US 5,417,893 AGrant
Concentrated Liquid or Gel Light Duty Dishwashing Detergent Compositions Containing Calcium Ions and Disulfonate Surfactants
Issue Date:1995-05-23
•12 Claims
Abstract
Concentrated Liquid or gel dishwashing detergent compositions containing high active levels of surfactant, calcium ions and disulfonate surfactant are disclosed. The compositions exhibit improved stability as well as providing good cleaning and grease removal benefits. Particularly preferred compositions also contain simple sugars.
Metadata
Assignee
- The Procter & Gamble Company
Inventor
- Kofi Ofosu-Asante
Application Information
Application Number:US 1134957
Filing Date:1993-08-27
Priority Date:1993-08-27
Art Unit:115
Classifications
IPC:
C11D 122C11D 112C11D 137C11D 186
Field of Search:
252558;559;DIG. 1;DIG. 14;553;173;546;174.17
Patent Drawings
This patent does not have any drawings.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to stable concentrated liquid or gel dishwashing detergent compositions containing high active levels of detergent surfactant, calcium ions, and disulfonate surfactants.
Background of the Invention
Typical light duty liquid or gel dishwashing detergents contain from about 15% to about 30% anionic surfactant. Formulation of concentrated detergent compositions are becoming ever more popular, especially in the laundry and automatic dishwashing detergent compositions. These concetrated compositions address many environmental concerns by reducing the amount of packing and product material needed and/or used. Additionally, light duty liquid or gel dishwashing detergents with good grease removal benefits are much desired by consumers. Calcium and magnesium ions have been added to certain liquid or gel detergent compositions to improve grease cleaning benefits. However, it is often difficult to formulate a stable concentrated liquid or gel dishwashing detergent composition containing calcium ions from typical ion sources such as calcium chloride and/or calcium formate.
It has been surprisingly found that a stable calcium containing concentrated liquid or gel detergent compostion can be formed by the addition of from about 0.1% to about 40% disulfonate surfactants. The disulfonate surfactant not only improves product stability but also enhances grease cleaning, acts as a hydrotrope and is highly stable in both acid and hydrogen peroxide environments.
Summary of the Invention
A liquid or gel dishwashing detergent composition comprising, by weight:
(a) from about 20% to about 95% of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and mixtures thereof;
(b) from about 0.01% to about 4.0% of calcium ions;
(c) from about 0. 1% to about 40% disulfonate surfactant; and
(d) from about 5% to about 45% water; wherein said composition has a pH in a 10% solution in water at 20.degree. C. of between from about 7 and about 10.
A particularly preferred embodiment also comprises from about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight simple sugars.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The concentrated liquid or gel, preferably liquid, dishwashing detergent compositions of the present invention contain a surfactant, a source of calcium ions and disulfonate surfactant. The compositions herein may also contain a simple sugar for additional stability benefits. These and other complementary optional ingredients typically found in liquid or gel dishwashing compositions are set forth below.
The term "light duty dishwashing detergent composition" as used herein refers to those compositions which are employed in manual (i.e. hand) dishwashing.
The term "concentrated" as used herein refers to a detergent composition containing at least 40% total surfactant.
By the term "sugar" is meant a mono- or di- saccharide or a derivative thereof, or a degraded starch or chemically modified degraded starch which is water soluble.
Surfactants
The compositions of this invention comprise from about 20% to about 95%, preferably from about 30% to about 75%, more preferably from about 40% to about 70% by weight anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant, and mixtures thereof. These surfactants contribute foaming, detergency, and/or mildness to the composition.
Included in this category are several anionic surfactants commonly used in liquid or gel dishwashing detergents. The cations associated with these anionic surfactants can be alkali metal, ammonium, mono, di-, and tri-ethanolammonium, preferably sodium, potassium ammonium and mixtures thereof. Examples of anionic co-surfactants that are useful in the present invention are the following classes:
(1) Alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 9 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably 11 to 14 carbon atoms in straight chain or branched chain configuration. An especially preferred linear alkyl benzene sulfonate contains about 12 carbon atoms. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,220,099 and 2,477,383 describe these surfactants in detail.
(2) Alkyl sulfates obtained by sulfating an alcohol having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 16 carbon atoms. The alkyl sulfates have the formula ROSO.sub.3.sup.- M.sup.+ where R is the C.sub.8-22 alkyl group and M is a mono- and/or divalant cation.
(3) Paraffin sulfonates having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 16 carbon atoms, in the alkyl moiety. These surfactants are commercially available as Hostapur SAS from Hoechst Celanese.
(4) Olefin sulfonates having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 16 carbon atoms. U.S. Pat. No. 3,332,880 contains a description of suitable olefin sulfonates.
(5) Alkyl ether sulfates derived from ethoxylating an alcohol having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 16 carbon atoms, less than 30, preferably less than 12, moles of ethylene oxide. The alkyl ether sulfates having the formula:
where R is a C.sub.8-22 alkyl group, x is 1-30, and M is a mono- or divalent cation.
(6) Alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 16 carbon atoms, in the alkyl moiety.
(7) Fatty acid ester sulfonates of the formula:
wherein R.sub.1 is straight or branched alkyl from about C.sub.8 to C.sub.18, preferably C.sub.12 to C.sub.16, and R.sub.2 is straight or branched alkyl from about C.sub.1 to C.sub.6, preferably primarily C.sub.1, and M.sup.+ represents a mono- or divalent cation.
