US 5,607,272 AGrant
Attachment Plate for Insulation Panels
Issue Date:1997-03-04
•16 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An attachment plate is used to attach insulation panels to building substrates using internal combustion cordless nail setting tools loaded with collating strips for feeding and holding nails in the tool magazine. The attachment plate has a washer and an annular chamber at a first end. A wall of the annular chamber is defined by a band of fingers. The interior of the attachment plate has a recess. The attachment plate second end has flexible tabs. The attachment plate is placed on a pilot and against a flange of a tool adapter. The attachment plate is pushed into the insulation panel such that the tool muzzle bends the fingers and passes through the same. When the tool is fired, a nail and nail collating ring are forced into and captured within the recess. The tabs bend against the substrate if the insulation panel is of less than nominal thickness.
Metadata
Assignee
- Illinois Tool Works Inc.
Inventors
- Gilbert Olvera
- Michael C. Dill
Application Information
Application Number:US 3693546
Filing Date:1995-01-06
Priority Date:1995-01-06
Art Unit:358
Classifications
IPC:
F16B 4300E04B 500
Field of Search:
41152227531;533;542;544;368;369;440;441410;51210
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to building construction, and more particularly to apparatus for attaching insulation panels to structural substrates.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many types of buildings include compressible insulation panels attached to structural substrates. The insulation panels are typically attached in place by mechanical fasteners such as screws or nails in conjunction with specialized attachment devices. The attachment devices are commonly thin plates having relatively large areas. The plates are placed on the insulation panel surface which is disposed opposite the surface of the panel which is disposed in contact with the substrate, and the fasteners are driven through the plates and insulation panel into the substrate.
The process of attaching insulation panels to buildings has traditionally been slow and costly. If screws are used as the fasteners, holes must be predrilled into the masonry or other substrate. Self-drilling screws require time for drilling and tapping. Further, the screws must be fed individually into the front of an electric screw gun tool. With powder driven nails as the fasteners, the nails and powder loads must be fed individually or in small numbers, usually by hand, into the power setting tool.
Examples of prior insulation panel attachment devices may be seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,307,348; 4,380,413; 4,545,270; 4,606,168; and 4,862,664. The attachment devices of the foregoing patents do not pass completely through an insulation panel from its exposed surface to the substrate. Consequently, it is difficult to consistently apply the correct amount of force to the fasteners. If too little force is applied, the plate portions of the attachment devices will project improperly above the exposed surface of the insulation panel. In addition, the fasteners will not be sufficiently embedded into the substrate, so they will have a tendency to work loose. If too much force is applied to the attachment devices, they will penetrate excessively into the insulation panels.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,054,983 and 5,171,118 show insulation panel attachment devices that pass entirely through insulation panels. These attachment devices can thus clamp insulation panels to a substrate with a uniform force. On the other hand, these devices of the two patents suffer the drawback of being unable to accommodate insulation panels having thicknesses that vary from a nominal thickness. Further, the devices of the foregoing patents require installation by power setting tools that require individual feeding of the nails and the powder loads. Consequently, installation times are undesirably high.
Summary of the Invention
In accordance with the present invention, an attachment plate for insulation panels is provided that greatly increases the productivity of attaching insulation panels to buildings. This is accomplished by designing the attachment plate such that the plate is able to be installed using a combustion powered repeating type setting tool and to accommodate insulation panels of varying thickness.
The attachment plate extends along a longitudinal axis between first and second ends. At the first end is a flat washer of relatively large area. The plane of the washer is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The washer has a central opening therethrough of a first diameter. The first diameter is sized to snugly accept an adapter of an internal combustion cordless nail setting tool that is loaded with nails held in collating strips.
A tubular member having sections of varying diameters and lengths extends concentrically about the longitudinal axis and is joined to the attachment plate second end. A first section of the tubular member has generally the same inner diameter as the washer central opening but a smaller outer diameter. The length of the inner diameter portion of the tubular member first section is sufficient to axially guide the tool adapter. The first tubular section inner diameter terminates in an annular surface transverse to the longitudinal axis.
