US 5,656,316 AGrant
Obtaining Fluid Comestibles From Substances Contained in Cartridges
Issue Date:1997-08-12
•20 Claims
•9 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
Fluid comestibles are prepared from substances, particularly roast and ground coffee, contained in cartridges by supporting a peripheral portion of a first surface of a sealed cartridge with a holder which has a base which includes a grille and relief surface element so that the remainder portion of the first surface is positioned adjacent the relief surface element. An opposing cartridge surface is pierced for injection of water into the cartridge while maintaining the base in the position adjacent the first surface, and while maintaining the base in a fixed position, water is injected under a pressure of greater than atmospheric pressure into the cartridge to deform the first surface remainder portion against the relief surface element first to press the first surface against the relief surface element and to wet and compact the substance and then to tear and open the remainder portion of the first surface for flow of fluid comestible from the cartridge and through the grille in a plurality of streams.
Metadata
Assignee
- Nestec S.A.
Inventors
- Olivier Fond
- Gerard Lavanchy
- Alfred Yoakim
Application Information
Application Number:US 3152251
Filing Date:1994-09-29
Priority Date:1991-05-08
Art Unit:132
Classifications
IPC:
A23F 526
Field of Search:
4269977;433;112;435;84295
Patent Drawings (9 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
This invention relates to preparing comestibles from at least one substance contained in a cartridge.
There are several reasons for employing cartridges to contain substances which enable the preparation of aqueous fluid comestibles, particularly beverages, including considerations of hygiene, optimal storage and keeping qualities of the material employed to produce the comestible, and including control of the quality and reproducibility of the comestibles prepared. Among available cartridges, which have found particular applicability for providing single servings of espresso coffees, cartridges which are sealed and which are opened under the effect of water injected under pressure satisfy the requirements mentioned above. In general, cartridges which contain substances for the preparation of fluid comestibles may be differentiated by their opening systems and ease of use and cost of manufacture.
Some known cartridges have, by design, weakened wall zones formed by preformed lines of weakening to effect preferential tearing under the effect of pressure introduced into the cartridge. This feature, however, has a disadvantage of increasing the complexity, and hence the cost, of the cartridge because the materials used have to be fabricated very precisely if opening of the cartridge is to be correct and reproducible. In addition, such cartridges generally are provided with a filter which is strong enough to retain a substance, such as coffee grounds, during an extraction process, which itself tends to be costly.
A cartridge extraction process and apparatus system described in French Patent No. 1.537.031 and French Patent Application Publication No. 2.033.190 involves, in a first phase, creating weakened zones in a face of a cartridge by mechanical action upon the face, after which, in a second phase, the effect of pressure of water injected in the cartridge results in rupturing the face at the weakened zones. This process, apparatus system and cartridge, however, are difficult to carry out and manufacture because of the requirement of movement by an apertured plate which, under the force of a spring, engages the face of a cartridge, which itself contains a cavity positioned between the face which is torn and a filter. As will be appreciated, the cartridge is difficult to manufacture and the process operations are delicate and difficult to control.
In addition, it is believed that, when proceeding in accordance with the process and apparatus system of those specified disclosures, the tearing of the face of the cartridge will not necessarily be sufficient to guarantee a regular flow of a liquid therethrough. In addition, it is believed that the maximum pressure in the cartridge is reached during opening of the cartridge. The subsequent pressure in the cartridge, therefore, is at most equal to the pressure which effects the opening, and that is fairly restrictive in terms of use for, in particular, preparing substances in single serving amounts which require extraction in a short period of time with small amounts of water. Thus, the substances are not extracted under a pressure sufficient to achieve a desirable and/or efficient extraction.
Accordingly, problems addressed by the present invention include how to obtain a high quality uniformly reproducible fluid comestible product from an economical carrying package and how to do so in a system which remains clean and which is easy to maintain, while utilizing the advantages of employing cartridges to contain substances for the preparation of fluid comestibles, including beverages.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process which is characterized in that a sealed cartridge containing at least one substance for enabling preparation of a fluid comestible product, particularly beverages, is placed in a cartridge holder means having a base which comprises a flow grille and a relief surface element adjacent a face of the cartridge to be opened for release of the fluid comestible, after which water is introduced into the cartridge under a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure for preparing the fluid comestible from the substance and to press the face of the cartridge against the relief surface element to tear the cartridge face to enable the fluid comestible to be removed from the cartridge and pass through the relief surface element and flow grille for collection. Preferably, the water, optionally mixed with a gas such as air, is introduced into the cartridge under a pressure of from about 1 bar to about 20 bar.
The flow grille, by definition, provides and comprises a grating having orifices therethrough. The relief surface element comprises a plurality of members which define and delineate openings through which the fluid comestible may pass and may be formed with the flow grille in one integrated piece or may be a distinctly separate element, the relief surface element in all cases being positioned to form an interface between the flow grille matrix and a cartridge surface face to be opened for preparation and obtaining the fluid comestible.
In the process of the present invention, depending upon the configuration and arrangement of the relief surface element, when a face of a cartridge positioned adjacent the relief surface element is pressurized and reaches its breaking stress, it is torn at locations of members of the relief surface element, which may project from the relief surface element, and/or at recesses formed by the relief surface element, such as with respect to recess parts formed together with projecting members, and/or at openings between projecting members and/or recesses.
The process also is characterized by enabling employment of a high pressure which provides for efficient preparation of fluid comestibles, because a maximum pressure is not necessarily reached during opening of the cartridge and may be reached after opening during extraction.
In the present invention, sealed cartridges are containers in which wall surfaces, including a face surface which is opened during preparation of a fluid comestible for release of a beverage or other comestible from the cartridge, i.e., the "tear face", are formed and connected sufficiently to contain a substance before and during the process. Most advantageously, by reason of the present invention, cartridges which need not have filters incorporated therein, particularly filters which can withstand elevated pressure and remain intact to secure the substance in the cartridge, need not be an element of the cartridge, although such are not precluded from use in the process or apparati devices of the present invention. Included among cartridges which usefully may be employed are those described in European Patent Application Nos. 91107650.3 and 91111317.3 and their counterpart U.S. application Ser. No. 07/869,526, filed Apr. 16, 1992, as described in the DETAILED DESCRIPTION below.
