US 5,571,905 AGrant
Gene Mutated in Colorectal Cancer of Humans
Issue Date:1996-11-05
•9 Claims
•11 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A new human gene termed MCC is disclosed. Methods, primers, probes and kits are provided for assessing mutations of the MCC gene in human tissues and body samples. Gross rearrangement and point mutations in MCC are observed in human tumor cells. MCC is expressed in most normal tissues. These results suggest that MCC is a tumor suppressor.
Metadata
Assignees
- The Johns Hopkins University
- University of Utah
- The Cancer Institute
Inventors
- Bert Vogelstein
- Kenneth W. Kinzler
- Raymond White
- Yusuke Nakamura
Application Information
Application Number:US 2206749
Filing Date:1994-03-31
Priority Date:1991-03-13
Art Unit:187
Classifications
IPC:
C07H 2104C12P 1934C12Q 168
Field of Search:
53624.31;24.33;23.5
Patent Drawings (11 sheets)
Description
Technical Area of the Invention
The invention relates to the area of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. More particularly, the invention relates to detection of the alteration of wild-type MCC genes in tumor tissues. In addition, it relates to therapeutic intervention to restore the function of MCC gene product.
Background of the Invention
According to the model of Knudson for tumorigenesis (Cancer Research, vol. 45, p. 1482, 1985), there are tumor suppressor genes in all normal cells which, when they become non-functional due to mutation, cause neoplastic development. Evidence for this model has been found in the cases of retinoblastoma and colorectal tumors. The implicated suppressor genes in those tumors, RB and p53 and DCC, were found to be deleted or altered in many eases of the tumors studied. (Hansen and Cavenee, Cancer Research, vol. 47, pp. 5518-5527 (1987); Baker et al., Science, vol. 244, p. 217 (1989); Fearon et al., Science, vol. 247, p. 49 (1990).)
In order to fully understand the pathogenesis of tumors, it will be necessary to identify the other suppressor genes that play a role in the tumorigenesis process. Prominent among these is the one(s) presumptively located at 5q21. Cytogenetic (Herrera et al., Am J. Med. Genet., vol. 25, pg. 473 (1986) and linkage (Leppert et al., Science, vol. 238, pg. 1411 (1987); Bodmer et al., Nature, vol. 328, pg. 614 (1987)) studies have shown that this chromosome region harbors the gene responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal-dominant, inherited disease in which affected individuals develop hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps, some of which progress to malignancy. Additionally, this chromosomal region is often deleted from the adenomas (Vogelstein et al., N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 319, pg. 525 (1988)) and carcinomas (Vogelstein et al., N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 319, pg. 525 (1988); Solomon et al., Nature, vol. 328, pg. 616 (1987); Sasaki et al., Cancer Research, vol. 49, pg. 4402 (1989); Delattre et al., Lancet, vol. 2, pg. 353 (1989); and Ashton-Rickardt et al., Oncogene, vol. 4, pg. 1169 (1989)) of patients without FAP. Thus, a putative suppressor gene on chromosome 5q21 appears to play a role in the early stages of colorectal neoplasia in both sporadic and familial tumors. However, no gene has been identified on 5q21 which is a candidate suppressor gene. Thus there is a need in the art for investigations of this chromosomal region to identify genes and to determine if any of such genes are associated with the process of tumorigenesis.
Summary of the Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for diagnosing and prognosing a neoplastic tissue of a human.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method of supplying wild-type MCC gene function to a cell which has lost said gene function.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a kit for determination of the nucleotide sequence of MCC alleles by the polymerase chain reaction.
It is still another object of the invention to provide nucleic acid probes for detection of mutations in the human MCC gene.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method of detecting genetic predisposition to cancer.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a cDNA molecule encoding the MCC gene product.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a preparation of the human MCC protein.
These and other objects of the invention are provided by one or more of the embodiments which are described below. In one embodiment of the present invention a method of diagnosing or prognosing a neoplastic tissue of a human is provided comprising: isolating a tissue from a human; and detecting alteration of wild-type MCC genes or their expression products from said tissue, said alteration indicating neoplasia of the tissue.
In another embodiment of the present invention a method is provided for supplying wild-type MCC gene function to a cell which has lost said gene function by virtue of a mutation in the MCC gene, comprising: introducing a wild-type MCC gene into a cell which has lost said gene function such that said wild-type gene is expressed in the cell.
In another embodiment a method of supplying wild-type MCC gene function to a cell is provided comprising introducing a portion of a wild-type MCC gene into a cell which has lost said gene function such that said portion is expressed in the cell, said portion encoding a part of the MCC protein which is required for non-neoplastic growth of said cell. Synthetic peptides or drugs can also be used to mimic MCC function in cells which have altered MCC expression.
In yet another embodiment a pair of single stranded primers is provided for determination of the nucleotide sequence of the MCC gene by polymerase chain reaction. The sequence of said pair of single stranded DNA primers is derived from chromosome 5q band 21, said pair of primers allowing synthesis of MCC gene coding sequences.
In still another embodiment of the invention a nucleic acid probe is provided which is complementary to human wild-type MCC gene coding sequences and which can form mismatches with mutant MCC genes, thereby allowing their detection by enzymatic or chemical cleavage or by shifts in electrophoretic mobility.