A second section of the tubular member extends from the first section toward the attachment plate second end. The second section defines a recess that has an inner diameter and an axial length which are sized to accept a nail collating ring. A third section of the tubular member has a passage with an inner diameter and an axial length which are suitable for accepting and guiding the shank of a nail. The outer diameter of the third section is frusto-conical. A fourth section of the tubular member has a cylindrical outer diameter and a relatively thin wall. The passage of the third section continues through the fourth section. The fourth section has two or more transverse slots therethrough such that the fourth section is in the form of tabs.
Upstanding from the transverse surface at the end of the inner diameter of the tubular member first section is a band of double fingers. The double fingers are fabricated as a plurality of first fingers having respective first ends that are bendably joined to the transverse surface. The first fingers extend toward the first end of the attachment plate and are disposed concentrically about the longitudinal axis of the attachment plate where they terminate in respective second ends. The band of first fingers has an outer diameter that is spaced from the inner diameter of the tubular member first section so as to form an annular chamber therebetween. The interior of the band of first fingers defines a central counterbore. A second finger is bendably joined at a first end thereof to the second end of each first finger. The second fingers extend radially inwardly toward the longitudinal axis so as to bendably close the counterbore.
It is a feature of the present invention that the attachment plate can accommodate insulation panels having thicknesses different than a nominal thickness. If the insulation panel thickness is slightly less than nominal, the attachment plate second end contacts the substrate before the washer is flush with the exposed surface of the panel. Upon firing the tool, the nail forces the attachment plate fully into the panel by bending the tabs the amount necessary to assure that the installed attachment plate does not protrude above the exposed surface of the panel. If the panel has a slightly greater thickness than nominal, the attachment plate second end is spaced from the substrate when the attachment plate washer is flush with the exposed surface of the panel. When the tool is fired, the nail forces the washer to penetrate the panel a slightly further amount until the attachment plate second end contacts the substrate. In that situation, the tabs do not bend.
The method and apparatus of the invention, using a multi-section attachment plate, thus enables insulation panels to be very rapidly and easily installed on a building using a repeating impulse tool. The attachment plate also enables insulation panels of varying thicknesses to be installed with a consistent clamping force.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Other advantages, benefits, and features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top view of the attachment plate of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the attachment plate.
FIG. 4 is an exploded view showing a repeating impulse nail setting tool for attaching an insulation panel to a building substrate using the attachment plate of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view similar to FIG. 4, showing the attachment plate partially installed within the insulation panel.
FIGS. 6A-6D are longitudinal cross sectional views of the attachment plate and a portion of the nail setting tool during various stages of the installation of the attachment plate.
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the attachment plate installed upon a building substrate.
FIGS. 8 and 8A are views similar to FIGS. 6A and 6D, respectively, but showing the attachment plate in conjunction with an insulation panel of greater than nominal thickness.
FIGS. 9 and 9A are views similar to FIGS. 8 and 8A, respectively, but showing the attachment plate in combination with an insulation panel of less than nominal thickness.
FIG. 10 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of a modified embodiment of the attachment plate of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of a further modified embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Although the disclosure hereof is detailed and exact to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, the physical embodiments herein disclosed merely exemplify the invention, which may be embodied in other specific structure. The scope of the invention is defined in the claims appended hereto.
Referring to FIGS. 1-3, an attachment plate 1 for insulation panels as illustrated comprises the present invention. The attachment plate 1 is constructed as a tubular piece that is symmetrical about a longitudinal axis 3 and that has first and second ends 2 and 5, respectively. At the plate first end 2 is a washer 7 of relatively large outer diameter 8 and having a central opening 10. A number of openings pass through the washer 7. The openings may be in the form of holes 9 having frusto-conical cross sections, with the holes having their apexes toward the attachment plate first end 2. The holes 9 provide flexibility to the washer.
Joined to the washer 7 and extending toward the attachment plate second end 5 is a tubular member 11. In the preferred embodiment, the tubular member 11 has four sections 13, 15, 17, and 19. The first section 13 has an outer diameter 21 that is substantially smaller than the washer outer diameter 8. The first section has an inner diameter 23 that is the same size as the diameter of the washer central opening 10. The inner diameter 23 terminates in a first annular transverse surface 24.
