Electrophotographic Printing System Having a Moistureless Electrophotographic Development Cartridge

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to an electrophotographic printing system and, more particularly, to an electrophotographic printing system having a moistureless electrophotographic development cartridge having an electrostatically operative toner transfer system and an associated humidity-absorbing drying means.

2. Description of Related Art

Printers provide a means of outputting a permanent record in human readable form. Most printers may be characterized as utilizing an impact printing technique or a non-impact printing technique. In impact printing techniques, an image is formed by striking an inked ribbon placed near the surface of the paper. Impact printing techniques may be further characterized as either formed-character printing or matrix printing. In formed-character printing, the element which strikes the ribbon to produce the image consists of a raised mirror image of the desired character. In dot-matrix printing, the character is formed as a series of closely spaced dots which are produced by striking a provided wire or wires against the ribbon. By selectively striking the provided wires, any character representable by a matrix of dots can be produced.

Non-impact printing is often preferred over impact printing in view of its tendency to provide higher printing speeds as well as its better suitability for printing graphics and half-tone images. Non-impact printing is also relatively noise free. One form of non-impact printing is generally classified as ink jet printing. In this technique, ink is force, most commonly under pressure, through a tiny nozzle to form a droplet. The droplet is electrostatically charge and is attracted to an oppositely charge platen located behind the sheet of paper. Using electrically controlled deflection plates similar to those in a CRT, the trajectory of the droplet can be controlled to hit a desired spot on the paper. Unused drops are deflected away from the paper into a reservoir for recycling the ink. Due to the small size of the droplet and the precise trajectory control, ink jet printing quality can approach that of formed-character impact printing.

Another non-impact printing technique is generally referred to as electrophotographic printing. In this technique, a controller, for example, a microprocessor associated with a computer system, turns a small laser or other light source on and off at a very rapid rate which readily exceeds millions of times per second. Reflection means, for example, a multifaceted polygonal mirror, reflects the light stream off a facet thereof and sweeps the light stream across a negatively charged print drum. The reflected light discharges portions of the surface of the negatively charged print drum, thereby producing a latent image of the drum. As the print drum rotates, it is dusted with negatively charged toner in the form of small particles. The toner particles stick only to the discharged areas. When negatively charged paper contacts the drum, the toner particles are attracted to the discharged image ares, thereby forming the desired image. The image is then fused to the paper by a combination of heat and pressure. As the finished page is produced, the drum is cleared of its electrical charge, cleaned and recharged for a next cycle.

Various techniques have been utilized to supply toner to a photosensitive surface, for example the surface of a print drum, where a latent image has been formed. In cascade type developing devices, a developer material which is comprised of carrier material and toner particles is cascaded onto the photosensitive surface from a position above the surface thereby developing a latent image previously formed on the photoreceptor surface into a visible toner powder image. The use of cascade type developing devices is often undesirable due to the size, slow process speed and somewhat reduced print quality of such devices, particularly when the reproduction of half-tones and solid areas is desired.

Many other techniques utilize magnetic attraction to supply toner to the photosensitive surface of a print drum. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,436 to Tanaka et al. discloses an electrophotographic copying system in which stationary bar magnets attract developing material consisting of magnetizable carrier material such as iron particles and electroscopic toner particles onto the surface of a cylinder to form magnetic brush bristles. As the cylinder rotates, the brush bristles rub lightly against the latent image formed on the surface of the rotating drum to develop the latent image into a visible toner powder image.

While electrophotographic printing techniques which utilize magnetic developers produce high quality images at relatively fast processing speeds, there remain several drawbacks to such systems. In particular, the brushing action on a print drum produced by a developer roller carrying a developer tends to wear itself out as well as wear out the print drum. Numerous solutions to this problem have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,538,896 to Tajima et al. describes an electrophotographic copying system where a hopper supplies a magnetic component to a magnetic roller. In turn, the magnetic roller transfers the toner to a photosensitive drum.