In another embodiment of the invention a method is provided for detecting the presence of a neoplastic tissue in a human. The method comprises isolating a body sample from a human; detecting in said sample alteration of a wild-type MCC gene sequence or wild-type MCC expression product, said alteration indicating the presence of a neoplastic tissue in the human.
In yet another embodiment a method is provided of detecting genetic predisposition to cancer in a human, comprising: isolating a human sample selected from the group consisting of blood and fetal tissue; detecting alteration of wild-type MCC gene coding sequences or their expression products from the sample, said alteration indicating genetic predisposition to cancer.
In still another embodiment a cDNA molecule is provided which comprises the coding sequence of the MCC gene.
In even another embodiment a preparation of the human MCC protein is provided which is substantially free of other human proteins. The amino acid sequence of the protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
The present invention provides the art with the information that the MCC gene, a heretofore unknown gene is, in fact, a target of mutational alterations on chromosome 5q21 and that these alterations are associated with the process of tumorigenesis. This information allows highly specific assays to be performed to assess the neoplastic status of a particular tissue or the predisposition to cancer of an individual.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a Southern blot analysis of tumor T14 demonstrating a somatic change. Lanes 1 and 2 contain 5 ug of DNA isolated from normal tissue of patient T14; Lanes 3 and 4 contain 5 ug of DNA isolated from the T14 colon carcinoma. Lanes 1 and 3 were cleaved with Eco RI; Lanes 2 and 4 were cleaved with Pst I. The Southern blot in FIG. 1A was hybridized to a subclone of cosmid 5.71 (5.71-3). FIG. 1B (3 hour exposure) and FIG. 1C (20 hour exposure) show the same Southern blot hybridized with the abnormal 11 kb fragment cloned from the T14 tumor. The daggers indicate the novel alterations in T14. The size markers indicated on the right represent HindIII-cleaved lambda phage DNA and HaeIII-cleaved PhiX phage DNA.
FIG. 2 shows the sequence of putative exons from the 5.71 cosmid. FIG. 2A shows the sequence of the 5.71-5 exon (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the related rat exon. FIG. 2B shows the sequence of the 5.71-3 exon (SEQ. ID NO:16) and the related rat exon (SEQ ID NO: 18). Rat sequences are listed only where they differ from the human sequence. Lower case letters signify introns surrounding the exons. The primers used for PCR are demarcated by arrows. Primers P2 and P4 were reversed and complemented relative to the sequence shown.
FIG. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of the MCC cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) and predicted amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2). The sequence shown represents the composite sequence of seven overlapping clones.
FIG. 4 shows PCR--RNase Protection Analysis. The analysis was performed on PCR products and the resulting cleavage products separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis. FIG. 4A shows the results of analysis of the exon encoding nucleotides 2305 to 2405as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Lanes 1, 2, and 3 show the results obtained from DNA isolated from three different tumors that did not show any changes. Lanes marked T and N show the results obtained from DNA isolated from patient 91's tumor or normal cells, respectively. FIG. 4B show the results of analysis of the exon encoding nucleotides 1679-1862as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Lanes marked T and N show the results obtained from DNA isolated from patient 35's tumor and normal cells, respectively.
FIG. 5 shows a comparison of MCC (SEQ ID NO: 2) and the G Protein activating region of human m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) (SEQ ID NO: 11). Connecting lines indicate identities; dots indicate related amino acid residues. Domain A refers to the 10 amino acid region which, when deleted, alters G protein responses. Domain B refers to the 9 amino acids which can mediate specificity of mAChR G protein coupling.
Detailed Description
It is a discovery of the present invention that mutational events associated with tumorigenesis occur in a previously unknown gene on chromosome 5q named here the MCC (Mutated in Colorectal Cancer) gene. Although it was previously known that deletion of alleles on chromosome 5q were common in certain types of cancers, it was not known that a target gene of these deletions was the MCC gene. Further it was not known that other types of mutational events in the MCC gene are also associated with cancers. The mutations of the MCC gene can involve gross rearrangements, such as insertions and deletions. Point mutations have also been observed.
According to the diagnostic and prognostic method of the present invention, alteration of the wild-type gene is detected. "Alteration of a wild-type gene" according to the present invention encompasses all forms of mutations--including deletions. The alteration may be due to either rearrangements such as insertions, inversions, and deletions, or to point mutations. Deletions may by of the entire gene or only a portion of the gene. If only a single allele is mutated, an early neoplastic state is indicated. However, if both alleles are mutated then a late neoplastic state is indicated. The finding of MCC mutations thus provides both diagnostic and prognostic information. An MCC allele which is not deleted (e.g., that on the sister chromosome to a chromosome carrying an MCC deletion) can be screened for other mutations, such as insertions, small deletions, and point mutations. It is believed that many mutations found in tumor tissues will be those leading to decreased expression of the MCC gene product. However, mutations leading to non-functional gene products would also lead to a cancerous state. Point mutational events may occur in regulatory regions, such as in the promoter of the gene, leading to loss or diminution of expression of the mRNA. Point mutations may also abolish proper RNA processing, leading to loss of expression of the MCC gene product.
