US 5,447,125 AGrant
Heat-Activated Flue Damper Actuator
Issue Date:1995-09-05
•10 Claims
•1 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A heat activated flue damper actuator employing an assembly of shape memory alloy springs with linkages to a conventionally designed contemporary flue damper. The combination of the spring material, spring configuration and dimensions, linkage/fastening scheme to the flue damper shaft and placement in the water heater's heating chamber are all controlled to optimize the energy efficiency of a conventionally designed, pilot-lit or pilotless ignition, contemporary gas water heater.
Metadata
Inventors
- William P. McNally
- Richard W. Ranlet
Application Information
Application Number:US 305893&
Filing Date:1994-09-14
Priority Date:1993-12-21
Art Unit:346
Classifications
IPC:
F22B 500
Field of Search:
4311261222036113.1;16;17;14
Patent Drawings (1 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
The invention relates to an actuator mechanism generally useful for controlling a flue in a gas-fired water heater.
In conventional gas-fired water heaters, flue dampers are typically opened when the burner turns on and closed when the burner turns-off. Flue dampers have been controlled by weight on the damper that tends to shut the damper when there is no flow of heated exhaust, electric motors (which tend to take up to 15 seconds to close a damper), and solenoids. Ideally the damper should be rapidly closed immediately following the extinguishing of a burner flame to achieve optimal energy efficiency.
Conventional gas-fired water heaters are often positioned in remote locations with no readily available power source or in locations where it is expensive to bring electric power to the water heater, unless done so by batteries which need to be periodically replaced.
Summary of the Invention
In one aspect, the invention features, in general, a gas-fired water heater including a water reservoir, a heating chamber, a gas-fired burner in the heating chamber, a damper mounted in an exhaust flue of the heating chamber, a heat deformable member in the heating chamber that changes shape as a function of whether the burner is fired or not fired, a pilot light, a second heat deformable member that changes shape as a function of whether the pilot light is lit or unlit, and a connector that connects the two heat deformable members and damper. The connector tends to cause the damper to be moved from one position to another position (i.e., from closed to open) when the burner goes from being not fired to being fired), and the connector tends to bias the damper in the other direction (i.e., closed) when the burner is not fired and the pilot light is lit.
In preferred embodiments the connector is a cable. The heat deformable members are Nitonol springs that contract when heated beyond a certain temperature. The damper has a shaft that rotates as the damper moves between the open and closed positions, and the cable is wrapped around the shaft to cause rotation of the shaft in response to retraction of the cable. The connector includes three cables connected to each other and to the heat deformable members and damper, two cables making an acute angle and two making an obtuse angle.
In another aspect, the invention features, in general, a gas-fired water heater including a water reservoir, a heating chamber, a gas-fired burner in the heating chamber, a damper mounted in an exhaust flue of the heating chamber, a heat deformable member in the heating chamber that changes shape as a function of whether the burner is fired or not fired, means to bias the damper to an open position, and a cable that connects the deformable member and damper. If the cable breaks, the damper is automatically opened, preventing the potentially dangerous build-up of gas in the furnace if, e.g., a pilot light goes out.
Other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment thereof and from the claims.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
The drawings will be described first.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of components of a gas-fired, pilot-lit water heater with a flue actuation device according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of components of a gas-fired, pilotless water heater with a flue actuation device according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of components of an alternative embodiment of a gas-fired, pilot-lit water heater with a flue actuation device according to the invention.
Structure, Operation and Manufacture
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a functional cross-section of a pilot-lit gas water heater 10 having water reservoir 12 and heating chamber 14. Gas-fired burner 16 and pilot light 18 are at the bottom of chamber 14, and exhaust flue 20 is at the top. Damper 22 is mounted in flue 20 for rotation about its shaft 24 between open and closed positions. Cables 26 and 28 are wrapped around shaft 24 and are respectively connected to heat deformable spring 32 and heat deformable spring 34. Springs 32 and 34 are made of a nickel titanium alloy commonly referred to as Nitonol and available from Shape Memory Applications, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. Mechanical spring 36 is directly connected to shaft 24.