The second section 15 of the tubular member 11 has an outer diameter 25 that preferably is less than the outer diameter 21 of the first section 13 and an inner diameter 27 that is less than the first section inner diameter 23. The second section inner diameter 27 is smoothly connected to the transverse surface 24 of the first section 13 through a dished transition surface 28. The second section inner diameter 27 terminates in a second transverse surface 30. The inner diameter 27 and transverse surface 30 cooperate to define a recess 29 that is sized to accept a nail collating ring, as will be explained presently.
The third section 17 has a frusto-conical outer diameter 33. The third section 17 defines an internal passage 31 that is sized to guide a nail.
The fourth section 19 has a cylindrical outer diameter 35. The passage 31 continues through the fourth section 19. The fourth section 19 has a thin wall. Several slots 39, which may be four in number, are cut transversely through the fourth section 19 wall so as to form tabs 41.
Upstanding from the transverse surface 24 is a band of double fingers 45. Each double finger 45 has a first finger 47 having a first end joined by a living hinge to the transverse surface 24 and a second end that is approximately coplanar with the attachment plate first end 2. The first fingers 47 converge slightly toward the attachment plate first end 2. A second finger 49 is bendably joined by a living hinge at a first end thereof to the second end of each respective first finger 47. The second fingers 49 are generally triangular in shape, as best shown in FIG. 1. The second fingers 49 extend radially inwardly toward the longitudinal axis 3, and they lie in a transverse plane generally coplanar with the attachment plate first end 2. The first fingers 47, the washer central opening 10, the inner diameter 23, and the transverse surface 24 cooperate to form an annular chamber 51 having a generally rectangular cross section when viewed from the side. The first fingers 47 also define a central counterbore 53, which is normally closed by the second fingers 49. For maximum flexibility and resistance to thermal conductivity, the attachment plate 1 is preferably made from a thermoplastic material.
Now turning to FIGS. 4 and 5, a tool 55 is shown that is used to attach an insulation panel 57 to a building substrate 59 by means of the attachment plate 1. The substrate 59 can be any structure found in the construction industry, such as concrete, masonry, wood, or steel. A major benefit of the present invention is that the tool 55 is an internal combustion power nail setting tool commonly used to fasten wood and light gauge metal. An exemplary setting tool is manufactured and marketed by Illinois Tool Works of Glenview, Ill., under the trademarks TRAKFAST and IMPULSE. Those tools have collated nail magazines and fuel canisters for providing power. The collating features a plastic strip such as is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,340 used for feeding and holding nails in the tool magazine. The plastic collating material holds a nail as it is fired from the tool and acts as a clamping washer when installing the attachment plate 1 to the substrate 59. The power setting tool 55 enables rapid, continuous, and consistent operation until the nail magazine is empty.
Secured to the power setting tool 55 is a plate 61. An adapter 63 is mounted upon the plate 61 concentric with the tool muzzle, not shown in FIGS. 4 or 5. The adapter 63 is spring loaded by a known mechanism so as to be able to reciprocate relative to the tool 55 along the axis 3. The adapter 63 has a stabilizing flange 65 and a pilot 67. The stabilizing flange 65 preferably has an area greater than the area of the attachment plate washer 7. The adapter pilot 67 has an outer diameter that is sized to fit snugly inside the inner diameter 23 of the adapter plate 1 (FIG. 2). On the end of the plate 61 opposite the adapter 63 is a rest 69.
A worker places an attachment plate 1 on the adapter 63 by inserting the adapter pilot 67 into the adapter plate annular chamber 51 until the stabilizing flange 65 abuts the plate washer 7. Also see FIG. 6A. For easy installation, the free end of the pilot is formed with an external chamfer or arcuate surface 71. Friction between the pilot outer diameter and the adapter plate inner diameter 23 holds the attachment plate 1 in place on the adapter 63.
The worker aligns the attachment plate 1 with the desired location on the insulation panel 57. He then manually pushes the tool 55 and attachment plate 1 such that the attachment plate second end 5 penetrates the insulation panel 57. Fins 43 mounted upon second section 15 and extending between first section 13 and third section 17 cut the insulation panel 57 and aid in the penetration process. Manual pushing continues until the adapter stabilizing flange 65 and the rest 69 contact the exposed surface 73 of the insulation panel 57, FIG. 6B. At that point, the attachment plate first end 2 is flush with the exposed surface 73 of the insulation panel 57, and the attachment plate second end 5 is in contact with the building substrate 59.