The present invention also includes a cartridge holder means for supporting a cartridge containing a substance to be prepared into a fluid comestible and having a base which comprises a flow grille and a relief surface element adjacent a face of the cartridge to enable tearing of the face under pressure during introduction of water, or optionally water and a gas such as air, to enable preparation of the fluid comestible.
The cartridge holder means according to the invention may be embodied in a variety of shapes to accommodate a variety of shapes of cartridges including, but not limited to, frustoconical cartridges, hemispherical cartridges and inverted frustoconical cartridges, the criteria of holder shape being that at least an interior holding or support portion be shaped to substantially correspond to an outer shape of a cartridge to be held or supported for enabling preparation of a fluid comestible.
The present invention also relates to an extraction apparatus system for carrying out the process which, in addition to a cartridge holder means and base, is characterized in that it includes a cartridge holder support means and a means for introducing water, or optionally water and a gas such as air, under pressure into a cartridge to be extracted, by such as an injection means, under fluid-tight conditions.
The apparatus system may be characterized with greater particularity in that the cartridge holder support means may be positioned with respect to the water injection means by fixing means, and in that the apparatus includes an annular element which has an internal recess which has a shape which substantially conforms to an outer shape of a cartridge to be extracted and which cooperates with a periphery of the cartridge holder means to keep the cartridge in position and to ensure fluid-tightness between the cartridge and apparatus with respect to a surface about the water injector means during fluid comestible preparation.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The following description is set forth by way of example primarily with regard to application of the process and apparati of the present inventions to preparation of a beverage by extraction of roasted and ground coffee. This description, however, should not be construed to limit the invention in any way, the process and apparati of the inventions being applicable to a variety of products or mixtures of products which may be accommodated in a cartridge and which are suitable for preparation of fluid comestibles by addition of water, including but not limited to tea, soluble tea or coffee, a mixture of ground coffee and soluble coffee, cocoa, or a cocoa or chocolate-based or supplemented product including coffee, or a soup, or of foods such as in a form of infusions, for example.
With regard to cartridges which may be employed in the process of the present invention, in line with further disclosure in this specification, in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/869,526, there is disclosed a sealed cartridge which contains a substance for the preparation of a beverage which is designed to be extracted under pressure and comprises a cup with a base and a substantially frustoconical lateral wall and a circular lip larger in diameter than the base. The cover is welded to the periphery of the lip of the cup and consists of a flexible material impermeable to oxygen selected from the group consisting of aluminum, an aluminum/plastic composite, an aluminum/plastic/paper composite, pure plastic or multi-layer plastic, the cover or the base being intended to tear under the effect of the pressure of the extraction fluid at the beginning of the extraction process. The advantage of this cartridge is that it does not have a filter or a weakened zone in the strict sense.
The cover is normally welded to the periphery of the cup by heat-sealing, the parts to be welded having a welding lacquer on their opposite faces. The lower lip of the cup may also be folded back onto the cover for crimping. Welding either on its own or in conjunction with crimping gives a cartridge which is capable of withstanding pressures of up to 15 bar during the extraction process.
The main part of the cartridge, namely the cup, which may be frustoconical, hemispherical or a frustopyramidal element and semi-rigid, may be made of aluminum between 20 and 100 .mu.m thick, pure plastic or multi-layer plastic, optionally with an oxygen barrier layer, such as EVOH or PVDC, a multi-layer film, such as cardboard/aluminum/plastic or cardboard/plastic optionally with an oxygen barrier layer, such as EVOH or PVDC. The base of the cup does not necessarily have to be flat, but may also assume the above-mentioned geometries.
The flexible cover of the cartridge may be made of aluminum 15 to 60 .mu.m thick or of a multi-layer film comprising either 20 to 60 g/m.sup.2 paper, plastic, such as 20 to 60 .mu.m thick polyethylene, and 5 to 20 .mu.m thick aluminum, or EVOH or PVDC 5 to 30 .mu.m thick, and plastic (PP, PE, PA) 20 to 100 .mu.m thick, or PET (5 to 30 .mu.m), and plastic (PP, PE) 20 to 100 .mu.m thick, or metallized PET or PET provided with an upper barrier layer, such as SiO.sub.2. A multi-layer combination of paper and aluminum may also be used.
Of these materials, aluminum tears the most easily and cleanly. When a multi-layer film is used, the presence of the paper fibers and the stretching of the plastic layer enable a network to be formed at the location of the tears which is favorable for keeping the base of the cartridge intact and reducing the dispersion of the coffee grounds while, at the same time, ensuring homogeneous extraction of the layer of coffee.
To prevent coffee grounds from being dispersed on the flow grille, an additional layer based on filter paper or woven or non-woven fibers based on PET or PP is provided. In one configuration, this layer may be arranged between the body of the cartridge and the cover and may be bonded or welded to those two elements. This material may have a density of from 20 to 50 g/m.sup.2. In another configuration of the cartridge, the layer of filter paper or woven or non-woven fibers may be arranged on the outside of the cartridge and be bonded or welded to the cover.
The cartridge may vary in size according to the volume of coffee to be prepared. The coffee dose may vary from 5 to 20 g, the diameter of the cartridge is between 2.5 and 6 cm, and the thickness of the coffee layer is between 10 and 25 mm.
Further, in European Patent Application 91111213.4, a cartridge like that described above is described, except that a cover or the base of the cartridge comprises zones of reduced thickness intended to promote opening of the cartridge for the passage of the extract under the effect of fluid pressure. The zones are formed during production of the cartridge so that it is capable of reaching the breaking stress in the extraction machine without necessitating excessive elongation despite its plastic nature. The zones of reduced thickness can be obtained by the local absence of an upper layer or part of an upper layer of the constituent material of the lower wall of the cartridge.
There are preferably a large number of these zones of reduced thickness uniformly distributed over the entire face. They may form straight dotted lines in the form of dashes, for example 2 to 10 mm in length and a few .mu.m to a few mm in width. They may also form lines in the form of concentric arcs distributed around circles of variable diameter. In these cases, the extraction machine comprises relief surface element members in an arrangement corresponding to that of these arcs. Thus, the cartridge and the zones of reduced thickness are perfectly positioned opposite the relief surface element members intended to promote their opening.
