US 5,447,679 AGrant
Process of Producing Plastic Plates With Wells by Placing a Film on a Mold and Applying Hot Gas
Issue Date:1995-09-05
•4 Claims
•6 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A process serves for producing a plate comprising at least one well having ts opening facing upwards, for receiving chemical and/or biochemical and/or microbiological substances. The process, wherein the wells are made in the plate with the aid of a molding die, comprises the steps of: a) Applying a plastic film, which is deformable by the action of heat, on a molding block which serves as a molding die and which has the negative shape of the wells to be formed; and b) subjecting the plastic film, for a predetermined period of time, to the action of a hot gas flow of a predetermined first temperature, the gas flow impinging upon at least an area of the plastic film covering one of the recessed portions, heating up this area and pressing it into the recessed portion so that it comes to lie flat against the latter's inner wall which is smooth throughout.
Metadata
Assignee
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften e.V.
Inventors
- Manfred Eigen
- Wolfgang Simm
Application Information
Application Number:US 9698256
Filing Date:1993-01-15
Priority Date:1990-07-18
Art Unit:137
Classifications
IPC:
B29C 5110B29C 5142
Field of Search:
264425544;504;555;509387.1;384
Patent Drawings (6 sheets)
Description
The present invention relates to a process for producing a plate comprising at least one well having its opening facing upwards, for receiving chemical and/or biochemical and/or microbiological substances, the wells being made in the plate with the aid of a molding die.
The invention also relates to a plate produced in accordance with the process.
Plates of this type are marketed by several suppliers and are known as microtest plates or microtiter plates.
The known plates consist of polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride and have a rigid bottom which is surrounded on all sides by an upwardly projecting edge. Wells arranged in rows and columns are recessed into the bottom from above, the bottom having a thickness of more than 1 mm. The volume of the wells is normally between some hundred microliters and some milliliters.
It has been known before to cover the edge of the plate with a lid in order to protect the wells and the interior space bounded by the edge against the ingress of contamination of any type.
The plates are used to keep solutions or substances at constant temperature. This is effected either for storage purposes, for example in a refrigerator, or in order to allow a reaction to proceed at a specific temperature. For the latter purpose, the plates are placed in an incubator which as a rule is set at 37.degree. C.
However, the known plates are not suited for many of the modern chemical, biochemical or microbiological methods. These methods require that the reaction solutions be brought to different temperatures as the test proceeds, which temperatures may vary from far below 0.degree. C. to above 110.degree. C. The reactions often have to follow a specific temperature profile cycle, which can consist of several heating and/or cooling operations. The yield and efficiency of the reactions depends in this case substantially on the speed at which the temperature change can be brought about in the different solutions used. Especially in the case of enzymatic processes in connection with examinations on nucleic acids, rapid temperature changes are required between high temperatures for melting double strands and low temperatures for initiating the reaction.
Some of these new methods have developed to standard procedures where a large number of samples is subjected continuously and repeatedly to the same procedural sequence. For aids tests, for example, a large number of blood samples is examined simultaneously in order to make available many results as quickly as possible.
Although the known plates are commercially available with up to 96 wells, this number is far too small for the required huge number of tests to be carried out. In addition, the known plates are unsuited for frequent rapid temperature changes, the processes of cooling them down in a refrigerator and/or heating them up in an incubator taking far too much time.
Although it is known to control the temperature of the plates via their plane underside, the temperature change of the samples, requiring up to several minutes, takes far too much time in this case, too.
In addition, conically tapered plastic reaction vessels which have a snap-on lid or a screw lid are known. The known plastic reaction vessels are, however, as a rule several centimeters high and have an external diameter in the range of 10 to 18 mm. The temperature of the solutions contained therein is changed by controlling the temperature of the reaction vessels as such, via their outsides. This is effected, for example, by immersing the reaction vessels in water baths. However, it has also been known to provide temperature controlled metal blocks with bores for the reaction vessels which are then temperature-controlled by their contact with the walls of such bores. The heat transfer may be improved in this case by filling the bores with water or oil.
The temperature change of the samples can be effected at the quickest by introducing the reaction vessels into different water baths and/or metal blocks which are adjusted to the new desirable temperature. Due to the thickness of the walls of the plastic reaction vessels, however, the solutions adapt to the new temperature only slowly.
Consequently, the known reaction vessels are not suited for methods requiring quick temperature changes. Moreover, the space required by the known plastic reaction vessels is considerable, if a large number of samples is to be processed. And in addition it is a disadvantage that a great number of lids has to be opened and then closed again, at least during preparation of the test, which is rather time-consuming.
It has also been known, in connection with a deep-drawing process, to heat up a rigid plastic plate, to bring it into contact with a molding die and to adapt it to the negative or positive form of the molding die by the application of overpressure or a partial vacuum. However, this process is not suited for producing wells of small volume as the thin plastic films to be used in this case tend to tear rapidly and in addition no smooth surfaces can be obtained in the small wells. This also has a negative influence on the speed of the temperature change.
Now, it is the object of the present invention to improve the known method in such a way that a plate of the type described above can be produced which overcomes the described disadvantages. In particular, it should be possible to produce a plate of this type which, whilst being simple to handle, enables quick temperature changes to be effected on a large number of reaction solutions, also in small volumes.
This object is achieved according to the invention by the fact that the process comprises the steps of
a) applying a plastic film, which is deformable by the action of heat, on a molding block which serves as a molding die and which has the negative shape of the wells to be formed; and
b) subjecting the plastic film, for a predetermined period of time, to the action of a hot gas flow of a predetermined first temperature, the gas flow impinging upon at least an area of the plastic film covering one of the recessed portions, heating up this area and pressing it into the recessed portion so that it comes to lie flat against the latter's inner wall which is smooth throughout.
