US 5,665,195 AGrant
Apparatus for Forming Cavities Without Using an Insert
Issue Date:1997-09-09
•13 Claims
•1 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention relates generally to a new apparatus for forming cavities without using an insert. More particularly, the invention encompasses apparatus for fabricating cavities in MLC (multi-layer ceramic) without using inserts.
Metadata
Assignee
- International Business Machines Corporation
Inventors
- Govindarajan Natarajan
- Raschid Jose Bezama
- John Ulrich Knickerbocker
Application Information
Application Number:US 4764684
Filing Date:1995-06-07
Priority Date:1994-09-14
Art Unit:134
Classifications
IPC:
B23B 3500
Field of Search:
15642589;381;289;497;499;537;556;580;583.1500;508
Patent Drawings (1 sheets)
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a new apparatus for forming cavities without using an insert. More particularly, the invention encompasses apparatus for fabricating cavities in MLC (multi-layer ceramic) substrates without using inserts.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Semiconductor substrates and devices are becoming smaller and more dense with the evolution of new technologies. However, increases in circuit density produces a corresponding increase in overall manufacturing problems. These manufacturing problems must however be kept to a minimum in order for the semiconductor manufacturer to remain competitive. The semiconductor manufacturers are therefore constantly being challenged to improve the quality of their products by identifying and eliminating defects which produce defective parts or components. Whereas significant improvements are being made to eliminate systematic defects by reducing process variability. Process improvements alone are not sufficient to eliminate all the random defects which effect both yield and reliability. Historically, screening techniques have been employed to improve product failure rates to acceptable levels by culling out many of these random defects.
In their desire to improve their products the semiconductor manufacturers are constantly finding new ways and new techniques to improve or provide new products. It has been found that for some applications one could make a ceramic carrier or substrate having a cavity and then have the semiconductor chip placed inside the cavity and secured to the semiconductor substrate. These semiconductor substrates are often referred to as modules. These modules could be made from a single ceramic layer or green sheet forming a single layer ceramic module or a plurality of ceramic layers forming a MLC (multilayer ceramic) module.
These MLC modules having single or multiple cavities are normally used in the electronic industry to package high performance integrated circuits or chips. These high performance integrated circuits chips have large number of external input/output points, such as, pads, solder balls, to name a few, and these chips have a very high power dissipation. In order to accommodate such high performance chips the MLC substrate or module also have to provide high number of external input/output points, such as, pads, pins, to name a few, and also be able to handle the very high power dissipation that is being generated both from the module as well as the chip.
The single or multiple cavities in a MLC module are normally formed during the lamination process using typically a hard or a soft insert as a plugs. This plug in turn prevents the collapse or deformation of the stacked green ceramic body or sheet during lamination. This method of producing single or multiple cavities requires machining of the inserts with high precision and with high level of surface finish.
Inherently, the cost of such inserts or plugs is very high. Additionally, these inserts or plugs do not provide the flexibility of using the same inserts for cavities of various shapes and sizes. Furthermore, placing these inserts and then subsequently removing them is an expensive process and many times this could lead to the delamination of the ceramic green sheets. Another drawback with these solid inserts is the need to clean them prior to every use to avoid the paste pull-outs or damage to the green ceramic layers.
Another method of producing these single or multiple cavities in the MLC module would be to machine the cavities after the green sheets have been laminated, but this would not be a cost effective way of producing parts in a high volume manufacturing operation.
It is also possible to form cavities in the MLC module with no inserts. This could be done for cases where the lamination conditions are such that there is no resulting deformation in green ceramic sheet or body. In these cases, typically, the lamination pressures are very low and the green sheet formulation is such that the dimensional control of products is achieved by altering the sintering process. However, in high volume manufacturing operation, tailoring the green sheet formulation and developing a sinter cycle for every product would be cost prohibitive and time consuming. Besides, this approach typically needs an adhesive between layers and multiple lamination steps to achieve the end result. Thus, some of the problems associated with this low pressure lamination process are that no process window for dimensional control is available for the sintered body. Delamination of the ceramic layer could happen in sintering due to the removal of the adhesive and the density gradients in the starting structure that are normally present could result in poor substrate dimensional control. Furthermore, there could be substantial increase in stacking and lamination cost and limitation in metal loading on the green sheets to have effective green sheet bonding.
