
Both fuses and antifuses implement non-reprogrammable nonvolatile memory. For example, if the wrong die identification data is programmed, this data is permanently associated with the programmed die.
Electrically erasable and programmable read only memory (EEPROM) techniques also implement nonvolatile memory on integrated circuits. EEPROMs can be electrically programmed, erased, and reprogrammed. One technique of implementing an EEPROM is by use of a floating gate tunneling oxide (FLOTOX) transistor. To create a FLOTOX transistor, a field-effect transistor (FET) having source, drain, substrate, and gate terminals is modified to electrically isolate (float) the gate. This polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) floating gate is created over a thin insulating layer of silicon dioxide (gate oxide). A second polysilicon gate (control gate) is created above the floating gate. The floating gate and control gate are separated by an interpoly insulating layer.
Since the floating gate is electrically isolated, any charge stored on the floating gate is trapped. Storing sufficient charge on the floating gate will create an inversion channel between source and drain of the FET. Thus, the presence or absence of charge on the floating gate can represent two distinct data states.
FLOTOX transistors are selectively programmed by transferring electronic charges through the thin gate oxide onto the floating gate by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. With the substrate voltage held at ground, the control gate is raised to a sufficiently high positive voltage so that electrons are transferred from the substrate to the floating gate by tunneling through the insulating thin gate oxide. The Fowler-Nordheim tunneling process is reversible. The floating gate can be erased by grounding the control gate and raising the drain voltage to a sufficiently high positive voltage to transfer electrons out of the floating gate to the drain terminal of the transistor by tunneling through the insulating gate oxide. The voltage applied to the control gate during programming is higher than the voltage applied to the drain during erasure because, while the erasure voltage is applied directly across the gate oxide, the programming voltage is applied to the control gate and capacitively coupled onto the floating gate.
The transistors can be selectively reprogrammed in the same manner as described above, since the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling process is nondestructive. The programming and erasure voltages which effect Fowler-Nordheim tunneling are higher than the voltages normally used in reading the memory. The Fowler-Nordheim tunneling effect is negligible at the lower voltages used in reading the memory, allowing a FLOTOX transistor to maintain its programmed state for years if subjected only to normal read cycles.
Since reprogrammable nonvolatile memory is useful for DRAM die identification and reconfiguring and remapping defective DRAM memory cells, it is desired to implement EEPROM through floating gate transistor structures which are compatible with existing DRAM processing steps.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention implements reprogrammable nonvolatile memory on a DRAM integrated circuit by forming a floating gate transistor using processing steps which are compatible with a conventional DRAM process.
In particular, the present invention describes a structure and method for forming a floating gate transistor by simultaneously creating a buried contact opening on both an EEPROM transistor gate and a DRAM access transistor source/drain diffusion. DRAM cell storage capacitors are fabricated in all the buried contact openings, including the buffed contact openings on EEPROM transistor gates. Such storage capacitors are created using conventional DRAM process steps to form a conductive bottom plate layer, a thin dielectric layer, and a conductive top plate layer.
An EEPROM transistor gate and its associated bottom capacitor plate together form a floating gate completely surrounded by insulating material. The top capacitor plate is used as a control gate with which to program the EEPROM device transferring electrons through the transistor gate oxide by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Reading, writing, and erasing the EEPROM element are analogous to conventional floating-gate tunneling oxide (FLOTOX) EEPROM devices. In this way, conventional DRAM process steps are used to implement an EEPROM floating gate transistor nonvolatile memory element.
In one embodiment, the EEPROM transistor's associated bottom capacitor plate and control gate are fabricated on field oxide outside of the transistor's active area.
In another embodiment, the EEPROM's transistor's associated bottom capacitor plate and control gate are fabricated to overlap the transistor's active area.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a supporting substrate having a FET in an DRAM memory cell region and a FET in an EEPROM memory cell region.
FIG. 2 is the view of FIG. 1 having buried contact openings and a conductive bottom plate layer in both the DRAM memory cell region and the EEPROM memory cell region.
FIG. 3 is the view of FIG. 2 having the conductive bottom plate layer selectively etched, a thin dielectric layer deposited, and a conductive top plate layer deposited.
