Curved Surface Generating Method and Apparatus Therefor

The present invention relates to a method for generating a curved surface by a curved surface generator such as CAD, CAM, etc., and particularly relates to a curved surface generating method and an apparatus therefor, which are suitable for generating a curved surface designed by an operator, through a simple procedure.

CAD/CAM systems have been popularized so that designed furnishings, cars, industrial arts and the like have been drawn by a computer. In the case where a designer uses such a conventional system to express an image of a certain shape, first a shape approximating to the target shape is drawn by shape feature line groups and then these line groups are decomposed or auxiliary lines are added thereto so that the image is expressed as tetragonal nets generated in three-dimensional space. For example, such nets are expressed by line groups constituting sides of tetragons and are called "wire frame". Then, a curved surface called "tetragonal patch" is generated correspondingly to each of the tetragons constituting the wire frame. Further, adjacent tetragonal patches are connected to one another so smoothly as to form a curved surface on the whole of the wire frame. In the case where each tetragonal patch is generated, a point on the patch is expressed by a vector function on the basis of the rule of smoothly changing opposite sides of a tetragon from one to the other. As the vector function, used is a Bezier or B-spline three-order equation having two parameters because the calculation thereof is easy.

In the case where adjacent tetragonal patches are connected to one another so smoothly as to form a curved surface, a considerably complex process is required. Further, it is difficult that a formative structure having an end portion greatly distorted in shape is sufficiently expressed by the tetragonal wire frame (three-dimensional graph). Therefore, as described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication JP-A-63-159982, a wire frame is generated so as to contain trigonal patches as well as tetragonal patches to thereby smoothly generate a curved surface in the trigonal and tetragonal patches contained in the wire frame. Further, as described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication JP-A-61-265675, curved surface patches being constantly lifted or dented to locally modify the wire frame are generated again in the case where a curved surface once generated is out of the target shape.

In the case where a curved surface of an arbitrary shape is generated by the conventional CAD/CAM system, a complex process is required for operating patch dividing means, patch connecting means and the like because the curved surface is expressed as a set of trigonal and tetragonal patches. That is, in order to express the curved surface of the wire frame by trigonal and tetragonal patches, skilled computer engineer's work independent of designer's work is indispensable to the obtaining of a curved surface to be found. For example, the design of a body of an airplane or a body of a car greatly depends on computer engineer's techniques. That is, not only the conventional curved surface generator is difficult to handle to the designer as a green hand at the computer techniques but a large time is required for computer engineer's operation. There arises a problem in that designer's original work may be often stopped. This is a factor by which the curved surface generator is not sufficiently popularized but is used as a computer engineer's private apparatus.

An object of the present invention is to provide a curved surface generating method and an apparatus therefore, in which it is possible to save the curved surface generating process so that an ordinary operator can generate an arbitrary three-dimensional curved surface easily and speedily.

According to a first aspect of the invention, when a curved surface of an arbitrary shape is to be generated in the form of a closed curve to thereby exhibit the curved surface on a display, first the boundary of an arbitrary shape of the curved surface to be generated is generated, then a projection line is generated onto a plane as a reference closed curve in one-to-one correspondence with the boundary, then a curved surface generated over the boundary of the arbitrary shape by using the reference closed curve is expressed by an equation of a predetermined physical property, and then the boundary condition for the equation is designated to change the shape of the surface generated over the reference closed curve to thereby generate, as the target curved surface, a projection surface which is obtained by projecting the reference closed curve onto the boundary of the arbitrary shape of the curved surface.

According to a second aspect of the invention, when a curved surface is to be generated on a closed curve of an arbitrary and exhibited on a display, first the boundary of a curved surface of an arbitrary shape to be generated is generated, then a projection line is generated on a plane as a reference closed curve in one-to-one correspondence with the boundary, then the region enclosed in the reference closed curve is divided into polygons not overlapping one on another, then curved surfaces on the polygons are expressed by equations of a predetermined physical property, and then the boundary condition is set into the respective equations to change the shape of the curved surface generated on each of the polygons, and a found curved surface is generated as a projection surface which is obtained when the reference closed curve is projected onto the boundary of the curved surface of the arbitrary shape.