In order to detect the alteration of the wild-type MCC gene in a tissue, it is helpful to isolate the tissue free from surrounding normal tissues. Means for enriching a tissue preparation for tumor cells are known in the art. For example, the tissue may be isolated from paraffin or cryostat sections. Cancer cells may also be separated from normal cells by flow cytometry. These as well as other techniques for separating tumor from normal cells are well known in the art. If the tumor tissue is highly contaminated with normal cells, detection of mutations is more difficult.
Detection of point mutations may be accomplished by molecular cloning of the allele (or alleles) present in the tumor tissue and sequencing that allele(s) using techniques well known in the art. Alternatively, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to amplify gene sequences directly from a genomic DNA preparation from the tumor tissue. The DNA sequence of the amplified sequences can then be determined. The polymerase chain reaction itself is well known in the art. See, e.g., Saiki et al., Science, Vol. 239, p. 487, 1988; U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,203; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195. Specific primers which can be used in order to amplify the gene will be discussed in more detail below. The ligase chain reaction, which is known in the art, can also be used to amplify MCC sequences. See Wu et al., Genomics, vol. 4, pp. 560-569 (1989). In addition, a technique known as allele specific PCR can be used. (See Ruano and Kidd, Nucleic Acids Research, vol 17, p. 8392, 1989.) According to this technique, primers are used which hybridize at their 3' ends to a particular MCC mutation. If the particular MCC mutation is not present, an amplification product is not observed. Insertions and deletions of genes can also be detected by cloning, sequencing and amplification. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes for the gene or surrounding marker genes can be used to score alteration of an allele or an insertion in a polymorphic fragment. Other techniques for detecting insertions and deletions as are known in the art can be used.
Alteration of wild-type genes can also be detected on the basis of the alteration of a wild-type expression product of the gene. Such expression products include both the mRNA as well as the protein product itself. The sequences of these products are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2. Point mutations may be detected by amplifying and sequencing the mRNA or via molecular cloning of cDNA made from the mRNA. The sequence of the cloned cDNA can be determined using DNA sequencing techniques which are well known in the art. The cDNA can also be sequenced via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which will be discussed in more detail below.
Mismatches, according to the present invention are hybridized nucleic acid duplexes which are not 100% homologous. The lack of total homology may be due to deletions, insertions, inversions, substitutions or frameshift mutations. Mismatch detection can be used to detect point mutations in the gene or its mRNA product. While these techniques are leas sensitive than sequencing, they are simpler to perform on a large number of tumor samples. An example of a mismatch cleavage technique is the RNase protection method, which is described in detail in Winter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 82, p. 7575, 1985 and Meyers et al., Science, Vol. 230, p. 1242, 1985. In the practice of the present invention the method involves the use of a labeled riboprobe which is complementary to the human wild-type gene coding sequence. The riboprobe and either mRNA or DNA isolated from the tumor tissue are annealed (hybridized) together and subsequently digested with the enzyme RNase A which is able to detect some mismatches in a duplex RNA structure. If a mismatch is detected by RNase A, it cleaves at the site of the mismatch. Thus, when the annealed RNA preparation is separated on an electrophoretic gel matrix, if a mismatch has been detected and cleaved by RNase A, an RNA product will be seen which is smaller than the full-length duplex RNA for the riboprobe and the mRNA or DNA. The riboprobe need not be the full length of the MCC mRNA or gene but can be a segment of either. If the riboprobe comprises only a segment of the MCC mRNA or gene it will be desirable to use a number of these probes to screen the whole mRNA sequence for mismatches.
In similar fashion, DNA probes can be used to detect mismatches, through enzymatic or chemical cleavage. See, e.g., Cotton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 85, 4397, 1988; and Shenk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 72, p. 989, 1975. Alternatively, mismatches can be detected by shifts in the electrophoretic mobility of mismatched duplexes relative to matched duplexes. See, e.g., Cariello, Human Genetics, vol. 42, p. 726, 1988. With either riboprobes or DNA probes, the cellular mRNA or DNA which might contain a mutation can be amplified using PCR (see below) before hybridization. Changes in DNA of the MCC gene can also be detected using Southern hybridization, especially if the changes are gross rearrangements, such as deletions and insertions.
DNA sequences of the MCC gene from the tumor tissue which have been amplified by use of polymerase chain reaction may also be screened using allele-specific probes. These probes are nucleic acid oligomers, each of which contains a region of the MCC gene sequence harboring a known mutation. For example, one oligomer may be about 30 nucleotides in length, corresponding to a portion of the MCC gene sequence. By use of a battery of such allele-specific probes, PCR amplification products can be screened to identify the presence of a previously identified mutation in the MCC gene. Hybridization of allele-specific probes with amplified MCC sequences can be performed, for example, on a nylon filter. Hybridization to a particular probe under stringent hybridization conditions indicates the presence of the same mutation in the tumor tissue as in the allele-specific probe.
Alteration of MCC mRNA expression can be detected by any technique known in the art. These include Northern blot analysis, PCR amplification and RNase protection. Diminished mRNA expression indicates an alteration of the wild-type MCC gene.