The treatment of the lower face is even more justified in the case where the cartridge is in the form of an inverted frustum because in that case--when the lower face is similar in thickness to the frustum, i.e., is sufficiently thick for the part to be stiff--its tearing could not normally be obtained without considerable elongation which is incompatible with the water pressures and temperatures used. In the case of a frustoconical cartridge, the situation is less critical and the membrane, which forms the lower face, can be even more reduced in thickness than the body because the membrane contributes little to the stiffness of the cartridge in this case and the pressure is applied over a larger surface.
Additionally, European Patent Application 91111214.2, describes a cartridge like that described in the U.S. application noted above, except that the cartridge comprises two or three parts, namely a flexible body and a stiff circular membrane or a flexible body and membrane and a complementary stiffening element independent of the body which is annular.
In a first embodiment, the stiffening element is formed by a frustoconical jacket provided with a rim designed for application to the rim of the body. The effect of the jacket is to stiffen the body of the cartridge, although it may also cover a large part of the membrane. However, the jacket must not completely cover the membrane. It must, all the same, allow the passage of an injection needle provided in certain extraction machines. The jacket may be disposed on the inside or the outside of the body of the cartridge.
If, in the first case, the rim of the jacket is of the same size as the rims of the body and the membrane, the jacket is welded thereto on its two faces. If the rim of the jacket is shorter than that of the body and the membrane, the jacket may be welded thereto on its two faces but, in all events, the body and the membrane are, in part, directly welded to one another.
In cases where the jacket is disposed on the outside of the body of the cartridge, it may be welded at its rim to the rim of the body. The diameter of the membrane may be equal to or larger than that of the body. The membrane is always welded to the rim of the body although, if the rim of the body is shorter, the membrane may also be directly welded in part to the jacket.
If the jacket is made of plastic, its interposition between the body and the membrane of the cartridge may perform the function of a fusible seal which promotes the fluid-tightness of the cartridge in its closed version.
In another configuration, projecting ribs may be integrated in the jacket of the cartridge. The jacket, which is made of injection-moulded plastic, has opening ribs on its lower face, in which case, the cartridge is in the shape of an inverted frustum. The opening ribs integrated in the base of the jacket do project, but are neither directly cutting or directly perforating. The ribs are formed by small linear or sinuous or arcuate fillets which are circular in cross-section and more or less flattened or widened slightly in the downward direction and which are arranged radially, concentrically, in parallel or perpendicularly and vary in length. In order to increase the stiffness of the cartridge, the wall of the jacket and the wall of the body may be fluted so that they are in the form of concentric annular ribs. In one variant, the jacket may be perforated and may have openings in its annular wall in the interests of economy of material.
In a second embodiment relating to a cartridge in the form of a frustum, inverted frustum or hemisphere, the stiffening element is a ring applied to the rim of the body, the cartridge also comprising three parts.
In a third embodiment of a cartridge in the form of an inverted frustum, the stiffening element is formed by a frustoconical collar at the major base of the frustum of the body extended by a flange in the outer radial direction, the cartridge again comprising three parts.
In a fourth embodiment, the stiffening element is the membrane itself so that the cartridge comprises two parts. The membrane may be perforated in the open version of the cartridge, which is thus in the shape of a frustum or inverted frustum, and perforated in the closed version which is in the form of an inverted frustum, the perforation being formed, for example, by means of a hollow needle.
In advantageous practice of the present inventions, the process also may be characterized by successive phases which, such as in the particular case of preparing espresso coffee, may be carried out in known commercially available espresso machines comprising means for injecting water, or as above, optionally water mixed with a gas such as air, under pressure, and comprising cartridge holding means for holding a cartridge in position for extraction, and having the afore-described grille and relief surface element and being adapted to the extent necessary for being secured for operation in the machines.
In a first phase, a cartridge containing a substance to be extracted is placed in the cartridge holder means adjacent the holder base of the present invention, designed and adapted for being secured in the machine, so that a face of the cartridge, i.e., the tear face, is positioned adjacent the relief surface element and flow grille, without, preferably, any more or less deep impressions or similar deformations being formed in the tear face of the cartridge by members of the relief surface element.
In a second phase, the cartridge holder means containing the cartridge is introduced into the machine.
In a third phase, water, optionally mixed with air, is injected into the cartridge under a pressure of from about 1 bar to about 20 bar, and preferably from about 1 bar to about 10 bar, which thereby deforms and presses the tear face against the members of the relief surface element. In addition, this phase provides for prewetting and compaction of the coffee particles.
In a fourth phase, the constituent material of the tear face impinges upon the relief surface element members and reaches its breaking stress, tearing begins in zones at the location of the relief surface element members, which may project, and/or in the recessed parts, i.e., in cavities or depressions formed in the members, and/or at flow openings between and defined by the members of the relief surface element. Depending on the configuration, arrangement, shape and size of the relief surface element members, tearing can also continue throughout the process, the relief element surface members, however, being configured, arranged, sized and/or shaped not only to enable formation of openings in the tear face but also to restrict and inhibit escape of the particulate, or solid phase, substance, which is being processed, from the interior of the cartridge via the openings formed in the tear face.
Upon tearing, the tear face is relieved of stress, and fractured parts of the face become pressed against the relief surface element which has the effect of enlarging the initial openings formed, thus promoting subsequent flow of the fluid, but again, in such a way which substantially restricts and inhibits solid phase substance from escaping or being dispersed outside the cartridge. Thus, the openings in the tear face formed with the aid of the relief surface element are of a size which substantially restricts and inhibits solid phase substance from escaping from the cartridges via openings in the tear face. Hence, the relief surface is configured, arranged, sized and shaped to effect this result.
