US 5,638,527 AGrant
System and Method for Memory Mapping
Issue Date:1997-06-10
•2 Claims
•8 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A memory mapping scheme for a computer system includes a number of slave devices attached to a system bus, which slave devices have partitioned among themselves a memory address storage system. The memory address storage system is, in turn, divided into a number of regions. The memory mapping scheme also includes a subsystem for mapping the regions, which subsystem includes a unique subtractive descriptor that disjunctively allows mapping of regions that reside on only one of a number of input/output channels connected to the system bus.
Metadata
Assignee
- Dell USA, L.P.
Inventors
- Terry J. Parks
- Darius D. Gaskins
Application Information
Application Number:US 634013&
Filing Date:1996-04-17
Priority Date:1993-07-19
Art Unit:232
Classifications
IPC:
G06F 1210
Field of Search:
395474;475;480;456;497.04;412;413;414;415;416;417;418;419
Patent Drawings (8 sheets)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to the following U.S. patent applications:
All of the related applications are assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference thereto.
REFERENCE TO AN APPENDIX
This application has an appendix. The appendix includes the following documents:
Preliminary Chimaera Architectural Specification, Version 0.20, dated Feb. 16, 1993
Hydra Dell P/N 24002 Specification, Version 1.85, dated Apr. 14, 1992
Bifrost Specification, Version 1.2, dated May 8, 1992
Lethe Bus VHDL Model, dated Apr. 8, 1992
Bifrost-A VHDL Gorp, dated Apr. 17, 1992
Bifrost Hierarchy, Version 1.1, dated Apr. 20, 1992
Fifty (50) circuit diagrams depicting various portions of an actually designed embodiment of the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to global memory mapping schemes and, more particularly, to a system and method for determining to which of two input/output (I/O) channels an address is mapped.
2. Description of Related Art
The memory requirements of a typical microprocessor system frequently cannot be met with a single memory device. Several memory devices must then be interconnected to form a memory system. In a memory system, capacity is expanded by increasing the number of words and/or by increasing the word length above that attainable from a single memory device. Word length is increased by placing the outputs of two or more memory devices in parallel. The number of words in a memory system is increased by multiplexing outputs from two or more memory devices. Memory devices have features that facilitate this. For example, chip select or chip enable inputs are provided on individual memory devices for this purpose.
A memory system with an increased number of words requires address expansion, that is, it requires expanding the number of memory address bits to which the memory system responds. The number of address bits that a microprocessor provides dictates its memory address space or the range of memory locations it can directly address. Depending upon the size of the memory system, external address decoding logic, in addition to the memory's chip select inputs, may also be required for address expansion.
Random access memory (RAM) is the main memory of a typical computer. As programs are run, they first load into RAM from the disk drive, and the operating system then jumps to the beginning of the program to begin executing it. Program data also loads into the computer's RAM. As changes are made in the data, the contents of the RAM are altered, and when the user finishes with the application, the revised data is copied back to the disk drive.
Read only memory (ROM) is the part of memory where, normally, the basic input/output system (BIOS) of the computer resides. The BIOS is the interface between the computer hardware and the operating system and applications software. Under normal circtnnstances, one cannot write to ROM.
The size of the RAM and ROM, and the locations of various components, is shown with a memory map. A memory map is a graphic representation of the memory locations. FIG. 1 shows a memory map of a typical extended industry standard architecture (EISA) computer system. The remainder of the system's memory map is dependent on the particular requirements of the individual manufacturers.
I/O is a mapped area similar to the memory map. Different addresses, or groups of addresses, are assigned to specific functions. The I/O map is much more extensive and complex, however, with different functions assigned to each of the addresses through FFFFh (65,536 addresses). FIG. 2 shows an EISA computer system I/O map summary.
It is important that computer systems have a single, "cohesive" memory map. Each location must have its own unique address, and memory devices that "own" a particular region must "know" it and, conversely, memory devices that do not "own" a particular region must "know" that also. Heretofore, cohesive systems have been made wherein memory devices have a number of (e.g., eight) "descriptors", that is, a mechanism within the device itself to define its relationships with a memory region. Heretofore, such relationships have been defined with descriptors which map in a positive, identifying manner specific address ranges for specific purposes.