Alteration of wild-type MCC genes can also be detected by screening for alteration of wild-type MCC protein. For example, monoclonal antibodies immunoreactive with MCC can be used to screen a tissue. Lack of cognate antigen would indicate an MCC mutation. Antibodies specific for products of mutant alleles could also be used to detect mutant MCC gene product. Such immunological assays could be done in any convenient format known in the art. These include Western blots, immunohistochemical assays and ELISA assays. Any means for detecting an altered MCC protein can be used to detect alteration of wild-type MCC genes. Functional assays can be used, such as protein binding determinations. For example, it is believed that MCC protein binds to a G protein. Thus, an assay for the binding partner to that G protein can be employed. In addition, assays can be used which detect MCC biochemical function. It is believed that MCC is involved in phospholipid metabolism. Thus, assaying the enzymatic products of the involved phospholipid metabolic pathway can be used to determine MCC activity. Finding a mutant MCC gene product indicates alteration of a wild-type MCC gene.
Mutant MCC genes or gene products can also be detected in other human body samples, such as, serum, stool, urine and sputum. The same techniques discussed above for detection of mutant MCC genes or gene products in tissues can be applied to other body samples. Cancer cells are sloughed off from tumors and appear in such body samples. In addition, the MCC gene product itself may be secreted into the extracellular space and found in these body samples even in the absence of cancer cells. By screening such body samples, a simple early diagnosis can be achieved for many types of cancers. In addition, the progress of chemotherapy or radiotherapy can be monitored more easily by testing such body samples for mutant MCC genes or gene products.
The methods of diagnosis of the present invention are applicable to any tumor in which MCC has a role in tumorigenesis. Deletions of chromosome arm 5q have been observed in tumors of lung, breast, colon, rectum, bladder, liver, sarcomas, stomach and prostate, as well as inleukemias and lymphomas. Thus these are likely to be tumors in which MCC has a role. The diagnostic method of the present invention is useful for clinicians so that they can decide upon an appropriate course of treatment. For example, a tumor displaying alteration of both MCC alleles might suggest a more aggressive therapeutic regimen than a tumor displaying alteration of only one MCC allele.
The primer pairs of the present invention are useful for determination of the nucleotide sequence of the MCC gene using the polymerase chain reaction. The pairs of single stranded DNA primers can be annealed to sequences within or surrounding the MCC gene on chromosome 5q in order to prime amplifying DNA synthesis of the MCC gene itself. A complete set of these primers allows synthesis of all of the nucleotides of the MCC gene coding sequences, i.e., the exons. The set of primers preferably allows synthesis of both intron and exon sequences. Allele specific primers can also be used. Such primers anneal only to particular MCC mutant alleles, and thus will only amplify a product in the presence of the mutant allele as a template.
In order to facilitate subsequent cloning of amplified sequences, primers may have restriction enzyme site sequences appended to their 5' ends. Thus, all nucleotides of the primers are derived from MCC sequences or sequences adjacent to MCC except the few nucleotides necessary to form a restriction enzyme site. Such enzymes and sites are well known in the art. The primers themselves can be synthesized using techniques which are well known in the art. Generally, the primers can be made using synthesizing machines which are commercially available. Given the sequence of the MCC open reading frame shown in FIG. 3, design of particular primers is well within the skill of the art.
The nucleic acid probes provided by the present invention are useful for a number of purposes. They can be used in Southern hybridization to genomic DNA and in the RNase protection method for detecting point mutations already discussed above. The probes can be used to detect PCR amplification products. They may also be used to detect mismatches with the MCC gene or mRNA using other techniques. Mismatches can be detected using either enzymes (e.g., S1 nuclease), chemicals (e.g., hydroxylamine or osmium tetroxide and piperidine), or changes in electrophoretic mobility of mismatched hybrids as compared to totally matched hybrids. These techniques are known in the art. See, Cotton, supra, Shenk, supra, Myers, supra, Winter, supra, and Novack et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 83, p. 586, 1986. Generally, the probes are complementary to MCC gene coding sequences, although probes to certain introns are also contemplated. An entire battery of nucleic acid probes is used to compose a kit for detecting alteration of wild-type MCC genes. The kit allows for hybridization to the entire MCC gene. The probes may overlap with each other or be contiguous.
If a riboprobe is used to detect mismatches with mRNA, it is complementary to the mRNA of the human wild-type MCC gene. The riboprobe thus is an anti-sense probe in that it does not code for the MCC protein because it is of the opposite polarity to the sense strand. The riboprobe generally will be labeled with a radioactive, colorimetric, or fluorometric materials, which can be accomplished by any means known in the art. If the riboprobe is used to detect mismatches with DNA it can be of either polarity, sense or anti-sense. Similarly, DNA probes also may be used to detect mismatches.
Nucleic acid probes may also be complementary to mutant alleles of MCC gene. These are useful to detect similar mutations in other patients on the basis of hybridization rather than mismatches. These are discussed above and referred to as allele-specific probes. As mentioned above, the MCC probes can also be used in Southern hybridizations to genomic DNA to detect gross chromosomal changes such as deletions and insertions. The probes can also be used to select cDNA clones of MCC genes from tumor and normal tissues. In addition, the probes can be used to detect MCC mRNA in tissues to determine if expression is diminished as a result of alteration of wild-type MCC genes. Provided with the MCC coding sequence shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:1), design of particular probes is well within the skill of the ordinary artisan.