The worker continues to push the tool 55 toward the insulation panel 57. That action causes the tool 55, including its muzzle 75, to move toward the attachment plate 1 relative to the adapter 63, FIG. 6C. The tool muzzle 75 advances to contact the second fingers 49 of the double fingers 45. The muzzle 75 bends the second fingers 49 downwardly into the counterbore 53 and flat against the first fingers 47. Simultaneously, the first fingers 47 bend slightly outwardly. The tool advances until the muzzle end 75 is close to the adapter plate dished surface 28. At that point, the tool 55 bottoms out relative to the adapter 1. Simultaneously, the motion of the tool 55 relative to the adapter 1 energizes the tool electronic firing system through the adapter spring loaded mounting system. The workman is then able to fire the tool. A driving ram in the muzzle, not shown in FIG. 6D, passes through the tool muzzle 75 to force a collating ring 79 and a nail 77 into the recess 29 of the attachment plate 1. The collating ring 79 becomes compressed within the recess 29 and locks to the attachment plate 1 around the nail 77 by radial compression and frictional forces of the recess internal diameter 27. The nail 77 passes through the passage 31 and becomes embedded in the substrate 59, thus installing the attachment plate 1 to the substrate 59 and clamping the associated region of the insulation panel 57 to the substrate 59. The first fingers 47 absorb shock from the tool 55 during firing and lessen any potential damage to the second fingers 49, which are bent over by and in contact with the muzzle 75.
When the tool 55 and adapter 63 are removed from the installed attachment plate 1, the fingers 45 bend back to their undeflected positions. See FIG. 7. The worker then places another attachment plate 1 on the adapter pilot 67 of his tool 55 for immediate attachment at another location on the insulation panel 57.
Later, a series of coatings 81 are spread on the exposed surface 73 of the insulation panel 57 to provide solid wall foundation and texture. The double fingers 45 act to seal the counterbore 53 from excessive coating penetration and adhesion. Any coating 81 that does enter the counterbore 53 serves to anchor the adjacent coating and enable it to resist outward and shear forces. Some coating material also enters the annular chamber 51 and fills the holes 9 in the washer 7 to provide additional adhesion of the coating over the insulation panel 57. Consequently, the finished surface of the building wall provides a smooth and dimple free appearance as well as a strong bond to the insulation panel 57.
Further in accordance with the present invention, the attachment plate is capable of accommodating insulation panels of varying thicknesses. Looking at FIG. 8, an insulation panel 57A has a thickness greater than the nominal thickness of the insulation panel 57 of FIGS. 4-7. Consequently, when the worker has fully embedded the attachment plate 1 into the insulation panel 57A with his tool 55, the second end 5 of the attachment plate 1 does not contact the substrate 59. When the worker fires the tool, the force of the driving ram on the nail 77 will further embed the attachment plate 1 into the insulation panel 57A such that the attachment plate second end 5 does contact the substrate 59. As a result, the attachment plate washer 7 comes to rest below the exposed surface 73A of the insulation panel 57, FIG. 8A.
In FIG. 9, the insulation panel 57B has a thickness less than the nominal thickness of the insulation panel 57 of FIGS. 4-7. In this situation, the second end 5 of the attachment plate 1 contacts the substrate 59 before the adapter 63 of the setting tool 55 contacts the exposed surface 73B of the insulation panel 57B. Upon firing the setting tool 55, the driving ram forces the attachment plate tabs 41 to bend radially outwardly until the outer surface of the attachment plate first end 2 is flush with the exposed surface 73B of the insulation panel 57B, FIG. 9A. In this manner, the outer surface of the attachment plate first end 2 does not protrude above the exposed surface 73B of the insulation panel 57B. Rather, the outer surface of the attachment plate first end 2 is always flush with or slightly below the exposed surface 73B of the insulation panel 57B.
Looking at FIG. 10, a modified attachment plate 83 is depicted that is generally similar to the attachment plate 1 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1-9. However, the attachment plate 83 is fabricated with a solid thin cylindrical band 85 upstanding from the transverse surface 24' at the end of the inner diameter 23' of the first section 13' of the tubular member 11'. At the free end of the solid band 85 are joined several fingers 87. The fingers 87 are bendable by respective living hinges to the band 85. The fingers 87 extend radially inwardly toward the longitudinal axis 3' and lie generally coplanar with the attachment plate first end 2'. In all other respects, the attachment plate 83 is identical to the attachment plate 1.
