US 5,594,641 AGrant
Finite-State Transduction of Related Word Forms for Text Indexing and Retrieval
Issue Date:1997-01-14
•20 Claims
•10 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
The present invention solves a number of problems in using stems (canonical indicators of word meanings) in full-text retrieval of natural language documents, and thus permits recall to be improved without sacrificing precision. It uses various arrangements of finite-state transducers to accurately encode a number of desirable ways of mapping back and forth between words and stems, taking into account both systematic aspects of a language's morphological rule system and also the word-by-word irregularities that also occur. The techniques described apply generally across the languages of the world and are not just limited to simple suffixing languages like English. Although the resulting transducers can have many states and transitions or arcs, they can be compacted by finite-state compression algorithms so that they can be used effectively in resource-limited applications. The invention contemplates the information retrieval system comprising the novel finite state transducer as a database and a processor for responding to user queries, for searching the database, and for outputting proper responses, if they exist, as well as the novel database used in such a system and methods for constructing the novel database.
Metadata
Assignee
- Xerox Corporation
Inventors
- Ronald M. Kaplan
- Lauri Karttunen
Application Information
Application Number:US 2555042
Filing Date:1994-06-08
Priority Date:1992-07-20
Art Unit:241
Classifications
IPC:
G06F 1730
Field of Search:
364395419.08;419.01;419.19;419.07;419.1;419.11;419.16;419.05;419.12;419.13600
Patent Drawings (10 sheets)
Description
Related Application
A commonly-assigned pending application, Ser. No. 06/814,146, filed Dec. 27, 1985, entitled "ENCODING FSM DATA STRUCTURES", issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,450,598 and continuation cases, Ser. Nos. 274,701; 619,821; and 855,129, filed respectively on Nov. 15, 1988; Nov. 29, 1990; Mar. 18, 1992.
Background of Invention
This invention relates to computerized information retrieval devices or systems, for text indexing and retrieval, databases for use in such information retrieval devices, and methods for making such databases.
All natural languages allow for common elements of meaning to be systematically represented by words that appear in different forms in free text. For example, in English, the common meaning of "arrive" is carried by the inflectional variants "arrived", "arrives", and "arriving" (as well as "arrive" itself), and by the derivational variant "arrival". The base word indicating the common element of meanings for all such variants is often called the stem, and the morphological analysis process of determining the stem from a variant form is often called stemming. The process of going the other way, from a stem to all its variant forms, is often called synthesis or generation.
Stemming can play an important role in full-text indexing and retrieval of natural language documents. Users who are primarily interested in indexing and retrieving text passages from documents according to their meanings may not want the variants of a common stem to be distinguished. Thus, if the user enters a query with the word "arriving", this can be treated as matching text passages that contain any of the words "arrive", "arrives", etc. This would have the important effect of improving recall without sacrificing precision.
However, stemming in the context of text indexing and retrieval has proven difficult to implement well, even for morphologically simple languages like English. Conventional techniques for English (e.g., "Development of a Stemming Algorithm" by J. B Lovins, Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics 11, pp. 22-31, March 1968; "An Algorithm for Suffix Stripping" by M. F. Porter; Program 14, No. 3, pp. 130-137, July 1980.) use "tail-cropping" algorithms to map words into canonical forms such as stems. Thus, rules or algorithms are written that strip off any of the systematically varying suffix letters to map every word to the longest prefix common to all variants. All the forms of "arrive", for example, would be stripped back to the string "arriv" (without an e), since this is the longest prefix that all the forms have in common (because the "e" does not appear in either "arriving" or "arrival"). Without special mechanisms to deal with exceptions, this strategy would also convert all the forms of "swim" back to "sw", since that is the longest invariant prefix.
This conventional strategy has several disadvantages. First, the resulting stem strings are frequently not words of English (sw, arriv). They cannot be presented to a naive user who might want to confirm that his query is being interpreted in a sensible way.
Second, this approach requires special mechanisms to deal with irregular inflection and derivation. Typically, an exception dictionary is provided for the most obvious and common cases (e.g. hear---->heard, good---->better), but the number of entries in this dictionary is usually restricted so that the resulting data-structures do not become too large. Accuracy suffers without a complete treatment of exceptional behavior, to the point where some researchers have concluded that stemming cannot significantly improve recall without substantially reducing precision.
Third, this is a one-way approach. It is good for mapping from words to stems, but cannot generate all the variant forms from a given stem. It provides appropriate search behavior if the stemming algorithm can be applied not only to the query, but also to the document texts themselves, either in advance of search in order to build an index or else on-the-fly so that the query-stem can be matched against the stemmed text-words. Thus, it is limited in its applicability to situations where the document database can be preprocessed for indexing (which would have to be redone whenever improvements are made to the stemmer) or where the time-penalty for stemming on the fly is not prohibitive.
Finally, this technique is not linguistically general. Entirely different algorithms would have to be written for each natural language, and even the general strategy of such algorithms must change to handle the properties of prefixing and infixing languages.
