US 5,531,018 AGrant
Method of Micromachining Electromagnetically Actuated Current Switches With Polyimide Reinforcement Seals, and Switches Produced Thereby
Issue Date:1996-07-02
•11 Claims
•14 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An insulating layer with at least one via is provided over a metal plate. A sacrificial layer is applied over a portion of the insulating layer so that the sacrificial layer extends into the via. A metal bridge having at least one opening is provided over a portion of the sacrificial layer and a portion of the insulating layer so that the metal bridge extends over the via and the opening is situated adjacent a portion of the sacrificial layer. A reinforcing seal layer with a well is provided over the metal bridge so that the well is situated adjacent to at least a portion of the opening. The sacrificial layer is then removed.
Metadata
Assignee
- General Electric Company
Inventors
- Richard J. Saia
- Mario Ghezzo
- Bharat S. K. Bagepalli
- Kevin M. Durocher
Application Information
Application Number:US 1692720
Filing Date:1993-12-20
Priority Date:1993-12-20
Art Unit:213
Classifications
IPC:
H01H 1100
Field of Search:
29156200335622643;644;645;655;656;668;901;90216 B;237;238124;12878-86
Patent Drawings (14 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to micromachining methods and, more particularly, to a method of fabricating a macromachined current switch with moving contacts which are sealed and reinforced with a polyimide material.
2. Description of the Related Art
When fabricating micromechanical structures, micromachined moving parts usually undergo a processing step in which they are released for further processing by etching away either a mold or a sacrificial release layer. For example, commonly assigned Ghezzo et al., "Micromechanical Moving Structures Including Multiple Contact Switching System, and Micromachining Methods Therefor," U.S. application Ser. No. 08/000,172, filed Jan. 4, 1993, describes one method for using a copper release layer. The resulting moving parts can be fragile because small metal hinges hold contact bridges in position. Consequently, processing steps which require forceful flows of liquid or air can damage these parts.
Reinforcement of the hinges of micromachined moving parts not only would serve to protect these moving parts during fabrication but would also be beneficial during normal operation of the parts. Any such reinforcement, however, must be flexible enough so as to not interfere with the movement of the part.
When switches are batch-fabricated on a substrate, they need to be separated or cut into individual switches after fabrication. A simple method of cutting a substrate is to use a standard wafer saw. A seal is needed to protect the switches during sawing because wafer particles can interfere with switch movement during operation, and forced liquids which are used to cool the saw can damage the contact bridges.
Summary of the Invention
Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide a method of fabricating an electromagnetically-actuated, sealed and reinforced current switch with an integrated magnetic coil.
Briefly, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a method of fabricating the moving portion of a switch comprises providing an insulating layer with at least one via over a metal plate. A sacrificial layer is applied over a portion of the insulating layer so that the sacrificial layer extends conformally into the via. A metal bridge having at least one opening is provided over a portion of the sacrificial layer and a portion of the insulating layer so that the metal bridge extends over the via and the opening is situated adjacent to a portion of the sacrificial layer. A reinforcing seal layer with a well is provided over the metal bridge so that the well is situated adjacent to at least a portion of the opening in the metal bridge. The sacrificial layer is then removed.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, a micromachined switch comprises an insulating layer situated over a metal plate and having at least one via extending to the metal plate. A metal bridge is situated above the via and has a switch contact extending into a portion of the via. The metal bridge and the insulating layer have an air gap therebetween with the metal bridge having at least one opening adjacent the air gap. An electrically conductive coil surrounds at least a portion of the metal bridge. A reinforcing seal layer is situated over the metal bridge and the coil, and has a well situated adjacent to a portion of the metal bridge including at least a portion of the opening in the metal bridge.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like numerals represent like components, in which:
FIG. 1 is a top view of a substrate supporting a plurality of metal plates;
FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2, further showing an insulating layer and mask layer over the substrate and metal plates;
FIGS. 3a-3b are views similar to those of FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively, further showing vias in the mask and insulating layer;
FIG. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 3b, further showing a metal sheet over the mask;
FIGS. 5a-5b are views similar to those of FIGS. 3a and 4, respectively, further showing the metal sheet after patterning has formed a sacrificial layer and a portion of a coil;
FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIG. 5b, further showing the application of metal bridge material over the sacrificial layer and coil;
FIGS. 7a-7b views similar to those of FIGS. 5a and 6 respectively, further showing the metal bridge remaining after the patterning of the metal bridge material;
FIG. 8 is a view similar to that of FIG. 7b, further showing a reinforcing seal layer over the metal bridge;
FIG. 9 is a view similar to that of FIG. 8, further showing a well in the reinforcing seal layer and an air gap below a portion of the metal bridge existing after the removal of the sacrificial layer; and
FIGS. 10a-10b are views similar to those of FIGS. 7a and 9, respectively, further showing a magnet in the well of the reinforcing seal layer.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments of the Invention
FIG. 1 is a top view of a substrate 10 supporting a plurality of metal plates shown as switch contact plate 11, stationary contact plate 12, and coil contact plates 13 and 14. The number and positions of the metal plates and the plate designations are for example only.