Upon opening of the tear face, the pressure inside the cartridge undergoes a partial and momentary fall, but this momentary decompression is limited because the flow of fluid escaping from the cartridge is restricted both by the interstices formed by lips of the torn material of the tear face bearing against the relief surface element and by resistance provided the flow orifices formed in the relief surface element and grille-work. Flow also is controlled, particularly in cases where a substance is extracted, by compaction of the extractable substance. Flow is thus controlled, and above all, displacement of solid phase substance from the contents of the cartridge, which could obstruct flow orifices and subsequently interfere with the uniformity and reproducibility of an extraction process, or which could unpleasantly affect a beverage or other fluid comestible product, is substantially restricted and inhibited.
In a fifth phase, the roast and ground coffee in the cartridge, is extracted under a pressure of from about 1 bar to about 20 bar, this pressure being intentionally and essentially linked to the loss of pressure through the wetted and compacted coffee. Further openings of the tear face can result in this phase when the pressure reaches high values, but again, in accordance with the most advantageous practice of the inventions, such should be of a size which substantially restricts and inhibits escape or displacement of solid phase substance from the cartridge.
In a final phase, the cartridge holder is released from the machine, and the cartridge, which may be released from the holder by an auxiliary means described hereinafter, may be removed by simple inversion of the cartridge holder.
After release from the cartridge holder, it will be found that the cartridge and its opened tear face retain their integrity, and amounts of solid phase substance from the cartridge attached to the holder, relief surface element and flow grille are minimal, if detectable.
In the present invention, the flow grille preferably may be embodied by a metal plate, such as aluminum or stainless steel, for example, although it may also be made of ceramic, plastic or any other equivalent and/or suitable material. Its shape and, generally, disk-like diameter, are dependent on that of the extraction face of a cartridge to be extracted. Thus, the grille should have a surface having a size and shape substantially similar with that of a tear face of a cartridge to be processed. Generally, the grille surface size may vary in diameter from about 20 mm to about 60 mm. Its thickness may be usually from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, depending on the material used and its strength.
The grille grid and matrix defines a plurality of orifices which preferably are of a size which, if solid phase substance should escape the cartridge, act to substantially restrict and inhibit the solid phase from passing with fluid. The orifices are optionally circular, and in such cases, may have a mean diameter of from about 0.2 mm to about 0.5 mm. The orifices also are preferably conical in shape, generally widening downwards. Differing shapes should have equivalently similar sizings.
In the present invention, the relief surface element may have various configurations and arrangements of members, and those members may have various shapes, as noted above and as further discussed below and also illustrated in the drawing Figures. The relief surface element may have members which may project away from a basic planar surface of the element and which may or may not enable directly cutting or perforating the tear face, and in accordance with the invention, the tearing action on the tear face of the cartridge is made only possible because the relief surface element enables the tear face to reach its breaking stress during deformation under pressure. In any event, the relief surface element is configured and arranged to provide zones for substantially homogeneous distribution of and flow of the fluid comestible prepared, and hence, particularly in the case when substances are extracted, to enable efficient extraction of the substance and obtaining a quality uniform extract which is reproducible.
In one variant of the process and apparati, the cartridge tear face tears may be produced in a central part of cavities (orifice recesses), which may be formed between smoothed, arcuate projecting members of a relief surface element, by reason of the material deforming until it reaches its breaking stress. In this case, projecting members may, for example, surmount the grille. The tears continue inside cavities between the members above a zone comprising removal orifices. The material of the tear face thus liberated closely follows the shape of the projecting members under the effect of the pressure exerted. The deformation and displacement of tear face material results in an enlargement of initial tears distributed uniformly over the tear face of the cartridge. These openings thus enable the extracted fluid to flow through and from the layer of coffee grounds, or other substance, while, at the same time, inhibiting solid phase substance from being carried outside the cartridge, which is facilitated also by the solid phase substance being compacted previously under the effect of the pressure.
In a second variant of the process and apparati, the relief surface members may be accentuated to have a pointed or more sharpened nature so that tearing of the tear face of the cartridge is initiated at the relief surface element members and continues into the center of cavities (orifice recesses) formed between the elements.
In a third variant of the process and apparati, the tear face may be opened by the breaking stress of the tear face being reached at the location of members of the relief surface element, which are optionally associated with complementary members, which are not intended to tear the tear face of the cartridge but rather to deform and operate to promote liquid flow to openings and facilitate the cleanness of the system. The fluid passes between the torn and deformed parts of the tear face of the cartridge up to the flow openings because these torn parts are not pressed against the projecting members in an entirely fluid-tight manner because of a certain relative rigidity due to their fairly reduced dimensions.
In an embodiment of the apparati, relief surface element projecting members may be in a form of rodlets which may be rectilinear, or slightly sinuous, or in a form of optionally closed arcs which may have differing lengths and which may be arranged radially, concentrically, parallel, or perpendicularly to provide for substantially homogeneous flow fluid. Their cross-section defining projecting members may be semicircular, or substantially trapezoidal, more or less flat, more or less widened downwards. Both their cross-section width and their height may be from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm. The number of arranged rodlets may be preferably from four to sixteen, depending on the size of the flow grille, and preferably the relief surface element provides for from 4 to 50 tears in a tear face of a cartridge.
In a case of a radial arrangement of relief surface members, the rodlets may vary in length, for example, according to their position with respect to the grille surface, normally by from about 0.3 to about 1 times the grille surface size. Some may extend to a position as far as the center of the flow screen grille, while others may stop at a distance of from about 3 mm to about 8 mm therefrom. Such an arrangement is advantageous by reason of the fact that, if all of the rodlets were same length, these elements, by uniting at the center, would form a full circle which would inhibit desirable tearing of the tear face of the cartridge in a central zone and which, in addition, would prevent the fluid from being removed in that zone and thus present a dead zone.
In the case of a concentric, parallel, or perpendicular relief surface element member arrangement, the distance between the members is preferably about the same in the two axes of a horizontal plane.
In any arrangement and positioning, the members should not be situated at a distance below a minimum, which, among other variables as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill, can depend upon the particle size of a material being extracted, for example, and which may be empirically determined. This, as one of ordinary skill will appreciate, is because, if the members are too close together, the tear face material may be unable to deform correctly and follow the shapes of members of relief surface element. This would result, during deformation under the pressure, in a danger of coffee grounds, for example, being carried beyond the tears formed in the tear face up to the so-called dead zones. Thus, the members of the relief surface element should be arranged so that dead zones are substantially avoided so that, again, uniformity of extraction flow is achieved.