FIG. 11 shows a further modified attachment plate 89. The attachment plate 89 has a frusto-conical surface 91 for the central opening of the washer 7' and for the inner diameter 23' of the first section 13' of the tubular member 11'. Accordingly, the cross section of the annular chamber 93 has a generally triangular shape. To interfit with the attachment plate 89, the pilot 95 of the setting tool adapter 63' has a frusto-conical exterior surface 97.
Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, an attachment plate for insulation panels that fully satisfies the aims and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as they may fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
Claims
We claim:
1. An attachment plate for attaching an insulation panel to a substrate, comprising: a washer defining a central opening having a predetermined diametrical extent, and a longitudinal axis; a tubular member joined to said washer, extending concentrically along said longitudinal axis, and comprising a first section adjacent to said washer that includes an inner peripheral wall which defines a first inner diametrical extent which is of the same size as said diametrical extent of said washer central opening, said inner peripheral wall of said first section terminating in a first transverse surface; a second section adjacent to said first section and including an inner peripheral wall defining a second inner diametrical extent which is less than said first inner diametrical extent of said first section, said inner peripheral wall of said second section terminating in a second transverse surface that cooperates with said inner peripheral wall of said second section so as to define a recess for accommodating a head of a fastener which is adapted to be inserted into a substrate so as to secure an insulation panel to said substrate; and an end section adjacent to said second section and defining a passage therethrough for accommodating said fastener for securing said insulation panel to said substrate; and finger means, spaced radially inwardly from said inner peripheral wall of said first section and mounted upon said first transverse surface of said first section, for forming an annular chamber with said inner peripheral wall of said first section so as to accommodate a fastener setting tool for inserting said fastener through said insulation panel and into said substrate and for closing a central bore section of said tubular member of said attachment plate so that said head of said fastener is substantially covered.
2. The attachment plate of claim 1 wherein the finger means comprises: a plurality of first fingers having respective first ends bendably joined to the first transverse surface and respective second ends, the first fingers being arranged concentrically around the longitudinal axis to define the central bore section; and a plurality of second fingers bendably joined to the second ends of respective first fingers, the second fingers extending radially toward the longitudinal axis.
3. The attachment plate of claim 2 wherein the first fingers converge in a direction away from the first transverse surface.
4. The attachment plate as set forth in claim 2, wherein: each one of said second fingers has a configuration which is substantially that of a triangle wherein each one of said second fingers is connected to a respective one of said first fingers along one side of said triangle while the other two sides of said triangle substantially mate with two similarly disposed sides of adjacent triangularly configured second fingers so as to substantially close and cover said central bore section of said tubular member.
5. The attachment plate of claim 1 wherein the finger means comprises: a thin cylindrical band having a first end joined to the first transverse surface and a second end, the cylindrical band being concentric to the longitudinal axis to define the central bore section; and a plurality of fingers bendably joined to the second end of the cylindrical band, the fingers extending radially toward the longitudinal axis.
6. The attachment plate of claim 1 wherein the tubular member end section comprises: a third section adjacent the second section and having a frusto-conical outer surface portion; and a fourth section adjacent the third section, the fourth section having a cylindrical outer surface portion that cooperates with the passage to form a thin wall.
7. The attachment plate of claim 6 wherein the fourth section wall is formed with a plurality of transverse slots to thereby create a plurality of bendable tabs.
8. The attachment plate of claim 1 wherein the washer central opening and the inner peripheral wall of the tubular member first section are formed with a common frusto-conical surface such that the annular chamber has a generally triangular shaped cross section.