Summary of Invention
A principal object of the invention is a system of the type described which overcomes one or more of the disadvantages set forth above.
Another object of the invention includes systems capable not only of text indexing and retrieval using stemming, but also systems capable of significantly enhancing responses to user queries by employing stemming.
Further objects include systems of the type described above that can be implemented with moderate-sized databases providing shorter response times than known systems.
Still another object of the invention is a system capable of other types of automatic text processing applications.
Still further objects include improved databases for use in systems of the type described, and improved methods for constructing such databases.
The present invention solves a number of problems in using stems (canonical indicators of word meanings) in full-text retrieval of natural language documents, and thus permits recall to be improved without sacrificing precision.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, we have discovered that it is possible to map inflected forms of the same word, so-called variants, to the same canonical dictionary form or lexical representation. This applies, to both regular and irregular forms.
According to this aspect of the invention, the mapping is obtained by means of a finite state transducer (FST). To our surprise, we have discovered that a single merged finite state transducer can be constructed that provides the desired mapping and that is of reasonable size and that provides a reasonable response time to queries. The surprise is that the single FST, representing the combination of possibly hundreds or thousands of smaller FSTs each with its own series of states, would have been expected to produce an FST of gigantic size which would be impractical if not impossible to use.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the single FST of modest size is the result of a combination of composition and intersection of the smaller FSTs created to fulfill the needs of the language.
As a result of the above discoveries, a number of important benefits ensue representing other aspects of the invention. The techniques described apply generally across the languages of the world and are not just limited to simple suffixing languages like English.
The merged FST in accordance with the invention can be created in a number of different ways providing a very flexible system applicable to different kinds of languages. It can include, for example, irregular forms without having to redo or modify existing databases.
The system of the invention is not limited to one mode of operation. It allows a stem to be computed from a given textual word, on the one hand, but it also allows all other variant forms for the given word's stem to be computed. These variants can be used to expand a query to increase the likelihood that an appropriate document will be found.
The concept of the invention is also applicable to composing a normalizing FST with a stemming FST into a single transducer that maps a stream of punctuated characters in text into a corresponding sequence of stems.
In accordance with still a further aspect of the invention, an FST is provided that is configured to associate words with affix and parts-of-speech tags as well as with stems, referred to herein as a morphological analyzer. In one embodiment, the FST is a character-based transducer allowing look-up and look-down operations. Such an analyzer is useful not only for text retrieval but also for other types of automatic text processing applications.
The present invention will be better understood from the detailed description given herein below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which give by way of illustration only and not by limitation, preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention.
Summary of Drawings
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one form of a system incorporating the invention;
FIG. 2 is a sample FST mapping between stems and variants;
FIGS. 3A-3D are examples of lexicons representing languages;
FIG. 4 illustrates combining of FSTs into a merged FST;
FIG. 5 illustrates a two-level rule FST;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are block diagrams illustrating the construction of a merged FST in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate algorithms describing the different modes in which the system of the invention can operate;
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate, respectively, the use of a normalizing FST and a merged FST in the treatment of a character stream in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates how to convert an FST to an FSM;
FIG. 10 is a simple FST mapping between words and stems plus part-of-speech and morphological affix tags;
FIGS. 11A and 11B show how character-based FSTs can share more initial substring transistions than string-based FSTs.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments
To best understand our invention, please refer to the List of References ("List"), located at the end of this detailed description, which lists a number of references to explain many of the terms used herein. From time to time, reference will be made to those references by the bracketed numbers identifying them in the List. In particular, references [2], [3], [4], [6] and [8] are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
A feature of our invention is to construct and use in a text indexing and retrieval system a stored database comprising a finite-state transducer to represent all possible stem-variant relations of the system language. In particular, the finite state transducer in accordance with the invention defines the set of all possible textual or surface forms and maps that set to the set of corresponding lexical forms or stems.
Finite-state transducers (FSTs) are well-known devices for encoding sets of ordered-pairs of strings. For example, the set of pairs {<arrive arrive>, <arrive arriving>, <arrive arrived>, <arrive arrives>, <arrive arrival>} could be encoded in a simple FST. In general, an FST can be used to represent any "regular relation", which includes not only finite lists of ordered string-pairs as in this example, but also certain kinds of infinite collections of ordered pairs. Once the ordered pairs are encoded as an FST data-structure, that structure can be used by a computer processor to get all the items associated with any given input. Thus, given the stem "arrive", one can get all the various forms (generation), or given one of the variant forms (arrival), one can get its stem (arrive). If a given word may be a form of more than one stem (e.g. "found" as the past tense of "find" or the present of "found"), then the two correct stems will be provided.
FIG. 2 illustrates how a two-level FST operates to map an inflected word to its lexical representation. In this case, it shows a simple FST that maps "arrive", the lexical representation or stem, to "arriving", one of its textual variants at the surface level.