FIG. 4 is a top view looking at the surface of the wafer illustrating possible embodiment of the EEPROM memory cell region in which EEPROM features do not overlay the transistor active area.
FIG. 5 is a top view looking at the surface of the wafer illustrating a second possible embodiment of the EEPROM memory cell region in which EEPROM features do overlay the transistor active area.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
The method for forming a DRAM storage capacitor is described in detail. The sequence of fabrication steps pertaining to the floating gate transistor is shown in FIG. 1-3. It should be well understood by one skilled in the art that the Figs. depict single floating gate and DRAM memory elements. Multiple floating gate and DRAM memory elements can be fabricated simultaneously on multiple integrated circuit die on a semiconductor wafer. FIG. 4-5 show two possible embodiments of the EEPROM cell region.
The schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 illustrates a semiconductor substrate 10. A DRAM access transistor region 11 and an EEPROM cell region 12 include active area regions 9 where transistors are to be created. Regions of thick insulating silicon dioxide called field oxide 13 are grown around the active areas 9 thereby completely enclosing the active areas 9 along the surface of the wafer. The field oxide 13 electrically isolates field-effect transistors (FETs) from each other.
In FIG. 1, wordline 14 serves as a common gate electrode for multiple memory access transistors in the DRAM cell array. Such wordlines 14 are part of a conventional DRAM process, and typically consist of multiple stacked layers including an oxide gate dielectric and a conductively doped polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) gate electrode.
In FIG. 1, gate regions are formed in the EEPROM cell regions 12 by forming an approximately 100 angstrom thick layer of gate oxide 15 and a conductively doped polysilicon gate electrode 16. The gate oxide 15 must be sufficiently thin to allow Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for programming and erasing the cell. Source/drain diffusions 17 have also been implanted. An insulating interpoly dielectric layer 18 is deposited, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The interpoly dielectric layer 18 may exhibit some surface topography from the conformal CVD or the interpoly dielectric layer 18 may be planarized during an existing DRAM process step.
The schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 illustrates the view of FIG. 1 after further processing. Buried contact openings 20 are selectively anisotropically etched through the interpoly dielectric layer 18 in both the memory access transistor region 11 and the EEPROM cell region 12. In the memory access transistor region 11, this anisotropic etch of the interpoly dielectric layer 18 stops on source/drain diffusion 17 of a memory access transistor. In an EEPROM cell region 12, the anisotropic etch of dielectric layer 18 stops on the polysilicon gate electrode 16. Since the polysilicon gate electrode 16 is at a greater height from the substrate 10 than the memory access transistor source/drain diffusion 17 in memory access transistor region 11, the anisotropic etch must remove more of the interpoly dielectric layer 18 in the memory cell access transistor region 11 than in the EEPROM cell region 12. For this reason, the etchant must have sufficient selectivity of the interpoly dielectric layer 18 material with respect to the polysilicon gate electrode 16 material.
In FIG. 2, a conductive bottom plate layer 22 is conformally deposited on the interpoly dielectric layer 18 and within the buried contact openings 20. In the preferred embodiment, this conductive bottom plate layer 22 is CVD deposited conductively doped polysilicon. In the memory access transistor region 11, the conductive bottom plate layer 22 is used as a storage capacitor bottom plate electrode which physically and electrically contacts the memory access transistor source/drain diffusion 17. In the EEPROM cell region 12 the conductive bottom plate layer 22 physically and electrically contacts the polysilicon gate electrode 16 of the transistor.
FIG. 3 illustrates the view of FIG. 2 after additional processing steps. The conductive bottom plate layer 22 is patterned using conventional masking and etching steps. In the EEPROM cell region 12, the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 together with the individually contacted polysilicon gate electrodes 16 form individual floating gates. In the memory cell access transistor region 11, the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 forms individual memory cell storage capacitor bottom plate electrodes.
In FIG. 3, a thin dielectric layer 31 is formed on the conductive bottom plate layer 22. In the preferred embodiment, this thin dielectric layer 31 is approximately 150 angstroms thick silicon nitride conformally deposited by CVD as a conventional DRAM process step which forms the thin dielectric layer 31 of a memory storage capacitor.