According to the present invention a method is also provided of supplying wild-type MCC function to a cell which carries mutant MCC alleles. Supplying such function should suppress neoplastic growth of the recipient cells. The wild-type MCC gene or a part of the gene may be introduced into the cell in a vector such that the gene remains extrachromosomal. In such a situation the gene will be expressed by the cell from the extrachromosomal location. If a gene portion is introduced and expressed in a cell carrying a mutant MCC allele, the gene portion should encode a part of the MCC protein which is required for non-neoplastic growth of the cell. More preferred is the situation where the wild-type MCC gene or a part of it is introduced into the mutant cell in such a way that it recombines with the endogenous mutant MCC gene present in the cell. Such recombination requires a double recombination event which results in the correction of the MCC gene mutation. Vectors for introduction of genes both for recombination and for extrachromosomal maintenance are known in the art and any suitable vector may be used. Methods for introducing DNA into cells such as electroporation, calcium phosphate co-precipitation and viral transduction are known in the art and the choice of method is within the competence of the routineer. Cells transformed with the wild-type MCC-gene can be used as model systems to study cancer remission and drug treatments which promote such remission.
Polypeptides which have MCC activity can be supplied to cells which carry mutant or missing MCC alleles. The sequence of the MCC protein is disclosed in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:2). Protein can be produced by expression of the cDNA sequence in bacteria, for example, using known expression vectors. Alternatively, MCC can be extracted from MCC-producing mammalian cells such as brain cells. In addition, the techniques of synthetic chemistry can be employed to synthesize MCC protein. Any of such techniques can provide the preparation of the present invention which comprises the MCC gene product having the sequence shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:2). The preparation is substantially free of other human proteins. This is most readily accomplished by synthesis in a microorganism or in vitro. Active MCC molecules can be introduced into cells by microinjection or by use of liposomes, for example. Alternatively, some such active molecules may be taken up by cells, actively or by diffusion. Extracellular application of MCC gene product may be sufficient to affect tumor growth. Supply of molecules with MCC activity should lead to a partial reversal of the neoplastic state. Other molecules with MCC activity may also be used to effect such a reversal, for example peptides, drugs, or organic compounds.
The present invention also provides a preparation of antibodies immunoreactive with a human MCC protein. The antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal and may be raised against native MCC protein, MCC fusion proteins, or mutant MCC proteins. The antibodies should be immunoreactive with MCC epitopes, preferably epitopes not present on other human proteins. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the antibodies will immunoprecipitate MCC proteins from solution as well as react with MCC protein on Western or immunoblots of polyacrylamide gels. In another preferred embodiment, the antibodies will detect MCC proteins in parrafin or frozen tissue sections, using immunocytochemical techniques. Techniques for raising and purifying antibodies are well known in the art and any such techniques may be chosen to achieve the preparation of the invention.
Predisposition to cancers can be ascertained by testing normal tissues of humans for mutations of MCC gene. For example, a person who has inherited a germline MCC mutation would be prone to develop cancers. This can be determined by testing DNA from any tissue of the person's body. Most simply, blood can be drawn and DNA extracted from the cells of the blood. In addition, prenatal diagnosis can be accomplished by testing fetal cells or amniotic fluid for mutations of the MCC gene. Alteration of a wild-type MCC allele, whether for example, by point mutation or by deletion, can be detected by any of the means discussed above.
Molecules of cDNA according to the present invention are intron-free, MCC gene coding molecules. They can be made by reverse transcriptase using the MCC mRNA as a template. These molecules can be propagated in vectors and cell lines as is known in the art. Such molecules have the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The cDNA can also be made using the techniques of synthetic chemistry given the sequence disclosed herein.
A short region of homology has been identified between MCC and the human m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). This homology was largely confined to 19 residues in which the carboxy-terminal 6 amino acids (KELAGL) were identical (See FIG. 5 and SEQ ID NO: 11). Initially, it was not known whether this homology was significant, because many other proteins had higher levels of global homology (though few had six contiguous amino acids in common). During a search for mutations, however, a study on the sequence elements controlling G protein activation by mAChR subtypes was published (Lechleiter et al., EMBO J., p. 4381 (1990)). It was shown that a 21 amino acid region from the m3 mAChR completely mediated G protein specificity when substituted for the 21 amino acids of m2 mAChR at the analogous protein position. These 21 residues overlapped the 19 amino acid homology between MCC and m3 mAChR (FIG. 5). A ten residue deletion (FIG. 5, domain A), which included the two amino-terminal amino acids of the KELAGL motif, completely altered the kinetics and magnitude of the G protein mediated response. Moreover, a 9-residue subdomain (FIG. 5, domain B) which included the 4 carboxy-terminal amino acids of KELAGL, was sufficient for specifying the activation of the m3 G protein pathway when transferred to the m2 mAChR.