The succession of states are represented by circles, with the start state labelled with an "s", and the end state with a double circle. The symbol .epsilon. at the end is Epsilon which acts as a NULL symbol to allow the FST to continue to process even if comparable characters are not present. See also reference [3]. Thus, for the simple situation depicted in FIG. 2, if the user inputs "arrive", the FST will output "arriving" in a look-down (or generational) operation. If the user inputs "arriving", the FST will output "arrive" in a look-up (recognition or stemming) operation. In this way, a single FST can easily be created to map between lower surface level words and their upper lexical representations. Similarly, a single FST can easily be created to perform the mapping of stems to variants defined by any language Rule as described, for example, in reference [3]. The lexical representation can include information about the part-of-speech, case, gender, number, and other morphological properties of the variant form. This information can be encoded in the lexical representation in the form of symbolic tags that form arc labels in the transducer in the same manner as ordinary letters do. For example, instead of mapping the form "arriving" only to the stem "arrive", as depicted in FIG. 2, we can add to the transducer an arc labeled with the morphological tag, +PresPart, to encode the information that "arriving" is the present participle form of "arrive". This is illustrated in FIG. 10. We call a transducer configured to associate words with affix and part-of-speech tags as well as with stems a "morphological analysis transducer" or "morphological analyzer". These transducers differ from ordinary stemming transducers only in the extra tag information included in the upper-side strings; they can be constructed, manipulated, compressed, and applied by exactly the same techniques and algorithms.
The transducer in FIG. 10 can be used in generation (look-down) mode, represented by the downward arrow, to derive the proper form "arriving" and in recognition (look-up) mode, represented by the upward arrow, to map the word "arriving" to the stem "arrive" plus the morphological properties represented by the "ing" suffix. The character-based transducer that includes morphological tags in its alphabet shown in FIG. 10 is a significantly more compact tool for morphological analysis and generation than the sort of transducer described in reference [12]. The latter uses strings rather than characters as arc labels. This vastly increases the size of the alphabet compared to our character-based transducer, and requires much more complex matching in the corresponding look-up and look-down operations. Further, our technique of using character-labeled transitions allows standard determinizing and minimizing algorithms to collapse the initial and trailing substring that several words in a language might share. This effect is illustrated in FIGS. 11A and B, which contrast for a small number of words (arriving, arresting, arrogating) the initial substring sharing that our character-based representation permits (FIG. 11A) with a corresponding string-based representation (FIG. 11B) as proposed in reference [12]. Notice how many fewer occurrences of the characters a and r there are in FIG. 11A vs. FIG. 11B. Character-based sharing can drastically reduce the size of a full-language transducer. Both types of transducers are more efficient for analysis than systems of the type described in reference [5] which in effect represent morphological information as annotations on states and not as arc labels.
Morphological analysis transducers are useful not only in performing text retrieval, but also in other types of automatic text processing applications. For example, they can be used in devices for verb conjugation and deconjugation that people might use for reference and teaching, particularly of languages that are more inflected than English. They can be used in an initial look-up step in processing the words in a source language input sentence that is to be translated by a machine into another target language, and in a final look-down step to produce the actual words in the target language from the morphological properties that result from the translation process. As another example, they can also be used in a look-up step prior to parsing natural-language sentences in database query systems.
The words of any language can be defined in a number of different ways. For example, the Lexicon representative of a language can comprise:
1. If there are only a finite number of stem/variant pairs in the language, they can simply be listed. (FIG. 3A). The listing can include (FIG. 3B) regular as well as irregular stem-variant pairs. 2. Systematic inflectional and derivational alternations, such as regular word variants of stems, can be described by linguistic Rule systems or grammars, and we prefer to incorporate several classes of these rules (such as two level rules and ordered rewriting systems) into an FST compilation (FIG. 3C). 3. Combine the Rule system of item 2 with outstanding irregular forms which can simply be listed as a finite list (FIG. 3D).
Then, as explained, for example, in reference [3], the resultant lexicon representing a language is built up of lists, or of Rules, or of list and Rules, with an FST created to effect the mapping of each list element or Rule. There may be hundreds of such FSTs to contend with and it is difficult to implement correctly and efficiently a system that properly interprets all of them as a group. However, they can all be merged into a single FST that has the same effect as all of them operating together, and algorithms for generating and recognizing with a single transducer are both simple and efficient. This solution is explained in reference [3] and is based on the teachings in reference [6]. The former shows how it is possible to combine a plurality of FSTs into a single FST. This is illustrated in FIG. 4.