In order to better understand the related art, the art could be broadly grouped into three general categories. The first being the art that is directed to shaping of an object by material deformation. The second being the art that deals with formation of non-planar and non-deformable objects by using cavity fills. While, the third art group could be one that deals with planar objects.
The following references could be classified under the first group which deals with deformation and shaping of a planar object.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,640 (Nathoo) shows that the deformation of the material could be accomplished by using a mold of desired contours. In this patent air is used as the lubricant and release agent to separate the preformed material from the mold.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,532 (Thein) shows that the deformation of a planar object could be accomplished by applying air on one side and vacuum on the other side.
The following references could be generally classified under the second group which deals with non-planar and non-deformable objects. However, this art group could be further divided into two unique sub-groups, where the first sub-group would be dealing with a non-planar lamination using solid insert, and the second sub-group would be dealing with a non-planar and non-deforming lamination with no inserts.
The following references could be classified in this first sub-group of non-planar lamination using solid insert.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,629 (Lemoine) shows that fugitive paste could be used as a cavity fill to prevent deformation during lamination.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,075 (McNeal) shows that a thermoplastic plug could be used to fit snugly inside a cavity as a cavity fill.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Phillips, Vol. 16, No. 11, Pages 3559 (April 1974) shows that a metal insert could be used to fill a cavity.
The following references could be classified in the second sub-group of non-planar and non-deforming lamination with no inserts.
Both, U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,275 (Norell) and No. 4,824,509 (Tonoki) teach how to laminate a non-planar object with a non-deforming cavity by using a bag/bladder/elastomer separating the liquid applying the force from the object to be laminated.
Finally, following is a reference that could be classified in the third group that deals with planar objects.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,155 (Tsunoda) teaches the use of a mechanical device to apply pressure to the lamination plates.
All cavity lamination methods described above can also be further classified into three general groups depending on the manner in which they interact with the body being laminated. The first group could be the use of solid inserts to fabricate cavities that are planar with the laminating surface since the inserts themselves need to conform to the laminating surface.
The second group could be the use of a fluid and membrane to laminate the multilayer ceramic assembly that does not have to conform to any surface since the fluid applying the pressure distributes the force uniformly over the cavity surface.
The third group could include the use of fugitive paste which does conform to the laminating surface wherever there is no fugitive paste; but it does not need to conform to the laminating surface within the cavity region since the paste can have low viscosity relative to the viscosity of the multilayer ceramic body during the lamination process.
One of the problems that arises when fabricating cavities using one of the first group methods is the removal of the solid object or insert that was used to prevent the cavity collapse prior to the sintering process. Removal of a solid object from an unsintered ceramic body can cause layer separation or other mechanical damages to the unfired ceramic. Also, since the solid plug or insert used does not compress itself during the lamination process as the unfired ceramic body does, it is possible to create damage to the metallurgy or the ceramic module prior to sintering.
The use of a liquid and a membrane to laminate a cavity as expected from the methods described in the second group can eliminate most of the mechanical problems experienced with the first group methods; however, there are other new problems associated with the use of the second group method. The first being that it is possible to rupture the membrane and get the fluid to contaminate the multilayer ceramic assembly. And, the second is that it is difficult to maintain planarity on the cavity surface when the metal distribution within the package is not uniform prior to the lamination stage.
The present invention however solves all of the above mentioned problems by providing a cavity formation method at lamination that maintains planarity to the laminating surface during the laminating process while simultaneously preventing the cavity from collapsing without the use of a solid insert within the cavity volume.
The present invention primarily deals with the formation of cavities in multi-layer ceramic (MLC) modules or substrates, without the use of hard (like metal) or soft (like polymer) inserts during the lamination process.
Basically, this invention teaches a method to laminate a non-planar object with no cavity deformation by:
(a) applying force mechanically to the object to be laminated and simultaneously, by
(b) applying pressure to the cavity volume using high pressure fluid, such as gas, to balance the deformation forces generated by the mechanically applied forces.
