Communication Network Interface With Screeners for Incoming Messages

The field of the invention is digital communications networks which carry messages among stations connected to the networks; and more particularly, to a station mechanism which screens the messages to determine which ones are of interest to the station.

Factories are automated by controllers that are programmed, or configured, to operate specific machines or devices. These controllers can be general purpose, such as computers, numerical controls or programmable controllers; or they may be special purpose controllers, such as robot controllers, weld controllers or motor drives.

Each controller connects to the various sensing devices and operating devices on the machinery which it controls and it automates the operation of that machinery by inputting data from the sensing devices and outputting the appropriate data to the operating devices. This exchange of input and output ("I/O") data between the controller and the devices on the controlled machinery is often accomplished by direct connections between ports on the controller and each separate I/O device. However, when I/O devices are physically spread out over a large area, the wiring costs associated with such separate connections can become excessive.

One way to reduce wiring in such applications is to multiplex I/O data through a serial communications link. Such serial I/O links are commonly used to connect the centrally located controller to separate remote racks, or chassis, that are positioned adjacent to the I/O devices. Such "remote I/O systems"are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,404,651; 4,413,319; 4,809,217 and 4,750,150, where the controller carries out a continuous high speed scan of the I/O data associated with each remote rack and that data is conveyed through the serial communications link. It can be appreciated that such serial I/O links must promptly and reliably convey the I/O data, since that data is directly controlling operating devices on a machine that is operating in real time.

While a single controller may automate a machine, or a small group of machines, such "islands of automation" must be connected together to truly automate an entire factory. These latter connections are provided by industrial local area networks that enable each controller to send messages to other similar controllers in the factory over serial data links. There are a large number of such "peer-to-peer" communications networks known in the art, some of which are developed by standards committees like IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4, IEEE 802.5 and MAP; and others are developed by manufacturers of the controller like those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,319,338; 4,667,323 and 4,747,100. It can be appreciated that the nature of the peer-to-peer data conveyed on local area networks connecting controllers is different than I/O data conveyed on serial I/O links. While some of the data may indicate the state of the machinery being controlled, much of the traffic is large blocks of data. For example, a "cell controller" may download control programs for programmable logic controllers or part programs for numerical controls, and programmable logic controllers may up-load blocks of statistical data concerning production and quality control. While I/O data is usually time critical and must be conveyed reliably within milliseconds of the event which generated it, the up loading and down loading of large blocks of data usually is not as time critical.

Although remote I/O serial communications networks and peer-to-peer networks have coexisted in factories for many years, a number of factors are blurring the distinction between them and dictating that a single network having the attributes of both be created. One of these factors is technical--the increasing use of smaller controllers in so-called "distributed processing." For example, rather than a single large controller linked to a set of remote I/O racks, an alternative architecture is a set of linked small controllers positioned about the factory in place of each remote I/O rack. The resulting communications link that connects these small, distributed controllers must convey both time critical I/O data as well as peer-to-peer messages. Another factor is the desire of factory owners to reduce the number of different communications networks used, in order to simplify employee training and maintenance, and to reduce the inventory of spare parts.

The medium employed to convey the data on a serial communications link is dictated primarily by cost and the rate at which data must be conveyed. The lowest cost medium used in factory installations is twisted wire pairs which has a small bandwidth, and the most expensive medium is fiber optic cable which provides enormous bandwidth. The most common medium employed on the factory floor, however, is shielded cable, such as coaxial cable, which provides a good cost/performance compromise.

The chosen medium can interconnect the controllers and remote racks in different patterns, commonly referred to as "network topology". While so-called "star" and "ring" topologies can be found in the factory, the "bus" topology is by far the most prevalent. With the bus topology, a cable extends around the factory floor from one station to the next, and a short drop line is tapped into this bus and connected to the controller at that station. The bus topology is the most cost effective and easy to install.

Access to the communications network is determined by the "media access control" (MAC) protocol employed on the network. In early local area networks, and in many remote I/O networks, a single "master" station controlled access to the medium. For example, in the remote I/O network described in the above-cited patents, the programmable controller serves as the master of the network and signals the remote I/O racks when they can have access to the medium. This single-master protocol is satisfactory for remote I/O networks where loss of the programmable controller master results in a shut down of the entire network, but it is unsatisfactory in a peer-to-peer communications network. In a peer-to-peer network, communications should continue between the controllers on the network even if one controller is disconnected or malfunctions. Indeed, the fact that a controller is no longer operating may itself need to be communicated throughout the network to other controllers in the factory so that they can take appropriate action.

There are a number of media access control protocols commonly used in factories which do not rely on a single master. These include physical ring token passing networks such as that defined in the IEEE 802.5 standard, the logical ring token passing networks such as that defined in the IEEE 802.4 standard, and the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) networks such as that defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard. While these protocols are appropriate for peer-to-peer communications where a message, or block of data, is sent with each access to the media, they are not appropriate for conveying large amounts of real-time I/O data.

Another media access control protocol which may be employed in factory applications is referred to as a dynamic time slot allocation (DTSA) network or dynamic time division multiple access (DTDMA) network. A DTDMA network suitable for conveying real time I/O data is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,834 and a time division multiplexing (TDM) network suitable for conveying both real time I/O data and message data is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,704.

Many of these protocols dictate that information be sent over the network in well defined blocks known as message frames. The format of the message frame is designed so that a station is able to distinguish one message frame from another. Generally, message frames are subdivided into sections known as a preamble, a start delimiter, a data field and an end delimiter. The preamble consists of a bit pattern that allows each station to recover a clock signal and become synchronized to the data bit sequence. The start delimiter provides a timing reference which the stations use to locate the beginning of the data field. This is important in order for every bit of data to be properly detected. The end delimiter is a bit pattern that indicates when one message frame terminates. The two delimiter bit patterns must be unique so that other sequences of bits sent on the network will not mislead a station into believing that a delimiter has been found.

Typically the data field of the message frames contained the address of the network station which originated the message and the address of the network station for which the message is intended, the intended recipient. Each station on the network upon detecting a new message, inspects the address for the intended recipient to determine if the message was for that station. This communication technique has several drawbacks. First, if a station has a different set of data to send to several other stations, a separate message frame had to be formed for each recipient. Many network protocols allow a given station to send only one message over the network before relinquishing access to the network to another station. Thus not only must separate messages be sent to each recipient, the originator must wait to be granted separate access to the network for each message. Another drawback exists when a station has a common set of data that is of interest to several other stations. Separate messages still must be formed each containing the same data, but addressed to different recipients in order to send the common data to all interested stations.