As described in the references, individual FSTs can be combined in two principal ways. On the left side of FIG. 4 are represented a sequence of FSTs 10, 11, 12, 13, arranged in series relationship each modeling a specific Rule 1, 2, 3 . . . N of the grammar. Following the teachings in the bracketed references, these can be cascaded and combined or merged into a single FST 15 by a well-known composition algorithm for FSTs. Alternatively, as shown in the right side, the individual FSTs 10', 11', 12', 13' for Rules 1, 2, 3 . . . N can be arranged in parallel relationship and combined into a single merged FST 15 by a well-known intersection algorithm. An advantage is that the calculus of FSTs provides for merging transducers no matter how the FSTs are created. In particular, transducers corresponding to finite lists of irregular forms can be merged with FSTs corresponding to rules (the combination in FIG. 3D) in the following way. If I is a transducer derived from a finite list of irregular pairs (e.g. <hear heard>), and R is a transducer derived from regular rules (that erroneously includes <hear heared>), we can properly merge the two sources of information. A preferred way is as follows: compute the identity transducer for the complement of the domain of the relation I, precompose it with R, and then union the result with I. The result will provide the stem-variant mappings defined in R only if they are not over-ridden by the exceptions in I. In general, the final FST can be created from pieces defined by several different techniques and combined together using any of a large number of relational operations that preserve regularity.
When an FST encoding the stem/variant relations has been created, it can be used directly as the known tail-cropping algorithms are used [2], namely, to stem both query and text-words prior to matching. But it can also be used in the opposite way, as a generator that expands variant forms in a query to a disjunction of all other variants of the same stem. Thus, a query containing "arrive" would be expanded to the disjunction of possibilities {arrive, arrival, arrives, arrived, arriving}, and this set of terms could be matched against an unstemmed text. A single FST can readily be constructed that will provide exactly this capability, simply by composing a stemming transducer with its inverse. The inverse of an FST can be created by the well-known technique of simply exchanging the upper and lower symbols of each transition label. In contrast, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to compute the inverse of a tail-cropping algorithm.
It will be recognized from the above exposition and from perusal of the referenced publications that, for an English language database containing, for example, 56,000 stems and 218,000 variants, the resultant FST would be expected to be gigantic, requiring enormous amounts of memory to store, and requiring excessive time for even a fast processor to access. This would be a problem even for a mainframe, yet an important segment of users employs PCs with more limited CPU and memory resources. In accordance with further features of the present invention, we describe a number of techniques that make such FSTs practical for information retrieval stemming even with a modestly priced PC with limited RAM. These techniques include:
(1) Methods for compiling word-lists into (one-tape) finite-state machines (FSMs) and stem-variant pairs and rules into finite-state transducers, (2) methods for making a single FST that has the same input-output behavior as a whole collection of other FSTs, (3) a method for representing FSTs in FSM data structures, (4) a technique for encoding FSMs in a minimal space, described in detail in the referenced related application.
The incorporation of one or more of the foregoing concepts is desirable in making and compressing a single FST to a size only modestly larger than simple FSMs containing only the inflected forms or only the lexical forms but without the mapping between the two representations.
The referenced related application, Ser. No. 06/814,416, whose contents are hereby incorporated by reference, describes various techniques for encoding FSM data structures for more compact storage. Those techniques are based upon tying the information in the FSM data structures to the transition between states rather than to the states themselves. In a one-tape FSM the transitions are labeled with single characters, while transitions in FSTs are labeled with pairs of letters. We can convert an FST to an FSM by the very simple transformation illustrated in FIG. 9. We replace each FST transition with a pair-label of the form X:Y with a sequence of two transitions, one labeled X leaving the original state (labelled "1") of the X:Y transition and leading to a new state (labelled "NEW"), and the other labeled Y leading from that new state to the destination state (labelled "2") of the X:Y transition. The result of replacing all arcs in this way is a one-tape FSM whose odd and even transitions represent the upper and lower sides of the original FST transitions, respectively. This FSM can then be determinized and minimized with standard techniques. Thus, the FSTs of the present invention can be converted to equivalent FSMs, and the compacting techniques and algorithms described in the related case can be applied to them. This is an important benefit of the approach taken in the present invention. It will also be noted that the computing machines described in the related case are the same kind of machines that can be used to implement the present invention. There is no need to describe these machines in any great detail here, since the reader who seeks more details can access directly the incorporated, referenced, related case. Suffice to say, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the machine 30 is a straight-forward general-purpose computer, with provision for storing 31 in the usual way (RAM, ROM, DISC, OR TAPE) the encoded data structure and the program which when executed by the CPU 32 will receive user queries 33, search 34 the encoded memory for matches for user-supplied inputs, and output to the user, for example, via a monitor 36, the matched items found, or an identification of a document where they may be found, or an indication that no matches were found.
FIG. 5 shows an example of an FST created to generate stems or lexical forms from a surface form based on a rule. The example is lifted from reference [3] (rules 5a and 5b), transducers in FIGS. 4 and 5 of the paper. A sample two-level rule in words: Lexical N is realized as surface m if and only if it is followed by a p on the lexical side (regardless of how that p itself is realized). The same two-level rule formally: N:m<=>.sub.-- p: (in the notation of Koskenniemi 1983 reference [5]). This rule might be used to indicate that the words "impractical" and "intractable" are derived from the lexical forms "iNpractical" and iNtractable", respectively, which have the same lexical representation (iN) for the prefix meaning "not". The corresponding transducer shown in FIG. 5 comprises a state 50, the double circle that is both the start and a final state. If N is realized as m, the transducer moves to state 51, a nonfinal state which requires a p as the next input. If N is realized as n, the transducer moves to state 52 that does not allow a p to follow. The transducer thus encodes one additional fact that is not explicitly represented in the rule: lexical N's are realized as n in all other cases. Examples of other typical rules that would actually be used for English can be found in reference [3]. Each of the rules would have their own FST, combined as described in connection with FIG. 4 into a single rules FST.