In FIG. 3, a conductive top plate layer 32 is deposited on the thin dielectric layer 31. In the preferred embodiment, this conductive top plate layer 32 is CVD deposited conductively doped polysilicon. In the memory access transistor region 11, the conductive top plate layer 32 is used as the top plate electrode of a storage capacitor. In the EEPROM cell region 12, the conductive top plate layer 32 is used as a control gate for applying programming voltages.
In FIG. 3, the conductive top plate layer 32, and optionally the thin dielectric layer 31, can be patterned using conventional masking and etching steps in a conventional DRAM process flow. In the memory access transistor region 11, individual memory storage capacitor top plate electrodes can be patterned from the conductive top plate layer 32, or such electrodes can be left interconnected by the conductive top plate layer 32 if desired. In the EEPROM cell region 12, individual control gate electrodes can be patterned from the conductive top plate layer 32 or such electrodes can be left interconnected by the conductive top plate layer 32 if desired.
FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of one possible embodiment of the EEPROM cell region 12, as seen in FIG. 3, after the conductive top plate layer 32 (FIG. 3) has been selectively etched forming individual floating gates in each EEPROM cell region 12 (FIG. 3). Source/drain regions 17 and polysilicon gate electrode 16 form a conventional field-effect transistor. The buried contact region 20 is formed on the polysilicon gate electrode 16 which is on field oxide 13 (see also FIG. 3) outside the transistor active area 9. This buried contact 20 forms an opening through interpoly dielectric 18 (FIG. 3).
In FIG. 4, the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 makes contact to the polysilicon gate electrode 16 within the buried contact opening 20 in the interpoly dielectric 18 (FIG. 3). Being physically and electrically connected, the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 and polysilicon gate electrode 16 together form a floating gate electrode 41. The thin dielectric layer 31 (FIG. 3) is formed on the floating gate electrode 41 and elsewhere on the surface of the wafer, as seen in FIG. 3. The conductive top plate layer 32 (FIG. 3) on the thin dielectric layer 31 (FIG. 3) is patterned to form a control gate electrode 42. In this embodiment, both the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 and the control gate electrode 42 reside on the field oxide 13 (see also FIG. 3) and do not overlap the transistor active area 9 defined by the source/drain diffusions 17 and the portion of the polysilicon gate electrode 16 between the source/drain diffusions 17 in the view of FIG. 4. The control gate electrode 42 encloses the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 and the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 encloses the buried contact region 20.
In an alternate embodiment of FIG. 5, a top view illustrates both the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 and the control gate electrode 42 as overlapping the transistor active area 9 defined by the source/drain diffusions 17 and the portion of the polysilicon gate electrode 16 between the source/drain diffusions 17 in the view of FIG. 5. The control gate electrode 42 still encloses the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 and the patterned conductive bottom plate 22 layer still encloses the buried contact region 20.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the EEPROM transistor is programmed by grounding the substrate 10 (FIG. 3) and raising the control gate electrode 42 to a positive programming voltage, as discussed above. The EEPROM transistor is erased by grounding the control gate electrode 42 and raising a source/drain diffusion 17 to a positive erasure voltage. The programming voltage is higher than the erasure voltage because, while the erasure voltage is applied directly across the gate oxide 15 (FIG. 3), the programming voltage is applied to the control gate electrode 42 and capacitively coupled onto the floating gate electrode 41 by capacitive voltage division. This capacitive voltage division results from two series capacitors. The first series capacitor is formed by the common area of the control gate electrode 42, the thin dielectric layer 31 (FIG. 3), and the floating gate electrode 41. The second series capacitor is formed by the common area of the floating gate electrode 41, the gate oxide 15 (FIG. 3), and the substrate 10 (FIG. 3).
Advantageously, the thin dielectric layer 31 is already thin with high dielectric constant so as to optimize DRAM memory cell capacitance. This increases the first series capacitor value and decreases the programming voltage needed at the control gate electrode 42 to cause Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons across the gate oxide 15.
The first series capacitor value can be further increased by increasing the common area of the control gate electrode 42, the thin dielectric layer 31 (FIG. 3), and the floating gate electrode 41. However, a parasitic capacitance between the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 and the substrate 10 (FIG. 3) also increases as the patterned conductive bottom plate layer 22 area increases. By increasing the interpoly dielectric layer 18 (FIG. 3) thickness, this parasitic capacitance can be reduced.