(8) Secondary alcohol sulfates having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 16 carbon atoms.
(9) The following general structures illustrate some of the special soaps (or their precursor acids) employed in this invention.
A. A highly preferred class of soaps used herein comprises the C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 secondary carboxyl materials of the formula R.sup.3 CH(R.sup.4)COOM, wherein R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.x and R.sup.4 is CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2)y, wherein y can be 0 or an integer from 1 to 6, x is an integer from 6 to 12 and the sum of (x+y) is 6-12, preferably 7-11, most preferably 8-9.
B. Another class of special soaps useful herein comprises those carboxyl compounds wherein the carboxyl substituent is on a ring hydrocarbyl unit, i.e., secondary soaps of the formula R.sup.5 --R.sup.6 --COOM, wherein R.sup.5 is C.sub.7 -C.sub.10, preferably, C.sub.8 -C.sub.9, alkyl or alkenyl and R.sup.6 is a ring structure, such as benzene, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like. (Note: R.sup.5 can be in the ortho, meta or para position relative to the carboxyl on the ring.)
C. Still another class of soaps includes the C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 primary and secondary carboxyl compounds of the formula R.sup.7 CH(R.sup.8)COOM, wherein the sum of the carbons in R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 is 8-16, R.sup.7 is of the form CH.sub.3 --(CHR.sup.9).sub.x and R.sup.8 is of the form H--(CHR.sup.9)y, where x and y are integers in the range 0-15 and R.sup.9 is H or a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group. R.sup.9 can be any combination of H and C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group members within a single --(CHR.sup.9).sub.x,y group; however, each molecule in this class must contain at least one R.sup.9 that is not H. These types of molecules can be made by numerous methods, e.g. by hydroformylation and oxidation of branched olefins, hydroxycarboxylation of branched olefins, oxidation of the products of Guerbet reaction involving branched oxoalcohols. The branched olefins can be derived by oligomerization of shorter olefins, e.g. butene, isobutylene, branched hexene, propylene and pentene.
D. Yet another class of soaps includes the C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 tertiary carboxyl compounds, e.g., neo-acids, of the formula R.sup.10 CR.sup.11 (R.sup.12)COOM, wherein the sum of the carbons in R.sup.10, R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 is 8-16. R.sup.10, R.sup.11, and R.sup.12 are of the form CH.sub.3 --(CHR.sup.13).sub.x, where x is an integer in the range 0-13, and R.sup.13 is H or a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group. Note that R.sup.13 can be any combination of H and C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group members within a single --(CHR.sup.13).sub.x group. These, types of molecules result from addition of a carboxyl group to a branched olefin, e.g., by the Koch reaction. Commercial examples include the neodecanoic acid manufactured by Exxon, and the Versatic.TM. acids manufactured by Shell.
In each of the above formulas A, B, C and D, the species M can be any suitable, especially water-solubilizing, counterion, e.g., H, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkanolammonium, di- and tri- alkanolammonium, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl substituted ammonium and the like. Sodium is convenient, as is diethanolammonium.
Preferred secondary soaps for use herein are water-soluble members selected from the group consisting of the water-soluble salts of 2-methyl-1-undecanoic acid, 2-ethyl-1-decanoic acid, 2-propyl-1-nonanoic acid, 2-butyl-1-octanoic acid; 2-pentyl-1-heptanoic acid; 2-methyl-1-dodecanoic acid; 2-ethyl-1-undecanoic acid; 2-propyl-1-decanoic acid; 2-butyl-1-nonanoic acid; 2-pentyl-1-octanoic acid and mixtures thereof.
(10) Mixtures thereof.
The above described anionic surfactants are all available commercially. It should be noted that although both dialkyl sulfosuccinates and fatty acid ester sulfonates will function well at neutral to slightly alkaline pH, they will not be chemically stable in a composition with pH much greater than about 8.5. It should also be noted that sulfate impurities may be present due to hydrolysis of alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates or reaction of trapped SO.sub.3 from the sulfation or sulfonation process with water. The sulfate contaminant may be detrimental, with respect to stability of the product. It is therefore an important consideration that the anionic surfactant used in this embodiment contain very low levels (i.e. less than 1%, preferably from 0 to about 0.6%, more preferably from 0 to about 0.3% by weight), if any, sulfate ion impurity.
Suitable nonionic detergent surfactants are generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678, Laughlin et al., issued Dec. 30, 1975, at column 13, line 14 through column 16, line 6, incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary, non-limiting classes of useful nonionic surfactants are listed below.
1. The polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols. In general, the polyethylene oxide condensates are preferred. These compounds include the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from 6 to 12 carbon atoms in either a straight- or branched-chain configuration with the alkylene oxide. Commercially available nonionic .surfactants of this type include Igepal.RTM. CO-630, marketed by the GAF Corporation; and Triton.RTM. X-45, X-114, X-100, and X-102, all marketed by the Rohm & Haas Company.
2. The condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from about 1 to about 25 moles of ethylene oxide. The alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched, primary or secondary, and generally contains from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms with from about 2 to about 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
3. The condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The hydrophobic portion of these compounds preferably has a molecular weight of from about 1500 to about 1800 and exhibits water insolubility.