It will also be understood that many known algorithms exist for minimizing states in finite automata, which include FSMs and FSTs. These should be used to further reduce the size of the resultant data structure. Relevant publications in this area include references [1], [8], and [10].
A set of rules in a grammar applies to all strings in the alphabet of the language, whether or not they are, or ever could be, real stems. It is desirable to restrict the rules so that they only apply to the items listed in a specific dictionary or lexicon. Since the list of words in a lexicon can be represented as a finite-state machine, this restriction can be accomplished by means of the FST composition operator. We create the identity transducer that maps every word in the lexicon into itself; this can be done, for example, by replacing the label on every transition in the FSM with a pair containing two instances of that label. We compose that identity transducer with the FST representing the rules and irregular forms (FIG. 3D). The resulting FST is now restricted to apply only to forms in the lexicon. The single merged FST is especially significant because the composition of a source lexicon with an arbitrary number of rule transducers makes it possible for a simple look-down algorithm to enumerate in a systematic way all the well-formed word forms of a language. A rule-based enumeration is more complete than any word list derived from collections of text, which is important for an application such as stemming.
If the lexicon is to be composed with rules that are combined by intersection, the natural order of operations would be to form the FST for the intersection of the rules, and them compose it with the lexicon identity transducer. This strategy is illustrated in FIG. 6A, which indicates that a first set of rule transducers fst.sub.1 . . . fst.sub.n 61, 62, 63 are intersected, as indicated by the ampersand symbol. We have observed that in practice performing this intersection can take a very large amount of time, even on a powerful workstation, and the resulting transducer is extremely large. In many cases this computation cannot run to completion because of either time or memory limitations. However, we have also observed that when it can be constructed 64 and it is then composed (indicated by the circle symbol) with the lexicon 65, the final result 66 is quite manageable in size. This is because many states and transitions in the intersection are never traversed when the FST is applied to just the specific list of words in the lexicon, and they are removed in the composition procedure.
Thus, the preferred method according to our invention for creating an FST that behaves as the composition of a lexicon with the intersection of rules is illustrated in FIG. 6B. This method avoids computing an unmanageably large intermediate structure 64 while still producing a final result of tractable size. In this example, the set of rule transducers 61 . . . 63 are simultaneously intersected and composed with the lexicon fsm 65, to produce the desired lexical transducer 70. The simultaneous intersection and composition avoids the large intermediate result indicated at 64 in FIG. 6A. The resultant lexical transducer 70 is the desired single merged FST 70, which is a map defined logically by the composition of the lexicon with the intersection of the rule transducers. The code in the annexed Appendix represents one way of implementing the preferred method illustrated in FIG. 6B.
It will be understood that the present invention concerns a novel technique for retrieving information using stemming. It is based on the use of FSTs. Compact FSTs are desirable because of reduced storage requirements and increased speed. While certain compacting techniques are preferred as indicated above because of their efficiency--and it is an important benefit of our present invention that such preferred compacting schemes can be used in implementing the present invention--the invention is not limited to the use of such preferred compacting schemes and virtually all compacting schemes can be incorporated without departing from the principles enunciated herein.
Important benefits in the information retrieval context of the invention, as will be clear from FIG. 7A, include that the resultant single merged FST 80 can operate both ways, in contrast to prior art stemmers which typically operate only one way--from the surface form to the stem. This greatly increases the flexibility of the invention and its applications to existing databases. A typical existing database would likely have a word index, with values indicating document locations for those words, but not a stem index. The invention can readily be added in one of two ways: (1) Use the merged FST to pre-stem the word index and form a new index of just stems linked to the corresponding values from the word index. FIG. 7A shows that when the surface form query word is input 81, the look-up algorithm is applied 82 to produce from the query word its stem. Then, the new stem index can be scanned 83 for a match with the query stem. The match is then output to the user 88. (2) As shown in FIG. 7B, pre-stem the query word by applying the look-up algorithm 82b, then use the FST again 86, this time using the look-down algorithm to generate all the variants of that stem. Then scan the original word index 83b looking for a match with each of the variants. (3) An alternative to this second strategy is illustrated in FIG. 7C. In this case, all stem variants are produced 82c by the look-up algorithm operating on a single FST created by composing the merged FST with its inverse. This alternative will be faster than the method in FIG. 7B, but in some cases the composed transducer may be too large to be practical. In all cases, the ability of the FST to deal systematically with stems and variants produces much improved results in identification of documents containing related words. Thus, existing databases require no special treatment to upgrade their search capabilities. And, as a further fringe benefit, the FST will do a better stemming job, and can guarantee that every stem produced is a complete English word.