Other solutions avoid the use of magnetic developers entirely. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,884 to Mochizuki et al. discloses an apparatus for developing an electrostatic image on a photosensitive member in which a one component non-magnetic toner is supplied to a developer roller. As the surface of the developer roller is formed of an elastic rubber having good adherence and retention qualities for fine powders, the toner is readily attached to the surface of the developer roller as a toner layer. In the event that the deposited toner is not level, a leveling member is included to provide a uniform thickness for the toner layer. The apparatus disclosed by Mochizuki et al. further includes a triboelectric charging member which charges the retained toner to a given polarity. As the electrostatic attraction is greater than the toner retaining capability of the developer roller, the charged toner will then be deposited on the image bearing member.

Other drawbacks that occur with conventional electrophotographic printers stem from the effects of changes in relative humidity. The presence of moisture within the internal module or modules of an electrophotographic printer, most commonly caused by changes in relative humidity, contaminates the internal wiring and adversely affects toner consistency and flowability, as well as toner transfer efficiency and efficiency in negatively charging the print drum. Because moisture also tends to cause paper that is fed through the device to become limp, electrophotographic printers have typically had to include bulky supporting apparatus to ensure proper feeding of the paper despite the effects of moisture. Further, the presence of moisture adversely affects the efficient operation of the thermal fusing element by forcing heat to be dissipated in removing moisture from within the device prior to its being applied to its primary function of fusing the toner to the paper.

The presence of moisture within an electrophotographic printer negatively affects the means by which a latent image is developed on a photoconductive media through a process generally known as a fermi level energy mechanism. Moisture within the development module of an electrophotographic printer or copier degrades the integrity and fermi energy of the development materials. The reduced attractability of the toner that results from the presence of moisture aggravates the similarly-reduced efficiency of charging the print drum, thereby resulting in output images that are degraded in terms of image density, background density and that contain toner spread around image text lettering. No solution to the problems associated with the presence of moisture within an electrophotographic printer or copier has, as yet, been proposed.

In one embodiment, the present invention is of an electrophotographic printing system which includes a first roller positioned adjacent to a photoconductive surface and a second roller frictionally engaged with the first roller. Due to the relative biasing voltages placed on and the relative positions on the triboelectric ladder for the first and second rollers, frictional engagement between the first and second rollers causes toner deposited on the second roller to be electrostatically attracted to the surface of the first roller in a layer which, in another embodiment of the invention, may be a variable layer and, in yet another embodiment, may be a variable layer formed in a magnetic brush-like configuration. The toner is then transferred to the photoconductive surface and, from there, onto a sheet of paper positioned in proximity to the photoconductive surface. In various embodiments of the invention, the electrophotographic printing system may be further provided with means for removing moisture from ambient air adjacent the first roller and the photoconductive surface.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is of an apparatus for developing an image on a photoconductive surface which includes a roller positioned for the electrostatic transfer of toner deposited thereon onto a photoconductive surface and means for electrostatically attracting a layer of toner to the surface of the roller such that the electrostatically attracted layer of toner is of varying thickness and adheres to the surface of the roller in a magnetic brush-like configuration. In a further embodiment of the invention, the apparatus may also include means for removing moisture from ambient air adjacent the roller and the photoconductive surface.

In still yet another embodiment, the present invention is of an electrophotographic printer cartridge for use with an electrophotographic printing system. The cartridge includes a housing having an aperture formed therein and provided with means for removing moisture from ambient air within the housing. A rotatable drum having a photoconductive surface is mounted within the housing such that a portion thereof projects through the aperture. Also mounted within the housing are a first roller positioned adjacent to the photoconductive surface and a second roller positioned such that the surface thereof frictionally engages the surface of the first roller. Due to the relative biasing voltages placed on and the relative positions on the triboelectric ladder for the first and second rollers, frictional engagement between the first and second rollers causes toner deposited on the second roller to be electrostatically attracted to the surface of the first roller in a layer which, in another embodiment of the invention, may be a variable layer formed in a magnetic brush-like configuration. In one aspect of these embodiments of the invention, the housing may further comprise a first portion within which the rotatable drum, the first and second rollers are housed and a second portion within which the moisture removal means is housed. In this aspect of these embodiments of the invention, the first and second housing portions share a common wall having at least one aperture for the passage of air therebetween. In another aspect of these embodiments of the invention, the moisture removal means may be a desiccant material deposited within the second housing portion.