The curved surface generated over the reference closed curve is expressed by an equation of an elastic physical property.

When the curved surface generated over the reference closed curve is expressed by an equation of an elastic film having an elastic physical property to generate the curved surface on the closed curve of the arbitrary shape, the whole shape of the curved surface generated on the closed curve of the arbitrary shape is determined at once. The curved surface can be relatively easily generated on the closed curve of the arbitrary shape, compared with the conventional method in which the curved surface is generated by connecting small patches to one another. The shape of the curved surface generated on the arbitrary closed curve on a three-dimensional space is changed so as to adjust the reference closed curve on the plane to the boundary of the curved surface of the arbitrary shape on the three-dimensional space. When the curved surface is changed correspondingly to the change of the reference closed curve, the curved surface can be easily and speedily generated on the closed curve of the arbitrary shape.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing the processes of a curved surface generating method as an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a curved surface generating apparatus as an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining the relations between a closed curve, a reference plane and the region thereof;

FIG. 4 is a graph for explaining the division of the region into trigonal elements;

FIG. 5 is a graph for explaining parameters for a relational expression of interpolation with respect to a trigonal element;

FIG. 6 is a graph for explaining the setting of luminance data on the basis of a color solid in an HLS system;

FIG. 7 is a view showing a sectional curved surface A of a car body; and

FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the sectional wire frame B in which the boundary thereof is shown by the arrows B.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described hereunder with reference to the drawings.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a curved surface generating apparatus as an embodiment of the invention. In the curved surface generating apparatus in this embodiment, when an operator operates an input device 110 to read a program of a curved surface generating control procedure stored in a memory 130 onto a central processing unit 100 and then execute the program, a figure of a wire frame, an intermediate figure and a resulting figure of a surface curve are exhibited on a display device 120 correspondingly to the stages of the operator's input operation. Data for these figures are stored in a curved surface data memory 140 so that the data are used by the following processes.

FIG. 1 is a constituent diagram of a computer program concerned with the processes of the above-mentioned curved surface generating method. For, example, first in a process P1, a wire frame, that is, a closed curve, is generated to express a part of a car body. This generating method is the same as the conventional method in which the closed curve is generated as a three-dimensional closed curve of the car body. In a process P2, execution of a series of processes P21 to P23 (which will be described later) is repeated by the number of sectional boundary surfaces as a part of the wire frame expressing the whole of the car body. The sectional boundary surfaces are individual curved surfaces obtained by decomposing the whole curved surface expressed by the wire frame into relatively simple frames. When, for example, the whole curved surface of a car body is generated, the whole shape is generated as a set of a bonnet portion, a wind shield portion, a tire portion, a trunk portion and the like. The respective portions make such sectional boundary surfaces. Each of the sectional boundary surfaces is used as a curved surface generating unit which will be described hereunder. A closed curve containing each of the sectional boundary surfaces is called "sectional wire frame". In a process P21, one sectional wire frame as described above is picked up. In a process P22, a reference plane which will be described later is set. In a process P23, a series of processes P231 to P233 is repeated. A desired curved surface is generated by the repetition of the series of processes P231 to P233. The setting of a reference plane in the process P22, the setting of control parameters in the process P231 and the generation of a curved surface in the process P232 will be described hereunder more in detail. The evaluation of the curved surface in the process P233 is based on the designer's seeing of the curved surface generated and exhibited on the display device 120.

FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining the setting of a reference plane in the process P22. Let .differential..GAMMA. be the closed curve (the sectional wire frame picked up as a part of the wire frame of the car body in the process P21) exhibited in three-dimensional space. One plane .pi. for the closed curve .differential..GAMMA. is now considered, so that an image obtained by parallel projection of the closed curve .differential..GAMMA. onto the plane .pi. along the direction of normal line onto the plane .pi. is expressed by a closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi.. The plane .pi. is set so that the closed curve .differential..GAMMA. has one-to-one correspondence with the closed curve .GAMMA..pi. (the meaning is that points on the two closed curves have one-to-one correspondence) and so that the area of a two-dimensional region .GAMMA..pi. enclosed in the closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi. is maximized (or made as large as possible). The plane .pi. is used as a reference plane. The reference plane is represented by .pi. similarly to the afore-mentioned plane. This is a reference plane setting method in the process P22. The closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi. obtained on the reference plane .pi. is now called "reference closed curve". The two-dimensional region .GAMMA..pi. is merely called "region".