Although the present invention is most directly concerned with memory mapping, it arose because of efforts undertaken to increase I/O throughput within computer systems. Thus some discussion of that topic is appropriately undertaken here.
Considerable effort has been expended heretofore by those skilled in the computer systems development art to increase input/output (I/O) throughput. One approach taken, which approach is discussed in detail in the related applications referenced above, is to specially connect more than one I/O channel [e.g., an Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) channel] to a system bus. This approach has certain limitations, however. For example, in the case of EISA channels, because of their architecture, multiple channels cannot be entirely symmetric. This imposes a number of restraints. First, there is a maximum of fourteen EISA slots available if two channels are used. Second, there must be a specific default EISA bus. All accesses which are not known to go to another channel or to main memory go to the default channel. Third, all Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) adapter cards must go in the default channel. Fourth, EISA channel-to-channel operations which transfer to other channels are not supported, as this introduces a deadlock situation which cannot be handled.
Notwithstanding the restraints mentioned above and, again, as discussed in the related applications, computer systems including system busses capable of supporting more than one I/O channel have been designed. One such system, designed by the assignee of the present invention, is a common interconnect for up to six system nodes: masters, slaves, or both.
Needless to say, a system such as that designed by the assignee of the present invention, including a bus with up to six system nodes and two I/O channels, has complex global memory mapping requirements.
These complex requirements, in turn, cause problems to arise. One problem is that a multitude of descriptors become required to describe the region owned by even a single memory device. Errors arise because of the large number of descriptors that must be employed. A second, related, problem is that use of a large number of descriptors entails use of "deeper" logic, which is slower than less complex logic, because it inherently has more gate delays. A third problem is that the first and second problems mentioned above have heretofore been inevitable, because while those skilled in the art have focused on more artfully using current descriptors, there have been no known pioneering efforts to devise new types of descriptors that simplify memory mapping.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a simple, but effective, global mapping system for computer systems.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for determining which of two I/O channels an address is mapped to in a system wherein two I/O channels are connected to a single computer system bus.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a memory mapping scheme that reduces the number of descriptors required to be employed in complex systems.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new type of descriptor that simplifies memory mapping.
The present invention provides a memory mapping scheme that both efficiently and effectively handles the global memory mapping requirements of a complex system such as that described in the description of related art section above. The present invention does this by providing a global memory mapping scheme for a computer system wherein there are a number of slave devices attached to a system bus, which slave devices have partitioned among themselves a memory address storage system. The memory address storage system is, in turn, divided into a number of regions. Embodiments of the present invention include a subsystem for mapping the regions, which subsystem includes a unique subtractive descriptor that disjunctively allows mapping of regions that reside on only one of a number of input/output channels connected to the system bus. Embodiments of the present invention also employ an address translation register to simply and effectively ensure that cycles with a given address go to the proper one of two I/O channels.
According to the teachings of the present invention, in a computer system having a system bus and at least two input/output channels connected to the system bus through individual bus bridges, a global memory mapping system includes: a plurality of slave devices attached to the system bus; memory partitioned among the plurality of slave devices attached to the system bus, the memory including a plurality of regions; and circuitry for mapping the plurality of regions, the circuitry for mapping including a plurality of descriptors, one of which descriptors is operable to effect subtractive decoding; whereby the global memory system disjunctively allows mapping of regions which reside on one of the at least two input/output channels.
In embodiments of the present invention there may be a memory bus controller and/or a memory controller and/or a system controller directly connected to the system bus. In such embodiments there may be a descriptor to designate memory connected to the memory controller and, further, there may be a descriptor that designates memory not connected to the memory controller.
Also according to the teachings of the present invention, one of the memory regions may designate cacheable memory, one may designate data to be written through, one may designate data to be read only, and one may designate locations within a computer system from where accesses may be satisfied.