It can be seen that the present invention implements reprogrammable nonvolatile memory on a DRAM integrated circuit by forming a floating gate transistor using processing steps which are compatible with a conventional DRAM process. Although the above embodiment has been illustrated and described with respect to storage of digital data on the floating gate transistor, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that analog data may accomodated by varying the quantity of charge stored on the floating gate transistor.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of description of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Those with skill in the electrical, computer, and telecommunications arts will readily appreciate that the present invention may be implemented in a very wide variety of embodiments. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the preferred embodiment discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of forming an electrically reprogrammable integrated circuit transistor, the method comprising the steps of: forming active regions on a semiconductor substrate; forming field-effect transistor (FET) source/drain regions in the active regions; forming FET gate regions in the active regions and extending at least partially outside of the active regions; forming a first insulating layer on the semiconductor substrate; forming a buried contact opening through the first insulating layer and over at least a portion of the gate region outside the active region, thereby exposing at least a portion of the underlying gate region; forming a conductive bottom plate layer within the buried contact opening and on the first insulating layer, thereby physically and electrically contacting the exposed portion of the underlying gate region; forming a dielectric layer on the conductive bottom plate layer and over the entire substrate; and forming a conductive top plate layer on the dielectric layer.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the gate region, conductive bottom plate layer, and conductive top plate layer comprise conductively doped polycrystalline silicon.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the dielectric layer comprises silicon nitride.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of forming the buried contact opening includes the step of forming a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell buried contact opening through the first insulating layer over a transistor source/drain region, thereby exposing the underlying source/drain region.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of forming the conductive bottom plate layer includes the step of forming the conductive bottom plate layer within the DRAM cell buried contact opening such that the conductive bottom plate layer physically and electrically contacts the exposed underlying source/drain region within the memory cell buried contact opening.
6. A method of fabricating an integrated circuit having both a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell and an electrically reprogrammable transistor, the method comprising the steps of: forming active regions on a semiconductor substrate; forming field-effect transistor (FET) source/drain regions in the active regions; forming FET gate regions in the active regions and extending at least partially outside the active regions; forming a first insulating layer on the semiconductor substrate; forming a buried contact opening through the first insulating layer and over at least a portion of an electrically programmable transistor gate region outside the active region, thereby exposing at least a portion of the underlying gate region; forming a buffed contact opening through the first insulating layer and over at least a portion of the source/drain region in the DRAM cell, thereby exposing at least a portion of the underlying source/drain region; forming a conductive bottom plate layer within the buffed contact openings and on the first insulating layer, thereby physically and electrically contacting the exposed portion of the underlying electrically reprogrammable transistor gate region and the DRAM cell source/drain region; forming a dielectric layer on the conductive bottom plate layer and over the entire substrate; and forming a conductive top plate layer on the dielectric layer.
7. A method of contacting a gate region of an integrated circuit transistor, the method comprising the steps of: forming an active region on a semiconductor substrate; forming field-effect transistor (FET) source/drain regions in the active region; forming a FET gate region in the active region and extending at least partially outside the active region; forming a first insulating layer on the semiconductor substrate; forming a buffed contact opening through the first insulating layer and over at least a portion of the gate region outside the active region, thereby exposing at least a portion of the underlying gate region; and forming a conductive bottom plate layer within the buried contact opening and on the first insulating layer, thereby physically and electrically contacting the exposed portion of the underlying gate region outside the active region.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the steps of forming the buried contact openings through the first insulating layer over each of the electrically programmable transistor gate region and the source/drain region in the DRAM cell are carried out simultaneously.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of forming a dielectric layer includes forming an interpoly dielectric layer in the electrically reprogrammable transistor, and simultaneously forming a memory cell capacitor dielectric in the DRAM cell.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of forming a conductive top plate layer includes forming a control gate electrode in the electrically reprogrammable transistor, and simultaneously forming a memory cell capacitor top plate electrode in the DRAM cell.
11. The method of claim 6, wherein the gate region, conductive bottom plate layer, and conductive top plate layer comprise conductively doped polycrystalline silicon.
12. The method of claim 6, wherein the dielectric layer comprises silicon nitride.