This connection between MCC and the G protein activating region of mAChR is intriguing in light of previous investigations relating G proteins to cancer. For example, the RAS oncogenes, which are often mutated in colorectal cancers (Vogelstein, et al., N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 319, pg. 525 (1988); Bos et al., Nature vol. 327, pg. 293 (1987)), are members of the G protein family (Bourne, et al., Nature, vol. 348, pg. 125 (1990)) as is an in vitro transformation suppressor (Noda et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 86, pg. 162 (1989)) and genes mutated in hormone producing tumors (Candis et al., Nature, vol. 340, pg. 692 (1989); Lyons et al., Science, vol. 249, pg. 655 (1990)). Additionally, the gene responsible for neurofibromatosis (presumably a tumor suppressor gene) has been shown to activate the GTPase activity of RAS (Xu et al., Cell, vol. 63, pg. 835 (1990); Martin et al., Cell, vol. 63, pg. 843 (1990); Ballester et al., Cell, vol. 63, pg. 851 (1990)). Another interesting link between G proteins and colon cancer involves the drug sulindac. This agent has been shown to inhibit the growth of benign colon tumors in patients with FAP, presumably by virtue of its activity as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (Waddell et al., J. Surg. Oncology 24(1), 83 (1983); Wadell, et al., Am. J. Surg., 157(1), 175 (1989); Charneau et al., Gastroenterologie Clinique at Biologique 14(2), 153 (1990)). Cyclooxygenase is required to convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other biologically active molecules. G proteins are known to regulate phospholipase A2 activity, which generates arachidonic acid from phosphplipids (Role et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 84, pg. 3623 (1987); Kurachi et al., Nature, vol. 337, pg. 555 (1989)). Therefore we propose that wild-type MCC protein functions by interacting with a G protein and is involved in phospholipid metabolism.
The following are provided for exemplification purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which has been described in broad terms above.
Example 1
This example demonstrates the detection of a somatic cell gene rearrangement occurring in chromosome 5q21 in a colorectal carcinoma.
We mapped allelic losses which occur in over 30% of sporadic cancers using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) markers. We found that the region of common loss seems to be centered at an RFLP detected by cosmid 5.71.
Portions of cosmid 5.71 were subcloned and used as probes to screen a panel of 150 colorectal carcinomas by Southern blot analysis. We found one tumor (T14) which contained an 11 kb EcoRI fragment in addition to the 20 kb EcoRI fragment seen in DNA from normal individuals. The 11 kb fragment was not present in DNA isolated from normal cells from the same patient (FIG. 1, Panel A).
The new EcoRI fragment was cloned.sup.1/, and used to probe Southern blots with DNA from tumor T14. The 11 kb clone hybridized to the abnormal 11 kb EcoRI fragment and to the normal 20 kb EcoRI fragment in the tumor as expected (FIG. 1, Panel B). Moreover, the 11 kb clone detected new fragments in tumor T14 DNA upon digestion with other restriction endonucleases (including PstI [FIG. 1, Panel C]; Hind III and EcoRV).
Restriction mapping and partial sequencing of the 11 kb clone showed that its left end was derived from the 20 kb EcoRI fragment which contained 5.71 sequences. The right end of the 11 kb fragment was derived from sequences which were not contiguous with the left end in normal genomic DNA. Use of a 400 bp probe from the right end of the 11 kb fragment showed that the non-contiguous sequences were also derived from chromosome 5, but from a position separated by at least 100 kb from the left end of the 11 kb EcoRI fragment. Thus a rearrangement had occurred in the tumor which resulted in the juxtaposition of sequences which were normally far apart.
Example 2
This example documents our efforts to locate a gene affected by the rearrangement found in colorectal tumor T14.
Based on the hypothesis that human genes that are expressed are evolutionarily conserved among mammalian species, we looked for genomic sequences in rat which shared homology with the 5.71 cosmid. Several subclones of the 5.71 cosmid were used in Southern blot analysis of rodent DNA. Cross-species hybridization was performed at 55 degrees as described in Vogelstein, et al., Cancer Research, vol. 47, pg. 4806 (1987), and washed for 45 minutes at 55 degrees in 45 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM sodium citrate, 0.3 mM Tris, HCl pH 7.5, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. We identified two subclones (5.71-5 and 5.71-3) that cross-hybridized under reduced stringency. However, attempts to use these conserved sequences to detect expressed human genes by Northern blotting and cDNA library screening of over 3.times.10.sup.6 colon or brain cDNA clones were unsuccessful.
Example 3
This example demonstrates the identification of an expressed human gene near the cosmid 5.71 RFLP marker.
We sequenced parts of the human subclones demonstrating cross-species hybridization, but found it impossible to predict exons from this sequence information alone. We therefore cloned the cross-hybridizing rat fragments and determined their sequence as well. A rat genomic library in the lambda DASH vector (Stratagene) was probed with 32 P-labelled 5.71-3 and 5.71-5 sequences. Cross-hybridizing restriction fragments of these phage clones were subcloned into plasmid vectors and sequenced to derive the homologies shown in FIG. 2. Sequencing was performed with unmodified T7 polymerase as described by G. Del Sal, G. Manfioletti and C. Schneider, Biotechniques 7:514, 1989.
Through comparison of the sequences of the corresponding rat and human regions, one putative exon from subclone 5.71-3 and one from subclone 5.71-5 were identified (FIG. 2). Each contained an open reading frame (ORF) that was preceded and followed by splice acceptor and donor sites that were conserved between species. The predicted ORF's from the rat and human exons were 96% identical at the amino acid level and 89% identical at the nucleotide level, with most of the nucleotide differences occurring at the third position of codons. The two putative exons are separated in genomic DNA by over 2 kb.