Thus, this invention is unique and different than the methods well known in the prior art.
PURPOSES AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a novel method and apparatus for forming cavities without using an insert.
Therefore, one purpose of this invention is to provide an apparatus and a method that will form cavities without using an insert.
Another purpose of this invention is to provide an apparatus and a method that will form cavities in a multi-layer ceramic without using an insert.
Still another purpose of this invention is to have an apparatus and a method for forming cavities in a multi-layer ceramic substrate that is very economical.
Yet another purpose of this invention is to provide an apparatus and a method for forming cavities in a multi-layer ceramic substrate that is predictable and repeatable.
Therefore, in one aspect this invention comprises a method of forming cavities in a ceramic substrate without using an insert, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing at least one ceramic layer having at least one cavity over a first plate,
(b) placing at least one cavity forming membrane over at least a portion of said at least one cavity,
(c) placing a second plate having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one cavity,
(d) putting pressure on at least a portion of said second plate so that said first and second plates come closer and simultaneously pressurizing said at least one cavity in said ceramic layer with at least one gas to counter the pressure from said second plate, thereby forming a substrate with a cavity without the use of an insert.
In another aspect this invention comprises a method of forming cavities in a ceramic substrate without using an insert, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing at least one ceramic layer having at least one cavity over a first plate,
(b) placing at least one cavity forming membrane having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one cavity, such that at least a portion of said opening in said membrane is over at least a portion of said cavity,
(c) placing a second plate having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one opening in said membrane,
(d) putting pressure on at least a portion of said second plate so that said first and second plate come closer, and simultaneously pressurizing said at least one cavity in said ceramic layer with at least one gas to counter the pressure from said second plate, thereby forming a substrate with a cavity without the use of an insert.
In yet another aspect this invention comprises an apparatus for forming cavities in at least one ceramic layer comprising, a first plate to accommodate said at least one ceramic layer having at least one opening, at least one cavity forming membrane over at least a portion of said at least one cavity in said at least one ceramic layer, a second plate having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one membrane, at least one external pressure application means over said second plate, and at least one internal pressure means over said at least one membrane, whereupon the application of said at least one external pressure said internal pressure means counters said external pressure and thereby forms said at least one ceramic layer having at least on cavity.
In still yet another aspect this invention comprises an apparatus for forming cavities in at least one ceramic layer comprising, a first plate to accommodate said at least one ceramic layer having at least one opening, at least one cavity forming membrane having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one cavity in said at least one ceramic layer, such that at least a portion of said at least one opening is over at least a portion of said cavity, a second plate having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one membrane, such that at least a portion of said at least one opening is over at least a portion of said opening in said membrane, at least one external pressure application means over said second plate, and at least one internal pressure means over said at least one membrane, whereupon the application of said at least one external pressure said internal pressure means counters said external pressure and thereby forms said at least one ceramic layer having at least on cavity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features of the invention believed to be novel and the elements characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The figures are for illustration purposes only and are not drawn to scale. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, may best be understood by reference to the detailed description which follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1, illustrates the preferred embodiment of making cavities in a multi-layer ceramics using the inventive process of this invention.
FIG. 2, illustrates another embodiment of making cavities in a multi-layer ceramics using the inventive process of this invention.
FIG. 3, illustrates one step in making cavities in a multi-layer ceramic using the inventive process of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1, illustrates a preferred embodiment of making cavities in a multi-layer ceramics (MLC) using the inventive process of this invention. Individual ceramic tiles or layers 24, are used to build the MLC substrate or module 25. These ceramic layers are typically fabricated using a tape casting process, which is well known in the art. First, large rolls or sheets of ceramic layers are produced, then individual layers or tiles 24, are punched out of these large rolls or sheets of ceramic layers. Subsequently, individual ceramic layers 26, that will form a cavity 27, are also blanked or a hole is punched appropriately. Typically, the material for the ceramic layer is selected from a group comprising alumina, alumina with glass frits, aluminum nitride, borosilicate and glass ceramic, to name a few.