The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a computer system which includes an electrophotographic printer having a moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge which includes an electrostatically operative toner transfer system and humidity absorbing means and which is constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3a is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the feed and donor rollers illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 3b is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the feed and donor rollers of FIG. 3a;

FIG. 4 is a first enlarged cross-sectional view of the donor and developer rollers of FIG. 2; and

FIG. 5 is a second enlarged cross-sectional view of the donor and developer rollers of FIG. 2.

Referring first to FIG. 1, a computer system 10 which includes a computer provided with both data processing and storage means and electrically connected to a plurality of peripheral devices may now be seen. Typically, the peripheral devices will include a keyboard 14 for inputting data and commands from an operator and a monitor 16 for displaying information. Also connected to the computer 12 is an electrophotographic printer 18 for providing a permanent record of data in human readable form and which is constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The electrophotographic printer 18 is electrically connected to the computer 12 by a cable 20 which is attached to ports (not shown) provided on the electrophotographic printer 18 and the computer 12, respectively.

During a printing operation, blank sheets of paper are drawn inside the electrophotographic printer 18 from paper supply means 22 such as a paper tray by feed means (not shown). The sheets of paper travel along guide means (not shown) within the electrophotographic printer 18 where, as to be more fully described below, an image is formed thereon. The imprinted sheet is then deposited on an output tray 24 where it may be removed. An access panel 26 provides internal access to the main body of the electrophotographic printer 18. As may be clearly seen in FIG. 1, the main body of the electrophotographic printer 18 includes an opening 28 for receiving a moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 which, as will be more fully described below, includes an electrostatically operative toner transfer system and humidity-absorbing drying means, and which is utilized to form the aforementioned images on sheets of paper travelling along the guide means. The moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 may be easily removed from the electrophotographic printer 18 for repair, replacement or replenishment of toner and, after servicing, may be readily re-installed therein. As illustrated herein, the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 is installed from one side of the electrophotographic printer 18. It is equally contemplated, however, that the electrophotographic printer 18 may be configured such that the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 may be installed via an access panel provided along the top side of the printer. Furthermore, while the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 is disclosed as part of a printer used to output data from a computer system in a permanent form, it is fully contemplated that the concepts of the present invention may be readily utilized in an electrophotographic copier to produced copies of an image already in permanent form.

Referring next to FIG. 2, a cross-sectional schematic view of the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 inserted within the electrophotographic printer 18 may now be seen. As schematically illustrated, the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 includes a cartridge housing 32, preferably formed of a hard plastic material, within which the components of the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 are housed. Within the cartridge housing 32 and adjacent its left end, a photosensitive drum 34 is positioned. Proceeding rightwardly from the photosensitive drum 34, a rotatable developer roller 36, a rotatable donor roller 38, a feed roller 40 and a toner reservoir 42 are all provided within the cartridge housing 32. Also contained within the cartridge housing 32, adjacent the toner reservoir 42 and the space within the cartridge housing 32 containing the rotatable developer roller 36, the rotatable donor roller 38 and the feed roller 40 is a desiccant housing 100 to be more fully described below. The toner reservoir 42 may be integrally formed with the cartridge housing 32 or, in one embodiment, may be provided as a separate cartridge which is removably secured to the cartridge housing 32. Furthermore, in still other alternate embodiments of the invention, the toner reservoir 42 may be provided as a sealed compartment which requires disposal after the toner stored therein has been depleted or may be provided as an accessible compartment which may be refilled with additional toner. For example, the toner reservoir 42 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes a removable lid 43, thereby enabling the toner reservoir 42 to be refilled. Alternately, the lid 43 may be fixedly attached to the toner reservoir 42 but may be further provided with a removable cap or other means for accessing the interior of the toner reservoir 42.