Based upon the foregoing, those skilled in the art should understand and appreciate that schemes according to the teachings of the present invention have a number of advantages over prior art schemes. The present invention provides a simple, but effective, global mapping system for PC architectures. The present invention also provides a scheme for effectively determining which of two I/O channels an address is mapped to in a system wherein two I/O channels are connected to a single computer system bus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference may now be made to the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a memory map of a typical EISA computer system;
FIG. 2 is an EISA computer system I/O map summary;
FIG. 3 is a high level schematic diagram of a computer system in which a mapping scheme according to the teachings of the present invention may be used;
FIG. 4 is another high level schematic diagram of a computer system in which a mapping scheme according to the teachings of the present invention may be used;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of partitioned memory regions within which mapping according to the teachings of the present invention may be practiced;
FIG. 6 is a chart of static descriptors that may be employed in an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a chart of signal definitions that may be employed in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a disjunctive region descriptor and a conjunctive region descriptor which describe the same memory region.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings wherein like or similar elements are designated with identical reference numerals throughout the several views and, more particularly, to FIG. 3, there is shown a high level view of a personal computer ("PC") system (generally designated by reference numeral 10).
At the heart of the system 10 is a system bus 12. Shown directly connected to the system bus 12 in FIG. 3 are a processor complex 14, a clock 16, a memory controller 18, a system bus/host style interface bridge 20, and a system controller 22. Each of these elements 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 is discussed in an individual paragraph immediately below.
The system bus 12 supports all communications between processors, memory, and I/O channels within the overall system. To accomplish this, the system bus 12 includes a control bus, a data bus, and an address bus (none of which are shown in FIG. 3). Although variations are possible, a system bus 12 including a 64 bit data bus and a 32 bit address bus would be feasible for modern (e.g. Intel Pentium--based) computer systems. Likewise, in a modern computer system the system bus could be made to run at about 266.sub.-- MBytes a second. Such speed would provide sufficient bandwidth to run two processor complexes 14, discussed immediately below.
The processor complex 14 is, for example, an Intel Pentium processor with an Intel C5/C8 cache controller. Faster or slower processors could be supported with synchronizers in the system controller 22 (discussed further below). In any event, as shown in FIG. 3, the processor complex 14 includes a cache controller 24. Further, within the processor complex 14 is a memory bus controller 26. The purpose of the memory bus controller 26 is to serve as an interface between the cache controller 24 and the system bus 12. The memory bus controller 26 controls the cache controller's access to the system bus 12 completely, using status outputs of the controller to discern its needs. The controller 26 also provides a snooping interface to and from the controller 24. The controller 26 is responsible for maintaining system memory coherency.
The clock 16 is conventional, e.g., a 33.sub.-- Mhz. bus clock.
The memory controller 18 depicted in FIG. 3 is a high performance dynamic random access memory ("DRAM") controller residing in the system 10 between the system bus 12 and DRAM 28. The memory controller 18 is responsible for providing overall control of the memory subsystem and acting as a conduit between the system bus 12 and a memory data bus (not shown in FIG. 3). To accomplish the foregoing, the memory controller may be implemented as a combination address/control and data flow chip.
The system bus/host style interface bridge 20 is a bridge between the system bus 12 and a host style interface bus 30 which is, in turn, connected to an EISA or ISA bus 32 (the former of which is shown in FIG. 3). A purpose of this bridge 20 is to decouple slower host style interface bus transfers or EISA or ISA transfers from the high bandwidth system bus 12. As previously mentioned, the system bus 12 runs at about 266.sub.-- MBytes/second. The host style interface bus, on the other hand, runs at about 133.sub.-- MBytes/second, an EISA bus at 33.sub.-- MBytes/second and an ISA bus at 8.sub.-- MBytes/second. Another purpose of the bridge 20 is to add a cache which caches main memory locations which are accessed by direct memory access ("DMA") channels and masters on the I/O channel.
On a more detailed level, the bridge 20 may comprise an ASIC to handle address and control transfer, and two ASIC's to handle data transfer. The former element could be connected to the latter two elements by an internal bridge interface bus and it could provide virtually all of the functionality needed by them.
Overall, the system 10 depicted in FIG. 3 may work with six nodes (i.e., possible system connection points) on the system bus 12. There may be one or two nodes associated with memory controllers (like memory controller 18), one to four nodes associated with system bus/host style interface bridges (like bridge 20), one to four nodes associated with processors (like processor 14), and any remaining nodes (up to six total) devoted to other masters or slaves.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown another high level schematic diagram of a computer system. The system depicted in FIG. 4 is so similar to that depicted in FIG. 3 that both are designated with reference numeral 10. The system of FIG. 4 is similar to the system of FIG. 3 insofar as both have a system bus 12, a clock 16, and a system controller 22. The system of FIG. 4 differs from that of FIG. 3 insofar as two processor complexes 14a, 14b and two system bus/host style interface bridges 20a, 20b are explicitly shown. Connected to the bridges 20a and 20b are I/O channels 32a and 32b, respectively. One of those channels, e.g., the channel 32a, would be designated as a default channel in an embodiment of the present invention. Further details regarding the structure and operation of system 10 in FIG. 4, particularly insofar as memory mapping is involved, are set forth below. Of course, neither the expressly shown configuration of FIG. 4 nor that of FIG. 3 is limiting of the scope of the present invention. Other configurations may be devised within the guidelines above, and those other configuration are susceptible to being mapped according to the teachings herein.