Some classes of data, such as network control information, were broadcast in messages with a special recipient address which every station on the network recognized to receive that data. However, that technique has not been used to send data to only selected stations on the network. Furthermore, such broadcasts were not used to send factory control information, such as I/O data and manufacturing process control information.

As the networks became larger and carried a larger amount of data, the computers connected to the network were required to spend a greater amount of their processing time determining which messages were for them. This took time away from the primary data processing tasks of the computer.

The present invention pertains to a station for a digital communication network that carries messages among the stations. Each message has one or more message packets with each packet containing information of a given type and a tag that identifies the type of information. The packet also conveys a generation count that indicates whether the packet is a duplicate of one that was send previously over the network.

The station has a media access controller that interfaces a data processor to the network. The media access controller comprises a circuit to which the transmission medium of the network connects in order for the station to receive messages. Depending upon the manner in which message characters are sent over the communication network this circuit may contain a modem. The media access controller receives every message that is sent over the network, even messages in which the station and the data processor do not have any interest.

The media access controller utilizes a pair of mechanism that screen the packet tags to determine which packets contain information of interest to the station. The first mechanism is a fixed screener which has a first memory that stores a first set of tag values which typically are used in packets that carry station management information and commands. The fixed screener detects when a tag from a packet of a network message matches one of the tag values stored in the first memory. A first signal is produced upon a tag match being found.

A general purpose screener also is provided to identify the tags of packets that are of interest to the station. This latter screener has a second memory that stores tag values which are received from the data processor or in some cases other stations on the network. As a consequence the general purpose screener can be configured to detect the receipt of packets that relate to functions performed by the data processor. A comparator determines when a tag contained in a packet matches a tag value stored in the second memory. A control circuit governs the operation of the general purpose screener, such as for writing a tag value from the data processor into the second memory. The control circuit also responds by producing a second signal when a tag match is found.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the general purpose screener stores, in the second memory, a separate generation count associated with each tag. Another comparator determines when the generation count contained in a packet matches a generation count in the second memory. The control circuit produces the second signal only when a tag match is found and the stored generation count associated with the matching tag value does not match the generation count from the packet. When the second signal is produced, the control circuit stores the generation count from the packet in the second memory as the generation count associated with the tag value for which a match was found.

A third memory is included in the media access controller for storing the data contained in a packet received from the network. A router controller responds to an absence of the first and second signals by erasing data stored in said third memory. Such an absence occurs only when the station has no interest in the data.

A supplemental screener may be added to those in the media access controller so that a greater number of tags can be identified by the station. In this version, the router controller erases data from the third memory when none of the screeners produce a signal indicating interest in the data.

A general object of the present invention is to provide a mechanism by which each packet in a message from the communication network can be screened by a recipient station so that only messages of interest are retained by the station.

Another object is to provide a media access controller that interfaces the data processor at the recipient station to the network. The media access controller possesses the intelligence to screen the packets and provide the data processor with only the packets of interest. This relieves the data processor from having to inspected every packet in each message carried by the network in order to find packets of interest.

A further object of the present invention is to provide the ability for the user of the network to increase the screening capability with a greater number of tags for packets that are of interest.

Communication System

FIG. 1 is a representation of a communication network according to the present invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate the subdivisions of a message frame sent by a station;

FIG. 3 illustrates the sequence in which messages are exchanged over the communication network;

FIG. 4A depicts the order in which different stations on the network send messages during the scheduled phase of each periodic interval; and

FIG. 4B depicts the order in which different stations on the network send messages during the unscheduled phase of each periodic interval.

Communication Controller

FIG. 5A shows how an exemplary station is connected to the network by an S-Link media access controller (SMAC);

FIG. 5B is a schematic block diagram representation of the S-Link media access controller in FIG. 5A; and

FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram of signals at several locations in the SMAC.

SMAC Modem

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram representation of the modem circuit in the SMAC;

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram representation of the delimiter detector in the modem; and

FIG. 9 is a state machine diagram for the delimiter detector.

SMAC Access Control Circuit

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of the access control circuit in the SMAC;

FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of the guard time monitor in the access control circuit;

FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram representation of the scheduled phase register in the access control circuit; and

FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of the periodic interval timer in the access control circuit.

Transmit and Receive Processors

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram representation of the transmit processing circuit in the SMAC;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram representation of the receive processing circuit in the SMAC of FIG. 5B;

FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram of the data and control pipeline in the receive processing circuit;

FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram of the Lpacket screening circuit in the receive processing circuit;

FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of the general purpose screener;

FIG. 19 is a memory map of the tag registers in the general purpose screener;

FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram of the tag table in the general purpose screener;

FIG. 21 is a circuit diagram of the screener coordinator in the Lpacket screening circuit;

FIG. 22 is a truth table depicting the operation of the screener accept logic in the screener coordinator;

FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of the RX stream assign circuit in the screener coordinator; and

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of the RX router in the receive processing circuit.

Host Interface

FIG. 25 is a block schematic diagram of the host interface in the SMAC.

Initially referring to FIG. 1, an industrial control communication network 10 comprises a medium to which N number of stations 12-16 are connected to send and receive data. The network 10 may employ any suitable medium, such as coaxial or fiber optic cables, and may be based on any suitable topology, for example, bus, star or ring topologies. In the exemplary embodiment described herein, the interconnections of network 10 utilize a coaxial cable 11 connected in a bus topology. If the cable is relatively long, one or more repeaters 17 may have to be used to maintain a satisfactory signal level at all of the stations. The illustrated network 10 has several input/output interface circuits 15-16 and X number of processors 12-14, which may be programmable controllers, cell controllers or minicomputers, for example. The processor or interface circuit at each network station 12-16 is connected to the coaxial cable 11 by a node 20 having a unique address that is used to identify messages being sent to and from the associated station. A programming terminal 18 can be connected through any node 20 in order to communicate directly over the network, however the terminal is assigned a separate network address from the nodes.