The photosensitive drum 34 is comprised of a photoconductive layer 44 provided on a conductive drum base 46. Preferably, the photoconductive layer 44 should be an organic photoconductive material. The conductive drum base 46 is mounted on a rotatable shaft 48 such that the photosensitive drum 34 is rotatable in a direction a. To rotate the photosensitive drum 34, a controller would cause drive means (not shown) to rotate the shaft 48. During operation of the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30, the photoconductive drum 34 is rotationally driven in the direction a such that the surface of the photoconductive layer 44 passes a corona discharger or scorotron 52 where the surface of the photoconductive layer 44 is uniformly charged with a predetermined polarity suitable for the charging characteristics of the photoconductive drum 34. For example, it is contemplated herein that the corona discharger should change the voltage potential at the surface of the photoconductive layer 44 to a voltage in the range of about -700 to -800 volts.

As the photosensitive drum 34 continues to rotate, light generated by light means 54 strikes the photoconductive layer 44. In the embodiment disclosed herein, light means 54 includes a laser light source controlled by the controller 50. Depending on the particular image to be produced, the controller 50 instructs the laser light source to turn on and off rapidly in a pattern related to the desired image. The resultant rays of light are reflected by a series of reflecting mirrors also included as part of light means 54 and directed through an exposure slot 56 formed in the housing 32 where the rays strike the photoconductive layer 44. Wherever the light rays strike, the photoconductive layer 44 is discharged, i.e. reduced to a significantly lower voltage potential having the same polarity. Typically, the light rays would reduce the voltage potential at the surface of the photoconductive layer 44 to a voltage in the range of about -50 volts to about -100 volts. By discharging designated areas, image areas are formed on the photoconductive layer 44. Those areas which are not discharged by the light means 54 form background areas on the photoconductive layer 44. Thus photoconductive layer 44 corresponds to the white areas on the paper.

Next, the rotating photosensitive drum 34 contacts the developer roller 36 which is rotating in a direction b which is the direction opposite to the direction which the photosensitive drum 34 is rotating. As to be more fully described below, a layer of negatively charged toner particles electrostatically adhered to the side surface of the developer roller 36 are electrostatically attracted to the discharged image areas of the photoconductive layer 44. As the discharged image areas on the photoconductive layer 44 are more electrostatically attractive to the toner particles than the surface of the developer roller 36, the toner particles will be transferred to the discharged image areas. The photosensitive drum 34 is then rotated to a position above a transfer charger 58. The transfer corotron 58 emits positive ions onto the backside of the leftwardly moving paper stock passing in close proximity to the photosensitive drum 34, thereby creating darkened image areas on the paper stock 60. The moving paper stock 60 will then pass over a conventional thermal fusing device (not shown) which thermally fuses the transferred toner particles onto the paper stock 60 and exit from the electrophotographic printer 18.

Mounted within a toner collection housing 61 included as part of the cartridge housing 32 is a scraper blade 62. As the photosensitive drum 34 continues to rotate, the scraper blade 62 strips away any excess toner particles not deposited on the paper stock 60. The toner particles removed by the scraper blade 62 are dropped off the scraper blade 62 onto a rotating auger 63 which transports the toner to the front or rear end of the cartridge 32 where the toner is deposited into a small collection bottle (not shown). Finally, the photosensitive drum 34 rotates past an array of erasure LEDs 64 which remove any residual negative charge on the photoconductive layer 44 before the photoconductive layer 44 is re-charged with a negative charge by the scorotron or corona discharger 52.

Having described the operation of the photosensitive drum 34, the transfer of toner particles from the toner reservoir 42 to the photosensitive drum 34 shall now be described in detail. In the embodiment of the invention disclosed herein, the toner reservoir 42 may be a dual well reservoir having first and second wells 66 and 68, each filled with toner particles, as illustrated in FIG. 2, or may be a single well reservoir instead. Each well 66, 68 includes an axially extending lifter 70 mounted on a shaft 72. Mounted to the end of each axially extending lifter are flexible blade means 74. When the shafts 72 are rotated by drive means (not shown), the lifters 70 rotate, thereby rotating the flexible blade means 74 through the toner particles stored in each well 66, 68 of the toner reservoir 42. As the lifters 70 rotate, therefore, the flexible blade means 74 force particles of toner out of the toner reservoir 42 through an aperture 76.