This solves the object of the invention in full, the novel process being capable of producing perfectly shaped wells displaying a bulged portion projecting downwards below the film and having a large heat-exchanging surface. The wall thickness of the wells is thinner than the original thickness of the plastic film. Due to the small wall thickness and the large heat-exchanging surface, rapid heat exchange is guaranteed through the walls of the wells. When the heat-exchanging surface of the wells is brought into contact with a heating or cooling substance having a temperature different than that of the solutions contained in the wells, the latter will assume the new temperature within the time of a few seconds.
In addition, it is now possible, with the aid of the novel process, to produce a great number of wells in a rigid, but thin plastic film. A single plate may now contain up to thousand wells the temperature of which can be controlled simultaneously via their undersides--for example with the aid of a water bath. The resulting possibility to process a large number of samples in parallel clearly increases the economic efficiency of the particular method used, for example the chemical method.
According to a preferred further development of this novel process, the molding block is maintained at a predetermined second temperature which is lower than the predetermined first temperature, but above room temperature.
This feature provides the surprising advantage that the outsides of the wells become very smooth due to the fact that the air escapes during production without the formation of bubbles. These smooth outer walls can be brought into engagement, without any problem, with holes of matching shape, which may be provided for example in metal blocks, without even the thinnest air layers disturbing the heat transfer between the metal block and the wall. It is thus possible to achieve very rapid changes in temperature of the plates produced with the aid of the novel method, using metal-block thermostats. In addition, the metal blocks give the plates placed thereon good mechanical stability.
Another advantage is achieved with this process by the fact that the hot gas flow issues from a nozzle whose orifice is maintained at a fixed distance from the plastic film during the fixed period of time.
This enables even very thin plastic films to be processed with the aid of the novel method without the trapped air obstructing the well-molding process. The plates so produced have very thin walls which improves the heat transfer once more.
Furthermore, it is advantageous if the wells, which display a circular cross-section, have a volume smaller than 200 microliters and a diameter smaller than 10 mm, if the orifice of the nozzle has a diameter approximately equal to the diameter of the wells and if the fixed distance corresponds approximately to the diameter of the wells.
This feature provides the advantage that smooth outer surfaces and reproducible wells can be produced even for very small volumes.
Furthermore, it is advantageous if the plastic film is a polycarbonate film having a thickness smaller than 0.5 mm, if the predetermined first temperature is between 250.degree. C. and 300.degree. C., and if the predetermined second temperature is between 90.degree. C. and 110.degree. C.
As a result of these measures, the novel process is capable of producing wells with wall thicknesses below 0.1 mm so that very efficient heat transfer is guaranteed. Compared with the known plates and the known plastic reaction vessels, the plates produced according to the novel process require clearly less space, whilst the number of wells is considerably increased. In addition, the quantity of material required for producing the new plates is notably reduced, so that the plates can be designed as low-cost disposable items.
In the case of a plate produced according to the novel process, the well has a heat transfer coefficient which is greater than 5.times.10.sup.-4 W/(K mm.sup.3) and which is defined by the formula W=(A.multidot..lambda.)/(V.multidot.x), wherein A is the size of the heat-exchanging surface, .lambda. is the thermal conductivity of the material forming the wall, V is the volume of the well, x is the wall thickness of the well, measured as the distance between the heat-exchanging surface and the inner surface, and W is the heat-transfer coefficient.
Such a heat transfer coefficient permits quick heat transfer through the wall, into and out of the well.
Further advantages are apparent from the description and the appended drawing.
It is obvious that the features which have been mentioned above and which are still to be explained below can be used not only in the particular combination indicated but also in other combinations or alone, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
One illustrative embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and is explained in more detail in the following description. In the drawing:
FIG. 1 shows the plate according to the invention with the wells open towards the top, in section and in a perspective view;
FIG. 2 shows the plate from FIG. 1, in a sectional view along the line II--II from FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a process for the production of the plate from FIG. 1, in a diagrammatic representation;
FIG. 4 shows the covering of a plate according to FIG. 1 with a cover film, in section and in a perspective view;
FIG. 5 shows the covered plate from FIG. 4 with circular joining seams which are positioned around the wells and join the cover film to the plate, as seen in the direction of the arrow V from FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 shows a welding die for producing the joining seams from FIG. 5, in a sectional partial view;
FIG. 7 shows the welding die from FIG. 6, in a partial view from above along the arrow VII from FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 shows the joining seam from FIG. 5, in a sectional side view along the line VIII--VIII from FIG. 5;
FIG. 9 shows an installation for welding the cover plate from FIG. 4, in which several of the welding dies from FIG. 6 are used, in a perspective view; and
FIG. 10 shows the use of the welded plate from FIG. 5 in combination with a thermoblock in a perspective view and in section.
In FIG. 1 a rectangular flexible plate 2 is shown in section with one of its longitudinal edges 3 and one of its side edges 4. The plate 2, which may for example be made of a rigid plastic film, has a plane upper side 5 and an underside 6 parallel thereto. Its thickness, measured between the upper side 5 and the underside 6 is indicated at 7. As can be seen in FIG. 1 , the thickness 7 is small compared with the transverse dimensions of the plate 2.
Through-holes 9 are provided and wells 11, which are open towards the top, are formed in the plate 2. The wells 11 are arranged in rows 12 and columns 13, the rows 12 running parallel to the longitudinal edge 3 and the columns 13 parallel to the side edge 4. The rows 12 and columns 13 each have a mutual row spacing or column spacing, indicated at 14 and 15 respectively. In the illustrative embodiment shown, the wells 11, which are of circular cross section, have an internal diameter 16, which can be better discerned in FIG. 2. The row spacings 14 and the column spacings 15 are identical, the internal diameter 16 of the wells 11 of course being smaller than the row spacing 14 or the column spacing 15.
The wells 11 lie with their openings 18, which are surrounded by a rounded opening edge 17, in the plane of the upper side 5 of the plate 2. They have a wall 20 which delimits their interior space 19 and is constructed in the manner of a beaker-like protuberance 21 and for each of the wells 11, which are identical to one another, lies below the underside 6 of the plate 2.