Wiring metallurgy, which is also well known in the art, is then applied through standard process onto one or more surfaces of the individual ceramic layers 24, and blanked ceramic layers 26, or the ceramic layer with holes 26.
A first flat or lamination plate 16, is then placed on top of a lamination platen 10. A frame 12, is placed over the first flat plate 16, such that the frame 12, can freely slide as shown by the arrow 14. A fluid line 18, such as a gas line 18, could also be secured to the frame 12. The frame 12, is primarily there to properly align the ceramic layers 24 and 26, forming the multilayer ceramic module or substrate 25. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the individual ceramic layers 24, are first stacked inside the frame 12, and over the first flat plate 16. It is also preferred that a non-sticking sheet of material 17, that does not stick either to the surface of the first flat plate 16, or to the bottom surface of the ceramic layer 24, is placed between the upper surface of the first flat plate 16, and the first ceramic sheet 24. This non-sticking material 17, will further ensure that under pressure the first ceramic sheet 24, does not adhere or stick to the surface of the first flat plate 16. Additionally, ceramic sheets 24, are then placed over the first ceramic sheet 24, and then the blanked ceramic layers 26, are placed appropriately forming the cavity 27, as more clearly seen in FIG. 2.
A cavity forming sheet or membrane 23, is then placed over the MLC module 25, in such a way that the surface of the top most ceramic sheets 26, is more or less covered with the membrane 23. Also, as shown in FIG. 1, which is one variation of the invention, the membrane 23, conformally covers the top or upper most ceramic sheet 26, and the cavity 27, and forms a membrane cavity 37. The membrane 23, could be a preform to conformally and/or loosely fit the cavity 27. The next process step will be discussed later with reference to FIG. 3.
FIG. 2, illustrates another embodiment of making cavities in a multi-layer ceramics using the inventive process of this invention. The basic process and apparatus for this embodiment of the invention is the same as discussed with reference to FIG. 1, except that the cavity forming sheet or membrane 63, has an opening or hole 67. A portion of this hole 67, must be above a portion of the cavity 27, so that fluid from the fluid line 18, could enter and exit out of the cavity 27. As one can see that in this embodiment the membrane 63, does not conform to the profile of the cavity 27, and acts more like a flat plate that has an opening 67. Of course it would be obvious for a person skilled in the art to combine the membrane 23, and the membrane 67, such that opening 67, opens into the cavity 37.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, a second lamination plate 46, is now placed over the membrane 23 or 63, such that at least a portion of an opening 47, in the second plate 46, is over the membrane cavity 37 or the opening 67. For multiple membrane cavities 37, the second plate 46, will have multiple openings 47, that will be used to provide the fluid coming from the fluid line 18, through an opening 48, in a fluid line fixture 45. Similarly, for multiple ceramic cavities 27, the second plate 46, will have multiple openings 47, that will be over the opening 67, in the membrane 63, that will be used to provide the fluid coming from the fluid line 18, through the opening 48, into the fixture 45. The fixture 45, has one or more openings 48, to coincide with openings 47, to bring the fluid into the cavities 27 or 37.
A mechanical pressure device 40, such as a lamination platen 40, is normally connected to a hydraulic control system 33, via a line 44. The lamination platen 40, could be secured to the frame 12, as well as the fixture 45. Gas pressure control 31, provides input to the fluid line 18, via line 41, as well as to the master control system 32, through a line 42. Feedback line 99, connects the fluid or gas pressure control 31, to the master control system 32. Master control system 32, and the hydraulic control system 33, are connected via a line 43.
After the apparatus of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, have been set-up, external pressure is applied to the ceramic layers 24 and 26, through the first plate 16, the second plate 46, fixture 45, and pressure device 40. In order to prevent the cavity 27 or 37, from collapsing under this external pressure a counter internal pressure is applied inside the cavity 27 or 37, using a fluid, such as gas. This counter internal pressure inside the cavity 27 or 37, should be almost equal to the mechanical pressure being applied to the ceramic sheets 24 and 26, otherwise the cavity 27 or 37, will collapse if the external pressure is high or unsuccessful lamination will result if internal pressure is high. After the individual ceramic layers 24 and 26, have been laminated to form the ceramic module or substrate 25, the apparatus is disassembled by removing the mechanical pressure device 40, the fixture 45, the second plate 46, and the frame 12. The non-sticking membrane 23 or 63, is then gently peeled-off from the upper surface of the module 25. The module 25, could either be peeled-off from the non-sticky material 17, or the module 25, could be lifted from the first plate 16, and the non-sticky material or layer 17, could then be gently peeled-off from the module 25.