Spring 32 is mounted in the heating chamber over burner 16 so that it extends or contracts as a function of whether burner 16 is fired or not; it is wrapped around shaft 18 in the direction of opening damper 22. Spring 34 is mounted in the heating chamber over pilot light 18 so that it contracts or extends as a function of whether pilot light 18 is lit or unlit; it is wrapped around shaft 24 in the direction of closing damper 22. Springs 32, 34 are each firmly anchored to the structure of water heater 10 at one end and connected to respective cables 26, 28 at the other. The springs and attached cables should be maintained taught with no significant play or slack; preferably lubricated, coaxial sheathed cables are used for this purpose.
Mechanical spring 36 is located outside of the heating chamber and also has tight connection points and linkage and is firmly attached to shaft 24 of flue damper 22 after making at least one full turn in the direction indicated. This places a torque on shaft 24 tending to open damper 22.
In operation, when burner 16 is on and pilot light 18 is lit, springs 32 and 34 are heated above the shape recovery point (crystal structure transformation), contract, and have increased spring force. Attached cables 26, 28 have increased tension, and the combined torques of spring 36 and spring 32 overpower the torque of spring 34 and cause rotation of shaft 24 to the damper open position.
When burner 16 goes off while pilot light 18 is still on, spring 32 relaxes, and reduced tension in cable 26 allows spring 34 to overpower springs 32 and 36, quickly closing damper 22 and conserving energy. The damper is closed in approximately one second, thereby realizing virtually all of the efficiency gain available by closing damper 22.
When pilot light 18 is unlit, and burner 16 is off, spring 34 relaxes. The lower torque caused by the reduced tension in cable 28 in combination with the torque caused by spring 32 and spring 36 overpower spring 34. This causes damper 22 to open to vent gas from unlit pilot light 18.
Flue damper 22 thus is actuated utilizing the thermal (phase change) memory characteristics of the Nitonol springs. The invention taps a minute amount of energy from the gas flame to actuate the flue damper. The invention avoids unnecessary loss of energy from the system when there is no further need to exhaust the heating chamber, significantly enhancing the energy efficiency of the gas water heater.
This invention provides an actuator which is reliable, quiet, inexpensive, fast-acting, automatic and meets the safety standards required by the American Gas Association. In addition, the actuator mechanism is easy to install and requires very little space.
In the event of failure of the damper to open promptly following the ignition of the heater flame (due to a stuck damper mechanism, broken or damaged components, etc.) the gas supply is shut off by a separate mechanism.
The Nitonol springs can have any of a number of possible combinations of wire diameter, spring configuration (diameter and number of coils) and heat treatment. They must be positioned in heating chamber 14 so that the appropriate flame brings each spring into the temperature range required for actuation but does not overheat the springs to the point where either spring's shape recovery properties may be lost. The two Nitonol springs of the preferred embodiment of the invention are identical to each other in the interests of low cost and are small in wire diameter for quick response. The number of coils and coil diameter are sized for an adequate strength of recovery and stroke length, respectively. The alloy composition and its heat treatment set the temperature of the spring's actuation--a relatively low temperature results in quick damper opening whereas a relatively high temperature results in quick damper closing.
The springs are fabricated from 0.03" diameter wire and have approximately 13 (close-wound) coils with an outside diameter of 0.22". This spring has a free length of 0.40", a high temperature installed length (above actuation temperature) of 0.79", a low temperature length of 1.29" and an alloy composition/heat treatment such that its actuation temperature is approximately 60 degrees C.
To calculate other technically equivalent combinations of these parameters, a spring pulling force and stroke distance must be estimated (from the damper shaft diameter, estimated losses in cables 26-28, and the resistance of the damper to rotation). From these values the formulas and procedures outlined below can be followed: ##EQU1##
The preferred embodiment and alternate configuration designs calculated as per the above assume a flue damper shaft diameter of 0.12" and a pretensioning of (about) 1 lb. in each spring. As the flue damper is restricted to rotation within a 90 degree arc between an open and closed position, the responsiveness (distance through which it must contract when heated) is 1/4 of this diameter's circumference. In addition, each spring's tension must be such throughout its movement range that the resultant torque of the three springs overcomes any friction in the flue damper shaft bearings and losses in the linkage cable to yield the correct damper movement. Hence, variations in these variables (shaft diameter, linkage cable losses and pretension) will need to be considered.