In the remainder of the description "upwards" will be used to indicate the direction out of the interior space 19 of the wells 11 through the opening 18 and "downwards" accordingly will be used to indicate the opposite direction.
As can be better discerned in FIG. 2, the protuberance 21 has a hollow cylindrical upper section 22 and a hemispherical lower section 23 integral therewith, the curved bottom wall 24 of said lower section closing off the well 11 at the bottom. The upper side 5 merges directly as inner surface 15 into the interior space 19 of the well forming at the transition the peripheral rounded edge 17, while the underside 6 runs, as the outside 28 of the protuberance 21, essentially parallel to the curved inner surface 25, forming a neck groove 27 surrounding the protuberance 21. Bridges 29, which separate the individual openings 18 from one another, run between the individual wells 11.
As can further be seen in FIG. 2, the bottom wall 24 has the thickness, indicated at 31, which is measured between the inner surface 25 and the outside 28. In the region of the hollow cylindrical upper section 22, a correspondingly measured thickness, which is approximately equal to the thickness 31, is indicated at 32. The wells 11 each have a volume 33, which is essentially determined by their depth, indicated at 34, and the internal diameter 16. The depth 34 is measured between the bottom wall 24 and an imaginary maximum filling height indicated at 35 by a dashed line. The filling height 35 is approximately at the height at which the curved opening edge 17 merges into the vertical inner surface 25. Because of the surface tension and the precurvature associated therewith, the fill volume of the substances to be received will be smaller than the maximum volume 33, especially when the volume 33 is small.
The wells 11 of the plate 2 described thus far serve to receive chemical and/or biochemical and/or microbiological substances, which are stored or subjected to a reaction in the wells 11. The volume 33 and the number of wells 11 per plate 2 depend on the substances to be received in the wells 11. In addition to the internal diameter 16 and the depth 34, the row spacing 14 and the column spacing 15 are also largely determined by the volume 33. The thickness 7 of the plate 2 in the region of the bridges 29 is so chosen that the plate 2 has an adequate strength despite the closely adjacent wells 11 and does not break through buckling when being transported with filled wells 11. The thicknesses 31 and 32 of the wall 20 of the wells 11 are so chosen from the mechanical standpoint that the filled wells 11 do not start to tear or even tear off under the weight of the substances received therein.
In addition to the purely mechanical standpoint, the material from which the plate 2 is made and the thicknesses 31 and 32 of the wall 20 are also chosen from physical standpoints. The thicknesses 31 and 32, which--as can be seen in FIG. 2--are considerably less than the thickness 7, enable good transport of heat into the interior space 19 of the wells 11 and out of the interior space 19. By this means it is possible to cool or to change the temperature of the substances in the wells very rapidly, as the entire outside 28 is brought into contact, as a heat exchange surface 28', with a temperature-control material which is at the particular temperature desired.
In the illustrative embodiment chosen, the plate 2 is made of polycarbonate and has a thermal conductivity of .lambda.=0.21 W per Kelvin and per meter. The thickness 7 is about 0.27 mm and for the thickness 31: x=0.04 mm. The spacings 14 and 15 between the rows 12 and, respectively, the columns 13 are about 10 mm and the volume 33 of the wells 11 is V=85 .mu.l. The size of the heat exchange surface 28' corresponds to the outside 28 and is: A=75 mm.sup.2. In accordance with the equation ##EQU1## a heat transfer coefficient of about 4.5.times.10.sup.-3 W/(K mm.sup.3) results using these figures.
It has been found that for such a heat transfer coefficient the heat exchange through the wall 20 takes place so rapidly that the determining time factor is the heat conduction in the substances themselves.
Thus, the novel plate 2 enables, for example, a large number of reactions to be carried out in separate wells 11 within a small space, it being possible to achieve very good thermal control of the reactions through the wall 20 of the wells.
Moreover, the material of the plate 2 is so chosen that optical analytical procedures, such as, for example, absorption measurements or fluorescence measurements, are possible through the wall 20 of the wells 11. For this purpose, the material must be transparent in the light wavelength range of interest, i.e it must display neither significant absorption nor fluorescence emission in this wavelength range.
With reference to FIG. 3, a process for the production of the plate 2 from FIG. 1 will now be described. The starting material is a thin film 36, for example made of a polycarbonate, which has a thickness 7. This film 36 is placed on a temperature-controlled shaping block 37, in which blind holes 38, open towards the top, are provided, which holes, like the wells 11, are arranged in rows 12 and columns 13. The blind holes 38 have a wall surface 40 which surrounds their interior 39 and is smooth and coherent. The dimensions of the blind holes 38 are so chosen that they correspond to the external dimensions of the protuberances 21 to be formed: in the chosen example the blind holes have a diameter of about 6 mm and a depth of about 4 mm.
A heater, indicated diagrammatically at 43, is provided in the shaping block 37, which is made of metal, for example aluminium, the shaping block 37 being heated uniformly to 100.degree. C. by said heater. An air nozzle 45, which is moveable in the direction of the arrow 46, is arranged above the shaping block 37 in the direction of the blind holes 38. The direction 46 is parallel to the columns 13 or the rows 12, so that the air nozzle 45 can be positioned centrally above each individual blind hole 38. The direction 46 is also aligned parallel to the upper side 5 of the film 36 placed on the shaping block 37, so that the spacing between the air nozzle and the upper side 5 remains constant.
The air nozzle 45 releases a jet 47 of hot air which is at about 280.degree. C. and issues downwards at a velocity of about 2-5 m/sec from its outlet orifice 48 approximately vertically to the shaping block 37. The outlet orifice 48 has a diameter of about 5 mm and is 4 mm above the upper side 5 of the film 36. The air nozzle 45 is positioned successively centrally above the individual blind holes 38, where it remains stationary for about 3 to 5 seconds. By means of the jet 47 of hot air impinging on the upper side 5, the film 36 is heated to such an extent that it is plastically deformable.