As stated earlier that the lamination apparatus required to laminate the multilayer ceramic module or substrate 25, basically consists of a frame 12, to hold the ceramic substrate 25, a first plate 16 and a second plate 46, used to apply the laminating pressure, and a fixture 45, used to deliver high gas pressure to the location in the unlaminated ceramic module 25, where a cavity 27, has to be formed. The internal gas pressure coming from the fluid line 18, into the cavity should not exceed the external pressure applied by the plates 16 and 46. The ceramic substrate 25, typically exhibits some level of rigidity under normal lamination conditions, and therefore care should be taken when applying both the internal and the external pressure. In practice, for the materials currently used to build ceramic modules 25, it is possible to maintain a pressure differential of less than 700 psi without observing deformation of the cavity.
Another embodiment of this invention, could comprise assembling the non-sticky material 17, the ceramic material 24 and 26, the cavity forming membrane 23 or 63, and the other related materials inside the frame 12, and the whole apparatus including the ceramic material 24 and 26, could be preheated by a heater well known in the art to provide another way to form the laminated ceramic module 25. This preheating is typically done under low lamination pressure. The low lamination pressure ensures that the cavity 27 and/or cavity 37, do not collapse under the applied external or internal pressure. Low pressure is normally used at this stage only to accelerate the preheating step and to provide a better thermal contact between the lamination plates 16 and 46, and the multilayer ceramic assembly 25.
Once the preheating stage has been completed the lamination process begins by increasing the pressure from the plates 16 and/or 46, to the desired maximum lamination pressure. Simultaneously, as the external pressure from plate 16 and plate 46, is increased, the pressure from the gas line 18, is also proportionally increased and kept at par with the external pressure being applied by plate 16 and/or plate 46. The pressure differential between the first plate and the second plate should be under about 700 psi, and more preferably between about 100 psi and about 200 psi.
Similarly, during the ramp down from the high platen pressure, the pressure of the gas has to be decreased simultaneously and proportionally, following the pressure-time path selected for the platen pressure.
At all times it is advantageous to maintain the pressure of the gas, lower than the pressure applied by the lamination platens 10 and/or 40, in order to minimize gas leakage through the platen-polymer sheet interface. Typical fluids that are used to apply the internal pressure to the cavities 27 and/or 37, during the lamination process include, but are not limited to dry air, nitrogen. Typically, the fluid is a gas, which is preferably selected from a group consisting of air, helium, nitrogen, oxygen and any inert gas, to name a few.
The ceramic substrate 25, normally should have a sheet 17, of a non-sticky material 17, to help in the separation of the laminated ceramic substrate 25, from the first lamination plate 16. Similarly, the material for the cavity forming membrane 23 or 63, should also be some non-sticky material so that it does not stick either to the surface of the ceramic module 25, or to any other fixture or item that it comes in contact with. The non-sticky material for 17 or 23 or 67, could be the same or it could be different. The preferred non-sticky material could be a polymer sheet material 17 or 23 or 67, that will have minimal or no affinity for the ceramic and metallurgical materials used to build the ceramic module 25. This material of course should also help in separating the polymer layer 17 or 23 or 63, from the ceramic module 25, once the lamination process has completed. In some cases, the polymer or the membrane layer 23 or 67, should also be able to elongate easily under the lamination conditions so as to conform to the shape of the cavity 27.
Some examples of non-sticky material suitable for the process described here are: polymers, such as, Mylar if rigidity and low elongation is required, or latex rubber, polyethylene, etc., for high elongation cases. However, the at least one non-sticky material could be selected from a group consisting of polymer, elastomer, Mylar, latex rubber, polyethylene, to name a few.