With the foregoing understood, a global memory mapping system according to the teachings of the present invention may now be discussed. Such a mapping system is discussed immediately below, in the form of specific discussions of general architecture, attributes, distributed memory mapping, slave memory mapping, I/O mapping, register mapping, and I/O space address allocations.
General Architecture
As is well known to those skilled in the art, memory systems can be provided with separate physical memory address spaces and I/O address spaces. The system 10 readily provides a physical memory address space of about four gigabytes and a I/O address space of about 64 kilobytes. In an embodiment of the present invention these two disjoint sets may be partitioned among slaves on the system bus 12. In such a case, where M is the set of all memory addresses, and m.sub.i is the subset of M which resides on the i-th system bus 12 slave:
or simply, all memory addresses within the system 10 would comprise the union of all memory addresses distributed among the slaves.
Further:
.A-inverted.1.ltoreq.i.ltoreq.N,.A-inverted.1.ltoreq.j.ltoreq.N:
That is, for all slaves (e.g., slave i and slave j), in no case is there overlap of memory addresses. The same holds true for I/O addresses.
Attributes
Regarding global memory mapping attributes, according to the teachings of the present invention, the memory address space may be divided up into regions which have different attributes. Attributes supported within embodiments of the present invention include "cacheable", "write thru", "read only", and "locale". The cacheable attribute indicates whether a processor (e.g., processor 14 in FIG. 3) is permitted to place a copy of the returned data in its cache. The "write thru" attribute, if asserted, indicates that a processor (e.g., processor 14 in FIG. 3) is not permitted to mark the returned data as exclusive in its cache. If the "write thru" attribute is marked exclusive, subsequent writes to the same line will be performed only on the cache; they will not be reflected on the bus. If the "write thru" attribute is de-asserted, writes are permitted. The "read only" attribute indicates whether the returned data can be written to. The "locale" attribute indicates from where in the system 10 the access can be satisfied. The exact interpretation of the "locale" attribute may be slave specific.
Referring now to FIG. 5 there is schematically shown how memory regions may be partitioned in an embodiment of the present invention. Depicted in FIG. 5 are six slave nodes 34-44 on the system bus 12. Disjoint sets of memory address space 46 and I/O address space 48 are partitioned among the slaves 34-44. As specifically shown in FIG. 5 only with respect to Slave 6 44, the memory address space 46 is further divided into a cacheable region 50, a write thru region 52, and a read only region 54.
Distributed Memory Mapping
As mentioned previously, embodiments of the present invention employ distributed memory mapping. The physical memory and I/O of the system 10 is mapped with hardware descriptors distributed between the slave nodes 34-44 on the system bus 12. In an embodiment of the present invention, each potential slave is responsible for characterizing the memory regions which it owns. Such characterization can be effected with three system bus signals: one meaning cacheable (MKEN.about.); one meaning read only (MRO.about.); and one meaning write thru (MWT.about.). Each potential slave can satisfy its responsibility for characterizing memory regions which it owns by de-asserting each of the three system bus signals mentioned above if it does not own the current cycle, and by driving correct status if it does own the current cycle. Then, in operation of an embodiment of the present invention, a current master could sample the logical AND of all slave's signals and thus know what to expect.
Referring back to FIG. 3, further with respect to distributed memory mapping in embodiments of the present invention, the system bus/host style interface bridge 20 may be employed to support the memory mapping needs of the entire system 10. This support can be manifested by one bridge 20 (i.e., one bridge selected out of as many as four (4) total) serving as a "sink" for all accesses which go nowhere else. The bridge 20, therefore, should have a duplicate set of all region descriptors which indicate locale for its internal use. Further, the bridge 20 should not drive the bus signals when it is not the selected slave.