The jet 47 of hot air then blows that area of the film 36 originally located above the blind hole 38 into the interior 39 of the particular blind hole, this area gradually stretching and the original thickness 7 of the film 36 becoming ever smaller in this area until, finally, the wall 20 of the well 11 formed has the thicknesses 31 and 32 indicated in FIG. 2.
In FIG. 3 the righthand well 11/1 has already been completely formed and the air nozzle 45 is located above the blind hole 38/2, in which the well 11/2 is just being formed. The bottom 24 of the well 11/2 has already partly moved into the interior 39/2 of the blind hole 38/2 and subsequently will lie with its entire surface against the smooth inner wall of the blind hole 38/2. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the bridge 29, which has the original thickness 7 of the film 36, remains between the wells 11/1 and 11/2. When forming the wells 11, the occluded air escapes without the formation of bubbles.
Of course, it is possible to use, instead of one air nozzle 45, several parallel air nozzles 45, the outlet orifices 48 of which are arranged in the grid pattern of the columns 13 or the rows 12. In this way, depending on the number of air nozzles 45, all the wells 11 of one row 12 or also of one column 13 can be produced at the same time.
As has already been described above, the film 36 consists of a polycarbonate having a thickness of 0.27 mm. Before forming the wells 11, the film 36 has a milky turbidity. However, it has been found that when the temperature of the jet 47 of hot air is 280.degree. C. and the temperature of the shaping block 37 is 100.degree. C. the film 36 becomes transparent in the region of the wall 20 of the completely formed wells 11, as is required for the above-mentioned optical analytical methods. Bringing the shaping block 37 to a controlled temperature of 100.degree. C., which is not necessary for the actual forming of the wells 11, has the additional effect that the outside 28 of the well 11 lies fully against the wall surface 40 of the particular blind hole 38. By this means it is achieved that the outside 28 of each individual well 11 also has a smooth and uniform surface, which is of great advantage for changing the temperature of substances placed in the wells 11. The reason is that the protuberances 21 have virtually identical contours, so that they can be brought, with their heat exchange surface 28', into direct contact with correspondingly shaped counter-surfaces in the blind hole bores 38 without any layers of air interfering with the heat transfer. This is also described further below with reference to FIG. 10.
Especially if the volume 33 of the wells 11 is small, the wells 11 should be sealed against the outside atmosphere. For this purpose, a coverplate shown in FIG. 4 is provided which consists of a thin cover film 49. Through-holes 50, which are arranged in the same grid pattern as the through-holes 9 in the plate 2, are provided in the cover film 49. The cover film 49 has a plane upper side 51 and an underside 52 which is parallel thereto and with which the film comes to lie on the upper side of the plate 2 when the latter is covered. The cover film 49 has a thickness 53, measured between the upper side 51 and the underside 52, which is small compared with the transverse dimensions of the cover film 49. The cover film 49 is, for example, made of a polycarbonate having a thickness of 0.1 mm.
When it is placed on the plate 2, the cover film 49 is aligned such that the through-holes 50 are aligned with the through-holes 9. In this way, the cover film 49 and the plate 2 can simultaneously be joined to one another and be fixed to a support device, in a manner which will be described in more detail.
Of course, instead of the through-holes 50 or the through-holes 9, it is possible to provide cylindrical pegs which project downwards or, respectively, upwards and which engage in the through-holes 9 or, respectively, the through-holes 50 when the cover film 49 is placed on the plate 2 and thus join the cover film 49 to the plate 2 in a detachable manner.
The material preferably used for the cover film 49 is, as already mentioned, a polycarbonate having a thickness of 0.1 mm. This film is transparent in the wavelength range of interest for the optical analytical methods used and displays only slight inherent fluorescence. The optical analytical methods can thus also be applied from above through the cover film 49; in particular it is possible, using the irradiation method through the cover film 49 and the bottom wall 24 of the wells, to measure the optical density of the substances placed in the wells 11.
In the case of the preferred small volumes 33 of the wells 11, which are in the range between 30 and 100 .mu.l, the volume of solutions placed in the wells 11 can change as a result of condensation and/or evaporation effects. This applies in particular if frequent changing of the temperature of the solutions between high and low temperatures is required, as occurs in the case of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method frequently used for high amplification of individual nucleic acid strands.
In order to increase the sealing effect of the cover film 49, the cover film 49 is joined to the plate 22 in the region of each well 11 by a closed circular joining seam 55 surrounding the opening edge 17 of the well. In FIG. 5 it can be seen that each joining seam 55 bounds a circular area 57 of the cover film 49, which in each case covers the opening 18 of an assigned well 11. In this way each well 11 is so to say covered by its own lid in the form of the circular area 57, which, by means of the joining seam 55 is joined in such a way with the bridges 29 surrounding the well 11 that each well 11 is sealed gas-tight against the atmosphere and the other wells 11.
A welding die 59 which is profiled on its front face 58 and is shown in section in FIG. 6 serves, for example, for making the individual joining seams 55. The welding die 59 has a solid cylindrical base body 60, which at its upper end 61 carries an annular attachment 62 which is integral with the base body 60. The annular attachment 62 delimits a circular recess 63, which is concentric with the base body 60 and thus with its longitudinal axis 64, and carries the ring-shaped front face 58 facing away from the base body 60.
Profiling in the form of pyramids 65 arranged in rows, which pyramids are constructed in one piece with the annular attachment 62 at their square base 66, is provided on the front face 58 which surrounds the recess 63 in ring form. The tips 67 of the pyramids 65 face away from the base body 60 in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis 64 of the welding die 59.
FIG. 7 shows the top view on the front face 58 in the direction of the arrow VII from FIG. 6 in section. As can be seen, the pyramids 65 are arranged in rows 68 and 69 which are offset relative to one another by half the width of the pyramid base 66. The arrangement is such that a row 69/1 runs between two rows 68/1 and 68/2, which are parallel to one another and are not offset relative to one another, which row 69/1 is accordingly offset relative to the rows 68/1 and 68/2 by half the width of the pyramid base 66. The row 68/2 is directly followed, remote from the row 69/1, by a row 69/2, which is parallel to the row 69/1 and aligned laterally with respect to the latter.