4. The condensation products of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine.
5. Alkylpolysaccharides disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,647, Llenado, issued Jan. 21, 1986, having a hydrophobic group containing from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably from about 10 to about 16 carbon atoms and a polysaccharide, e.g., a polyglycoside, hydrophilic group containing from about 1.3 to about 10, preferably from about 1.3 to about 3, most preferably from about 1.3 to about 2.7 saccharide units. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,373,203 and 4,732,704, incorporated herein by reference, also describe acceptable surfactants.
These surfactants are typically present at a concentration of from about 1% to about 15%, preferably from about 2% to about 10% by weight.
6. Alkyl ethoxy carboxylate of the present invention is of the generic formula RO(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.x CH.sub.2 COO.sup.- M.sup.+ wherein R is a C.sub.12 to C.sub.16 alkyl group, x ranges from 0 to about 10, and the ethoxylate distribution is such that, on a weight basis, the amount of material where x is 0 is less than about 20%, preferably less than about 15%, most preferably less than about 10%, and the amount of material where x is greater than 7 is less than about 25%, preferably less than about 15%, most preferably less than about 10%, the average x is from about 2 to 4 when the average R is C.sub.13 or less, and the average x is from about 3 to 6 when the average R is greater than C.sub.13, and M is a cation, preferably chosen from alkali metal, ammonium, mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolammonium, most preferably from sodium, potassium, ammonium, and mixtures thereof with magnesium ions. The preferred alkyl ethoxy carboxylates are those where R is a C.sub.12 to C.sub.14 alkyl group. Suitable processes for preparing the alkyl ethoxy carboxylates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,087, incorporated herein by reference.
Other surfactants include fatty acid amide surfactants having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.6 is an alkyl group containing from 7 to 21, preferably from 9 to 17, carbon atoms and each R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydroxyalkyl, and --(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.x H where x varies from about 1 to about 3.
The compositions hereof may also contain a polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactant of the structural formula: ##STR2## wherein: R.sup.1 is H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxy propyl, or a mixture thereof, preferably C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, more preferably C.sub.1 or C.sub.2 alkyl, most preferably C.sub.1 alkyl ( i.e., methyl); and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.5 -C.sub.31 hydrocarbyl, preferably straight chain C.sub.7 -C.sub.19 alkyl or alkenyl, more preferably straight chain C.sub.9 -C.sub.17 alkyl or alkenyl, most preferably straight chain C.sub.11 -C.sub.17 alkyl or alkenyl, or mixtures thereof; and Z is a polyhydroxyhydrocarbyl having a linear hydrocarbyl chain with at least 3 hydroxyls directly connected to the chain, or an alkoxylated derivative (preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated) thereof. Z preferably will be derived from a reducing sugar in a reductive amination reaction; more preferably Z is a glycityl. Suitable reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose, and xylose. As raw materials, high dextrose corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, and high maltose corn syrup can be utilized as well as the individual sugars listed above. These corn syrups may yield a mix of sugar components for Z. It should be understood that it is by no means intended to exclude other suitable raw materials. Z preferably will be selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2 --(CHOH).sub.n --CH.sub.2 OH, --CH(CH.sub.2 OH)--(CHOH).sub.n-- 1--CH.sub.2 OH, --CH.sub.2 --(CHOH).sub.2 (CHOR')(CHOH)-CH.sub.2 OH, where n is an integer from 3 to 5, inclusive, and R' is H or a cyclic or aliphatic monosaccharide, and alkoxylated derivatives thereof. Most preferred are glycityls wherein n is 4, particularly --CH.sub.2 --(CHOH).sub.4 --CH.sub.2 OH.
In Formula (I), R.sup.1 can be, for example, N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-isopropyl, N-butyl, N-2-hydroxy ethyl, or N-2-hydroxy propyl.
R.sup.2 --CO--N< can be, for example, cocamide, stearamide, oleamide, lauramide, myristamide, capricamide, palmitamide, tallowamide, etc.
Z can be 1-deoxyglucityl, 2-deoxyfructityl, 1-deoxymaltityl, 1-deoxylactityl, 1-deoxygalactityl, 1-deoxymannityl, 1-deoxymaltotriotityl, etc.
Methods for making polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known in the art. In general, they can be made by reacting an alkyl amine with a reducing sugar in a reductive amination reaction to form a corresponding N-alkyl polyhydroxyamine, and then reacting the N-alkyl polyhydroxyamine with a fatty aliphatic ester or triglyceride in a condensation/amidation step to form the N-alkyl, N-polyhydroxy fatty acid amide product. Processes for making compositions containing polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are disclosed, for example, in G.B. Patent Specification 809,060, published Feb. 18, 1959, by Thomas Hedley & Co., Ltd., U.S. Pat. No. 2,965,576, issued Dec. 20, 1960 to E. R. Wilson, and U.S. Pat. No. 2,703,798, Anthony M. Schwartz, issued Mar. 8, 1955,. and U.S. Pat. No. 1,985,424, issued Dec. 25, 1934 to Piggott, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a preferred process for producing N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl, N-deoxyglycityl fatty acid amides wherein the glycityl component is derived from glucose and the N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl functionality is N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-butyl, N-hydroxyethyl, or N-hydroxy-propyl, the product is made by reacting N-alkyl- or N-hydroxyalkyl-glucamine with a fatty ester selected from fatty methyl esters, fatty ethyl esters, and fatty triglycerides in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of trilithium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, pentapotassium tripolyphosphate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, disodium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate, sodium potassium tartrate, trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, sodium basic silicates, potassium basic silicates, sodium basic aluminosilicates, and potassium basic aluminosilicates, and mixtures thereof. The amount of catalyst is preferably from about 0.5 mole % to about 50 mole %, more preferably from about 2.0 mole to about 10 mole %, on an N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl-glucamine molar basis. The reaction is preferably carried out at from about 138.degree. C. to about 170.degree. C. for typically from about 20 to about 90 minutes. When triglycerides are utilized in the reaction mixture as the fatty ester source, the reaction is also preferably carried out using from about 1 to about 10 weight % of a phase transfer agent, calculated on a weight percent basis of total reaction mixture, selected from saturated fatty alcohol polyethoxylates, alkylpolyglycosides, linear glycamide surfactant, and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, this process is carried out as follows:
(a) preheating the fatty ester to about 138.degree. C. to about 170.degree. C.;
(b) adding the N-alkyl or N-hydroxyalkyl glucamine to the heated fatty acid ester and mixing to the extent needed to form a two-phase liquid/liquid mixture;
(c) mixing the catalyst into the reaction mixture; and
(d) stirring for the specified reaction time.