In another particular embodiment, relief surface element members, at their base, may define circular or ovoidal cavities at a position adjacent flow orifices of the grille. The depth of such cavities may be from such as about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm. The walls defining such cavities may be in a form of surfaces which are curved over all or over a part of their height or inclined faces to form an angle of from about 5.degree. to about 30.degree. with respect to a plane perpendicular to the surface of the relief surface element.
In other embodiments, relief surface element projecting members may be in a form of small prisms, truncated pyramids, cylinders, or frustums of optionally polygonal or circular cross-section.
In any of the above embodiments, a profile of projecting elements may have smoothed angles or be rounded so that the material of the tear face of the cartridge does not tear directly against the angles, but rather in preferential zones defined between projecting elements.
In the variants, relief surface element projection elements may form an integral part of a plate formed with filtration orifices through which the coffee flows which is advantageous particularly with the first three variants discussed above. On the other hand, the relief surface element may be in a separate piece and comprise parts projecting and recessed in relation to its main surface and orifices through with liquid may flow.
In an additional embodiment, the relative arrangement of the relief surface element and its orifices may be reversed in that the relief surface element is in one piece and comprises parts recessed in relation to its main surface and flow orifices formed at least within projecting members.
In a still further embodiment, the projecting members may be in a form of truncated pyramids, which are preferably orthogonal, and have an edge length of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm and a height of from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm and be arranged in the form of a grid of which the spacing is usually from about 3 mm to about 7 mm. The substantially flat edges preferably form an angle of from about 10.degree. to about 30.degree. with the vertical. The pyramids are advantageously associated with complementary elements which are not intended to tear the tear face of the cartridge, but rather to promote the flow of the extracted fluid while retaining the grounds, for example in the form of from about 0.2 mm to about 1 mm wide ledges which surround the pyramids and about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm wide and about 0.3 mm to about 0.8 mm deep channels at the base. These channels are formed with flow orifices, preferably from about twelve to about fifty in number and preferably are gauged to a diameter of a few tenths of a millimeter.
Upper surface faces of the pyramids act as a support surface when the cartridge is subjected to the effect of pressure. Tearing begins on the edges of the upper faces of the pyramids. These edges should be carefully formed, with respect to the breaking stress of the material of the tear face, because if they are too cutting, the opening pressure may be too low whereas, if they are too rounded, the tear face of the cartridge might be torn unevenly at the channels formed with the flow orifices, and deposits of coffee grounds might be formed therein. The depth, width, angles and surface quality of the channels therefore may be determined so that the material of the tear face of the cartridge undergoes deformation without tearing in this zone. In general, the flow orifices are of optionally circular cross-section and are positioned preferably at the intersections of the channels and are usually conical in shape and widen downwards in order to avoid their inadvertent obstruction by particles of coffee grounds.
In the foregoing embodiment, the infusion passes between the torn and deformed parts of the tear face of the cartridge and the ledges of the pyramids and flows along the bottom of the channels to the orifices, because these torn parts cannot be pressed against the relief in perfectly fluid-tight manner because of a certain rigidity due to their fairly reduced dimensions, the narrow width of the ledges, the width and depth of the channels, the fairly sharp angles of the ledges and the intersections of the channels.
It also is pointed out that the surface of the walls of the pyramids should be smoothed to assist in avoiding coffee grounds, or other extracted substance, adhering to the walls when the cartridge is removed after extraction. This effect can be also dependent on the angle of slope of the lateral faces of the pyramids, and this angle is important for facilitating the release of the cartridge after extraction by simple inversion of the cartridge holder.
Again, in general, the dimensions and shapes of the members of the relief surface element in all the embodiments are dependent on the characteristics of the product to be infused and the dimensions and shapes are also dependent on the constituent material of the tear face of the cartridge. Moreover, the dimensions and shapes may be adapted to dimensions and shapes of a tear face which need not necessarily be flat. Thus, as will be apparent, arrangement and shaping of the relief surface element members, i.e., sharp or pointed, or rounded, for example, may readily be adapted to a particular breaking stress of a tear face material. As also should be appreciated, the combination of holder means and relief surface element should enable positioning of a cartridge tear face spaced from the relief surface element at a distance which is not so great to prevent contact of the face upon deformation with the relief surface element.
Further, in view of the foregoing, the cartridge openings should not cause an excessive loss of pressure, and it is preferred that pressure loss be resultant through the layer of coffee. However, a minimum pressure loss should be accepted at the openings for the purpose of accelerating an infusion either to form an emulsion or to form a froth typical of an espresso coffee.
Cartridges employed in the process and with apparati of the present invention are preferably frustoconical or hemispherical in shape, although they may be cylindrical, their cross-sections not necessarily needing to be circular, and various shapes or orientations of cartridges may be preferred and adapted for the convenience of the production processes or a particular application. Dimensions of the cartridges may range from about 25 mm and 60 mm in diameter for a height of about 10 mm to about 30 mm in the case of coffee.
As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill, materials employed for forming the tear face should be such that they will break and tear, when impinging upon the relief surface element, under pressures of from about 1 bar to 20 bar. The materials employed for the tear face may be a foil, such as aluminum foil or a plastic film which are substantially impermeable to oxygen, and as are known to those skilled in the art. Composite materials also may be employed, and such include, but are not limited to, for example aluminum/plastic, aluminum/plastic/paper, plastic/plastic, and plastics may include but are not limited to polyethylene, polypropylene, PET, and acrylics and the like. Thicknesses of the tear face materials, which, as will be appreciated, may be dependent upon their barrier properties and breaking stress, may range from such as from about 5 mm to about 100 mm, for example.
For cartridges in the form of inverted frustums (such as shown in FIG. 12), a further apparatus system of the present invention comprises a water injector means, a detachable cartridge holder support means held beneath the water injector means by fixing means, a cartridge holder means and base, as discussed above, disposed in the cartridge holder support, the inner shape of the cartridge holder preferably closely following the outer shape of the cartridge to be extracted, and wherein a peripheral surface part of the water injector means cooperates with a periphery of the cartridge holder to keep the cartridge in position and to ensure fluid-tightness during the extraction process.