Returning to FIG. 6 it can be seen that the welding die 59 is provided with a heater, indicated diagrammatically at 71, by means of which the welding die 59, which is preferably made of V2A steel, is heated to about 280.degree. C. In order to make the joining seam 55, the heated welding die 59 is placed from above onto the upper side 51 of the cover film 49, which is laid on the plate 2, in such a way that its profiled, ring-shaped front face 58 centrally surrounds the edge 17 of the opening of the well 11 which is located below the cover film 49 and is to be sealed. The circular recess 63 has a diameter which is so large that the tips 67 of the pyramids come to lie outside the edge 17 of the opening on sections of the cover film 49 which are located above the bridges 29.
The square base 66 of the pyramids 65 measures 0.5.times.0.5 mm and the tip 67 of the four-sided pyramid 65 lies 0.25 mm vertically above the pyramid base 66, i.e. two sides of a pyramid which are opposite one another enclose a vertical and opposite angle of 90.degree.. In the radial direction up to three pyramids 65 are arranged in succession on the ring-shaped front face 58, so that the welding die 59 overall has an external diameter which is larger by at least 6 base lengths of a pyramid 65 than the diameter of the recess 63.
The following procedure has proved suitable for welding a cover film 49, the thickness 53 of which is about 0.1 mm, to a plate 2, the thickness 7 of which is about 0.27 mm:
The cover film 49 is placed from above onto the plate 2 in such a way that it covers the wells 11 and that the through-holes 50 are aligned with the through-holes 9. The welding die 59, which is heated to 280.degree. C., is placed from above, with its front face 58 first, onto the upper side 51 of the cover film 49 in such a way that it is located centrally above a well 11 which is located below the cover film 49 and is to be welded. The pyramids 65 on the front face 58 now lie with their tips 67, which may penetrate somewhat into the material of the cover film 49, on the upper side 51 and heat the latter. The cover film 49 is pre-heated in this way for about 13 seconds by the honeycomb profile of the front face 58. The welding die 59 is then pressed downwards through about 0.1-0.2 mm onto the cover film 49, so that each pyramid 67 penetrates into the cover film 49 and this in turn penetrates into the bridges 29 of the plate 2. The welding die 59 remains in this position for two seconds and is then removed completely from the cover film 49.
The joining seam 55 which is thus produced and which is a type of weld seam is shown in FIG. 8 in a cross-section along the line VIII--VIII from FIG. 5. The cooled down joining seam 55 has a profiling corresponding to that of the welding die 59. The pyramids 65 have pressed into the preheated upper side 51 of the cover film 49 upside-down pyramid-like depressions 73, which in respect of their shape correspond to the pyramids 65. In addition, in the region of the depressions 73, the cover film 49 has penetrated with its underside 52 into the upper side 5 of the bridges 29, which is indirectly preheated through the cover film 49, and has formed depressions 74, which correspond to the depressions 73, in said upper side 5. In this way a contact surface 75, which in cross-section has a zig-zag form, has formed between the underside 52 of the cover film 49 and the upper side 5 of the plate 2. As a result of this zig-zag shape, the contact surface 75 is larger than the bearings surface which existed before the welding between the underside 52 of the cover film 49 and the upper side 5 of the plate 2 in the envisaged region of the joining seam 55.
Not only has the bearing surface been enlarged by the heating action of the pyramids 65; the cover film 49 and the bridges 29 have also been integrally welded to one another along the contact surface 75. It has been found that this joining seam 55 ensures a good, not only liquid-tight but also gas-tight, seal of the individual wells 11 even in the case of frequent changing between high and low temperatures at the underside 6 or the outside 28. This even holds true in case a pressure above atmospheric arises inside of the wells due to the fact that the solutions placed in the wells are heated or carried to such a high temperature that the gas volume above the solution tends to expand. The joining seam 55 also withstands, without any problems, the customary mechanical stresses to which the sealed plate 2 is subjected in everyday laboratory practice, as well as the slight changes in shape and strains which are associated with changing the temperature.
During the welding operation described above, the circular section 57 of the cover film 49 which covers the opening 18 bulges upwards in a dome-like manner, so that a plate 2 which is sealed and welded as described above has a lens-like bulge 76 in the cover film 49 above each well 11.
Since, however, the bulge 76 is formed only in the case of wells 11 which are welded gas-tight, it is at the same time an optical indication that the joining seam 55 formed has provided a gas-tight seal of the relevant well 11, which seal is also capable of withstanding to an overpressure having arisen inside of the wells. If the cover film 49 does not display any bulges 76 after welding then, for example, the welding operation was defective in respect of the residence times, the temperature of the welding die 59 or the depth of penetration of the pyramids 65 into the upper side 51.
In the illustrative embodiment described, the temperature of the welding die 59, the dimensions of the pyramids 65 and the depth of penetration of the pyramids 65 into the upper side 51 of the cover film 49 are indicated merely by way of example for a cover film made of polycarbonate having a thickness of 0.27 mm. For thicker polycarbonate films, the depth of penetration of the pyramids, which approximately corresponds to the thickness of the cover film, must be adjusted to the new thicknesses.
In addition to correctly maintaining the residence time of the welding die 59, initially on the upper side 51 and then in the position where it has penetrated into the upper side, the depth to which the pyramids 65 penetrate into the material of the cover film 49 is also important for the success of the welding operation. Although the welding operation decsribed above can be carried out manually, the yield of correctly positioned joining seam 55 is substantially increased by the use of a welding installation 78 as shown in FIG. 9.