Slave Memory Mapping
In embodiments of the present invention mapping should be simple so that slave determination can be quick. In furtherance of this, memory should be represented by large contiguous blocks which abut other slave memory ranges.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is recognized that there are a variety of memory regions which cannot be represented by large blocks. An example of this would be a situation in which there is a device which typically resides in a small physical address which abuts or overlaps memory on another system node. According to the teachings of the present invention, situations like this can be handled by five types of descriptors: a base system memory descriptor; a conjunctive region descriptor; a disjunctive region descriptor; a static descriptor; and a default descriptor. Each of these various types of descriptors is discussed in an individual paragraph immediately below.
The base system memory descriptor indicates the highest address for the resident physical memory of the system 10, i.e., all of the memory associated with or "behind" the memory controller 18. In an embodiment of the present invention this region could be assumed to start at address X "00000000". In an embodiment of the present invention including two memory controllers, it may be considered that their memory regions abut and form one large contiguous region.
The conjunctive region descriptors map regions which reside on the system bus 12 but which are not behind the memory controller 18. These descriptors allow system bus frame buffers and other very high bandwidth memory mapped I/O adapters to exist on the system bus 12.
Regarding the disjunctive region descriptors, it will be recalled that an important aspect of this case and the cases related to it is the fact that multiple I/O channels (e.g., multiple EISA busses 32) can be connected to a system bus like bus 12 (see FIG. 4). In such a environment, the purpose of the disjunctive region descriptors is to map regions which reside on one of the multiple I/O channels (e.g., one of two EISA busses 32a, 32b included within the system 10 depicted in FIG. 4).
The aspect mentioned immediately above is an important one. Broadly, "conjunctive" descriptors define regions "owned" by a device and "disjunctive" descriptors define regions not "owned" by the device. A complete description of a region can comprise a specification of a memory region and an associated field entry to indicate if the region is owned or not owned. Use of disjunctive descriptors enables one to readily assign a memory region to one of the bridges 20. One need merely incorporate a disjunctive descriptor in one bridge (e.g., bridge 20a) and an equivalent conjunctive descriptor into the other bridge (bridge 20b). FIG. 8 illustrates a disjunctive descriptor 78 for slave 2 describing a memory region 64 which is not owned by slave 2. The same memory region 64 is described in slave 1 by a conjunctive descriptor 76 as being owned by slave 1. Thus, the non-described memory region 62 is owned by slave2.
Alternatively, because the two bridges 20a,20b are so closely associated in embodiments of the present invention disjunctive descriptors can be used to enable one of the bridges by being incorporated in the other bridge.
The static descriptors may be used to map specific address ranges which are unique to a particular personal computer (PC) architecture. These specific addresses will reside primarily in the first megabyte of address space, and in various read only memory (ROM) spaces within the system 10. By way of example only, static descriptors could be used to map regions within a PC architecture as prescribed in FIG. 6.
The last of the five types of descriptors mentioned above, the default descriptors, specify the attributes of any region not specified by any one of the other four types of descriptors.
As previously mentioned, all of the foregoing descriptors are incorporated in system 10 in a conventional manner with hardware distributed among the slave nodes on the system bus 12.
Using the acronyms BSMD, CRD, DRD, SD and DD to represent base system memory descriptors, conjunctive region descriptors, disjunctive region descriptors, static descriptors, and default descriptors, respectively, it may be said that the memory controller 18 in the system 10 owns all memory such that:
or, in prose, the memory controller owns all memory "behind" it except for addresses disjunctively designated (i.e., mapped to an I/O channel by a disjunctive descriptor) or uniquely extracted by a static descriptor.
It may also be said that the bridge 20 owns all memory such that:
that is, the bridge 20 memory comprises all addresses disjunctively designated, as well as all non-base system memory designated addresses except for those expressly routed to another slave node (via a conjunctive descriptor) or to unique PC element (via a static descriptor).
System slaves other than the bridge 20 or the memory controller 18 own all memory such that:
That is, the system slaves own the rest of the memory M.