The network 10 is referred to herein as a concurrent time division, multiple access (CTDMA) communications network in that both input/output data used by the processors 13-15 in operating the machinery, as well as control commands, system management and other messages, are concurrently exchanged over the same medium 11 with each node 20 being granted access to transmit messages in a time division multiplexed manner. The CTDMA network 10 utilizes a token bus type protocol in which an "implicit token" is passed from node to node in a prescribed order and the node 20 possessing the implicit token can transmit its messages. However, unlike other token passing networks, a token message is not passed among the nodes, rather each station monitors the network activity and has a register in which it keeps track of the node that it believes currently possesses the token.

Network Communication Protocol

Referring to FIG. 2A, all messages regardless of the type of data being sent are formatted as a media access control (MAC) frame 21 having a maximum length of 517 bytes. Each time a station is granted access to send information over the network, it may send one MAC frame. The preferred network data modulation technique is conventional Manchester encoding in which each "bit" of Manchester encoded information comprises two physical symbols, or half bits. The Manchester half bits are referred to herein as "phy symbols", according to the "physical symbol" terminology. For example a "0" data bit is encoded by a "01" phy symbol sequence, whereas a "1" data bit is encoded by a "10" phy symbol sequence.

The MAC frame 21 begins with a thirty-two phy symbol preamble 22 and a sixteen phy symbol delimiter 23. A unique start delimiter 23 is used to establish a precise synchronization point in the incoming data in order for the receiver to accurately detect each phy symbol and determine the boundaries between pairs of consecutive phy symbols that encode a data bit. In addition to the start delimiter the MAC frame 21 terminates with an end delimiter which designates when the frame has ended.

Following the start delimiter 23 in the MAC frame 21 is the network address 24 of the source node of the message. The MAC frame 21 also has a data field 25 that is up to 510 bytes long and which is divided into basic messaging units referred to as Lpackets 26, which stands for "link-layer packets". Each Lpacket 26 represents a separate message or group of data and includes an identifying tag from which each node 20 can determine whether it requires the information in that Lpacket. If a given node has several Lpackets to send, the Lpackets are placed in a queue and transmitted in the queued order. If there are more Lpackets 26 in the queue than can fit within one MAC frame, the remaining ones have to wait until the node again is granted access to the network.

Each Lpacket 26 is subdivided into a series of fields as shown in FIG. 2B. The first field 31 is a byte which indicates the size, or length, of the Lpacket 26. The second field 32 contains eight control bits as indicated in the enlargement of that field in the drawing. The first control bit 38 designates one of two forms of message addressing, fixed or general purpose, used in the tag field 34 of the Lpacket. The fixed form includes a function code followed by a destination network address. As will be described, a fixed mode message is inspected in each node 20 by a circuit referred to as a "fixed screener" to determine whether the node is interested in that Lpacket. As an example, a fixed mode message is used to send network and station management data and commands to the nodes, that allow one network station to read the configuration data from the SMAC in another station. The general purpose form of addressing allows the user to define the meaning of the tag according to a set of rules created for the specific network. For example, a unique tag number may designate a particular type or origin of I/O data as being from a specific component of a machine being operated by controllers on the network. Such general data may be of interest to several nodes. A "general purpose screener" in each node inspects this latter form of tag to determine if the Lpacket is of interest to the node, as will be described. The tags for the general purpose screener are considered to be "generic tags" as they do not have to contain the network address of either the originator station or the intended recipient station of the Lpacket.

The third and fourth control bits 40 and 42 are designated "tag pad" and "data pad" and indicate the alignment of the tag and data fields 34 and 36 in the Lpacket. As will be described, the tag and data fields have variable lengths and may or may not begin on a sixteen-bit word boundary in the Lpacket 26. The tag pad and data pad control bits 40 and 42 indicate that alignment and are used by a recipient node in separating the Lpacket fields. The next control bit 44 indicates whether the data contained in the Lpacket is in byte size or sixteen-bit word sized increments. The final section 46 comprises three control bits which provide a generation count. In some implementations of the CTDMA protocol a source node may send multiple copies of the same Lpacket to insure that at least one of them will reach the intended recipients. The generation count remains the same for each duplicate Lpacket and enables a recipient node to ignore the duplicates after one has been successfully received. When the generation count changes, the network nodes 20 know that the message contents also has changed. When the "accept always" control bit 45 is set, recipient nodes ignore the generation count in determining whether to accept the Lpacket for processing.

Following the control bits 32 in the Lpacket 26 is the tag 34 that typically is three bytes long, although other size tag may be used. The tag identifies the type of Lpacket enabling a recipient node to screen out Lpackets that are not of interest, keeping only the Lpackets of interest. As will be elaborated upon, "screeners" in each node 20 accept only those Lpackets having selected tags. In order to maintain a boundary between the tag field 34 and the link data field 36 at an even number of words from the beginning of the data field 25, the tag field 34 must contain an even number of bytes in the MAC frame as exchanged with host devices 12, 13, 14 15, 16, etc. A tag with an odd number of bytes is indicated by the tag pad control bit 40 and signals the recipient node circuitry to delete a pad byte from the tag field before processing. As will be described, screener circuits in each node 20 are programmed to recognize certain tags as being of interest to that node and forward the Lpacket to a host processor. The tag pad control bit 40 is used to justify the fields of the Lpacket so that the tag field will fall on a boundary between data words in the MAC frame 21. The justification facilitates the recognition of the tag by the screener circuits.

The final field 36 of the Lpacket 26 contains the data being exchanged, referred to as "link data". The number of bytes in field 36 varies depending upon the amount of data the source node has to send. Since the data may be in byte or word sized increments, receiver circuits in the recipient nodes must be able to handle either format. As will be described, the receiver circuits are designed to handle word size increments. If the link data 36 has an odd number of bytes, as indicated by the data pad control bit 42, the recipient node must add a pad byte to the data field before storing the Lpacket into memory.

Referring again to FIG. 2A, after the Lpacket data field 25 in the MAC frame 21 is a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) word 27 that a recipient node uses to detect when the frame is corrupted during transmission. The final section 28 of the MAC frame 21 is the previously described unique end delimiter by which other stations can detect when the frame has ended. The end delimiter 28 also includes several explicit Manchester code violations in its phy symbol sequence.