The welding installation 78 has a flat, rectangular baseplate 79 and a flat top plate 80, which is arranged above the baseplate 79 and has approximately the same transverse dimensions as the baseplate 79. The top plate 80 is fixed to the baseplate 79 with the aid of four guide rods 81. Of the four guide rods 81, which are screwed into the baseplate 79 from above, each in the region of one of the four corners the front righthand guide rod 81/4 has been omitted from FIG. 9 for reasons of clarity in the drawing.
A support plate 82, the height of which is adjustable and in the outer corners of which spherical liners 83 are let in, through which the guide rods 81 pass, is provided between the baseplate 79 and the top plate 80. As drive for the height adjustment of the baseplate 82, an electrically operated drive motor 84 is attached, by its flange 85 from above on the top plate 80, remote from the baseplate 82. The motor 84 has a motor shaft, indicated at 86, which is connected to a ballscrew pinion gear indicated at 87. The ballscrew pinion gear 87 is connected on the other side to the support plate 82 and serves to translate the rotary movement of the motor shaft 86 into the adjusting movement of the support plate 82 along the guide rods 81.
Remote from the ballscrew pinion gear 87, a heating block 89, which is fixed from below to the support plate 82 by four distance bolts 90, is provided centrally below the support plate 82. The heating block 89, which is made of copper, fulfills the role of the heater indicated at 71 in FIG. 6 for the welding die 59, three of which are indicated in FIG. 9. The welding dies 59/1, 59/2 and 59/3 plug, remote from the distance bolts 90, from below into the heating block 89 and their front faces 58 face downwards away from the heating block 89.
A blind hole 91, in which an electrically heatable heating cartridge is inserted, which for reasons of clarity is not shown in more detail, is provided in the heating block 89 and in FIG. 9 passes virtually completely through said heating block from right to left. The temperature of the heating block 89 is suitably measured by a temperature probe, which is not shown in more detail, and passed to a control circuit, which is likewise not shown and which, in turn, controls the heating cartridge. A closed control circuit, via which the temperature of the heating block 89 is kept at a constant value, for example 280.degree. C., is thus formed in a manner known per se. Via the distance bolts 90, the heating block 89 heats the support plate 82, which can result in jamming of the spherical liners 83 on the guide rods 81. For this reason, coolant bores 92, through which the support plate 82 is connected to a thermostat-controlled cooling circuit, are provided in the support plate 82. In this way, the temperature of the support plate 82 can be adjusted independently of the temperature of the heating block 89 via an external thermostat, so that a smooth-running adjustment of the support plate 82 along the guide rods 81 is ensured.
A receiving block 93, which faces upwards, is provided on the baseplate 79 approximately centrally below the heating block 89, the height of which can be adjusted via the support plate 82. The receiving block 93 has a coolant bore 94 which passes through it and which is connected, in the same way as the coolant bore 92 of the support plate 82, to an external thermostat circuit which keeps the receiving block 93 at a constant and adjustable temperature.
The receiving block 93 has cups 95 which are open at the top and are designed to receive the protuberances 21 projecting downwards beyond the plate 2. The cups 95 therefore have the same dimensions as the blind holes 38 which can be seen in FIG. 3 in the shaping block 37 and, like the wells 11, are arranged in rows 12 and columns 13.
A plate 2 is placed from above on the receiving block 93, which plate 2 is in turn covered by a cover film 49. A perforated mask 96, which engages around the receiving block 93 on all sides from above, is slipped over the cover film 49 and presses the cover film 49 onto the plate 2 and the latter, in turn, with its wells 11 into the receiving block 93. Through-holes 97, aligned with the welding die 59, are provided in the perforated mask 96, said holes likewise being arranged in rows 12 and columns 13 in such a way that one hole 97 is centrally aligned above each well 11. For reasons of clarity, the perforated mask 96, the cover film 49 and the plate 2 are shown broken off and offset relative to the receiving block 93.
Of course, a hole 97 and a welding die 59 are provided for each well 11 in the plate 2.
On either side of the receiving block 93 two identical upwardly facing pedestals 98 are arranged for fixing the perforated mask 96 on the baseplate 79, the righthand pedestal 98/2 of which is shown broken off. The pedestal 98/1 has a fixing bore 99, which faces upwards and to which a fixing clamp, which, for example, can be constructed as a spring clamp or as a locking bar, is fastened in order to press the perforated mask 96 downwards onto the receiving block 93.
For reasons of clarity, the fixing clamp has been omitted in FIG. 9.
The welding installation 78 which has been described thus far operates as follows:
The support plate 82 is in the raised starting position shown in FIG. 9. After the perforated mask 96 has been removed from the receiving block 93, a plate 2, to be welded, is placed from above on to the receiving block 93 in such a way that the wells 11 come to lie with their protuberances 21 in the cups 95. The wells 11, the openings 18 of which face upwards, are already filled with the desired substances and covered by a cover film 49, or are now appropriately filled and then covered with a cover film 49, which is aligned such that its through-holes 50 are aligned with the through-holes 9 in the plate 2. The perforated mask 96 is slipped over the plate 2 covered in this way, the through-holes 97 of said mask coming to lie centrally above the wells 11. With the aid of the fixing clamps provided on the pedestals 98, the perforated mask 96 is pressed firmly downwards onto the receiving block 93.
The heating block 89 is heated to 280.degree. C. by means of the heating cartridge inserted in the blind hole 91. The welding dies 59, which are connected to the heating block 89 in a thermally conducting manner, also have this temperature. Via the ballscrew pinion gear 87, the rotary movement of the motor shaft 86 of the drive motor 84 is translated into a downwards movement of the support plate 82 guided via the spherical liners 83 and the guide rods 81. As the support plate 82 and thus the heating block 89 are lowered, the welding dies 59/1 and 59/2 push from above into the assigned holes 97/1 and 97/2 respectively in the perforated mask 96. The transmission of the ballscrew pinion gear 87 and the number of revolutions of the motor shaft 86 are set such that at the end of the downwards movement of the support plate 82 the welding dies 59 come to lie with their front face 58 or the tips 67 of the pyramids 65 just in contact with the upper side 51 of the cover film 49, as has already been described above.