Then, with respect to a curved surface to find a projection surface as having one-to-one correspondence with the region .GAMMA..pi., the rule of generating such a projection surface is set. When the curved surface generating conditions are R11 and R12, the rule is set as follows.

[Condition R11]

When a curved surface having a closed curve .differential..GAMMA. as the boundary is represented by .GAMMA., the curved surface .GAMMA. is projected onto the region .GAMMA..pi. in one-to-one correspondence. When the two axes x and y in a rectangular coordinate system are placed on the reference plane .pi. and the normal line on the reference plane .pi. is used as the z axis, the curved surface .GAMMA. of a desired shape to be found can be univocally represented by the following equation.

[Condition R12]

The curved surface .GAMMA. is a result of the change of the region .GAMMA..pi. obtained by changing the reference closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi. so as to coincide with the closed curve .differential..GAMMA.. Here, the region .GAMMA..pi. is dealt with as a surface obeying the physical rule, for example, as an elastic film. When the region .GAMMA..pi. is considered as an elastic film, the shape of the curved surface .GAMMA. obeys the relation of the following equation (2). ##EQU1##

Because this equation is an equation of an elastic film, a condition expressed by the following equations (3) and (4) is given as the boundary condition for solving the equation (2).

In these equations, "'" is a symbol expressing a "given" value. That is, input data h'(x,y) in the equation (2) as the boundary condition shows a loading condition for determining the shape of the curved surface, or in other words, h'(x,y) shows a virtual mechanical force. The value of this force is set by the operator. The value may be inputted through a keyboard or may be designated through a mouse. While the curved surface is fixed to .differential..GAMMA. and then the tangential plane of the curved surface on .differential..GAMMA. is defined as the boundary condition, the gradient of the film in the outerward normal line on .differential..GAMMA..pi. is given by the equation (4). The change of the gradient is designated by color gradation or by arrows.

As described above, when the operator sets both the gradient at the boundary of the sectional wire frame and the mechanical force of the film, the shape of the curved surface generated in the sectional wire frame is calculated on the basis of the equation (2) and exhibited on the display device 120. In the case where the exhibited shape of the curved surface is to be changed, the changed curved surface is calculated in the same manner as described above simply by changing the set values of the mechanical force and the gradient and then exhibited. As described above, in this embodiment, the curved surface is automatically generated by a computer according to the equation of an elastic film on the assumption that the curved surface is considered as an elastic film having physical properties. Accordingly, processes such as a process of connecting trigonal or tetragonal patches are not required, so that the shape of a desired curved surface can be obtained speedily.

As described above, FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining the process of generating the curved surface .GAMMA. by the curved surface generating method according to the present invention. An example of the curved surface generated by the curved surface generating method according to the invention is shown in FIG. 7. When the sectional curved surface A shown in FIG. 7 is generated by the conventional method, the curved surface .GAMMA. is formed by trigonal or tetragonal patches, that is, the curved surface .GAMMA. is expressed by a large number of patches. On the contrary, according to the invention, the curved surface .GAMMA. of the sectional wire flame A can be generated by the boundary, mechanical force, and given a gradient on the boundary. The boundary is given by a mouse or an electronic pen as shown by the arrows B in FIG. 8. The change of the curved surface .GAMMA. can be achieved simply by modifying the mechanical force or gradient.

Although this embodiment has shown the case where the physical properties of an elastic film is considered as those of the curved surface, it is a matter of course that the invention is not limited thereto and that the equation (2) of the curved surface is modified to the following equation (2a).