A node may transmit a MAC frame over the network 10 only at designated times to prevent frames from different nodes colliding with each other. The transmission of messages occurs during a series of reoccurring periodic intervals 50 as shown in FIG. 3. The length of the periodic interval is definable by the user as will be described. Each periodic interval 50 is divided into three segments: the scheduled phase 52 for I/O data, the unscheduled phase 54 for other types of messages, and a guard band 56 for message coordination.

During the scheduled phase 52, each node 20 that has been designated as having I/O data is afforded an opportunity to transmit I/O data over the network. As depicted in FIG. 4A, the scheduled phase 52 is broken down into time slots 60 for each of the N nodes 20 on the network 10. As will be described, the scheduled phase can be configured so that not all N nodes will have access in situations where not every node transmits I/O data, such as the programming terminal 18. Each time-slot 60 may be as long as the time required to send a MAC frame 21 of the maximum length allowed by the network protocol (e.g. 510 bytes). Thus the periodic interval 50 must have a defined duration that is at least sufficiently long to permit every node 20 with I/O data to send the maximum duration MAC frame 21.

A guard band 56 is located at the end of each periodic interval 50. When the guard band terminates, a "tone" signal 53 is generated within each node 20 to indicate the temporal boundary between two periodic intervals 50. Although this signal is not sent over the network, it enables each node to count time in synchronism. Upon generating the tone signal, the network node having the first address transmits a MAC frame of I/O data in scheduled slot 1. If that node 20 does not have any I/O data, it will transmit an empty MAC frame, i.e. one without any Lpackets. When a node has more I/O data than can be transmitted in a single MAC frame 21, the remaining data may be sent during the unscheduled phase 54, if that node has an opportunity to transmit in that phase.

At the end of the scheduled slot 1 for the first node, the node 20 with the next sequential network address transmits I/O data during scheduled slot 2. Note that in this example, either a node has not been assigned address 3 or the assigned node presently is inactive. Thus scheduled slot 3, otherwise occupied by I/O data from the third node, is replaced by a short "dead" period 62. The fourth network node listens during this dead period for the third node to transmit. The listening, or wait, period must be at least as great as the longest time for a signal to propagate between any two stations. If a transmission is not heard during the listening period, a "slot timeout" occurs and the fourth node concludes that the third node does not exist and begins transmitting I/O data over the network cable 11.

This sequence continues until all of the N nodes 20 on the network 10, which are configured for scheduled phase transmission, have been given an opportunity to send their I/O data, i.e. until the implied token has been passed once around the network. The actual duration of the scheduled phase 52 varies in relation to how many network nodes 20 have I/O data to send and the amount of I/O data each station sends. Depending upon these factors, it is conceivable that the entire periodic interval 50 can be consumed with a scheduled phase 52 and a guard band 56. However, as is more often the case, time remains following the scheduled phase 52 for an unscheduled phase 54.

During the so called unscheduled phase 54, the network nodes 20 are afforded an opportunity to send any remaining I/O data as well as other message types, such as ones containing control commands and manufacturing production information. Whatever time remains in the periodic interval 50 after the scheduled phase 52 is devoted to the unscheduled phase 54. Therefore each node 20 is not necessarily guaranteed time during the unscheduled phase 54 in which to send messages, however this is acceptable as the unscheduled phase messages by definition are less time critical than the I/O data.

If enough time remains, the nodes 20 may send MAC frames during the unscheduled phase 54 as depicted in FIG. 4B. Another distinction between the two phases 52 and 54 is that the first node allowed to transmit during the unscheduled phase changes every periodic interval. This first node is indicated by a network address designated by the variable START, which is stored by each node in an internal register. At the completion of the unscheduled phase 54, the value of START is incremented so that the node with the next numerical network address will have the first opportunity to send a message frame during the unscheduled phase of the next periodic interval. When the value of START reaches the highest address designated for the unscheduled phase, it is reset to the lowest address. Although the implicit token is passed only once in the scheduled phase 52, it is passed around as many times in the unscheduled phase as time allows.

Thus, at the beginning of the unscheduled phase the node having an address equal to START sends a message frame. When a node does not have this type of message to send, an empty message frame, i.e. one without any Lpackets, is sent. Then the node with the next network address (START+1) is permitted to send a message frame, and so on until the time remaining in the unscheduled phase is used up. In the exemplary unscheduled phase depicted in FIG. 4B, a gap 68 exists after the slot 66 for the START node, which indicates that address START+1 either is unassigned or the assigned node is presently inactive, thus creating dead time on the network. As with the scheduled phase 52, if a node fails to start sending a message during its slot, the next node in the address sequence (e.g. START+2) begins transmitting after a listening period.

One should also note that a small amount of time 69 remains after the node designated (START+M) stops transmitting near the end of the unscheduled phase 54. Because this amount of time 69 is too short for another MAC frame, a transmission does not occur. For this purpose, each node keeps track of the time remaining in the periodic interval. The number of nodes M that are afforded an opportunity to send a MAC frame 21 during a given unscheduled phase 54 depends upon the amount of time remaining in the periodic interval 50 after the scheduled phase 52 and the length of the frames each node has to send.

A period of time, referred to as a guard band 56, is reserved at the end of the periodic interval 50. During the guard band, the node 20 designated as the "moderator" broadcasts to the other nodes a MAC frame having a single Lpacket that contains network control information. The moderator is the active node with the lowest network address, and in addition to functioning as any other node, the moderator transmits network control information during the moderator slot of each guard band 56. The Lpacket for the guard band message frame has the same format as illustrated in FIG. 2B, and has the fixed screen select bit set and a tag indicating a moderator Lpacket.

The MAC frame in the guard band 56 also enables synchronization of the clocks within each node 20. The end of that MAC frame provides a reference point from which each node times the interval until the tone signal should be generated. Thus every time a node satisfactorily receives the moderator message frame, its clock is resynchronized to the activity on the network. The accuracy of these clocks is such that a node still can function on the network for several periodic intervals without satisfactorily receiving the moderator message frame before the clock drifts significantly. Under normal conditions, the node will satisfactorily receive a moderator message frame and become synchronized before excessive drift occurs.

A node that joins the network listens to the traffic for several seconds to determine whether another node exists at the same address and whether its network configuration parameters conflict with those being broadcast by the moderator. If no conflict exists, the new node will transmit any messages during its turn in the scheduled and unscheduled phases. If another node has the same address, the new node is considered a "duplicate" and may not transmit. The duplicate remains in a dormant state until the problem of conflicting addresses is corrected (e.g. until its address is changed or the conflicting node is disconnected from the network).