Region Attribute Descriptors
Of course, as is well known to those skilled in the art, a selling point for PC's is ability to connect to a multitude of individually flexible peripherals. In embodiments of the present invention, there are at least several ranges of memory in which any given peripheral may reside. Nevertheless, memory mapping will generally be complex. For example, a system 10 according to the teachings of the present invention may have fifteen EISA slots. Each slave in such a system 10 may have eight or more base/mask region descriptors. These descriptors can be used to map as local or foreign any 2" sized memory region. In an embodiment of the present invention, memory descriptors may be based on a sixteen bit base address and a sixteen bit mask. In such a case, a VHDL description of the semantics employed could be:
At this point it is appropriate to make special note of use of region attribute descriptors in connection with the bridges 20a and 20b. One reason for this is because the bridges 20 need to describe many attributes in embodiments of the present invention. Another reason for this is because considerable memory demands are made on the bridges 20 during mapping according to the teachings of the present invention.
More specifically, because a bridge 20 may need to generate Host local Mem signals when operating, it must know which portions of memory are on the system bus 12. Thus, bridges 20 need descriptors to designate memory behind the memory controller 18, descriptors for memory on an additional EISA bus (i.e., the bus 32b for bridge 20a in FIG. 4), and descriptors for memory mapped system devices (e.g., frame buffers). Further, with special regard to EISA memory attributes, there are a plurality of EISA memory regions whose attributes can be specified in embodiments of the present invention. Also, the attributes of blocks in the region between 640 K and 1 Meg can be specified. Attributes that must be supported include cacheability (i.e., whether a system master can cache the region), post writes (i.e., whether writes to the region may be posted into the store queue), and write protected (i.e., whether writes to the region are actually performed by hardware).
With special regard to I/O mapping and EISA I/O attributes, because the bridges 20 may generate Host local I/O signals when operating, they must therefore know which portions of the I/O space are on the system bus 12. There are a plurality of EISA I/O regions whose attributes can be specified. Attributes that must be supported include post writes (i.e., whether writes to the region may be posted into the store queue) and I/O recovery (i.e., whether back-to-back access to the region have hardware recovery time inserted between them).
I/O Mapping
Discussing now I/O mapping, I/O cycles in embodiments of the present invention are relegated to the EISA bus 32. Each EISA slot (see FIG. 4) could readily be assigned a 1 KByte I/O space in system 10. Further, mapping between an EISA slot and a channel can be programmed into its bridge 20 as discussed below.
In embodiments of the present invention, EISA or geographically addressed I/O accesses get sent to the appropriate channels. Geographic addressing includes addressing where certain address ranges are mapped into different physical slots, i.e., where the physical slots perform the address decoding. Each such channel could, for example, have a sixteen bit bitmask indicating which geographical address it owns. Each channel could then only respond to addresses in the range indicated in its bit map. Further, according to the teachings of the present invention, all ISA I/O accesses get sent to the predetermined default EISA channel (to which any ISA adapter card must be connected). Finally, EISA masters on channels other than the default channel have their ISA accesses sent out on the system bus 12 and onto the default channel.
An aspect of the present invention that is extremely important is the fact that an address translation register may be incorporated therein to ensure cycles with a given address go to the proper one of the two EISA I/O channels. One of the bridges 20 cannot have an address .O slashed.; therefore, an address translation register can be employed to change the address so that it can be used on that bridge as necessary. Further details on this point may be found in section 4.4.3 of the Bifrost Specification in the appendix.
Regarding memory accesses in a multiple EISA channel architecture, it should be recognized that all standard EISA hardware resources--direct memory access (DMA) channels, an interrupt controller, and timer/counters--would be fully supported and available for system use. By way of example only, the base I/O addresses of these devices on each channel could be channel 0--default (using EISA I/O address in the ranges of X'0000' through X'00FF' and X'0400' through X'04FF'), channel 1 (using I/O addresses in the ranges of X'0800' through X'08FF' and X'0C00' through X'OCFF'), channel 2 (using I/O addresses in the ranges of X'F000' through X'F0FF' and X'F400' through X'F4FF'), and channel 3 (using I/O addresses in the ranges of X'F800' through X'F8FF' and X'FC00' through X'FCFF').
Register Mapping
System register mapping is an exception to the above-described I/O mapping scheme. In embodiments of the present invention, the system register region may be defined as a sixteen byte I/O region between address X'000000E0' and X'000000EF'. This region may also be aliased into a high memory region between addresses X'FF0000E0' and X'FF0000EF'. Further details are set forth below. The system register region is responded to by system peripherals only.