A virtual region .GAMMA..pi. generated over the reference closed curve .GAMMA..pi. is obtained by solving the equation (2a) with the equations (3) and (4) as the boundary condition. This is equivalent to the fact that a Coons curved surface having a tetragon as the boundary as conventionally used in curved surface design is extended to a curved surface generated over a general reference closed curve.

Otherwise, a soap film may be used. When the soap film is used, the curved surface .GAMMA. is obtained so as to minimize the surface area thereof. The following equation (2b) is a general minimum curved surface equation based on an area function A(z). ##EQU2##

When the equation (2b) instead of the equation (2) is solved with the equation (3) as the boundary condition (in this case, the equation (4) is disused), a curved surface .GAMMA. having the properties of the soap film. When the film surface or curved surface in the equation (2b) closely resembles a plane, that is, when the following condition is valid, the equation (2b) is rearranged to the following harmonic equation (2c).

the equation (2b) is rearranged to the following harmonic equation (2c).

Accordingly, with respect to the equation of a soap film, the equation (2b) can be initially used as an approximate equation. When another interpretation is given to the equation (2c), that is, when Z is considered as potential, the equation (2c) is an equation expressing a potential distribution in an electrostatic field. Accordingly, the curved surface .GAMMA. obtained by solving the equation (2c) can be expressed as a virtual film surface or curved surface in imitation of the potential distribution.

Further, the curved surface can be expressed virtually by an electromagnetic equation or fluid equation instead of the elastic equation.

As to the method for solving the equation (2), the invention is not limited to the specific embodiment. For example, any one of a solution using a differential equation, a method using function analysis, a method using numerical analysis and the like may be used. In this case, the equation (2) can be solved with the 0 variation as follows.

In this case, the equation (2) is given as follows. ##EQU3## .PI.(z) represents internal energy such as strain and potential energy. .delta..PI.(z)=0 means that the elastic film is formed on the curved surface so as to minimize the internal energy.

Another embodiment of generation of a curved surface will be described hereunder with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. In this embodiment, first a reference plane .pi. for a closed curve .differential..GAMMA. placed in three-dimensional placed in three-dimensional space, a projection image (reference closed curve) .differential..GAMMA..pi. of the closed curve .differential..GAMMA. and a region .GAMMA..pi. are obtained in the same manner as in the case of FIG. 3. Then, as shown in the drawing, an Euclidean simplex complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA. is formed by dividing the region .GAMMA..pi. into trigons as basic elements. When the boundary of the complex simplex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA. is represented by .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA., the nodal point of the trigonal element on the boundary .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA. of the complex is considered to be placed on the reference closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi. and, at the same time, the boundary .differential..GAMMA..DELTA..pi." of the complex is considered to complex is considered to sufficiently approximate the reference closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi.. Here, to discriminate the coordinates on the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA. from the coordinates (x,y) on the region .GAMMA..pi., the x and axes are copied to .xi. and .eta. axes on the reference plane .pi. so that a point on the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA. can be expressed as the coordinates (.xi.,.eta.).

Processes R1, R2, R3 and R4 for generating a curved surface of the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA. are set as follows.

[Process R1]

When the curved surface .GAMMA. is expressed by a vector function S(.xi.,.eta.) concerned with a point (.xi.,.eta.), the following equation (7) is obtained.

That is, a point on the curved surface .GAMMA. is expressed as a displacement of the point on the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA..

[Process R2]

The respective displacements in the x, y and z directions are mutually independent because (x,y,z) are not closely connected for the point (.xi.,.eta.).

[Process R3]

The components x(.xi.,.eta.) and y(.xi.,.eta.) are harmonic functions, so that the change (.xi.,.eta.).fwdarw.(x,y) brings the transformation of the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA..fwdarw.the region .GAMMA..pi.. This relation obeys the following equations (8) and (9) with respect to x and y. ##EQU4##

In the equations, x' and y' are functions given as the boundary condition and defined on the boundary .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA. of the complex. The z-direction displacement obeys the rule of changing a virtual elastic film. That is, the displacement z(.xi.,.eta.) is obtained by solving the following equation (10). ##EQU5##

In this equation, the boundary condition is also expressed as the equations (3) and (4) (z' and the normal line at z' have values on the boundary .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA. of the complex). That is, h'(.xi.,.eta.) represents a virtual mechanical force for determining the shape of the curved surface. The gradient may be designated by an arrow through a mouse in the center of a hatched line segment on the boundary .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA. of the complex or may be designated by color gradation.