Thus, the present CTDMA network communication protocol allows both input/output data and other message information to be sent over the same network medium in designated portions of the periodic intervals 50. During each periodic interval 50, priority is given to the I/O data which is used to control the machinery operated by the processors 13-15 on the network 10. Once every node 20 on the network has been afforded the opportunity to send its I/O data the remaining portion of the periodic interval is devoted to the transmission of other forms of information during an unscheduled phase. Although each network node 20 is not guaranteed the opportunity to sent a message during the unscheduled phase 54, over the course of several periodic intervals each node will receive that opportunity. If such opportunities do not occur frequently enough, the network operator may have to lengthen the periodic interval.

Communication Controller

Referring to FIG. 5A, the CTDMA protocol preferably is implemented on a single, very large scale (VLSI) integrated circuit, designated as the "S-Link Media Access Controller" (SMAC) 100. The SMAC 100 interfaces with the host processor 102 via a conventional bus 101. The bus 101 includes standard address, data and control signals as known in the art for a processor interface. The host processor 102 may be a conventional microprocessor system. The SMAC 100 is preferably configurable to permit adaptation to a variety of host processor bus configurations and protocols. For example, data may selectively be transferred as eight or sixteen bit wide data. Similarly, "handshaking" signals for data transfer may be adapted for known interface protocols used by commercially available microprocessors. A facility is preferably provided by the SMAC 100 to "byte swap" data bytes according to the high/low byte precedence used by the connected host 102. Such interface features are described in more detail in copending U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,884 entitled "Intelligent Network Interface Circuit."

Each node 20 connects to the coaxial cable 11 via a tap 103 coupled to a transformer 104. Secondary windings 104a of the transformer 104 are connected to both the inputs of a receive amplifier/detector 105 and the outputs of dual, bi-phase drive amplifiers 106a and 106b. The output of the receive amplifier/detector 105 is connected as a NET IN signal 107 to the SMAC 100. The drive amplifiers 106a and 106b have their inputs connected to a NET OUT signal 108 and a NET OUT INV signal 109, respectively, generated by the SMAC 100. The drive amplifiers 106a and 106b are of the "output sink" type, such that when the NET OUT and NET OUT INV signals 108 and 109 are both low, both secondary windings 104a are high, or open. In that condition, the secondary windings 104a couple signals received from the network 10 to the receive/detector amplifier 105. For transmission, the drive amplifiers 106a and 106b are driven out of phase (high/low or low/high) by the NET OUT and NET OUT INV signals 108 and 109, respectively, thereby driving a transmit signal onto the secondary windings 104a of transformer 104. The transformer 104 then couples the transmitted signal onto the network 10.

The node 20 also includes connectors, PTC OUT 110 and PTC IN 111, which constitute a serial repeater port which carries all of the messages sent and received via the network 10 by the SMAC 100. This repeater capability is particularly advantageous, as it provides a fully functional network port at PTC OUT and PTC IN connectors 110 and 111 without the expense or overhead of providing another explicit set of network interface hardware. The normal network access provided by the SMAC 100 for the host processor 102 is fully integrated with the repeating capability between the PTC OUT and PTC IN connectors and the network 10, enabling the SMAC to serve as the network repeater 17 in FIG. 1. As a result, the full matrix of communication paths are implemented. Specifically, the available transmission paths are: (1) data received from the PTC IN connector 111 is coupled to both the network 10 and the host 102; (2) data received from the host 102 is coupled to both the PTC OUT connector 110 and the network 10; and (3) data received from the network 10 is coupled to both the PTC OUT connector 110 and the host processor 102.

Another application of the PTC OUT and PTC IN connectors 110 and 111 is for the connection of an optional programming terminal 18 to the node 20 as illustrated in FIG. 5A. It is preferred that all nodes 20 on the network 10 provide such connectors 110 and 111 for selective, temporary connection of the programming terminal 18 as needed. For example, the programming terminal 18 may be a hand held device which is carried from node to node in performing set up or diagnostic operations. The connectors 110 and 111 provide for bidirectional serial communication between the programming terminal 18 (when connected) and the SMAC 100. The PTC OUT and PTC IN connectors 110 and 111 of SMAC 100 connect to the PTC IN and PTC OUT signal connectors of a second SMAC 112 for the programming terminal 18. The host bus 101 to the second SMAC 112 is coupled to the programming terminal 18.

Due to the high data rate utilized on the network 10, a "screening" capability is provided by the SMAC 100 to select only certain data of interest for eventual forwarding to the host 102. As described above, each MAC frame includes one or more Lpackets 26, and each Lpacket includes an identifying tag. A limited internal screening capability is provided within the SMAC 100 to pick out certain Lpackets which are to be transferred to the host 102. In addition to the internal screening capability, the SMAC 100 also provides a screener bus 115 for connection to an optional supplemental screener circuit 116. The supplemental screener circuit 116 may be designed to recognize an essentially unlimited number of Lpackets 26 for transfer to the host 102. Both the internal and supplemental screening capabilities are described in detail below.

The SMAC 100 also provides a SYNC OUT signal 120 which provides a capability for real time synchronization between different nodes 20 connected on the network 10. Because of the unique qualities of the CTDMA protocol, it is possible for each individual node 20 to synchronize activities at the local node to global, real time synchronized events which occur on the network 10. The SYNC OUT signal 120 is configurable to select one of several possible synchronization sources within the SMAC 100. Based on the selected synchronization source, the sync output signal 120 provides a capability to synchronize processes at the local node 20 with respect to an absolute, or "universal" time reference which is available to all nodes on the network. This allows the real time synchronization of events and systems, even though those events and systems may be on different network nodes 20. The local process to be synchronized may be a separate circuit or subsystem, as represented by the dashed lines 121, or alternatively may be a process operating the host processor 102 itself. In the latter case, the SYNC OUT signal 120 may optionally be connected as a discreet input signal into the host processor 102. Although a single SYNC OUT signal 120 is shown, multiple SYNC OUT signals may be utilized if desired to simultaneously provide other of the selectable "sync event" sources.

The SMAC

Referring to FIG. 5B, the major functional blocks within the SMAC 100 are a modem circuit 140, a transmit processing circuit 141, a receive processing circuit 142, a host interface circuit 143, an access control circuit 144, and a sync select circuit 145.