Primers were derived from the two putative exons. PCR performed with these primers, using cDNA as template, allows detection of putative exons if they are joined by RNA splicing within cells. Contaminating genomic DNA in the RNA preparation does not interfere with this assay, since the intervening intron(s) results in much longer PCR products from genomic DNA than that obtained from the spliced RNA.
We did not initially know the orientation of the putative exons with respect to one another and therefore designed two set, of primers for the exon-connection scheme. One set (primers P1 and P4; FIG. 2) would have resulted in a PCR product if the exon in 5.71-5 was upstream of that in 5.71-3. The other set (primers P2 and P3; FIG. 2) would have allowed detection of a PCR product if the exons were in the reverse orientation.
PCR was performed as described in Baker et al., Cancer Research, vol. 50, pg. 7717 (1990), using 35 cycles of: 95 degrees C. for 0.5 minutes, 55 degrees C. for 2 minutes, and 70 degrees C. for 2 minutes. We found that only the first set (primers P1 and P4) results in a PCR product using cDNA derived from mRNA of normal human colon as template. The PCR product was exactly the size (226 bp) expected if direct splicing of the two putative exons had occurred at the splice sites identified in the human and rat genomic DNA sequences. Cloning and sequencing of the PCR product confirmed that it represented the result of a direct splice between the 5.71-5 and 5.71-3 exons. This spliced product produced an in-frame fusion of the ORF's from each exon. We concluded that these sequences did indeed represent an expressed gene, hereinafter referred to as the MCC gene for mutated in colorectal cancer. Using the exon-connection strategy, we found that MCC was expressed in most normal tissues of the rat (e.g., colon, brain, stomach, lung, liver, kidney, bladder, heart).
Example 4
This example demonstrates the isolation and sequencing of the human MCC cDNA from brain.
The PCR product amplified using human cDNA as a template was then labelled and used as a probe to screen a cDNA library from normal human brain. Brain was chosen because the exon-connection assay suggested that MCC was expressed at high levels in this tissue. The cDNA library was constructed from human brain mRNA as described in U. Gubler and B. J. Hoffman, Gene 25, 263 (1983) and the Lambda Zap vector (Stratagene). 1.5.times.10.sup.6 plaques were screened with the PCR product connecting the 5.71-3 and 5.71-5 exons (see FIG. 2.)
Three clones were identified in the 1.5.times.10.sup.6 plaques in the initial screen. The ends of these three clones were then used to re-screen the library, and a series of seven overlapping cDNA clones were finally isolated and ordered. Sequence analysis of these clones indicated that they encompassed 4,180 bp of MCC mRNA and contained an ORF of 2,511 bp (FIG. 3). The first methionine of the ORF (nucleotide 220) was preceded by in frame stop codons upstream and conformed reasonably well to the consensus initiation site defined by Kozak (Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 15, pg. 8125 (1987)). If translation initiation occurs at this methionine, the sequence predicts an 829 amino acid product (93kd) encoded from nucleotide 220 to 2707. The ORF was surrounded by at least 200 bp of 5' untranslated sequence and 1450 bp of 3' untranslated sequence. There was no evidence of a polyadenylylation tract at the 3' end of any clone. cDNA probes detected RNAs of several seizes (3-10 kb) on Northern blots; we do not know whether these other transcripts represent alternatively spliced forms of the MCC gene or related genes from other loci.
Searches of nucleotide databases (EMBL version 25, Genbank version 66) indicated that this sequence has not been previously reported. Searches of amino acid databases (P.I.R. version 25, SWISS-Protein version 16) with the predicted MCC protein (829 amino acids) also failed to reveal any extensive homologies. However, we noted a 19 amino acid region of homology between MCC and the G-protein-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of humans and pigs.
Example 5
This example demonstrates that somatic mutations occur within the MCC gene in colorectal carcinoma tissue.
When the sequences of MCC were compared with those of genomic clones from tumor T14 it was found that the boundary of the rearrangement in this tumor was within the MCC gene, occurring in the intron just distal to the exon containing nucleotides 534 to 676. As noted above, the novel 11 kb restriction fragment represented the joining of sequences on chromosome 5 normally separated by more than 100 kb. This 100 kb stretch contained several exons of the MCC gene. Thus, the MCC gene was disrupted by a genetic alteration which removed several exons from the rearranged MCC gene in this tumor.
To search for other more subtle genetic alterations of MCC, we employed the polymerase chain reaction to amplify exons of the MCC gene from colorectal cancers. These sequences were then analyzed for mutations by an RNase protection assay which was modified to allow rapid testing of multiple samples. In brief, the sequence of an exon and surrounding intron was determined and used to design primers for the amplification of the exon and surrounding splice sites. The exon was then amplified from tumor DNA using PCR.