Substrate 10 may comprise any appropriate structural material and preferably comprises either silicon or a ceramic such as alumina having a thickness of about 50 mils, for example. To form the metal plates, an adhesion promoting metal layer 15a (shown in FIG. 2) such as titanium-tungsten (TiW comprising 10% titanium and 90% tungsten) can be sputter-deposited to a thickness of about 1000 .ANG., for example. Gold 15b (shown in FIG. 2) having a thickness of about 4 pro, for example, can then be sputter-deposited over layer 15a. The metal sheet can next be patterned into metal plates by standard etching techniques. For example, a photoresist mask (not shown) can be applied to the metal sheet, followed by a potassium iodide solution etch of a portion of the gold layer, a hydrogen peroxide solution etch of a portion of the titanium-tungsten layer, and the removal of the photoresist.
FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2, further showing an insulating layer 16 and a mask layer 17 over the substrate and metal plates. The insulating layer is a dielectric material and preferably comprises a polyimide such as Kapton polyimide (Kapton is a trademark of E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.) having a thickness of approximately 2 mil, for example, and coated with an adhesive (not shown) such as Ultem.RTM. polyetherimide (Ultem is a trademark of General Electric Co.).
In one embodiment for fabricating mask 17, a thin seed layer 17a of titanium (about 1000 .ANG.) is sputtered over the insulating layer, and a thicker layer 17b of copper (about 3000 .ANG.) is formed by sputtering a thin layer of copper over the thin layer of titanium and electroplating a 4 .mu.m layer of copper over the thin layer of copper.
FIGS. 3a-3b are views similar to those of FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively, further showing vias 18 in the metal mask and insulating layer (for simplicity, although locations of vias 18 are shown, mask 17 and insulating layer 16 are not shown in FIG. 3a). The vias can be formed in any conventional manner. Using a photoresist mask (not shown), openings having dimensions of 3 mils by 5 mils can be etched (using a ferric chloride solution for the copper and a hydrofluoric acid solution for the titanium) into the metal mask. Then an excimer laser can ablate the insulating layer through the mask to form vias 18. Mask 17, which in this embodiment remains on the insulating layer during further processing and, for the reasons discussed below, is used in a preferred embodiment, is not a necessary feature of the present invention. Other methods of forming vias in insulating layer 16 can be used, if desired.
At least one via is preferably formed on each plate. In the embodiment of FIG. 3a, the respective vias on coil contact plates 13 and 14 are used for coupling a coil to the coil contact plates, the vias on stationary contact plate 12 are used for stationary contacts, and the vias on switch contact plate 11 are used for movable contacts, as discussed below.
FIG. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 3b, further showing a sacrificial metal sheet 19 applied conformally over mask 17 and vias 18. Sacrificial metal sheet 19 can include sputtered and electroplated copper having a thickness of about eight microns, for example. One advantage of using metal mask 17 over insulating layer 16 and leaving the mask in place when applying sacrificial metal sheet 19 is that a portion of mask 17 can be a bottom portion of a sacrificial layer 20 (shown in FIG. 5b). This process results in a greater thickness between the insulating layer and a bridge 22 than between metal plate 11 and a moving contact 24 of bridge 22 (bridge 22 and contact 24 shown in FIG. 9).