Also preferably, from about 2% to about 20% of preformed linear N-alkyl/N-hydroxyalkyl, N-linear glucosyl fatty acid amide product is added to the reaction mixture, by weight of the reactants, as the phase transfer agent if the fatty ester is a triglyceride. This seeds the reaction, thereby increasing reaction rate.
These polyhydroxy "fatty acid" amide materials also offer the advantages to the detergent formulator that they can be prepared wholly or primarily from natural, renewable, non-petrochemical feedstocks and are degradable. They also exhibit low toxicity to aquatic life.
It should be recognized that along with the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of Formula (I), the processes used to produce them will also typically produce quantities of nonvolatile by-product such as esteramides and cyclic polyhydroxy fatty acid amide. The level of these by-products will vary depending upon the particular reactants and process conditions. Preferably, the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide incorporated into the detergent compositions hereof will be provided in a form such that the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide-containing composition added to the detergent contains less than about 10%, preferably less than about 4%, of cyclic polyhydroxy fatty acid amide. The preferred processes described above are advantageous in that they can yield rather low levels of by-products, including such cyclic amide by-product.
Other ampholytic surfactants may also be incorporated into the detergent compositions hereof. These surfactants can be broadly described as aliphatic derivatives of secondary or tertiary amines, or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be straight-branched chains. One of the aliphatic substituents contains at least 8 carbon atoms, typically from 8 to 18 carbon atoms, and at least one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678 to Laughlin et al., issued Dec. 30, 1975, at column 19, lines 18-35 (herein incorporated by reference) for examples of useful ampholytic surfactants.
Alkyl amphocarboxylic acids can be added of the generic formula: ##STR3## wherein R is a C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, and R.sub.i is of the general formula ##STR4## wherein R.sup.1 is a (CH.sub.2).sub.x COOM or CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH, and x is 1 or 2 and M is preferably chosen from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolammonium, most preferably from sodium, potassium, ammonium, and mixtures thereof with magnesium ions. The preferred R alkyl chain length is a C.sub.10 to C.sub.14 alkyl group.
In a preferred embodiment, the amphocarboxylic acid is an amphodicarboxylic acid produced from fatty imidazolines wherein the dicarboxylic acid functionality of the amphodicarboxylic acid is diacetic acid and/or dipropionic acid. A suitable example of an alkyl amphodicarboxylic acid for use herein is the amphoteric surfactant Miranol.RTM. C2M Conc. manufactured by Miranol, Inc., Dayton, N.J., having the general formula: ##STR5## wherein R is a C.sub.8 to C.sub.18 alkyl group, and x is 1 or 2, and M is a cation.
Zwitterionic surfactants may also be incorporated into the detergent compositions hereof. These surfactants can be broadly described as derivatives of secondary and tertiary amines, derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines, or derivatives of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium compounds. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678 to Laughlin et al., issued Dec. 30, 1975, at column 19, line 38 through column 22, line 48 (herein incorporated by reference) for examples of useful zwitterionic surfactants.
Such ampholytic and zwitterionic surfactants are generally used in combination with one or more anionic and/or nonionic surfactants.
If included in the compositions of the present invention, these additional surfactants are typically present at a concentration of from about 1% to about 15%, preferably from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the composition.
Calcium Ions
The presence of calcium ions greatly improves the cleaning of greasy soils for compositions of the present invention. This is especially true when the compositions are used in softened water that contains few divalent ions.
The calcium ions can be added to the composition in the following forms chloride, acetate, xylene sulfonate, formate or nitrate, preferably a chloride, xylene sulfonate and/or formate, salt to compositions of the present invention.
The calcium ions are present in the compositions hereof at a level of from about 0.01% to 4.0%, preferably from about 0.05% to 3.5%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 2.0%, by weight of the composition.
The amount of calcium ions present in compositions of the invention will be dependent upon the total amount of anionic and/or nonionic surfactant. When calcium ions and anionic and/or nonionic surfactants are present in the compositions of this invention, the molar ratio of calcium ions to total anionic and/or nonionic surfactant is from about 1:15 to about 1:2 for compositions of the invention.
Disulfonates
In the present invention from about 0.1% to about 40%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably from about 1% to about 10% disulfonate surfactant can be present.