Referring now to FIG. 3a, the path of the toner particles exiting the toner reservoir 42 shall now be described in greater detail. Positioned in close proximity to the aperture 76 is the feed roller 40. The feed roller 40 is mounted on a shaft 80 driven by drive means (not shown). As the shaft 80 rotates the feed roller 40 in the direction b, radially extending grooves 40a formed along the surface of the feed roller 40 are filled with toner particles. In the embodiment disclosed herein, the feed roller 40 is provided with first and second generally V-shaped grooves formed therein. It is fully contemplated, however, that additional grooves may be formed in the feed roller 40 to increase the rate at which the feed roller 40 supplies toner to the donor roller 38. In one aspect of the invention, it is contemplated that the feed roller 40 be constructed of a material having a higher or more positive position in the triboelectric series than the material from which the donor roller 38 is constructed. By doing so, the feed roller 40 will donate electrons to the donor roller 38, thereby charging it negatively. For example, it is contemplated that the feed roller 40 may be constructed from a polyamide material.

As the feed roller 40 continues to rotate, the toner particles which have been forced into the aperture 76 and which have filled the groove 40a are transported to the donor roller 38. The remaining particles of toner are forced by the sidewalls which define the aperture 76 to remain in the toner reservoir 42. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 3a, the surfaces of the feed roller 40 and the donor roller 38 are spaced apart. In this embodiment, as the feed roller 40 rotates, the toner particles stored in the generally V-shaped groove 40a are dumped onto the donor roller 38. In an alternate embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 3b, the surfaces of the feed roller 40 and the donor roller 38 frictionally engage each other. As the surfaces of the feed roller 40 and the donor roller 38 frictionally engage with each other, the triboelectric charge generated thereby will negatively charge toner particles being carried in the grooves 40a of the feed roller 40 and deposited onto the surface of the donor roller 38.

The donor roller 38 is rotatably mounted on an electrically conductive shaft 82 driven by drive means (not shown). The donor roller 38 is formed of a resilient porous material which meets the triboelectric requirements previously discussed. For example, the donor roller 38 may be formed from a polyurethane foam. As the donor roller 38 is porous, the particles of toner deposited on the surface of the donor roller 38 are temporarily retained on the surface of the donor roller 38. Preferably, the resilient porous material should be selected to have a porosity in the range of 20-30 pores per inch. In one embodiment of the invention, the electrically conductive shaft 82 of the donor roller 38 may be connected to a first biasing means 84 such as a DC voltage source. For example, it is contemplated that a negative bias of up to -500 volts may be applied to the donor roller 38. By applying a negative bias to the donor roller 38, the toner particles carried thereby retain their negative charge.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the temporarily retained toner particles are then carried in direction "B " by the rotating donor roller 38 until transferred to the developer roller 36 in a manner to be more fully described below. To encourage the transfer of toner particles from the donor roller 38 to the developer roller 36, it is preferred that the donor roller 38 be constructed of a material having a lower or less positive position in the triboelectric series than the material from which the developer roller 36 is constructed. Preferably, the developer roller 36 should have a relative hardness of 50-70 durometers and a specific resistivity in the range of 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.8 ohm-cm. For example, it is contemplated that the developer roller 36 may be constructed from neoprene or urethane. In one embodiment, the developer roller 36 may be configured to include a base section capable of conducting electricity and a sleeve formed from a semi-conductive material.

A blade 86 is mounted to the cartridge housing 32 and orientated such that the tip of the blade is positioned between the donor roller 38 and the developer roller 36. Preferably the blade 86 should be formed of a relatively stiff material such as cellulose acetate or its equivalent. As the donor roller 38 rotates, the blade 86 compresses the resiliently porous donor roller 38, thereby forcing negatively charged toner particles temporarily retained therein to the surface of the donor roller 38. As the surfaces of the developer roller 36 and the donor roller 38 frictionally engage each other, the relative positions of the donor roller 38 and the developer roller 36 on the triboelectric ladder will cause the developer roller 36 to develop a negative charge with respect to the donor roller 38. As a result, the low negatively charged toner particles on the surface of the donor roller 38 will be electrostatically attracted to the surface of the high negatively biased developer roller 36.