FIGS. 5a-5b are views similar to those of FIGS. 3a and 4, respectively, further showing sacrificial metal sheet 19 and metal layer 17b after patterning has formed a sacrificial layer 20 (including a sacrificial portion of metal layer 17b) and a portion of an integral coil 20a (for simplicity, thin metal layer 17a and insulating layer 16 are not shown in FIG. 5a). In alternative embodiments either no mask 17 is present so the sacrificial metal sheet is the only portion of the sacrificial layer or the entire mask can be a sacrificial portion of the sacrificial layer which is removed during switch fabrication.
Sacrificial layer and coil patterning can be performed using a standard photoresist etch process, for example. Coil 20a, which typically has many more turns (such as about 50) than are shown in FIG. 5a, is formed so that one end extends through a via 18 on coil contact plate 13 and the other end extends through a via 18 on coil contact plate 14. Sacrificial layer 20 extends over the vias on switch contact plate 11 and can extend onto stationary contact plate 12, but preferably does not extend over the vias of stationary contact plate 12.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5b, only the copper layers 19 and 17b are etched; the thin metal layer 17a of titanium remains on insulating layer 16 and can thus be used for adhesion of the remainder of a metal bridge, as discussed below.
FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of FIG. 5b, further showing the application of metal bridge material 22 over sacrificial layer 20 and coil 20a. In one embodiment, the metal bridge material includes a first layer 22a of sputtered gold having a thickness of about 1000 .ANG. and electroplated gold having a thickness of about 10 .mu.m and a second layer 22b of sputtered titanium having a thickness of about 1 .mu.m. A moving contact portion 24 of the metal bridge material represents a contact of the metal bridge which will be movable after completion of the switch, and a stationary contact portion 26 of the metal bridge represents a contact of the bridge which has a fixed position in direct contact with stationary contact plate 12.
FIGS. 7a-7b are views similar to those of FIGS. 5a and 6 respectively, further showing the metal bridge 22 remaining after patterning of the metal bridge material (for simplicity, insulating layer 16 is not shown in FIG. 7a). Using a photoresist mask, the top layer of titanium 22b can be selectively etched, followed by the gold layer 22a, and the titanium layer 17a. During the patterning, openings 30 are formed in the metal bridge over selected portions of sacrificial layer 20, and coil 20a is completed. The switch can be designed in any desired manner. In the embodiment of FIG. 7a, portions of bridge 22 serve as anchors 28 for supporting the bridge.
FIG. 8 is a view similar to that of FIG. 7b, further showing a reinforcing seal layer 32 over the metal bridge. The seal layer comprises a nonconductive, flexible material such as Kapton polyimide, for example. In a preferred embodiment, the Kapton polyimide is coated with SPl(silicon polyimide)/epoxy for adhesion to the bridge. Preferably seal layer 32 also extends over coil 20a to protect the coil from becoming etched during later etch steps.
FIG. 9 is a view similar to that of FIG. 8, further showing a well 40 in reinforcing seal layer 32 and an air gap 34 below a portion of the metal bridge existing after removal of the sacrificial layer. The well can be formed in seal layer 32 in a similar manner as vias 18 are formed in insulating layer 16, as discussed with respect to FIG. 3b. If a mask (not shown) is used for forming well 40, the mask is then removed.
Copper portions 19 and 17b of sacrificial layer 20 (shown in FIG. 8) are removed by a wet ferric chloride etch. This process leaves an air gap 34 which has a greater thickness d.sub.2 between bridge 22 and metal layer 17a (or, in embodiments without metal layer 17a, insulating layer 16) than the thickness d.sub.1 between moving contact 24 and switch contact plate 11. The switch is then rinsed, dried, and vacuum baked.
After sacrificial layer 20 is removed, bridge 22, with moving contact 24, forms flexible hinges 29 and thus provides a spring-like contact with switch contact plate 11. Seal layer 32 also serves as part of the flexible hinges.