The modem 140 connects to the NET IN signal 107, the NET OUT signal 108, the NET OUT INV signal 109, the PTC IN signal 113 and the PTC OUT signal 114. A basic function of the modem 140 is to modulate and demodulate the Manchester encoded signals to and from the network 10 and PTC connectors 110 and 111. Another basic function of the modem 140 is to generate the clock signals used throughout the SMAC 100 for timing purposes. A PHY CLOCK signal 150 is generated by the modem 140 at the physical symbol rate, or twice the bit rate. The preferred bit rate in this embodiment is five megabits per second, and the PHY CLOCK signal 150 therefore has a frequency of ten megahertz. The modem 140 also produces a BYTE PULSE signal 151 that is aligned to the "byte" boundary of the Manchester data in a novel manner described in detail below. Once aligned, the BYTE PULSE signal 151 is made "true" for one active edge of the PHY CLOCK signal 150 to flag the completion of a received or transmitted byte (eight bits). In that sense, the BYTE PULSE signal 151 is not a clock signal per se, but rather a gating signal which is set "true" just prior to an active edge of the PHY CLOCK signal 150. The modem 140 also generates other clock signals which are discussed as appropriate hereinafter.

A third function of the modem 140 is to accept data supplied by the host processor 102 for transmission, and to likewise forward received data to the host 102. The transmit processing circuit 141 provides host transmit data and other control signals to the modem 140 via a dedicated output bus 161. The receive processing circuit 142 accepts the received data and appropriate control signals from the modem 140 via a dedicated input bus 162. The particular operation of the circuits 141 and 142 in processing the respective transmit and receive data is described in detail below.

Fourthly, the modem 140 implements a selection matrix for performing the repeater function between the host processor 102, PTC connectors 110 and 111, and the network 10. Host transmit data received from the transmit processing circuit 141 is "looped back" in the modem 140 to integrate the data selection and repeating process. Data received on the NET IN input 107 is coupled to both the line for the PTC OUT signal 114 and to the receive processing circuit 142. Data received on the line for the PTC IN signal 113 is sent to the receive processing circuit 142, and is also repeated out to the network 10 over the NET OUT and NET OUT INV signal lines 108 and 109, respectively. Lastly, host transmit data from the transmit processing circuit 141 is sent to all three destinations: the line for PTC OUT signal 114, the line for the NET OUT and NET OUT INV signals 108 and 109, respectively, and to the receive processing circuit 142. The "loop back" of host transmit data to the receive processing circuit 142 allows the host processor 102 to send "messages" to the SMAC 100. This message loop back is the preferred method for communication of certain information between the host processor 102 and the SMAC 100 because it utilizes the inherent message processing capabilities of the SMAC 100. For example, special station management "messages" are provided for direct processing by the SMAC 100 without action by the host processor 102. Those "messages" can be received from either the network 10 or the host processor 102, but in both cases the "message" is processed through the receive processing circuit 142. Pad bytes are appended to the end of each station management message to ensure that the SMAC 100 has adequate time to process the message.

Finally, the modem 140 functions to generate signals which are used to operate the CTDMA access process, specifically a FRAME ESTIMATE signal 165 and a RX READY signal 166. Referring momentarily to FIG. 6, the FRAME ESTIMATE signal 165 indicates that a MAC frame 21 is "estimated" to be in progress (either transmit or receive). In the case of a received frame, this "estimate" is made in a manner which makes a qualitative estimate of the MAC frame preamble 22 as an early, although not infallible, indication that a MAC frame 21 is in progress. The other control signal, RX READY 166, becomes true only after reception of a predetermined start delimiter sequence, exactly and without error. The start delimiter 23 is unique in that it is constructed of individual phy symbols instead of conventional Manchester encoded data bits. In fact, the preferred start delimiter 23 intentionally includes several explicit Manchester code violations in the phy symbol sequence. A similarly unique end delimiter 28 is provided with a different phy symbol sequence, also including Manchester code violations, to detect the end of a MAC frame 21. Once the start delimiter sequence has been successfully detected, the RX READY signal 166 becomes true. The RX READY signal 166 then remains true until another Manchester code violation is detected. Normally, a received MAC frame would not contain any Manchester code violations between the start and end delimiters. In that case, the RX READY signal 166 would remain true until the first intentional Manchester code violation is detected in the end delimiter.

Referring again to FIG. 5B, the receive processing circuit 142 takes in serial data and other status indications from the modem 140, and converts the serial data to an eight bit wide "byte" format. The receive processing circuit 142 forwards the byte data over an RX byte bus 170 to the host interface circuit 143. Control signals for the transfer are provided on an RX FIFO control bus 171. The receive processing circuit 142 also is primarily responsible for screening operations and includes a general purpose, user screen circuit 172 which may be programmed to "recognize" a limited number of Lpacket tags of interest. The receive processing circuit 142 also is connected to the supplemental screener bus 115 for supplemental screening operations. The access control circuit 144 works in conjunction with the receive processing circuit 142 to implement a "fixed" screener function. This fixed screener is used to recognize predetermined, fixed Lpacket tags that carry network and station management information and commands.

In addition, the receive processing circuit 142 maintains an "interval number" count. As discussed above, each periodic interval is numbered in ascending order according to a configurable modulus. The receive processing circuit 142 maintains the "interval number" of the current periodic interval for use in some screening function modes. The interval number is also provided directly to the host interface 143 via bus 174.

The receive processing circuit 142 generates an LPACKET BOUNDARY signal 175 at the beginning of each Lpacket 26 and at the end of the last Lpacket in a MAC frame 21. The LPACKET BOUNDARY signal 175 is coupled to the access control circuit 144 to provide notification of the Lpacket boundary so that appropriate processing can be initiated.

The access control circuit 144 coordinates all functions on the SMAC 100, including the implementation of the CTDMA protocol, data transmission, data reception, data exchange with the host processor 102, and the generation of the sync output signal 120. The access control circuit 144 includes a reduced instruction set computer, referred to herein as RISC processor 400 (FIG. 10), in addition to several dedicated logic circuits. The RISC processor 400 is interfaced to a RISC bus 180 which connects the access control circuit 144 to other processing circuits on the SMAC 100. The RISC bus 180 includes address, data and control lines, and provides for communication of command and status information between the RISC processor 400 and the connected circuits. In particular, the RISC processor 400 utilizes the RISC bus 180 to generate command strobes, test individual status bits, and even read "byte" data in parallel, from selected locations within the SMAC 100. While most I/O operations to the access control circuit 144 are made via the RISC bus 180, some discreet inputs and outputs also are employed, and these signals are described where appropriate below.