The water injector means may include a single injector element having a point or a system of the shower-type. The water, optionally together with a gas such as air, may be ejected from injector orifices at an angle ascending with respect to a plane defined by the flow grille, or may be injected downwards towards the flow grille into the substance to be prepared into a beverage, or both.
In another embodiment of the system according to the invention, which is similar to that of the so-called bayonet-type known to be used in espresso machines, the cartridge holder support means may comprise a handle and fastening lugs, preferably two to three in number, designed to fit onto cooperating ramps of a tightening ring integral with the machine forming a fixing means. Manipulated by means of its handle, the support makes an ascending or descending rotary movement.
In another arrangement, the cartridge holder means may be integral with an automated mechanical unit which, by known secondary means, provides for introduction of a cartridge in a hollow annular extraction element, fluid-tight locking and then, after infusion, unlocking and release of the used cartridge. The arrangement of the respective elements is thus modified, and the tear face, for example, may be disposed in a vertical plane. The same applies to the relief surface element so that the water optionally may be injected perpendicularly thereto.
In this latter arrangement, the lower part of the annular element keeps the arrangement fluid-tight during the extraction process by pinching the rim of a cartridge against the periphery of the cartridge holder means during positioning of the assembly formed by the cartridge holder, the cartridge holder support and the cartridge.
The present inventions also are characterized by a particular shape of a sealing system designed to promote the release of the cartridge after use. As already mentioned, the usually circular rim of a cartridge is pressed between a lower part of an annular element which surrounds the cartridge and a periphery of the cartridge holder. If this rim is fairly thick, either through the use of thick materials or because of the extra thickness due to the crimping of the two parts of the cartridge to form the rim, sufficient fluid-tightness is achieved readily for extraction by pressing the rim flat with moderate effort. If, on the other hand, the rim is thinner, or to avoid problems of tolerance in the manufacture of the elements, it is preferred to provide a particular system designed to ensure fluid-tightness.
In an embodiment of a sealing system of the present invention, an outer lower face of the recessed annular element has a conical edge. A cooperating conical part faces it at a periphery of the cartridge holder. The two parts engage in one another, pinching the rim of the cartridge. The cones each form an angle of from about 30.degree. to about 60.degree. with the vertical, this angle preferably being different for each of the two cones limiting the theoretical contact zone to a circular ridge.
In another embodiment of the sealing system, the conical edge of the recessed annular element is situated on the inner lower part. The slope of the cones is thus reversed so that the periphery of the cartridge holder widens downwards.
In a variant of the second embodiment of the sealing system, the peripheral zone of the cartridge holder means is provided with a conical lip in addition to that responsible for fluid-tightness, but sloping in the opposite direction, the effect of which is to push back the extreme lip of the cartridge through the elasticity of the constituent material of that lip.
In these two embodiments, the part integral with the cartridge holder may comprise an element having a certain elasticity designed to compensate for the effect of production tolerances.
In an additional embodiment of the sealing system, a lower part of the annular element presses the lip of the cartridge against an elastic O ring positioned at the periphery of the cartridge holder.
These arrangements are preferred because, apart from the fluid-tightness which they provide, they facilitate the removal of the cartridge from the relief surface element after extraction by utilizing the residual elasticity of its lip which is deformed during locking.
In cases where the support is released from the cartridge holder by a rotary bayonet-type movement, the cartridge remains intact both during locking and during unlocking of the cartridge holder because it can be formed by two main parts which, in a preferred arrangement, are designed to rotate relative to one another, the two parts being the cartridge holder comprising the relief surface element and the grille, on the one hand, the support of the cartridge holder comprising a handle, an outlet orifice for the substance and the diametrically opposite fastening lugs, designed to fit onto the tightening ramps of the tightening ring, on the other hand.
The support of the cartridge holder with its handle undergoes an ascending or descending rotary movement which enables the cartridge to be locked or released. The cartridge holder itself does not rotate, but only makes the ascending or descending movement when or as long as the cartridge adheres to the recessed annular confining element.
In a preferred embodiment of the system, the relief surface element and a sealing cone comprises a lip of which the lower part is in the form of a convex spherical ring of which the center of curvature coincides with an axis perpendicular to the plane of the supporting surface of the cartridge, this spherical lip bearing freely on a seat having a concave surface of the same curvature which is integral with the cartridge holder support and which is preferably made of a material having a low coefficient of friction. The result of this is that the arrangement forms a swiveling assembly. The relief surface element is able to rotate on the above-mentioned seat both during introduction of the unit equipped with a cartridge and during its removal. In addition, this part is able to assume a slight inclination, enabling it to compensate for the inevitable mechanical tolerances of the various components of the assembly and to adapt itself in fluid-tight manner to the rim of the cartridge pressed onto the lower periphery of the part responsible for confinement of the cartridge.
In a modified embodiment, the spherical seat is directly integrated with the support of the cartridge holder.
After the cartridge has been used and in order to facilitate its release, a ring held by a spring may be provided on the outer part of the annular element surrounding the cartridge, the lower part of this collar pushing back the rim of the cartridge when the cartridge holder is released.
In cases where an O ring is responsible for fluid-tightness, the coefficient of friction of the O ring against the rim of the cartridge is sufficient to entrain the cartridge during locking and above all during unlocking without substantial risk of deformation of its extraction face against the relief surface element. The support of the cartridge holder does not necessarily comprise a moving part.
In cases where fluid-tightness is established by conical pinching, a zone peripheral to the pinching zone is preferably toughened to entrain the cartridge as described above. The same effect also may be obtained by the ridges of the indentations of orifices provided at the periphery for the reasons described hereinafter.