It should be noted that a spring force and/or a stroke distance somewhat higher than that required to rotate the damper is not only technically acceptable but desirable. It allows for minor changes in the damper's rotational resistance and/or friction or slack losses in the cable linkage. Technical acceptability is determined by the configuration's ability to effect the correct damper movement.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a functional cross-section of a pilotless gas-fired water heater 60 having a water reservoir 62 and heating chamber 64. Gas-fired burner 66 is located in chamber 64, and exhaust flue 70 is at the top. Damper 72 is mounted in flue 70 for rotation about its shaft 74 between open and closed positions. Cable 76 is wrapped around shaft 74 and is connected to heat deformable spring 82. Spring 82 is made of Nitinol. Mechanical spring 86, which is fabricated from stainless steel, is wrapped around shaft 74 and is directly connected to the water heater housing.
Spring 82 is mounted in heating chamber 64 in close proximity to burner 66 so that it contracts or extends as a function of whether burner 66 is fired or not; it is wrapped around shaft 74 in the direction indicated so that spring 82 places a torque on shaft 74 in the direction of opening damper 72. Spring 82 is firmly anchored to the structure of water heater 60 at one end and connected to cable 76 at the other. The spring and attached cable should be maintained taut with no significant play or slack; preferably lubricated, coaxial sheathed cables are used for this purpose.
Mechanical spring 86 is located outside of heating chamber 64. Spring 86 also has tight connection points and linkage and is firmly attached to shaft 74 of flue damper 72 after making at least one full turn in the direction indicated. This places a torque on shaft 74 tending to close damper 72.
In operation when burner 66 is on, spring 82 is heated above the shape recovery point (crystal structure transformation), contracts, and has increased spring force. Attached cable 76 has increased tension which overpowers spring 86 and causes rotation of shaft 74 to the damper open position.
When burner 66 goes off, spring 82 relaxes, and reduced tension in cable 76 allows spring 86 to overpower spring 82, quickly closing damper 72 and conserving energy. The damper is closed in approximately one second, thereby realizing virtually all of the efficiency gain available by closing damper 72.
In the event of failure of either the flame to ignite or the damper to open promptly following the ignition of the flame (due to a stuck damper mechanism, broken or damaged component, etc.) the gas supply is shut off by a separate mechanism.
The Nitinol spring can have any of a number of possible combinations of wire diameter, spring configuration (diameter and number of coils) and wire alloy composition. It must be positioned in heating chamber 64 such that the flame brings it into the temperature range required for actuation but does not overheat the spring to the point where its shape recovery properties may be lost. A small wire diameter yields the desired quick response, and the number of coils and coil diameter are sized for an adequate strength of recovery and stroke length, respectively. The Nitinol spring of the preferred embodiment of the invention is fabricated from 0.035" diameter wire and has approximately 12 (close wound) coils with an outside diameter of 0.25". This spring has a free length of 0.42", a high temperature installed length (above actuation temperature) of 0.83", a low temperature installed length of 1.33", and alloy composition/heat treatment such that its actuation temperature is approximately 60.degree. C.
To calculate other technically acceptable combinations of these parameters, a spring pulling force and stroke distance must be estimated (from the damper shaft diameter, estimated losses in cable 76, and the resistance of the damper to rotation). From these values, the formulas and procedure already described for the FIG. 1 embodiment can be followed.
A presently most-preferred embodiment is described in FIG. 3, which shows a functional cross-section of a pilot-lit gas water heater 110 having water reservoir 112 and heating chamber 114. Gas fired burner 116 and pilot light 118 are at the bottom of chamber 114 and exhaust flue 120 is at the top. Damper 122 is mounted in flue 120 for rotation about its shaft 124 between open and closed positions. Cable 126 is wrapped around shaft 124 and is connected to cable 128 which wraps around pulley 138 and is connected on each of its ends to heat deformable springs 132 and 134. Weight 136 is mounted off center on damper 122 to bias it in the opened direction.