The access control circuit 144 also produces several signals which are pertinent to operation of the CTDMA protocol, and those signals are grouped together into a bus labeled "sync" bus 176. The sync bus 176 connects to the sync select circuit 145 to provide the source signals from which the sync select circuit 145 can generate the SYNC OUT signal 120. The sync bus 176 also connects to the receive processing circuit 142 and to the host interface 143.

Referring still to FIG. 5B, the transmit processing circuit 141 generates a serial stream of phy symbols for output from the SMAC 100. The serial phy symbol stream and other associated control signals are connected to the modem circuit 140 by the output bus 161. The transmit processing circuit 141 performs the functions of generating the preamble 22, start delimiter 23, data field 25 and end delimiter 28 for an outgoing MAC frame 21. The preamble, start delimiter and end delimiter are fixed in format and are generated internally by the transmit processing circuit 141. The data for transmission in the data field 25 of the MAC frame is provided to the transmit processing circuit 141 either directly from the host interface circuit 143 or from the access control circuit 144 via the RISC bus 180. For "normal" output data (i.e. from the host 102), the data field contents are supplied to the transmit processing circuit 141 directly by the host interface circuit 143. However, another important concept is the capability of the SMAC 100 to automatically respond to certain station management commands, in some cases by actually transmitting an appropriate station management response message. When required, the station management response message is sent without direction from, or disruption of, the host processor 102. The station management response messages are generated automatically by the RISC processor in the access control circuit 144, and the corresponding data for transmission is sent to the transmit processing circuit 141 by way of the RISC bus 180.

The transmit processing circuit 141 generates a TX READY signal 181 to indicate that the body of a MAC frame 21 is currently being transmitted. That is, the TX READY signal 181 is activated after transmission of the start delimiter 23 and deactivated after transmission of the end delimiter 28. The TX READY signal 181 is therefore roughly analogous to the RX READY signal 166 used during reception. The TX READY signal 181 is connected to the host interface circuit 143, the access control circuit 144 and the sync select circuit 145 for use as described separately below. Another transmit indicator generated by the transmit processing circuit 141 is a TX BUSY signal 182, which is applied to the access control circuit 144. A true TX BUSY signal indicates that the transmit processing circuit 141 is currently in the process of acquiring an Lpacket from the host interface 143. In particular, the TX BUSY signal 182 is not true during the transmission of a header (fields 22-24) or a trailer (fields 27-28) of a MAC frame 21, nor while the access control 144 is sending a response. The TX BUSY signal 182 is used to inform the access control 144 when the transmit processing circuit 141 has completed transmission of an Lpacket. When the TX BUSY signal goes false, the access control circuit 144 is free either to initiate another Lpacket transmission or to terminate the MAC frame 21.

The host interface circuit 143 is a "stream" oriented interface for the host processor 102. Each stream is a logical grouping of memory locations organized in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) manner within the host interface circuit 143. A total of five streams are preferably implemented; three output (transmit) streams and two incoming (receive) streams. The three output streams are designated TX A, TX B and TX C. Data pending transmission is placed in the streams TX A through TX C by the host processor 102 using the host bus 101. A capability is also provided for the host processor 102 to "mark" the output streams as "ready for transmission". A STREAM STATUS bus 185 is provided by the host interface circuit 143 to indicate which of the three output streams have been marked as "ready for transmission". The access control circuit 144 is also appraised of the "ready for transmission" status via the RISC bus 180. When permission to transmit has been acquired by the node 20 according to the CTDMA protocol, the access control circuit 144 issues appropriate instructions over the RISC bus 180 to instruct the transmit processing circuit 141 to commence transmission. At the same time, the RISC bus 180 is also used to designate one of the "ready" streams in the host interface 143 for actual transmission. The information as to which stream is to be transmitted is latched by the host interface 143, and provided to the transmit processing circuit 141 via a "frame start" bus 186. The host interface circuit 143 then places the first, or top most data word for the selected stream onto a "TX word" bus 187. The TX word bus 187 transfers the current word to the transmit processing circuit 141. The TX word bus 187 is 16 bits wide, such that two bytes at a time are transferred. Once the transmit processing circuit 141 has latched the current word on the TX word bus 187, a TAKE WORD signal 188 is activated. The TAKE WORD signal 188 commands the host interface 143 to advance the currently selected stream to the next data word for transmission.

During transmission from the host interface 143, the transmit processing circuit 141 activates a TX BUSY signal 182. The TX BUSY signal 182 is connected to the access control circuit 144, and is activated for the duration of each Lpacket that is transmitted from the host interface. A TX READY signal 181 becomes true after transmission of the start delimiter 23, and remains true for the duration of the transmission. The TX READY signal 181 is connected to the access control circuit 144, the host interface 143, and as an input to the sync select circuit 145.

The sync select circuit 145 functions to select one of multiple signal sources for use in generating the SYNC OUT signal 120. The RISC bus 180 connects to the sync select circuit 145, and is used to control selection of the signal source.

With this overview of the SMAC 100 in mind, a more elaborate description of its subsystems will be understood.

SMAC Modem

Referring to FIG. 7, the modem 140 processes the PTC IN signal 113 and NET IN signal 107 in an RX decode circuit 250. The RX decode circuit 250 monitors each of the signals 113 and 107 to determine which of the two is to be selected for subsequent processing. In normal operation, only one of the signals 113 and 107 will be active at a time. The incoming data from the selected source is synchronized to the PHY CLOCK signal 150 and is output as a RX PHY SYMBOLS signal 251. Another output from the RX decode circuit 250 is designated as the RX FRAME signal 252. The RX FRAME signal 252 is activated when the selected incoming data on the RX PHY SYMBOLS signal 251 is recognized as a valid preamble 22 (see FIG. 6). A PTC ACTIVE signal 253 is also provided by the RX decode circuit 250 to indicate when the PTC IN signal 113 is selected as the active channel. The PTC ACTIVE signal 253 is coupled to both a TX control circuit 255 within the modem 140, and externally to the receive processing circuit 142 via input bus 162. The PTC ACTIVE signal 253 is used by those respective circuits 255 and 142 as an indication that the programming terminal 25 is active, which in turn dictates special processing actions which are described below.