Suitable disulfonate surfactants include the alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate surfactants of the general formula: ##STR6## R=C10-18, may be branched or linear R.sup.1 =H or R
M=Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, NH4.sup.+, CA.sup.++, or Mg.sup.++ ##STR7## R=C10-C18, may be branched or linear R.sub.1 =H or R
M.sup.1 =CA.sup.++ or Mg.sup.++
Suitable commercially available disulfonate surfactants are the DOWFAX.RTM. series from Dow Chemical (Dowfax 2A1, 3B2, 8290) and the POLY-TERGENT.RTM. series from Olin Corp.
Water
Compositions herein will typically contain up to about 45%, preferably from about 5% to about 45%, most preferably from about 20% to about 40%, of water.
pH of the Composition
The pH of the composition of the present invention in a 10% solution in water at 20.degree. C. is from about 7 to about 10, more preferably from about 7 to about 9.
Dishwashing compositions of the invention will be subjected to acidic stresses created by food soils when put to use, i.e., diluted and applied to soiled dishes. If a composition with a pH greater than 7 is to be most effective in improving performance, it should contain a buffering agent capable of maintaining the alkaline pH in the composition and in dilute solutions, i.e., about 0.1% to 0.4% by weight aqueous solution, of the composition..
The pKa value of the buffering agent should be about 0.5 to 1.0 pH units below the desired pH value of the composition (determined as described above). Preferably, the pKa value of the buffering agent should be between about 7 and about 9.5. Under these conditions the buffering agent most effectively controls the pH while using the least amount thereof.
The buffering agent may be an active detergent in its own right, or it may be a low molecular weight, organic or inorganic material that is used in this composition solely for maintaining an alkaline pH. Preferred buffering agents for compositions of this invention are nitrogen-containing materials. Some examples are amino acids or lower alcohol amines like mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolamine. Other preferred nitrogen-containing buffering agents are 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2- methylpropanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, tris-(hydroxymethyl )aminomethane (a.k.a. tris) and disodium glutamate. N-methyl diethanolamine, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol N,N'-tetramethyl-1,3-diamino-2-propanol, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (a.k.a. bicine), and N-tris (hydroxymethyl)methyl glycine (a.k.a. tricine) are also preferred. Mixtures of any of the above are acceptable. The buffering agent is present in the compositions of the invention hereof at a level of from about 0.1% to 15%, preferably from about 1% to 10%, most preferably from about 2% to 8%, by weight of the composition.
Saccharide
The present invention comprises from about 0.1% to about 5.0%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 4.0% of a mono- or disaccharide. The saccharide repeating unit can have as few as five carbon atoms or as many as fifty carbon atoms consistent with water solubility. The saccharide derivative can be an alcohol or acid of the saccharide. By "water-soluble" in the present context it is meant that the sugar is capable of forming a clear solution or a stable colloidal dispersion in distilled water at room temperature at a concentration of 0.01 g/l.
Amongst the sugars which are useful in this invention are sucrose, which is most preferred for reasons of availability and cheapness, cellobiose, lactutose, maltose (malt sugar), and lactose which are disaccharides. Useful mono-saccharide derivatives include gluconic acid, glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, arabirose, and ribose.
Suds Booster
Another component which may be included in the composition of this invention is a suds stabilizing surfactant (suds booster) at a level of less than about 15%, preferably from about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably from about 1% to 10% by weight of the composition. Optional suds stabilizing surfactants operable in the instant composition are: sultaines, complex betaines, betaines, ethylene oxide condensates, fatty acid amides, amine oxide semi-polar nonionics, and cationic surfactants.
The composition of this invention can contain betaine detergent surfactants having the general formula:
wherein R is a hydrophobic group selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups containing from about 10 to about 22 carbon atoms, preferably from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms, alkyl aryl and aryl alkyl groups containing a similar number of carbon atoms with a benzene ring being treated as equivalent to about 2 carbon atoms, and similar structures interrupted by amido or ether linkages; each R.sup.1 is an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; and R.sup.2 is an alkylene group containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
Examples of preferred betaines are dodecyl dimethyl betaine, acetyl dimethyl betaine, dodecyl amidopropyldimethyl betaine, tetradecyldimethyl betaine, tetradecylamidopropyldimethyl betaine, and dodecyldimethyl ammonium hexanoate.
Other suitable amidoalkylbetaines are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,950,417; 4,137,191; and 4,375,421; and British Patent GB No. 2,103,236, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It will be recognized that the alkyl (and acyl) groups for the above betaine surfactants can be derived from either natural or synthetic sources, e,g., they can be derived from naturally occurring fatty acids; olefins such as those prepared by Ziegler, or Oxo processes; or from olefins separated from petroleum either with or without "cracking".
The sultaines useful in the present invention are those compounds having the formula (R(R.sup.1).sub.2 N.sup.+ R.sup.2 SO.sub.3 -- wherein R is a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 alkyl group, more preferably a C.sub.12 -C.sub.13 alkyl group, each R.sup.1 is typically C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, preferably methyl, and R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene or, preferably, hydroxyalkylene group. Examples of suitable sultaines include C.sub.12 -C.sub.14 dimethylammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonate, C.sub.12 -C.sub.14 amido propyl ammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sultaine, C.sub.12-14 dihydroxyethylammonio propane sulfonate, and C.sub.16 -C.sub.18 dimethylammonio hexane sulfonate, with C.sub.12-14 amido propyl ammonio-2-hydroxypropyl sultaine being preferred.