Returning momentarily to FIG. 2, it is further contemplated that, in one embodiment of the invention, the developer roller 36 is rotatable mounted on an electrically conductive shaft 89. As second biasing means 91 is selected such that it will be able to apply a negative bias to the developer roller 36 which is more negative that the negative bias applied to the donor roller 38. By applying a greater negative charge to the developer roller 36, the electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged toner particles to the developer roller 36 is strengthened. Furthermore, the negative charge prevents degradation of the electrostatic attraction of the toner particles to the developer roller 36 which could result from the presence of increasing levels of humidity. Generally, increases in humidity cause the triboelectric ladder to effectively shrink. As a result, materials on the lower end of the triboelectric ladder acquire less of a negative charge relative to materials placed higher on the ladder. Thus, the effect of an increase in humidity would be to weaken the electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged toner particles to the developer roller 36. By placing a greater negative charge on the developer roller 36 than the negative charge placed on the donor roller 38, the greater negative charge can compensate for losses in electrostatic attraction which could potentially result from increases in humidity.

To further reduce the likelihood of humidity adversely affecting the electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged toner particles to the developer roller 36, and continuing to refer to FIG. 2, an additional aspect of the invention shall now be described in detail. In this embodiment, the moistureless electrophotographic printer development cartridge 30 further includes a small, easily accessible desiccant housing 100, having as its bottom wall, the top wall of the cartridge housing 32 and having as its right wall the left wall of the toner reservoir 42. Access to the desiccant housing 100 is provided through a removable end cap (not shown) or other means for accessing the interior of the desiccant housing 100. Alternately, the desiccant housing 100 may be provided as a separate module supportably mounted within the printer housing 108 proximate to the cartridge housing 32.

Located within the desiccant housing 100 is a desiccant material 104 within a porous containment sack 106. Such desiccant material 104 may consist of silica gel, activated alumina, molecular sieve or another solid regenerable desiccant. The desiccant material 104 acts to absorb moisture, primarily within the cartridge housing 32 and, secondarily, throughout the printer housing 108 by, as illustrated in FIG. 2, being communicated with the interior of the cartridge housing 32 through apertures 110 in wall 112 which separates the desiccant housing 100 and the cartridge housing 32 and apertures 111 in wall 116 which separates the desiccant housing 100 and the printer housing 108. By communicating with the interior of the cartridge housing 32, the desiccant material 104 enhances toner consistency and attractability by absorbing moisture within the cartridge housing 32. In addition to its primary effect of reducing humidity within the cartridge housing 32 and preventing adverse effects attendant therewith, the desiccant material 104 also reduces humidity and its ill effects throughout the printer housing 108. Thusly, the desiccant material 104 appreciably improves the operation of the scorotron 52, the corotron 58, and the thermal fusing element 114 in the presence of moisture and helps to prevent paper being fed through the printer housing 108 from absorbing moisture.

Referring next to FIG. 4, yet another embodiment of the invention shall now be described in detail. In this embodiment, the second biasing means 91 is an AC source used to apply an AC voltage and frequency on the developer roller 36. For example, it is contemplated that the second biasing means 91 may apply up to 2000 volts AC and up to a frequency of 2,500 Hz on the developer roller 36. By applying the AC voltage to the developer roller 36, the toner particles adhering to the surface of the developer roller 36 are orientated in a series of axially extending bristles 88 which closely resemble the pulsating brush configuration which is more typically produced by a magnetic brush developer system in which a carrier is utilized to adhere toner particles to magnetically charge developer roller. Furthermore, the configuration of the bristles 88 on the developer roller may be readily controlled by the second biasing means 91. Specifically, the height of the bristles 88 may be modified by changing the amplitude of the applied AC voltage and separation or rate of pulsation between successive bristles 88 may be modified by changing the frequency of the applied AC voltage. Modification of the toner adhering to the developer roller 36 is possible because not all toner particles carried by the donor roller 38 receive a defined polarity during the transfer process. Those not receiving a defined polarity typically remain adhered to the donor roller 38 for at least one additional rotation. Thus, by increasing the voltage, the number of toner particles receiving defined polarity, and thereby the number of toner particles transferring to the developer roller 36 increases. Here, it is preferred that the developer roller 36 is spaced slightly apart from the photosensitive drum 34.