A receiving cone for the coffee with a vertical flow channel can be arranged beneath the filtration orifices of the cartridge holder to promote formation of froth by stabilizing and concentrating the flow of coffee. A first cone may be complimented by a second, the function of the first cone, which is situated close to the part comprising the relief, being to break up the jets issuing from the flow orifices and the function of the second cone being to channel the flow towards the final outlet orifice. Both these cones may be formed with perforations, preferably in their upper parts, so that they are able to communicate with the outside atmosphere with the main object being to avoid retention of liquid after the end of an extraction phase of the infusion, the perforations also contributing to formation of a froth through the air which they introduce.
At a periphery of the cartridge holder means and beyond a supporting zone of the cartridge, indentations or orifices may be provided for the removal of water and coffee grounds emanating from the possible discharge from the cartridge through its upper opening after extraction. The flow of water and coffee grounds in question are thus guided through one or more orifices complementary to the orifice intended for the fluid or infusion without soiling that orifice or the inner upper part of the cartridge holder. In any event, this particular flow takes place after extraction of a substance during release of the cartridge. The liquid does not flow into the cup, but usually into a tray covered by a grill on which the cup stands and which may be provided for that purpose. This double exit ensures that the coffee grounds which have been able to remain inside the cartridge holder means are not carried over into a new cup during extraction of the following cartridge. Of course, other pathways for this waste may also be provided to take it to a suitable receptable.
The invention is described further with reference to the accompanying drawing Figures.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a cartridge to be extracted.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a cartridge holder and its support.
FIG. 3 is a section through a cartridge in the extraction system on the line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a section through the cartridge holder and its support on the line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIGS. 5a to 5d are sections through the radial elements on the line 5--5 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a section through a cartridge in an extraction system in a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a section through a cartridge holder and its support in another embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of projecting elements used in the cartridge holder shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic section through a cartridge in an extraction system in another embodiment.
FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of a profile of the relief and recessed elements of the cartridge holder shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 11 is a section through a cartridge holder in another embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a section through a system according to the invention for extraction of cartridges in a shape of inverted frustums.
FIG. 13 also is a section through a system according to the invention for extraction of cartridges in a shape of inverted frustums.
Detailed Description of the Drawings
The cartridge (1) of FIG. 1 has a frustoconically-shaped cup (2) which may be filled with roasted and ground coffee (3) and which is closed by a tear face cover (4) welded to a lip which extends laterally from the side wall of cup (2).
Referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the cartridge holder (11) comprises a flow grille (12) with relief surface element members (13) and an annular chamfered rim (14). This rim forms an angle alpha with the vertical. As also illustrated, the cartridge rests on a supporting surface of the holder rim, which forms the peripheral portion of the holder and encompasses an area across which the flow grille extends in a plane, and the holder has a further portion (containing groove 19) which extends from the peripheral rim portion transversely at a position adjacently connected with the cartridge supporting rim surface adjacent thereto.
The cartridge holder (11) is accommodated in its support (15) which has a handle (16), a lateral wall (24) which has two diametrically opposite fastening lugs (17) designed to fit onto tightening ramps (10) of a tightening ring (9), as illustrated in FIG. 3, and a bore (27) for the passage of extracted coffee beverage. Provided on the base (25) of the support (15) is an annular protuberance (26) upon which rests the cartridge holder (11), which is able to turn in its support by virtue of two removable pins (18) which cooperate with a groove (19) formed in the cartridge holder.
Referring to FIG. 3, the extraction system further comprises a water injector (7) formed with upwardly directed orifices (20) and an annular element (8) with an internal recess of which the shape substantially corresponds to the outer shape of the cartridge. The upwardly directed orifices enable injecting water at an ascending angle away from the extraction face (4) which enables thoroughly wetting the entire layer of coffee. On its outer part, the annular element (8) comprises a spring (22) holding a ring (23) for releasing the cartridge on completion of extraction.
In operation, a cartridge (1) is placed in the cartridge holder (11). The support (15) then is fixed by its fastening lugs (17) onto the tightening ramps (10) of the tightening ring (9). The water injector (7) pierces the upper face of the cup (2). The lower tear face (4) of the cartridge rests on the radially arranged members (13) of the cartridge holder. The fact that the cartridge holder (11) can be rotated in its support (15) ensures that the cartridge remains fixed in relation to the cartridge holder during locking and unlocking, thus avoiding risk of damage to the cartridge.
The water is introduced through the orifices (20) of the water injector (7) and impinges on the layer (3) of coffee. The pressure in the cartridge increases and the tear face (4) increasingly follows the shape of the radial opening relief surface members (13). When the constituent material of the tear face reaches it breaking stress, the tear face tears along the radial members. The extracted coffee flows through the orifices of the flow grille (12) and is recovered in a container (not shown) beneath the bore (27).
FIGS. 5a to 5d show different shapes for embodiment of radial relief surface element members (13) integrally with a flow screen grille (12). FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate a rounded element. FIG. 5a illustrates an element having a flattened surface and curved edges. FIG. 5d illustrates a cross-section of an element which is pyramidal in shape having a flattened top surface.
In FIG. 6, elements identical with those in FIG. 3 are denoted by the same reference numerals. The system illustrated in FIG. 6 differs from that shown in FIG. 3 solely in the elements participating in the rotation of the cartridge holder (11) relative to its support (15). The cartridge holder is held in its rotation cavity by means of a ring (21) which may be welded, or crimped, or screwed to the support after introduction of the cartridge holder.
In FIG. 7, the cartridge holder (40) differs from that shown in FIG. 4 insofar as it comprises a flow grille (41) having the nature of a screen and, arranged on the screen, a separate relief surface element (44) with projecting members (42) held in position by a ring (43), the cartridge opening function being performed by upper portions of the members (42).
FIG. 8 is a more detailed top view of the ring (44) and the radially arranged projecting members (42).
In FIG. 9, elements identical with those in FIG. 6 are denoted by the same reference numerals. The system of FIG. 9 differs from that shown in FIG. 6 in the fact that the cartridge holder (60) is in one piece, a further portion of the holder extends from a peripheral portion of the holder to an opening displaced from the flow grille portion of plate (51) for receiving extracted coffee substance flow from the flow grille and for delivering the extracted coffee substance through the opening. Thus, the cartridge holder comprises a plate (51) with relief surface element projecting members in a form of pyramids and filtration orifices, a coffee receiving cone (52) and openings (53) at the edges for removing the extracted coffee substance through an auxiliary orifice (54). The annular part (61) of the cartridge holder is responsible for fluid-tightness by pinching the rim of the cartridge to be extracted against the lower part of the annular element (8).