In embodiments of the present invention, each system peripheral can be assigned two bytes of I/O space, for an index register and a data register. The index register, which can be located at the lower of the two I/O addresses, can be written to indicate the actual address of the subsequent data access. The data register, on the other hand, which can be located at the higher of the two I/O addresses, can be accessed to read or write data to the register to which the index pointer is currently pointing. Accesses to the data register can automatically increment the index register. In embodiments of the present invention, chips may be designed so that when multiple chips need to be programmed with the same information, the information is represented in an identical manner in each chip. This could include the bit order within registers and the order of the registers within the indexed area.
Continuing to discuss register mapping, I/O accesses within the system 10 are resolved with geographic addressing. In such a scheme, the chips may be informed which slot they are inserted into by pullups and pulldowns on certain lines discussed above--i.e., the MKEN.about., MRO.about., and MWT.about.lines--during reset. The aforementioned signals are not bussed, and all slaves generate them. At reset time a slave can float the signals and latch the value put there by pullups and pulldowns, creating a slot identity (ID) for the slave. Along this line, appropriate signal definitions for an embodiment of the present invention are set forth in FIG. 7. Referring to FIG. 7, it should be appreciated that the particular slot ID a slave has determines the byte enables used to access it. The system controller 22 is on byte enables 0 and 1 to enable it to respond to interrupt acknowledge cycles which are on byte 0. The other slaves are spread across the byte lanes of the data bus to reduce loading.
I/O Space Address Relocations
Regarding I/O space address relocations, in an embodiment of the present invention a certain amount (e.g., the upper 64 megabytes) of address space may be aliased into I/O channel specific accesses. This could support four I/O channels with 16 megabytes of address space each. The lower 64K of each of these regions could be dedicated to I/O cycles. Still further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the upper 16 megabytes in this region could be allocated to the default I/O channel and the basic input/output system (BIOS) boot ROM could be put on that channel. This allocation would support Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processors that do not have I/O instructions, support ISA devices in secondary I/O channels, and enable the boot code and diagnostics to look at what is in the system 10 without programming the bridge 20 descriptors.
Although the foregoing is enough to enable those skilled in the art to practice the present invention, to facilitate such practice and to explicitly set forth the best mode known to the inventors to practice it, complete details regarding an actually designed embodiment of the present invention are in the appendix hereto.
Based upon the foregoing, those skilled in the art should now understand and appreciate that the present invention provides a simple, but effective, global mapping system for PC architectures. The present invention also provides a scheme for effectively mapping addresses from one I/O channel to another I/O channel in a system in which two I/O channels are connected to a single computer system bus.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations are possible in view of the teachings above. Accordingly, within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. ##SPC1##
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a computer system having a system memory address space, a global memory mapping system comprising: a system bus; a bus device coupled to said system bus, wherein said bus device comprises a first memory and logic for mapping a portion of the system memory address space to said first memory; wherein said logic for mapping a portion of the system memory address space to said first memory comprises a base descriptor defining a first range of the system memory address space, wherein said first range is mapped to said first memory; a default I/O channel; a first I/O channel bridge device coupled to said system bus and to said default I/O channel, wherein said first I/O channel bridge comprises logic for mapping a portion of the system memory address space to a memory coupled to said default I/O channel; wherein said logic for mapping a portion of the system memory address space to a memory coupled to said default I/O channel comprises a bit mask descriptor defining a second range of the system memory address space and a disjunctive region descriptor defining a disjunctive region within said second range, wherein said second range of the system memory address space is mapped to said memory coupled to said default I/O channel except for said disjunctive region, and wherein said second range is exclusive of said first range; a secondary I/O channel; a second I/O channel bridge device coupled to said system bus and to said secondary I/O channel, wherein said second I/O channel bridge comprises logic for mapping a portion of the system memory address space to a memory coupled to said secondary I/O channel; wherein said logic for mapping a portion of the system memory address space to a memory coupled to said secondary I/O channel comprises a conjunctive region descriptor defining a conjunctive region of the system memory address space, wherein only said conjunctive region is mapped to said memory coupled to said secondary I/O channel; and wherein said conjunctive region corresponds to said disjunctive region.
2. The global memory mapping system of claim 1 wherein said default I/O channel and said secondary I/O channel support Extended Industry Standard Architecture devices.