The welding installation 78 pauses for about 13 seconds in this position, in which the welding dies 59 preheat the cover film 49 and the plate 2 in the area where the joining seams 55 are to be made. After this preheating time, the support plate 82 is gradually moved 0.1 mm further downwards towards the receiving block 93, via the ballscrew pinion gear 87 of the motor 84, so that the pyramids 65 on the front face 58 of the welding dies 59 penetrate into the cover film 49 and the latter penetrates into the bridges 29 of the plate 2. After a further two seconds, the motor 84 is driven such that its motor shaft 86 turns in the direction opposite to the previous direction of rotation and, via the ballscrew pinion gear 87, the support plate 82 and thus the heating block 89 and the welding dies 59 are thus raised again to the initial position shown in FIG. 9.
After loosening the fixing clamps, the perforated mask 96 can be removed and the plate 2, which is welded as shown in FIG. 5, is removed from the receiving block 93. The next plate 2 is now placed on the receiving block 93 and the welding operation begins anew.
For many experiments it is necessary to keep the substances placed in the wells 11 at low temperatures to prevent their being heated during the welding operation just described. For this purpose, the receiving block 93, and thus its cups 95, is thermostat-controlled via the coolant bore 94 to a temperature which is required for the particular substances, for example to 10.degree. C. The wells 11 lie with their heat exchange surface 28' close against the inner wall of the particular cup 95, so that, because of the low thickness 31 of the wall 20 of the wells 11, the substances present in the wells 11 are kept at the same temperature as the receiving block 93 itself. Because of the good heat transfer, the heat which may be supplied to the substances during welding is instantaneously dissipated through the wall 20 into the receiving block 93.
In this way, substances which have a very sensitive reaction to temperature variations can also be welded in the wells 11 of the new plate 2 with the aid of the novel welding installation 78. Consequently it is possible, to a degree not known hitherto, to package temperature-sensitive substances or solutions, or highly infectious substances, gas-tight in a large number in an extremely small space. The substances can be, for example, reaction solutions prepared for biochemical and/or microbiological test methods, which are supplied to the user already in portioned and welded form in the novel plates 2. The substances to be tested by the user can, for example, be introduced into the test solutions present in the wells 11 by piercing the bulges 96, covering the openings 18 of the wells 11, from above using a thin hollow needle. The substances to be tested are then injected into the test solutions present in the wells 11.
After withdrawing the hollow needle, which, for example, is a syringe commonly used in everyday laboratory practice, a capillary-like channel remains in the bulge 76. Exchange of moisture with the surrounding atmosphere is not possible via this channel, so that the volume of the substances or solutions placed in the wells 11, which have been welded gas-tight, does not change as a result of condensation or evaporation effects.
Usually, however, the wells 11 of the novel plate 2 are filled in situ, for example in the chemical laboratory, and sealed gas-tight with a cover film 49 using the novel welding installation. The fixed grid pattern of the columns 13 and rows 12 makes it possible, with this procedure, to fill several wells 11 at the same time using a multiple pipette known per se.
FIG. 10 shows a plate 2 with wells 11, sealed gas-tight, in which, for example, solutions are present, the course of reaction of which can be influenced via their temperature. The solutions have either been filled into the wells 11 in situ or were already in the plate 2, supplied as a welded plate, and were subsequently inoculated by the user with the substances to be tested--for example DNA molecules to be tested.
The plate 2 prepared in this way is inserted from above into a thermoblock 101 which has blind holes 102 which are open at the top and serve to receive the beaker-like protuberances 21. The blind holes 102 have the same shape as the blind holes 38 in the shaping block 37 used to produce the plate 2. After the protuberances 21 have been inserted in the blind holes 102, the inner wall 103 of said blind holes lies directly against the heat transfer surface 28' of the protuberances 21. Therefore there are no layers of air between the outside 28 and the inner wall 103, which acts as counter-surface 103', interfering with the heat transfer between the thermoblock 101 and the interior 19 of the wells 11.
Threaded holes 104, which are open towards the top, are also provided in the thermoblock and, when the plate 2 is inserted in the thermoblock 101, align with the through-holes 50 and 9 in the cover film 49 and in the plate 2, respectively. Screws 105 are screwed into the threaded holes 104 from above through the through-holes 50 and 9, and the plate 2 sealed with the cover film 49 is thus firmly connected to the thermoblock 101. The upper side 106 of the thermoblock 101 comes to lie tightly against the underside 6 of the plate 2 and the protuberances 21 are pressed firmly with their heat exchange surface 28' on the inner wall 103 of the blind holes 102.
Because of the smooth surface of the outside 28, which is in direct thermal contact with the inner wall 103, and because of the high heat transmission coefficient described, the solutions present in the wells 11 assume the temperature of the thermoblock 101 within a few seconds. If the solutions are, for example, to be stored for a prolonged period at a low temperature, the thermoblock 101, which is made of a metal having good thermal conductivity, is temperature-controlled, for example to +4.degree. C., via a thermostat connected to it.
If the reaction in the solutions is to be initiated, the thermoblock 101 is heated in a suitable manner to the reaction temperature of the solutions, which, because of the good heat transfer, follow the temperature change in the thermoblock 101 virtually immediately. The temperature change in the thermoblock 101 itself can be effected in a manner known per se by immersing the thermoblock 101 in water baths of different temperatures, by bringing the thermoblock 101 into heat-conducting contact with further metal blocks pre-regulated to the desired temperature, or by moving the thermoblock 101 along a metal rail on which a temperature gradient has been established.