The complex betaines for use herein have the formula: ##STR8## wherein R is a hydrocarbon group having from 7 to 22 carbon atoms, A is the group (C(O), n is 0 or 1, R.sub.1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, x is 2 or 3, y is an integer of 0 to 4, Q is the group --R.sub.2 COOM wherein R.sub.2 is an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and M is hydrogen or an ion from the groups alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium and substituted ammonium and B is hydrogen or a group Q as defined.
An example in this category is alkylamphopolycarboxy glycinate, of the formula: ##STR9##
The ethylene oxide condensates are broadly defined as compounds produced by the condensation of ethylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which can be aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the hydrophilic or polyoxyalkylene radical which is condensed with any particular hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a water-soluble compound having the desired balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
Examples of such ethylene oxide condensates suitable as suds stabilizers are the condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with ethylene oxide. The alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched and generally contains from about 8 to about 18, preferably from about 8 to about 14, carbon atoms for best performance as suds stabilizers, the ethylene oxide being present in amounts of from about 8 moles to about 30, preferably from about 8 to about 14 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
Examples of the amide surfactants useful herein include the ammonia, monoethanol, and diethanol amides of fatty acids having an acyl moiety containing from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and represented by the general formula:
wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from about 7 to 21, preferably from about 11 to 17 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 represents a methylene or ethylene group; and m is 1, 2, or 3, preferably 1. Specific examples of said amides are mono-ethanol amine coconut fatty acid amide and diethanol amine dodecyl fatty acid amide. These acyl moieties may be derived from naturally occurring glycerides, e.g., coconut oil, palm oil, soybean oil, and tallow, but can be derived synthetically, e.g., by the oxidation of petroleum or by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The monoethanol amides and diethanolamides of C.sub.12-14 fatty acids are preferred.
Amine oxide semi-polar nonionic surfactants comprise compounds and mixtures of compounds having the formula: ##STR10## wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl, 2-hydroxyalkyl, 3-hydroxyalkyl, or 3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl radical in which the alkyl and alkoxy, respectively, contain from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, or 3-hydroxypropyl, and n is from 0 to about 10. Particularly preferred are amine oxides of the formula: ##STR11## wherein R.sub.1 is a C.sub.12-16 alkyl and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are methyl or ethyl. The above ethylene oxide condensates, amides, and amine oxides are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,824 (Pancheri), incorporated herein by reference.
The composition of this invention can also contain certain cationic quarternary ammonium surfactants of the formula:
or amine surfactants of the formula:
wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl or alkyl benzyl group having from about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain; each R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3)--, --CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, and mixtures thereof; each R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydroxyalkyl, benzyl, and hydrogen when y is not 0; R.sup.4 is the same as R.sup.3 or is an alkyl chain wherein the total number of carbon atoms of R.sup.1 plus R.sup.4 is from about 8 to about 16; each y is from 0 to about 10, and the sum of the y values is from 0 to about 15; and X is any compatible anion.
Preferred of the above are the alkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants, especially the mono-long chain alkyl surfactants described in the above formula when R.sup.4 is selected from the same groups as R.sup.3. The most preferred quaternary ammonium surfactants are the chloride, bromide, and methylsulfate C.sub.8-16 alkyl trimethylammonium salts, C.sub.8-16 alkyl di(hydroxyethyl)methylammonium salts, the C.sub.8-16 alkyl hydroxyethyldimethylammonium salts, C.sub.8-16 alkyloxypropyl trimethylammonium salts, and the C.sub.8-16 alkyloxypropyl dihydroxyethylmethylammonium salts. Of the above, the C.sub.10-14 alkyl trimethylammonium salts are preferred, e.g., decyl trimethylammonium methylsulfate, lauryl trimethylammonium chloride, myristyl trimethylammonium bromide and coconut trimethylammonium chloride, and methylsulfate.
The suds boosters used in the compositions of this invention can contain any one or mixture of the suds boosters listed above.
Additional Optional Ingredients
In addition to the ingredients described hereinbefore, the compositions can contain other conventional ingredients suitable for use in liquid or gel dishwashing compositions.
Magnesium ions may be added to the composition in amounts from 0.01% to about 4%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 3% and added as chloride, acetate, formate or nitrate, preferably a chloride or formate, salt.
Optional ingredients include drainage promoting ethoxylated nonionic surfactants of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,824, Pancheri (Feb. 23, 1982), incorporated herein by reference.
Alcohols, such as C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 monohydric alcohol, preferably ethyl alcohol and propylene glycol, can be utilized in the interests of achieving a desired product phase stability and viscosity. Alcohols such as ethyl alcohol and propylene glycol at a level of from 0% to about 15%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition are particularly useful in the liquid compositions of the invention.
Gel compositions of the invention normally would not contain alcohols. These gel compositions may contain urea and conventional thickeners at levels from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the composition as gelling agents.
Other desirable ingredients include diluents and solvents. Diluents can be inorganic salts, such as ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, etc., and the solvents include water, lower molecular weight alcohols, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, etc.
FORMULATION
Generally, any convention process may be empolyed in formulating the compositions of the present invention. However, the order of disulfonate surfactant addition may be important in formulating a stable concentrated light duty liquid diswashing detergent composition of the present invention. It has been seen that the disulfonate surfactant should be added to the surfactant paste of the composition.