The procedures illustrated in FIGS. 7 A, B, C can also be applied to a document database for which no word index exists. In this situation, the database that is scanned in 83b and 83c can be the full text of the documents in the database. Thus, a query word is expanded to the set of all its variants, and these are disjunctively compared with all the words in the database to determine a match. A modified version of the procedure in FIG. 7A can also be implemented: the stem for a query word is computed once, and that is compared to the stem (computed using the look-up algorithm) of each of the words in the document database. This is illustrated in FIG. 7D. FIG. 7E illustrates how the transducer might first be applied to a database of document texts to build a stem-index whose entries can then be matched against the stems of particular query-words. Similar blocks are referenced with the same reference numeral.
There will be instances in which the FST functioning as a stemmer will be capable of producing several stems that would qualify. For example, if the surface form is "DOES", the stem could be "DO" (where "DOES" is treated as a verb), or the stem could be "DOE" (where "DOES" is treated as plural deer). Various rules can be applied to resolve this situation. One simple solution is to produce both of the stems, and process each as if it were the only stem, at worst increasing the number of documents identified. One rule we can follow is to always chose the shortest stem. In the above example, we would chose "DO", which would include among its inflected forms "DOE" and "DOES". However, if the transducer is configured to operate as a morphological analyzer and produces affix and part-of-speech tags as well as stems, then one of several known techniques for resolving part-of-speech ambiguities (see reference [13)] can be used to select the appropriate stem in any particular syntactic context.
Use of the FST of the invention is by operating the system of FIG. 1. During execution, the FST is processed or traversed for stemming or generating as described.
Those skilled in the art will have no difficulty implementing the invention in the light of the teachings herein. Nevertheless, for completeness sake, annexed hereto as in Section A of the APPENDIX is an example of CommonLisp code to create a single merged stemming FST 70 using the combined intersection/composition method in accordance with the invention based on inputs of rules, and Section B of the Appendix contains an example of CommonLisp code that implements the look-up and look-down algorithms used in the procedures illustrated in FIG. 7.
Another benefit of the invention of our transducer technology in text indexing and retrieval is as follows: The words in the text of a document to be indexed not only come in different inflectional forms, they also appear in different punctuation contexts, in upper and lower case, adjacent to spaces, commas, periods, etc., or, in compounding languages like German and Finnish, immediately adjacent to the alphabetic characters of other words. A finite state transducer can be constructed that normalizes the text by inserting special markers around the characters that make up individual words to be indexed, converting to all lowercase, and simply deleting all other extraneous punctuation marks. The result of composing a normalizing transducer with a stemming transducer is a single transducer that maps the stream of punctuated characters in text into a corresponding sequence of stems.
Section C of the Appendix contains a two-level rule system from which a normalizing FST transducer 90 (FIG. 8A) for English can be derived by means of the two-level rule compiler described in reference [6]. The input 91 would be a stream of characters from the document text. The output 92 would be normalized lowercase text containing only the individual words to be indexed.
FIG. 8B illustrates a further feature of the invention, which is how to compose 94 the normalizing FST 90 with the stemming FST 70 of FIG. 6B. The result is a new merged FST 95. Now, with the new merged FST 95, inputting a stream of characters representing document text would result in their mapping into a corresponding sequence of stems 97 in a one-step operation.
While the invention has been described and illustrated in connection with preferred embodiments, many variations and modifications as will be evident to those skilled in this art may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention, and the invention as set forth in the appended claims is thus not to be limited to the precise details of construction set forth above as such variations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
List of References
[1] "Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computations", by Hopcraft and Ullman, published by Addison-Wesley in 1979, particularly pages 64-76.
[2] "Development of a Stemming Algorithm", J. B. Lovins, Mechanical Translation And Computational Linguistics, 11, pages 22-31, March 1968.
[3] "Finite-state Constraints" by Lauri Karttunen, International Conference on Current Issues in Computational Linguistics. Jun. 10-14, 1991. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. To appear in The Last Phonological Rule: Reflections on Constraints and Derivations, ed. by John Goldsmith, University of Chicago Press.
[4] Kaplan, R. M. and M. Kay. Phonological rules and finite-state transducers [Abstract]. Linguistic Society of American Meeting Handbook. Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting, Dec. 27-30, 1981. New York.
[5] Koskenniemi, K. Two-level Morphology. A General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production. Department of General Linguistics. University of Helsinki. 1983.
[6] Karttunen, L., K. Koskenniemi, and R. M. Kaplan. A Compiler for Two-level Phonological Rules. In Dalrymple, M. et al. Tools for Morphological Analysis. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Stanford University. Palo Alto. 1987.
[7] Kay, Martin. Nonconcatenative Finite State Morphology. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Copenhagen 1987.
[8] Ashdown "Minimizing Finite State Machines", Embedded Systems Programming, Premier 1988, pages 57-66.