In those cases where the non-sticky material or polymer is not required to elongate, a small hole should be provided in the polymer sheet in such a way that the hole will lay over the area of ceramic module where a cavity will be formed. The required hole does not need to extend to the edge of the cavity, and does not need to exceed, for example, 1 mm in diameter if the cavity is larger than, for example, 2 mm in diameter.
In comparison to conventional multilayer ceramic module lamination, the process of this invention requires the addition of the high gas pressure source to the proper location and adequate gas pressure control to fabricate the desired cavities within the ceramic module while maintaining the same lamination conditions such as pressure and temperature and simultaneously maintaining the same lamination planarity of the final laminated structure.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are intended to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.
Example 1
Several samples of multilayer ceramic bodies containing cavities were fabricated using the process of this invention. In one sample a stack of cavity containing blank ceramic layers were placed in a lamination frame, and the ceramic layers were separated from the lamination platens by a layer of Mylar. The Mylar layer was perforated with 1 mm holes wherever there was a cavity to be fabricated. This assembly was then preheated at a low pressure with the lamination platens sandwiching the assembly. The platens pressure was then increased while simultaneously gas pressure was also increased. At all times the pressure differential between the platens and the gas was kept under 300 psi. After the MLC had been laminated the ceramic body was then inspected and it was found that both the cavity and the ceramic body had good dimensional control.
Example 2
In another sample an assembly of ceramic layers were stacked and laminated in a manner described in Example 1, but the gas pressure was not increased from the ambient pressure. This sample produced gross deformation within the cavity area as expected, thus demonstrating the need for the process of this invention.
Example 3
In other sample an assembly of metallized multilayer ceramic layers containing a multistep cavity design and the individual ceramic layers were stacked and placed in the lamination frame. This time, an unperforated elastomer was placed between the lamination plate and the ceramic surface which contained the ceramic cavity. This time the procedure as discussed in Example 1, was followed, but the gas pressure was kept at all times at 200 psi or less than the pressure applied by the lamination plate. After the MLC had been laminated the MLC having the cavity was inspected. It was found that the laminated structure and the multi-step cavity dimensions were within the desired specifications.
While the present invention has been particularly described, in conjunction with a specific preferred embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will embrace any such alternatives, modifications and variations as falling within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for forming cavities in at least one ceramic layer having at least one cavity comprising, a first plate to accommodate said at least one ceramic layer having at least one cavity, at least one cavity forming membrane having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one cavity in said at least one ceramic layer, such that at least a portion of said at least one opening is over at least a portion of said at least one cavity, a second plate having at least one opening over at least a portion of said at least one membrane, such that at least a portion of said at least one opening is over at least a portion of said opening in said membrane, at least one external pressure application means over said second plate, and at least one internal pressure means over said at least one membrane for providing an internal pressure, wherein said at least one external pressure application means applies external pressure over said second plate and wherein said at least one internal pressure means provides said internal pressure within said at least one cavity through said at least one opening in said membrane to counter said external pressure and prevents said at least one cavity from deforming and thereby forms said at least one ceramic layer having at least one cavity.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of ceramic layers between said first and said second plates.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the material for said at least one ceramic layer is selected from a group consisting of alumina, alumina with glass frits, aluminum nitride, borosilicate and glass ceramic.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pressure differential between the external pressure applied over said second plate and the internal pressure is under about 700 psi.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one non-sticky material between said first plate and said at least one ceramic layer.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said at least one non-sticky material consists of a polymer.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said at least one non-sticky material is selected from a group consisting of elastomer, polyethylene terephthalate, latex rubber and polyethylene.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising said first plate, said at least one ceramic layer and said second plate inside a frame.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said external pressure over said second plate is a hydraulic pressure and wherein said internal pressure within said at least one cavity is from a fluid.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said fluid is a gas selected from a group consisting of air, nitrogen, oxygen and inert gas.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pre-heater to preheat said at least one ceramic layer prior to the application of said external pressure.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pressure differential between the external pressure applied over said second plate and the internal pressure is between about 100 psi and about 200 psi.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said internal pressure is from at least one gas.