In particular the metal rail with the temperature gradient makes possible the cyclic changing of the temperature of the thermoblock 101 and thus of the temperature of the solutions in the wells 11. For carrying out the polymerase chain reaction in the wells 11, the thermoblock 101 is, for example, first kept at 37.degree. C. for 60 seconds, then at 72.degree. C. for 120 seconds, then at 94.degree. C. for 60 seconds and then again at 37.degree. C. for 60 seconds, etc. Due to the even at overpressure gas-tight seal of the single wells, even at the high temperatures no water vapour saturated gas can escape from inside the wells. The amount of water vapour in the air volume above the solution placed in the well is controlled by the fluid, however, since no air can escape, this will not lead to any evaporation processes, so that the initial concentration of the solutions will not vary during the great number of temperature cycles. This provides for a good yield of the experiment.
The time which is needed to bring the solutions to the individual temperatures is decisive for the course of the polymerase chain reaction. Whereas a typical course of reaction in the known plastic reaction vessels takes more than 10 hours and is usually carried out overnight, when the new plate 2 is used the reaction is complete in less than 4 hours. An experiment of this type can, therefore, now be prepared, carried out and analyzed within one day.
After the experiment has proceeded to completion the solutions are at least partially further used, for example to analyze them on a separating gel. For this purpose, the bulge 76 is punctured using the syringe indicated at 107 in FIG. 10 and a portion of the solution is removed. After withdrawing the syringe 107, the solution remaining in the well 11 can be stored, for example in the manner described above. Although the hole formed in the bulge 76 during sampling does not result in any significant exchange of moisture, it can subsequently be sealed again, for example using an adhesive film.
Finally, it may be mentioned, solely for the sake of completeness, that the transverse dimensions of the new plate 2, and also the row and column spacings 14 and 15 respectively, essentially depend on the fill volume 33 of the wells 11 which is desired in the particular case. The thermoblocks 101, receiving blocks 93 and shaping blocks 37 used in each case are adapted to these spacings. In every case, however, the thickness of the film 36 is so chosen that the wells 11 in the finished plate 2 have a bottom wall 24 which has a thickness 31 in the region of 0.04 mm, so that the heat transfer coefficient has the necessary high value.
Claims
We claim:
1. Process for producing a plate member comprising at least one well having its opening facing upwards, for receiving chemical and/or biochemical and/or microbiological substances, said wells being made in the plate member with the aid of a molding die means, wherein the process comprises the steps of: a) applying a plastic sheet of synthetic material, which sheet is deformable by the action of heat, on a molding block means which serves as said molding die means and which has recessed portions with the negative shape of the wells to be formed; and b) subjecting said plastic sheet, for a predetermined period of time, to the action of a hot gas flow of a predetermined first temperature, the gas flow impinging upon at least an area of said plastic sheet covering one of the recessed portions, heating up this area and pressing it into said recessed portion so that it comes to lie flat against the latter's inner wall which is smooth throughout, and c) maintaining said molding block means at a predetermined second temperature which is lower than said predetermined first temperature, but above room temperature, wherein said plastic sheet is a polycarbonate film having a thickness smaller than 0.5 mm, said predetermined first temperature is between 250.degree. C. and 300.degree. C., and said predetermined second temperature is between 90.degree. C. and 110.degree. C.
2. Process for producing a plate member comprising at least one well having its opening facing upwards, for receiving chemical and/or biochemical and/or microbiological substances, said wells being made in the plate member with the aid of a molding die means, wherein the process comprises the steps of: a) applying a plastic sheet of synthetic material, which sheet is deformable by the action of heat, on a molding block means which serves as said molding die means and which has recessed portions with the negative shape of the wells to be formed; and b) subjecting said plastic sheet, for a predetermined period of time, to the action of a hot gas flow of a predetermined first temperature, the gas flow impinging upon at least an area of said plastic sheet covering one of said recessed portions, heating up this area and pressing it into said recessed portion so that it comes to lie flat against the latter's inner wall which is smooth throughout, and c) maintaining said molding block means at a predetermined second temperature which is lower than said predetermined first temperature, but above room temperature, such that the at least one well is formed with a wall having a smooth and uniform outer surface and a defined contour, which contour can be brought into direct heat-exchanging contact with a corresponding shaped counter-surface, enabling a rapid heat-exchange through said wall of said well and thus providing for a rapid temperature change of said substances, and wherein said plastic sheet is a polycarbonate film having a thickness smaller than 0.5 mm, said predetermined first temperature is between 250.degree. C. and 30020 C., and said predetermined second temperature is between 90.degree. C. and 110.degree. C.
3. Process for producing a plate member comprising at least one well having its opening facing upwards, for receiving chemical and/or biochemical and/or microbiological substances, said wells being made in the plate member with the aid of a molding die means, wherein the process comprises the steps of: a) applying a plastic sheet of synthetic material, which sheet is deformable by the action of heat, on a molding block means which serves as said molding die means and which has recessed portions with the negative shape of the wells to be formed; and b) subjecting said plastic sheet, for a predetermined period of time, to the action of a hot gas flow of a predetermined first temperature, the gas flow impinging upon at least an area of said plastic sheet covering one of said recessed portions, heating up this area and pressing it into said recessed portion so that it comes to lie flat against the latter's inner wall which is smooth throughout, and c) maintaining said molding block means at a predetermined second temperature which is lower than said predetermined first temperature, but above room temperature, such that the at least one well is formed with a wall having a smooth and uniform outer surface and a defined contour, which contour can be brought into direct heat-exchanging contact with a corresponding shaped counter-surface, enabling a rapid heat-exchange through said wall of said well and thus providing for a rapid temperature change of said substances, and wherein said hot gas flow issues from a nozzle means having an orifice, which is maintained at a fixed distance from said plastic sheet during said predetermined period of time, and said well displays a circular cross-section, has a volume smaller than 200 mm.sup.3 and a diameter smaller than 10 mm, said orifice of said nozzle means has a diameter approximately equal to the diameter of said well and said fixed distance corresponds approximately to said diameter of said well.
4. A process as claimed in 3, wherein said plastic sheet is a polycarbonate film having thickness smaller than 0.5 mm, said predetermined first temperature is between 250.degree. C. and 300.degree. C., and said predetermined second temperature is between 90.degree. C. and 110.degree. C.
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