[9] "An Algorithm For Suffix Stripping", M. F. Porter; Prog. 14, No.3, pages 130-137, July 1980.
[10] "The Theory of Machinery Computation", K. Kohavi, Ed., pages 189-196, Academic Press, NY 1971.
[11] Aho and Ullman "Principles of Compiler Design", Addison-Wesley, 1977, pages 99-103, 114-117.
[12] Tzoukermann, E. and M. Y. Liberman. M. A Finite-State Mophological Processor for Spanish. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Vol. 3. 277-282. University of Helsinki. Helsinki. 1990.
[13] Cutting, D., J. Kupiec, J. Pedersen, P. Sibun. A Practical Part-of-Speech Tagger. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Trento, Italy, April 1992. ##SPC1##
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process of fabricating an FST stored upon a computer readable medium, the FST mapping surface forms to lexical forms of a language for use in text indexing and retrieval from documents in said language, the process comprising the steps of: (a) constructing a first FST defining one or more rules of the language, (b) constructing a second FST defining one or more other rules of the language, (c) constructing a third FST derived from a list of identity stem-affix pairs of the language or defining one or more rules of the language other than the rules defined by the first and second FSTS, and (d) computing simultaneously the composition of the third FST with the intersection of the first and second FSTs to produce a new single fourth FST that merges the first, second and third FSTs.
2. A method for making a database stored on a computer readable medium used by an information retrieval and text indexing application program executed on a computer system, the method comprising: constructing a first FST derived from identity pairs of a language representing allowable stems of the language; constructing a second FST representing regular rules of the language that map stems to their surface variants; and combining the first and second FSTs using intersecting composition to produce the database which is used by the application program to retrieve only allowable stems or variants based on given variants or stems, respectively.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising combining the database with a third FST representing irregular word stem-variant pairs for the language.
4. A method for making a database stored upon a computer readable medium used with a computer for information retrieval or text indexing, the method comprising the steps: (a) creating a morpheme lexicon comprising a first list of irregular word stem-variant pairs, (b) creating a second list of linguistic rules governing the addition of affixes to word stems to form regular word variants of said stems, (c) creating a first FST derived from the first list of the morpheme lexicon, (d) creating a second FST derived from the second list of linguistic rules, (e) said first and second FSTs each comprising a plurality of branches defining a plurality of FST paths from a single start state via transitions through a succession of intermediate states to different end states, each branch forming a complete path from the start state to the end state representing a string, each of said transitions representing an ordered pair comprising one character or null symbol in an upper string constituting a word stem and one character or null symbol in a lower string constituting a word variant of said word stem, (f) combining the second FST with a third FST derived from a list of identity pairs of a language, (g) merging the combined second and third FSTs with the first FST to produce a single FST that maps stems of words obeying the linguistic rules of step (b) to variants of said stems except where the word is an irregular word in the morpheme lexicon and is overridden by the contents of the first FST, (h) storing the single FST produced in step (g) as part of the desired database.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of merging the combined second and third FSTs with the first FST comprises computing an identity transducer for the complement of a domain of the first FST, precomposing the identity transducer with the combined second and third FSTs to produce a result, and unioning the result with the first FST.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of combining the second FST with a third FST comprises combining the second and third FSTs using composition and intersecting algorithms.
7. The method of claim 4 further comprising creating a third list of stem-affix pairs and creating the third FST by mapping the stem-affix pairs in the third list into themselves.
8. The method of normalizing text in a document, comprising: (a) constructing a normalizing FST, (b) inputting to the FST of step (a) a stream of characters derived from the document text.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: (c) composing the normalizing FST of step (a) with a stemming FST to produce a merged FST, (d) inputting the stream of characters to the merged FST of step (c).
10. A process of fabricating an FST stored on a computer readable medium, the FST mapping surface forms to lexical forms of a language for use in text indexing and retrieval from documents in said language or for other language processing applications, the process comprising the steps of: (a) constructing a first FST defining one or more rules of the language, (b) constructing a second FST mapping stems to lexical variants, (c) computing the composition of the second FST with the first FST to produce a new single third FST that merges the first and second FSTs.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the step of constructing a first FST comprises constructing a first FST defining one or more normalization rules, wherein the lexical forms include parts-of-speech or affix tags, and wherein the third FST produced by the computing step maps unnormalized surface forms to the lexical forms.
12. A data structure stored on a computer readable medium accessed by an application program executed on a computer system, the data structure comprising a merged FST constructed by simultaneously composing a first FST with the intersection of second and third FSTs, each of said first, second and third FSTs representing a set of ordering string pairs, the ordered string pairs of the first FST comprising identity pairs of a language, the ordered string pairs of the second and third FSTs representing regular rules that map stems of said language to their surface variants, said data structure being usable used by the application program to retrieve stems or variants of the language when variants or stems, respectively, are given to and processed by the application program by traversing the merged FST.