Method Aspect
In the method aspect of this invention, soiled dishes are contacted with an effective amount, typically from about 0.5 ml. to about 20 ml. (per 25 dishes being treated), preferably from about 3 ml. to about 10 ml., of the detergent composition of the present invention. The actual amount of liquid detergent composition used will be based on the judgement of user, and will typically depend upon factors such as the particular product formulation of the composition, including the concentration of active ingredient in the composition, the number of soiled dishes to be cleaned, the degree of soiling on the dishes, and the like. The particular product formulation, in turn, will depend upon a number of factors, such as the intended market (i.e., U.S., Europe, Japan, etc.) for the composition product. The following are examples of typical methods in which the detergent compositions of the present invention may be used to clean dishes. These examples are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting.
In a typical U.S. application, from about 3 ml. to about 15 ml., preferably from about 5 ml. to about 10 ml. of a liquid detergent composition is combined with from about 1,000 ml. to about 10,000 ml., more typically from about 3,000 ml. to about 5,000 ml. of water in a sink having a volumetric capacity in the range of from about 5,000 ml. to about 20,000 ml., more typically from about 10,000 ml. to about 15,000 ml. The detergent composition has a surfactant mixture concentration of from about 21% to about 44% by weight, preferably from about 25% to about 40% by weight. The soiled dishes are immersed in the sink containing the detergent composition and water, where they are cleaned by contacting the soiled surface of the dish with a cloth, sponge, or similar article. The cloth, sponge, or similar article may be immersed in the detergent composition and water mixture prior to being contacted with the dish surface, and is typically contacted with the dish surface for a period of time ranging from about 1 to about 10 seconds, although the actual time will vary with each application and user. The contacting of the cloth, sponge, or similar article to the dish surface is preferably accompanied by a concurrent scrubbing of the dish surface.
In a typical European market application, from about 3 ml. to about 15 ml., preferably from about 3 ml. to about 10 ml. of a liquid detergent composition is combined with from about 1,000 ml. to about 10,000 ml., more typically from about 3,000 ml. to about 5,000 ml. of water in a sink having a volumetric capacity in the range of from about 5,000 ml. to about 20,000 ml., more typically from about 10,000 ml. to about 15,000 ml. The detergent composition has a surfactant mixture concentration of from about 20% to about 50% by weight, preferably from about 30% to about 40%, by weight. The soiled dishes are immersed in the sink containing the detergent composition and water, where they are cleaned by contacting the soiled surface of the dish with a cloth, sponge, or similar article. The cloth, sponge, or similar article may be immersed in the detergent composition and water mixture prior to being contacted with the dish surface, and is typically contacted with the dish surface for a period of time ranging from about 1 to about 10 seconds, although the actual time will vary with each application and user. The contacting of the cloth, sponge, or similar article to the dish surface is preferably accompanied by a concurrent scrubbing of the dish surface.
In a typical Latin American and Japanese market application, from about 1 ml. to about 50 ml., preferably from about 2 ml. to about 10 ml. of a detergent composition is combined with from about 50 ml. to about 2,000 ml., more typically from about 100 ml. to about 1,000 ml. of water in a bowl having a volumetric capacity in the range of from about 500 ml. to about 5,000 ml., more typically from about 500 ml. to about 2,000 ml. The detergent composition has a surfactant mixture concentration of from about 5% to about 40% by weight, preferably from about 10% to about 30% by weight. The soiled dishes are cleaned by contacting the soiled surface of the dish with a cloth, sponge, or similar article. The cloth, sponge, or similar article may be immersed in the detergent composition and water mixture prior to being contacted with the dish surface, and is typically contacted with the dish surface for a period of time ranging from about 1 to about 10 seconds, although the actual time will vary with each application and user. The contacting of the cloth, sponge, or similar article to the dish surface is preferably accompanied by a concurrent scrubbing of the dish surface.
Another method of use will comprise immersing the soiled dishes into a water bath without any liquid dishwashing detergent. A device for absorbing liquid dishwashing detergent, such as a sponge, is placed directly into a separate quantity of undiluted liquid dishwashing composition for a period of time typically ranging from about 1 to about 5 seconds. The absorbing device, and consequently the undiluted liquid dishwashing composition, is then contacted individually to the surface of each of the soiled dishes to remove said soiling. The absorbing device is typically contacted with each dish surface for a period of time range from about 1 to about 10 seconds, although the actual time of application will be dependent upon factors such as the degree of soiling of the dish. The contacting of the absorbing device to the dish surface is preferably accompanied by concurrent scrubbing.
As used herein, all percentages, parts, and ratios are by weight unless otherwise stated.
The following Examples illustrate the invention and facilitate its understanding.
Example I
The following concentrated light duty liquid compositions are prepared as follows:
Stability is assessed by placing the products in a 120.degree. F. environment for one week. Results are as follows.
Composition C containing a disulphonate surfactant (DOWFAX 2A1) remains stable in a harsher environment than those concentrated compositions which do not contain the surfactant.
Example Ii
The following light duty liquid compositions are prepared as follows:
Stability is assessed by placing the products in 120.degree. F. environment for one week and visually assessing appearance. Results are as follows.
Compositions containing disulfonate surfactants (Compositions F and G, DOWFAX 382, and Compositions H and I, DOWFAX 2A1) are more stable at harsher temperatures than those compositions containing sodium xylene sulfonate alone {Compositions D and E).