[Process R4]

The relation of the region .GAMMA..pi..fwdarw.the curved surface .GAMMA. is determined as follows. ##STR1##

Because the boundary of .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA. the complex sufficiently closely approximate the reference closed curve in the process R2, the following equation (12) is obtained. ##EQU6##

Accordingly, the components x(.xi.,.eta.) and y(.xi.,.eta.) do not have a large influence on the shape of the curved surface .GAMMA..

The process R3 is classified into processes R31 and R32.

[Process R31]

With respect to the trigonal elements in the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA., a component z(.xi.,.eta.) in the inside thereof is represented by the following equation based on z" for each trigon. Here, --"-- is used as a symbol expressing z defined for each trigon.

The right side of the equation (13) is an interpolation function defined by giving the nodal point (z, .differential.z/.differential..xi., .differential.z/.differential..eta.) for each trigon and the gradient (.differential.z/.differential..eta.) at the middle point of each side of the trigon as shown in FIG. 5 and is represented by the following equation using symbols shown in FIG. 5. ##EQU7## [Process R32]

All elements contained in { } for determining the function z" in the right side of the equation (13) of trigonal elements .DELTA. constituting the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA. defined by the following relational equation (15). ##EQU8## In the equation (15), the function .PI. is represented by the following equation (16). ##EQU9##

In the equation (17), "*" is a symbol expressing that the point is on the boundary.

As described above, the sectional curved surface A as shown in FIG. 7 can be obtained in the same manner as in the previous embodiment by: expressing the reference closed curve .differential..GAMMA..pi. by the equation (10) of a virtual elastic film; giving a mechanical force thereto; dividing the region .GAMMA..pi. into an Euclidean simplex complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA.; and giving a gradient to the boundary .differential..GAMMA..pi..DELTA. of the complex.

The processes R31 and R32 are processes for generating a curved surface by reference to trigonal elements of the complex .GAMMA..pi..DELTA., sides thereof and nodal points thereof. The processes R31 and R32 are obtained by classifying the process R3. For example, the interpolation function described in the process R31 is composed by an HCT adaptive triangular element method described in the reading by Kyuichiro Washitsu et al., "Finite Element Method Handbook Basic Compilation", Baifukan, Pages 256-263. In the process R32, simultaneous linear equations concerned with desired unknown variables are consequently obtained, so that the solution thereof is univocally obtained. Various techniques for solving the simultaneous equations are solving the simultaneous equations are known. For example, the simultaneous equations can be solved by a Gauss' erasing technique. In this embodiment, the process of dividing the region .GAMMA..pi. into trigons is required, but is easily carried out because the process is applied on the reference plane .pi.. Further, a known automatic dividing method can be used. Because the problem is dealt with after it is classified into small parts, a curved surface .pi. can be easily generated from a three-dimensional closed curve given by the designer.

Although the embodiments have shown the case where control parameters for generating a curved surface are given correspondingly to the curved surface .GAMMA. so that the rule of trial and error is repeated for setting the control parameters to generate a desired curved surface, the invention can be applied to the case where a technique of setting physical continuous quantities at respective points on the curved surface .GAMMA..pi. may be used as a method of giving control parameters. As an example thereof, the region .GAMMA..pi. may be classified by color groups C(L) having the continuous physical quantity of L (luminance) on the condition that both H (hue) and S (saturation) are fixed in an HLS color solid view as shown in FIG. 6, so that control parameters can be expressed by the values of L (luminance data) corresponding to respective picture elements on the region .GAMMA..pi.. The curved surface can be changed not only easily through setting such control parameters on the whole of the region but interactively through exhibition on the display.

According to the present invention, not only the shape of a curved surface desired by the designer can be easily and speedily generated and exhibited on the display but the operating property of the curved surface generator can be improved so greatly that unskilled operators can master this generator.