9. An attachment plate for attaching an insulation panel to a substrate, and having first and second ends disposed along a longitudinal axis, comprising: a washer provided with a central opening having a predetermined diametrical extent defined within said first end of said attachment plate; a first tubular section joined to said washer and comprising an inner peripheral wall defining a first inner diametrical extent which is of the same size as said diametrical extent of said washer central opening, said inner peripheral wall of said first tubular section terminating in a first transverse surface; a second tubular section joined to said first tubular section and including an inner peripheral wall defining a second inner diametrical extent which is less than said first inner diametrical extent of said first tubular section, said inner peripheral wall of said second tubular section terminating in a second transverse surface that cooperates with said inner peripheral wall of said second tubular section so as to define a recess for accommodating a head of a fastener which is adapted to be inserted into a substrate so as to secure an insulation panel to said substrate; a third tubular section joined to said second tubular section and defining a passage therethrough for accommodating a shank portion of a fastener for securing said insulation panel to said substrate; and a band of fingers, spaced radially inwardly from said inner peripheral wall of said first tubular section and mounted upon said first transverse surface of said first tubular section for forming an annular chamber with said inner peripheral wall of said first tubular section so as to accommodate a fastener setting tool for inserting a fastener through said insulation panel and into said substrate and for closing a central bore portion of said first tubular section of said attachment plate so that said head of said fastener is substantial covered.
10. The attachment plate of claim 9, further comprising: a fourth tubular section joined to said third tubular section and having an outer diametrical extent; said passage of said third tubular section extending through said fourth tubular section and cooperating with said outer diametrical extent of said fourth tubular section so as to form a thin wall that terminates at said second end of said attachment plate.
11. The attachment plate of claim 10 wherein the third tubular section has a frusto-conical outer surface portion, and wherein the fourth tubular section has a cylindrical outer surface portion.
12. The attachment plate of claim 10 wherein the fourth tubular section wall is formed with a plurality of transverse slots therethrough to create a number of tabs.
13. The attachment plate of claim 9 wherein the band of fingers comprises: a. a plurality of first fingers having respective first ends bendably joined to the first transverse surface and extending to respective second ends at the attachment plate first end; and b. a plurality of second fingers each bendably joined to the second end of a respective first finger, the second fingers lying transverse to the longitudinal axis at the attachment plate first end.
14. The attachment plate as set forth in claim 13, wherein: each one of said second fingers has a configuration which is substantially that of a triangle wherein each one of said second fingers is connected to a respective one of said first fingers along one side of said triangle while the other two sides of said triangle substantially mate with two similarly disposed sides of two adjacent triangularly configured second fingers so as to substantially close and cover said central bore portion of said first tubular section.
15. The attachment plate of claim 9 wherein the band of fingers comprises: a. a solid cylindrical band joined at a first end thereof to the first transverse surface and extending to the attachment plate first end; and b. a plurality of fingers having respective first ends bendably joined to a second end of said band and lying in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis at the attachment plate first end.
16. The attachment plate as set forth in claim 15, wherein: each one of said fingers has a configuration which is substantially that of a triangle wherein each one of said fingers is connected to said solid cylindrical band along one side of said triangle while the other two sides of said triangle substantially mate with two similarly disposed sides of two adjacent triangularly configured fingers so as to substantially close and cover said central bore portion of said first tubular section.
Patent Citations (24)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US2307348 | 1943-01-01 | Anderson | |
| US2334406 | 1943-11-01 | Gray | |
| US2769333 | 1956-11-01 | Reintjes | |
| US4361997 | 1982-12-01 | DeCaro | |
| US4380413 | 1983-04-01 | Dewey | |
| US4545270 | 1985-10-01 | Dewey | |
| US4606168 | 1986-08-01 | Fuhrer | |
| US4630984 | 1986-12-01 | Reinwall et al. | |
| US4663910 | 1987-05-01 | Hasan | |
| US4712959 | 1987-12-01 | Hasan | |
| US4757661 | 1988-07-01 | Hasan | |
| US4862664 | 1989-09-01 | Romine | |
| US4884932 | 1989-12-01 | Meyer | |
| US4932819 | 1990-06-01 | Almeras | |
| US4959938 | 1990-10-01 | DeCaro | |
| US5054983 | 1991-10-01 | Froewis | |
| US5066181 | 1991-11-01 | Bogel | |
| US5069340 | 1991-12-01 | Ernst et al. | |
| US5082412 | 1992-01-01 | Thomas | |
| US5118235 | 1992-06-01 | Dill | |
| US5122022 | 1992-06-01 | Kluser | |
| US5171118 | 1992-12-01 | Rothenbuhler | |
| US5217339 | 1993-06-01 | O'Connor et al. | |
| US5255485 | 1993-10-01 | Lemke et al. |