FIGS. 10a-10b are views similar to those of FIGS. 7a and 9, respectively, further showing an attached magnet 36 in well 40 of seal layer 32 (for simplicity, insulating layer 16 and seal layer 32 are not shown in FIG. 10a). Preferably magnet 36 is a rare earth permanent magnet such as NdFeB. Adhesive (not shown), such as either Ultem polyetherimide or Torlon polyamideimide (Torlon is a trademark of Amoco Performance Products Inc., of Greenville, S.C.), can be applied to the bottom of the magnet before placement, or the magnet and switch can be spray coated with adhesive after placement of the magnet.
The seal layer forms a flexible reinforcement to the metal hinges 29 of the bridge and prevents particles from interfering with the bridge during dicing of switches and when the switch is used.
While only certain preferred features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of fabricating a switch, comprising the steps of: providing an insulating layer over a metal plate, said insulating layer having at least one via extending to said metal plate; providing a sacrificial layer over a portion of said insulating layer so that said sacrificial layer extends conformally into said at least one via; providing a metal bridge over a portion of said sacrificial layer and a portion of said insulating layer so that said metal bridge extends over said at least one via, said metal bridge having at least one opening therein situated adjacent said portion of said sacrificial layer for providing access for the removal of said sacrificial layer; providing a reinforcing seal layer over said metal bridge, said seal layer having a well situated adjacent to at least a portion of said at least one opening; and removing said sacrificial layer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing said insulating layer comprises: applying said insulating layer over said metal plate, applying a mask over said insulating layer, said mask having at least one hole extending to said insulating layer, a sacrificial portion of said mask acting as a bottom portion of said sacrificial layer, and forming said at least one via through said at least one hole; and further including the step of removing said sacrificial portion of said mask when removing said sacrificial layer.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said metal plate and said at least one via comprise a switch contact plate and a switch contact via, respectively, and wherein the step of providing said insulating layer over said switch contact plate includes providing said insulating layer over a metal stationary contact plate, said insulating layer having at least one stationary contact via extending to said stationary contact plate.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of providing said metal bridge is performed so as to extend said metal bridge directly into said at least one additional via and make contact with said additional metal plate.
5. The method of claim 1, further including the step of attaching a magnet in said well of said seal layer after removing said sacrificial layer.
6. The method of claim 5, further including the step of providing on said insulating layer a metal coil having turns surrounding said metal bridge and said well after the step of providing said insulating layer and prior to the step of providing said reinforcing seal layer.
7. A method of fabricating a switch, comprising the steps of: providing an insulating layer over a plurality of metal plates, said insulating layer having a plurality of vias, each one of said plurality of vias extending to a predetermined respective one of said metal plates; providing a sacrificial layer over a portion of said insulating layer so that said sacrificial layer extends conformally into at least a respective one of said plurality of vias and contacts a selected one of said plurality of metal plates; providing a metal bridge over a portion of said sacrificial layer and a portion of said insulating layer so that said metal bridge extends over said at least one of said plurality of vias, said metal bridge having at least one opening therein situated adjacent said portion of said sacrificial layer; providing a reinforcing seal layer over said metal bridge, said seal layer having a well situated adjacent to at least a portion of said at least one opening; and removing said sacrificial layer.
8. The method of claim 7, further including the step of providing a metal coil on said insulating layer after providing said insulating layer and prior to providing said reinforcing seal layer, said coil having turns surrounding said metal bridge and said well, wherein said plurality of metal plates includes a first coil contact plate and a second coil contact plate, with one end of said coil extending into a respective one of said plurality of vias to contact said first coil contact plate and the other end of said coil extending into a respective other one of said plurality of vias to contact said second coil contact plate.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said sacrificial layer and at least a portion of said metal coil are provided simultaneously.
10. The method of claim 9, further including the step of attaching a magnet in said well of said seal layer after removing said sacrificial layer.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of providing said insulating layer over said metal plate comprises: applying said insulating layer over said metal plate, applying a metal mask over said insulating layer, said mask having a plurality of holes extending to said insulating layer, a sacrificial portion of said mask acting as a bottom portion of said sacrificial layer, and forming said plurality of vias through said plurality of holes; and further including the step of removing said sacrificial portion of said mask while removing said sacrificial layer.