Example Iii
The following light duty liquid compositions are prepared as follows:
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A liquid or gel light duty detergent composition comprising, by weight of the composition: (a) from about 20% to about 95% of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 9-15 carbon atoms, alkyl sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl glycerol ether sulfonates, fatty acid ester sulfonates, secondary alcohol sulfates, soaps selected from the group consisting of i), C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 secondary carboxyl materials of the formula R.sup.3 CH(R.sup.4)COOM, wherein R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2)x and R.sup.4 is CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2)y, wherein y can be 0 or an integer from 1 to 6, x is an integer from 6 to 12 and the sum of (x+y) is 6-12, 11), carboxyl compounds wherein the carboxyl substituent is on a ring hydrocarbyl unit having the general formula R.sup.5 -R.sup.6 -COOM, wherein R.sup.5 is C.sub.7 -C.sub.10, alkyl or alkenyl and R6 is a ring structure selected from the cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like; iii) C10-C18 primary and secondary carboxyl compounds of the formula R.sup.7 CH(R.sup.8)COOM, wherein the sum of the carbons in R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 is 8-16, R.sup.7 is of the form CH.sub.3 --(CHR.sup.9)x and R.sup.8 is of the form H--(CHR.sup.9)y, where x and y are integers in the range 0-15 and R.sup.9 is H or a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group, R.sup.9 can be any combination of H and C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group members within a single --(CHR.sup.9)x,y group; however, each molecule in this class must contain at least one R.sup.9 that is not H, iv) C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 tertiary carboxyl compounds of the formula R.sup.10 CR.sup.11 (R.sup.12)COOM, wherein the sum of the carbons in R.sup.10, R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 is 8-16, R.sup.10, R.sup.11, and R.sup.12 are of the form CH.sub.3 --(CHR.sup.13)x, where x is an integer in the range 0-13, and R.sup.13 is H or a C1-4 linear or branched alkyl group; nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and mixtures thereof; (b) from about 0.01% to about 4.0% of calcium ions; (c) from about 0.5% to 40% disulfonate surfactant; (d) from about 5.0% to about 45% of water; wherein said composition has a pH in a 10% solution in water at 20.degree. C. of between about 7 and about 10.
2. A composition according to claim 1 comprising from about 30% to about 75% surfactant.
3. A composition according to claim 2 wherein said calcium ions are added to said composition as a salt selected from the group consisting of chloride, acetate, nitrate, formate, xylene sulfonate and mixtures thereof.
4. A composition according to claim 3 wherein said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate; alkyl ether sulfate; polyethercarboxylate; secondary olefin sulfonates; sarcosinates; methyl ester sulphonates; alkylglycerol ether sulphonate; polyethylene; polypropylene and polybutylene oxide condensate of alkyl phenols; alkyl ethoxylate condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with ethylene oxide; the condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by condensation of propylene oxide with proylene glycol; condensation product of ethylene oxide and ethylenediamine; alkypolysaccharides; fatty acid amides; alkyl ethoxy carboxylates; special soaps; polyhydroxy fatty acid amides and mixtures thereof.
5. A composition according to claim 2 further comprising from about 0.1% to about 5% sugar selected from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose (malt sugar), cellobiose, lactulose, lactose, gluconic acid, glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, ribose and mixtures thereof.
6. A composition according to claim 2 wherein said disulfonate surfactant is an alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate surfactant of the general formulas: ##STR12## R=C10-C18, may be branched or linear R.sub.1 =H or R M=Na.sup.+ K.sup.+, NH4.sup.+, CA.sup.++, or Mg.sup.++ ; or ##STR13## R=C10-C18, may be branched or linear R.sub.1 =H or R M.sup.1 =CA.sup.++ or Mg.sup.++.
7. A composition according to claim 5 comprising from about 0.1% to about 2% calcium ions.
8. A composition according to claim 7 wherein said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate; alkyl ether sulfate; alkyl ethoxylate condensation product of aliphatic alcohols with ethylene oxide, special soaps and mixtures thereof.
9. A composition according to claim 8 further comprising less than about 15% of a suds booster selected from the group consisting of betaines, sultaines, complex betaines, ethylene oxide condensates, fatty acid amides, amine oxide semi-polar nonionics, cationic surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
10. A composition according to claim 4 comprising from about 0.05% to about 14.0% sugar.
11. A light duty liquid dishwashing detergent composition comprising by weight: a) from about 40% to about 70% surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate, alkyl ether sulfate, alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, and mixtures thereof, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and mixtures thereof; b) from about 0.1% to about 2.0% calcium ions added as a salt selected from the group consisting of xylene sulfonate, formate, chloride and mixtures thereof; c) from about 0.5% to about 25% alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate; d) from about 0.5% to about 4.0% sugar selected from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose (malt sugar), lactose, gluconic acid, glucose, fructose, and mixtures thereof; e) from about 0.1% to about 3% magnesium added as a salt selected from the group consisting of chloride, formate and mixtures thereof; and f) from about 0.5 to about 12% of a suds booster selected from the group consisting of betaines, fatty acid amides, amine oxide semi-polar nonionics, and mixtures thereof, wherein said composition has a pH in a 10% solution in water at 20.degree. C. of between about 7 and about 9.
12. A composition according to claim 10 wherein said surfactant is selected from the group consisting of alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, alkyl ether sulfates and mixtures thereof.
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