In still yet another embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 5, second biasing means 91 places a DC voltage on the developer roller 36. Under the influence of a DC voltage, a uniform layer of toner particles would adhere to the surface of the developer roller 36. In either aspect of the invention, as the developer roller 36 rotates, the toner particles adhered to the surface thereto, would pass in close proximity to an electrostatic metering blade. Preferably, the electrostatic metering blade 90 should be constructed of a conductive material and be mounted to the insulative cartridge housing 32. If found necessary, a reinforcing negative voltage in the range of 0 to -500 volts may be applied to the electrostatic metering blade 90, to more effectively excise excess toner particles adhering to the surface of the developer roller 36 such that the layer of toner particles 92, either uniform or brush-like, which remain adhered to the developer roller 36 may be reduced to approximately the thickness of 1-2 toner particles (about 15-30 micrometers). Excised toner particles would be reabsorbed by the donor roller 38 for retransfer to the developer roller 36. The toner particles 92 which remain adhered to the developer roller 36 would then be deposited onto the photosensitive drum 34 in accordance with the methods previously described. Toner particles not deposited onto the photosensitive drum 34 would be returned to the developer roller 36. More specifically, a flexible seal 96 mounted to the cartridge housing 32 and positioned between the photosensitive drum 34 and the developer roller 36 is provided to contain toner dropped by the developer roller 36.

It has been discovered that, by reducing the separation between bristles 88 of toner particles, the speed at which the development process can operate is increased. It has been further discovered that by producing a brush-like configuration of the toner electrostatically adhering to the developer roller 36, a high quality image is developed on the photosensitive drum 34. In traditional development processes, while the majority of the toner particles are deposited on the low negative charge image areas formed on the photoconductive layer 44, a few of the toner particles end up deposited on the high negative charge background areas. As the negatively charged toner particles adhering to the developer roller 36 in the brush-like configuration pass in close proximity to the photosensitive drum 34, toner particles adhering to the high negative charge background areas would view the bristles 88 as a positive charge. The bristles 88 would electrostatically attract or "scavenge" the toner particles adhering to the background, thereby removing stray toner particles improperly deposited on the background areas. Then, when the bristles 88 pass in close proximity to the low negative charge image areas, the scavenged toner particles would be redeposited onto the image areas, thus improving the contrast between the image and background areas.

Thus, there has been described and illustrated herein an electrostatically operative toner transfer system for use in an electrophotographic printer in which the exploitation of relative differences in electrical charges of the system components and triboelectric charges resulting between the system components are utilized to produce an electrophotographic printer which transfers toner by electrostatic attraction, thereby eliminating wear on the photoconductive drum that typically results from the use of carriers to magnetically transfer toner and which is less susceptible to humidity.

Furthermore, the addition of a desiccant material conveniently disposed in a desiccant housing formed as part of a moistureless electrophotographic developer cartridge and in communication with the interior of the cartridge housing and the interior of the printer, as described and illustrated herein, significantly improves the overall quality of the final printed product. The positive effects on toner consistency, uniformity and attractability, on the operation of the scorotron, corotron and thermal fusing element, as well as on the paper, itself can easily be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Further, this effective addition to any electrophotographic printer or copier not only enhances the device's overall output quality, it also improves its internal efficiency by reducing moisture throughout the cartridge and printer housings, thereby acting as an additional charge-reinforcing means and reducing the need to otherwise increase the electric charge on certain components contained within the cartridge housing.

Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that many modifications and variations besides those specifically mentioned may be made in the techniques described herein without departing substantially from the concept of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be clearly understood that the form of the invention described herein is exemplary only and is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the invention.