The sequences of exon boundaries were derived following the screening of human genomic DNA libraries with MCC cDNA probes. Positively hybridizing clones were isolated and small fragments (0.2-3kb) subcloned and sequenced. Primers for amplifying the exons were chosen outside of the splice sites and were as follows: 5'-GAATTCATCAGCACTTCT-3' (SEQ ID NO:3) and 5'-CAGCTCCAAGATGGAGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:4) for the exon containing nucleotides 391 to 533, 5'-GGCCCCATGTGCTTTGTT-3' (SEQ ID NO:5) and 5'-AGAGGGACTCTGGAGACA-3' (SEQ ID NO:6) for the exon containing nucleotides 1575 to 1678, 5'-ATGTTGATTAATCCGTTGGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:7) and 5'-ACCCCAGAGCAGAAGGCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 8) for the exon containing nucleotides 1679-1862, 5'-GGCCTAACTGGAATGTGT-3' (SEQ ID NO:9) and 5'-GCCCAGATAAACACCAGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:10) for the exon containing nucleotides 2305 to 2405. PCR was carried out as described above.
The resulting PCR products were hybridized to in vitro generated RNA probes representing normal MCC sequences. The hybrids were digested with RNase A, which can cleave at single base pair mismatches within DNA-RNA hybrids, and these cleavage products visualized following denaturing gel electrophoresis. Two separate RNase protection analyses were performed for each exon, one with the sense and one with the antisense strand as labeled transcript. Under these conditions approximately 50% of all point mutations are detectable. R. M. Myers and T. Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 51, 275 (1986).
The RNAse protection assay was performed as described by Winter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 82, pg. 7575 (1985) with the following modifications: Hybridizations were carried out in 9 ul of hybridization solution containing 1 ul of the appropriate PCR reaction and .sup.32 P labeled transcript (200,000 dpm) for 2 hours at 50 degrees C. RNase treatment was initiated by addition of 90 ul of RNase solution (0.2M NaCl, 0.1M LiCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 25 ug/ml RNase A) and incubated I hour at 37 degrees C. RNase treatment was terminated by the addition of proteinase K solution (5 mg/ml proteinase K in 10% SDS) and incubated 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The solution was then extracted one time with PC9 (3 parts phenol and 4 parts chloroform equilibrated with 2 parts 0.5M Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, 10 mM EDTA, 10 mM NaCl) and 20 ul of the aqueous phase was collected and combined wtih 20 ul of loading buffer (0.3% W/V xylene cyanol, 0.3% W/V bromophenol blue in formamide). The samples were then heated at 94 degrees C. for 4 minutes and loaded directly on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Two separate assays were performed for each exon, one with each strand as labeled transcript.
The first exon (containing nucleotides 391 to 533) of four tested showed no variants among 100 colorectal tumors tested. Analysis of the exon containing nucleotides 1575 to 1678 identified five tumors with identical variations in their RNase protection pattern. Cloning and sequencing of the variant PCR product from two of the five tumors indicated that it resulted from a C to T transition at nucleotide 1676 which resulted in a coding change from proline to leucine. This variant presumably represents a polymorphism, as it was found in five individuals and was present in DNA from the normal tissue of two of the five patients whose tumors showed the variant (the other three were not tested).
Analysis of a third exon (containing nucleotides 2305 to 2405) identified a single tumor (T91) with a unique RNase protection pattern. This abnormal RNase protection pattern was not seen in DNA isolated from normal tissue from the same individual (FIG. 4). This indicates that the altered RNase protection pattern was the result of a somatic mutation. Cloning and sequencing of the T91 tumor PCR product indicated that it had a C to T transition at nucleotide 2312 that resulted in a ceding change from alanine to valine. Although this is a relatively conservative amino acid substitution, the identical amino acid change has been shown to inactivate the p53 tumor suppressor gene. S. J. Baker et al., Science, vol. 244, pg. 217 (1989); S. J. Baker et al., Science, vol. 249, pg. 912 (1990).
Analysis of a fourth exon (containing nucleotides 1679 to 1862) identified a single tumor (T35) with a unique RNase protection pattern. Examination of DNA isolated from normal tissue of the same individual indicated that this altered RNase protection pattern was also the result of a somatic mutation (FIG. 4). Cloning and sequencing of the T35 PCR product indicated that it had a G to A transition at nucleotide 1736 resulting in a coding change from arginine to glutamine.
Claims
We claim:
1. A pair of single stranded DNA primers for determination of a nucleotide sequence of an MCC gene by polymerase chain reaction, the sequence of said primers consisting of contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the use of said primers in a polymerase chain reaction with human cDNA as a template results in synthesis of a DNA fragment containing all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
2. The primers of claim 1 which have restriction enzyme sites appended at each 5' end.
3. A pair of single stranded DNA primers for determination of a nucleotide sequence of an MCC gene by polymerase chain reaction, wherein the use of said primers in a polymerase chain reaction with human cDNA as a template results in synthesis of a DNA fragment containing all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein the sequences of said primers consist of sequences of MCC introns, as shown in SEQ ID NOS: 3-10.
4. A nucleic acid probe which is complementary across its entire length to a sequence of contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1.
5. The nucleic acid probe of claim 4 which is complementary across its entire length to an exon selected from the group consisting of: (1) nucleotides 2305-2405; and (2) nucleotides 1679 to 1862 of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
6. A cDNA segment consisting of the coding sequence of the MCC gene as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
7. A DNA vector which comprises the cDNA segment of claim 6.
8. A cell transformed with the DNA vector of claim 7.
9. A cDNA encoding the MCC gene product amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
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