FIG. 10 is a detailed section through the plate (51), showing inclined faces (55) of pyramids which may form an angle of from about 10.degree. to about 30.degree. with the vertical, ledges (56) and flow channels (57) comprising orifices (58).
FIG. 11 is a section through an embodiment comprising a relief surface element (67) having a conical sealing surface (68) and a spherical supporting surface (62) of which the center of curvature coincides with the axis (63) perpendicular to the plane of the relief element, the angle of slope of the tangent to this ring being approximately 45.degree.. A seat (64) comprises a spherical supporting surface (65) in contact with the corresponding supporting surface of the element (67). The seat (64) is integral with the support of the cartridge holder (not shown). It is preferably made of an alloy or injection-moulded plastic material and, at its periphery, comprises pins (66) which enclose the element forming the supporting surface while leaving sufficient room for the element to be able turn freely and to slope to a sufficient extent. In addition, the support of the cartridge holder (not shown) has sufficient radial play so that if it is fixed to a bayonet, it allows the arrangement as a whole to be centered despite off-centering of the element comprising the relief surface and the sealing cone during its swiveling movement.
In FIG. 12, elements identical with those in FIG. 6 are denoted by the same reference numerals. The system illustrated by FIG. 12 differs from that shown in FIG. 6 in the respect that the cartridge to be extracted is in the form of an inverted frustum (70) and, accordingly, does not have an annular element (8). The cartridge holder and its support are in one piece (71). The periphery of the upper face (72) of the cartridge is pinched between the extraction head and an upper part (75) of the cartridge holder. The tear face (73) of the cartridge bears against the relief surface element (74), which may have members in a shape of a pyramid. The mode of operation is substantially the same as for FIG. 3. Water arrives under pressure through the water injector (7) and passes through the layer of coffee in the capsule. The pressure in the capsule rises and presses the tear face (73) against the projecting members of relief surface element (74). When the breaking stress is reached, the tear face (73) tears against the pyramid members (74) and the coffee beverage flows through the annular orifice (78) via the orifices (76) and the coffee receiving cone (77).
In FIG. 13, elements identical with those in FIGS. 6 and 12 are denoted by the same reference numerals. As illustrated, an outer peripheral portion of tear face (73) is supported by a rim (71a ) of cartridge holder support (71) which spaces a remainder portion of tear face (73) a distance from the members of the relief surface element (74).
As is clear from the foregoing, various modifications of the present invention may be without departure from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, and the invention may be practiced suitably in the absence of elements not specifically disclosed herein and which may be excluded.
Claims
We claim:
1. A process for preparation of fluid comestible products comprising: placing a sealed cartridge, which comprises opposing surfaces and a body portion disposed between the surfaces and which contains roast and ground coffee particles, within a holder means which comprises (i) a base which comprises a grille and relief surface element members and (ii) a rim which circumscribes the base and which is positioned and configured so that the rim supports a peripheral surface portion of a first of the two cartridge opposing surfaces so that the cartridge is supported within the holder means and so that a remainder portion of the first surface, which extends from the peripheral surface portion, is positioned at a position adjacent the relief surface element members and so that upon subsequent introduction of water under a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure, the first surface remainder portion deforms initially and contacts the relief surface element members and subsequently is torn at a plurality of locations by the relief surface element members; placing the holder means supporting the cartridge in a fixed position and piercing the cartridge surface which opposes the first surface to provide for introducing water under pressure into the cartridge; and maintaining the holder means in the fixed position and injecting water within the cartridge via the pierced cartridge surface under a pressure of greater than atmospheric pressure sufficient so that, initially, the first surface remainder portion is deformed and pressed against the relief surface element members and the coffee particles are wetted and compacted and so that, subsequently, portions of the first surface remainder portion which are pressed against the relief surface element members reach their breaking stress so that the portions are torn to open the remainder portion so that coffee extract made by contact of water and coffee particles flows from the cartridge and through the flow grille in a plurality of streams.
2. A process according to claim 1 further comprising injecting a gas into the cartridge with the water.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein the gas is air.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein the water and air are injected under a pressure of up to 20 bar.
5. A process according to claim 2 wherein the water and gas are injected under a pressure of up to 20 bar.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the water is injected into the cartridge under a pressure of up to 20 bar.
7. A process according to claim 1 wherein the water is injected into the cartridge under a pressure of up to 10 bar.
8. A process according to claim 1 wherein upon loss of pressure in the cartridge upon tearing, the pressure is increased within the cartridge to an amount above a pressure effected in the cartridge prior to tearing.
9. A process according to claim 1 wherein the water is injected in a direction away from the grille.
10. A process according to claim 1 wherein the water is injected at an angle ascending with respect to a plane defined by the grille.
11. A process according to claim 1 further comprising introducing air into the extract flowing from the grille.
12. A process according to claim 1 further comprising channeling the plurality of extract streams flowing from the grille to concentrate the streams into a flow of extract.
13. A process according to claim 12 further comprising, while channeling the streams, introducing air into the streams.
14. A process according to claim 1 wherein, prior to injecting water, the first surface rests on the relief surface element members.
15. A process according to claim 1 wherein the rim is positioned so that the cartridge is supported so that the first surface remainder portion is displaced a distance away from the relief surface element members.
16. A process according to claim 1 wherein the extract passes over and by the relief surface element members and through the grille.
17. A process according to claim 1 wherein the roast and ground coffee is suitable for preparation of an espresso coffee beverage.
18. A process according to claim 1 wherein the cartridge has no filter member.
19. A process according to claim 1 wherein the comestible is roast and ground coffee and wherein the relief surface element is configured so that upon tearing of the first surface remainder portion, openings in the remainder portion have a size which substantially restrict and inhibit passage of solid phase particles contained in the cartridge from escaping from the cartridge past the remainder portion.
20. A process according to claim 19 wherein the cartridge has no filter member.
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