Spring 132 is mounted in the heating chamber over burner 116 so that it contracts or extends as a function of whether burner 116 is fired or not. Spring 134 is mounted in the heating chamber over pilot light 118 so that it contracts or extends as a function of whether pilot light 118 is lit or not. Both springs are connected to cable 128 which is installed with approximately 10 pounds of tension around pulley 138. Cable 126 attaches to cable 128 in the location shown on the pilot light side of pulley 138 and at an angle of approximately 45 degrees as shown. The other end of cable 126 wraps around shaft 124 in the direction to close damper 122 with increased tension.
In operation, when burner 116 is on and pilot light 118 is lit, springs 132 and 134 are heated above the shape recovery point, and contract such that the net torque on shaft 124 from cable 126 and bias weight 136 opens damper 122.
When burner 116 goes off while pilot light 118 is still on, spring 132 extends, allowing spring 134 to contract further, thereby increasing tension on cable 126. This increased tension overpowers the torque supplied by bias weight 136 and closes the damper.
When pilot light 118 is unlit and burner 116 is off, both springs extend thereby reducing tension in cable 126. This reduces tension in cable 126 and allows bias weight 136 to overpower the torque supplied by cable 126 to shaft 124, thereby opening the damper to vent gas from unlit pilot light 118.
The advantages of this alternate design include:
only one wire from heating chamber 114 to flue damper shaft 124 is needed,
a break in any place on either cable 126 or 128 will allow bias weight to open damper 122, and
an electronic ignition (no pilot light) only requires an adjustment in the installed tension in cable 128. Spring 134 can now be made from stainless steel and can be positioned outside the heating chamber 114.
Having described preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now be apparent to one of skill in the art, that other embodiments incorporating its concept may be used. It is felt, therefore, that this invention should not be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gas-fired water heater comprising a water reservoir, structure defining a heating chamber in heat communication with said water reservoir and an exhaust flue for exhausting heated gases from said chamber, a gas-fired burner in said heating chamber, a damper mounted in said exhaust flue for movement between open and closed positions, a first heat deformable member in said heating chamber that changes shape as a function of whether said burner is fired or not fired, a pilot light in said heating chamber in position to light said burner, a second heat deformable member in said heating chamber that changes shape as a function of whether said pilot light is lit or unlit, and a connector that connects said first heat deformable member, said second heat deformable member, and said damper such that said connector tends to move said damper from one position to another position when said burner goes from being not fired to being fired, and said connector tends to bias said damper in the other direction when said burner is not fired and said pilot light is lit.
2. The heater of claim 1 wherein said connector includes a first cable connected at one end to move said damper, a second cable connected at one end to said first heat deformable member, and a third cable connected at one end to said second heat deformable member, said cables having other ends that are connected to each other.
3. The heater of claim 2 wherein said first and second cables make an acute angle, and said first and third cables make an obtuse angle.
4. The heater of claim 3 further comprising a pulley that changes the direction of said second cable.
5. The heater of claim 2 further comprising means to bias said damper to an open position.
6. The heater of claim 1 wherein said first and second heat deformable members are springs that contract when heated above their phase change temperatures.
7. The heater of claim 4 wherein said means to bias comprises a weight carried by said damper.
8. A gas-fired water heater comprising a water reservoir, structure defining a heating chamber in heat communication with said water reservoir and an exhaust flue for exhausting heated gases from said chamber, a gas-fired burner in said heating chamber, a damper mounted in said exhaust flue for movement between open and closed positions, a heat deformable member in said heating chamber that changes shape as a function of whether said burner is fired or not fired, a connector between said heat deformable member and said damper that tends to move said damper from one position to another as a function of shape of said deformable member, and means to bias said damper to an open position including a weight carried by said damper, wherein said connector is a cable, whereby said means will open said damper if there is a break in said cable.
9. The heater of claim 8 wherein said heat deformable member is a spring that contracts when heated above its phase change temperatures.
10. The heater of claim 9 wherein said heat deformable member is a NiTi spring.