13. A data structure stored on a computer readable medium accessed by an application program executed on a computer system, the data structure comprising a merged FST constructed by simultaneously composing a first FST with the intersection of second and third FSTs, each of said first, second and third FSTs representing a set of ordering string pairs, the ordered string pairs of the first FST comprising identity pairs of a language, the ordered string pairs of the second and third FSTs representing regular rules that map lexical forms consisting of stems and morphological tags of said language to their surface variants, said data structure being usable by the application program to retrieve stems or variants of the language when variants or stems, respectively, are given to and processed by the application program by traversing the merged FST.
14. A data structure stored on a computer readable medium accessed by an application program executed on a computer system, the data structure comprising a merged FST comprising a merger of a first transducer derived from a finite list of irregular word pairs of a language and a second transducer derived from regular rules of the language, said first transducer having a domain, a complement of the domain, and an identity transducer for the complement of the domain, said merged FST being constructed by computing the identity transducer for the complement of the domain of the first transducer, precomposing the identity transducer with the second transducer to produce a result, and unioning the result with the first transducer, said data structure being usable by the application program to retrieve stems or variants of the language when variants or stems, respectively, are given to and processed by the application program by traversing the merged FST.
15. The data structure of claim 14 wherein the second transducer is derived by combining a third transducer comprising identity pairs of a language with a fourth transducer representing regular rules that map stems of said language to their surface variants, whereby said data structure is usable to retrieve only allowable stems or variants of said language when processing variants or stems, respectively.
16. A method for making a single FST stored on a computer readable medium used by an information retrieval and text indexing application program executed on a computer system, the method comprising: constructing a first FST representing regular word stem-variant pairs for a language; constructing a second FST representing irregular word stem-variant pairs for the language; and combining the first and second FSTs to form the single FST used by the application program to retrieve a regular or irregular stem or variant based on a given variant or stem, respectively.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of constructing the first FST comprises constructing the first FST to be restricted to stems which are allowable in the language.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of constructing the first FST comprises combining a third FST representing identity pairs of a language with a fourth FST representing regular rules that map stems to their surface variants.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of combining comprises combining the third and fourth FSTs using intersecting composition.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of combining comprises computing an identity transducer for a complement of a domain of the first FST, precomposing the identity transducer with the second FST to produce a result, and unioning the result with the first FST to provide the single FST.
Patent Citations (3)
Non-Patent Literature (18)
- Lauri Karttunen, "Finite-State Constraints" International Conference on Current Issues in Comp. Linguistics Jun. 10-14, 1991.
- "A Compiler for Two Level Phonological Rules" Karttunen et al. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Jun. 1987.
- "Nonconcatenative Finite-State Morphology" by Marlon Kay, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
- "Performance and Architectural Issues for String Matching" Isenman, M., et al., IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 39, No. 2, Feb. 1990, New York, U.S.A.
- "State Machines Find the Pattern", Kimbrell R. E., Computer Design, vol. 24, No. 5, May 1985, Littleton, Massachusetts, U.S.
- Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation, Holcraft and Ullman, 1979, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., pp. 64-76.
- "Development of a Stemming Algorithm", J. B. Lovins, Mechanical Translation And Computational Linguistics, 11, pp. 22-31, Mar. 1968.
- "Finite-state Constraints" by Lauri Karttunen, International Conference on Current Issues in Computational Linguistics. Jun. 10-14, 1991. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. To appear in The Last Phonological Rule: Reflections on Constraints and Derivations, ed. by John Goldsmith, University of Chicago Press.
- Kaplan, R. M. and M. Kay. Phonological rules and finite-state transducers [Abstract]. Linguistic Society of American Meeting Handbook. Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting, Dec. 27-30, 1981. New York.
- Koskenniemi, K. Two-Level Morphology. A General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production. Department of General Linguistics. University of Helsinki. 1983.
- Karttunen, L., K. Koskenniemi, and R. M. Kaplan. A Compiler for Two-level Phonological Rules. In Dalrymple, M. et al. Tools for Morphological Analysis. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Stanford University. Palo Alto. 1987.
- Kay, Martin. Nonconcatenative Finite State Morphology. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Copenhagen 1987.
- Ashdown "Minimizing Finite State Machines", Embedded Systems Programming, Premier 1988, pp. 57-66.
- "An Algorithm For Suffix Stripping", M. F. Porter; Prog. 14, No. 3, pp. 130-137, Jul. 1980.
- "The Theory of Machinery Computation", K. Kohavi, Ed., pp. 189-196, Academic Press, NY 1971.
- Aho and Ullman "Principles of Compiler Design", Addison-Wesley, 1977, pp. 99-103, 114-117.
- Tzoukermann, E. and M. Y. Liberman. M. A Finite-State Mophological Processor for Spanish. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. vol. 3. 277-282. University of Helsinki. Helsinki. 1990.
- Cutting, D., J. Kupiec, J. Pedersen, P. Sibun. A Practical Part-of-Speech Tagger. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Trento, Italy, Apr. 1992.