A TX ENABLE signal 256 and an END BLANKING signal 257 are received from the transmit processing circuit 141 on output bus 161. The TX ENABLE signal 256 and END BLANKING signal 257 are coupled to both the RX decode circuit 250 and the TX control circuit 255. In the RX decode circuit 250, the signals 256 and 257 are used in selecting the active channel as described further below. For the TX control circuit 255, the signals 256 and 257 are used for control of the transmit process, also as described below.

The modem circuit 140 includes a clock generator circuit 260 which generates data clocks and other synchronizing signals which are used throughout the SMAC 100. In addition to the PHY CLOCK signal 150 and BYTE PULSE signal 151 discussed previously, the clock generator circuit 260 also generates a BIT CLOCK signal 261 and a BYTE CLOCK signal 262. The BIT CLOCK and BYTE CLOCK signals 261 and 262, respectively, are coupled externally to the receive processing circuit 142 via input bus 162, and also used locally within the modem 140. The BIT CLOCK signal 261 has a frequency of five megahertz, or half the phy symbol rate, since there are two phy symbols per Manchester data bit. Further, the BIT CLOCK signal 261 is timed such that its active edge corresponds to the "true" phy symbol portion of each Manchester bit. As is known in the art, each Manchester bit comprises two phy symbols which must be binary complements of each other to be considered a valid Manchester code. That is, one phy symbol, or Manchester half-bit is "true" data, while the other half of the Manchester bit is inverse or complement data. Thus, by sampling the phy symbol stream with the active edge of the BIT CLOCK signal 261, the actual (i.e. "true") Manchester data is recovered. The BYTE CLOCK signal 262 is equal to the bit clock divided in frequency by eight, such that the active edge occurs once per eight bits.

Proper alignment of the BIT CLOCK, BYTE CLOCK and BYTE PULSE signals 261, 262 and 151 is an important function of the SMAC 100. A delimiter detect circuit 265 is utilized to detect an exact sequence of phy symbols which constitutes a "start delimiter" 23 and an "end delimiter" 28. The start and end delimiters themselves are novel, in that they are based on patterns of phy symbols instead of Manchester data bits. As noted above, the preferred start and end delimiter phy symbol patterns are constructed to intentionally include invalid Manchester codes, and would simply be rejected as "erroneous" data by prior Manchester processing circuits (not shown). A detailed description of the start and end delimiter construction and use is described in detail below. In general, the start delimiter 23 is used to establish a precise "synchronizing" point for the incoming data. Referring temporarily to FIG. 6, when a start delimiter 23 is successfully detected, the delimiter detect circuit 265 activates an ALIGN BYTE signal 266 to indicate that the incoming phy symbols are at an exact byte and bit boundary. At that precise moment, the last phy symbol of the start delimiter has just been received, and the first phy symbol of the first bit and the first byte of the source address 24 will be the next signal received. The ALIGN BYTE signal 266 causes the clock generator circuit 260 to synchronize all of the clock signals BIT CLOCK 261, BYTE CLOCK 262 and BYTE PULSE 151, respectively, to that precise bit/byte boundary.

The modem 140 utilizes a loop back configuration to select between received data or outgoing transmit data for subsequent processing by the receive processing circuit 142. In particular, a pair of multiplexers 267 and 268 with two inputs each are utilized. Serial phy symbols for transmission are provided by the transmit processing circuit 141 on a TX PHY SYMBOLS line 269, via output bus 161. One multiplexer 267 is used to select between either the RX PHY SYMBOLS 251 or TX PHY SYMBOLS 269. The output of multiplexer 267 is referred to as a PHY DATA signal 270, and is coupled to both the input bus 162 and other circuits within the modem 140 as described in detail below. The PHY DATA signal 270 may therefore be either transmit or receive phy symbols, depending upon the selection of multiplexer 267. The other multiplexer 268 is used to select between either the RX FRAME signal 252 or the TX ENABLE signal 256. In this context, the TX ENABLE signal 256 is utilized as a "frame" signal, since the TX PHY SYMBOLS 269 are considered to be "in frame" whenever the TX ENABLE signal 256 is true. The RX FRAME signal 252 is generated by the RX DECODE circuit 250 as an "estimate" that an incoming MAC frame is in progress. Therefore, the output of multiplexer 268 is designated as the FRAME ESTIMATE signal 165, and will reflect the "in frame" status of the selected RX PHY SYMBOLS 251 or TX PHY SYMBOLS 269. A TX RESERVE signal 271 is provided on the output bus 161 from the transmit processing circuit 141, and is connected to a select input on each of the multiplexers 267 and 268 to select between the respective RX and TX signals. The TX RESERVE signal 271 becomes "true" at the beginning of a transmit sequence, and remains "true" for the duration of the transmission plus an additional or "reserve" time after the end of the transmission. The extra "reserve" time provides a "quiet" period without network activity after the end of the transmission. The "reserve" time after transmission has ceased is also referred to herein as a blanking interval. The END BLANKING signal 257 is used by other circuits described below, and signifies that the blanking interval has expired.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 7, the PHY DATA signal 270 is coupled to both an AND gate 274 and a TX bi-phase pre-driver circuit 275. The AND gate 274 and the TX bi-phase pre-driver circuit 275 both receive separate "enable" inputs 276 and 277, respectively, from the TX control circuit 255. The TX bi-phase pre-driver 275 provides the NET OUT and NET OUT INV outputs 108 and 109, respectively. When the enable signal 277 into the TX bi-phase pre-driver 275 is "false", both the NET OUT and NET OUT INV outputs 108 and 109, respectively, are the same, e.g. logic low level, so that no net voltage is delivered to the transformer 104. When the enable signal 277 into the TX bi-phase pre-drive circuit 275 is "true", the NET OUT and NET OUT INV outputs 108 and 109, respectively, are made complimentary with respect to each other, and change state according to the connected PHY DATA signal 270. Thus, when the TX bi-phase pre-driver 275 is enabled, the NET OUT and NET OUT INV outputs 108 and 109, respectively, provide a differential signal for driving the PHY DATA 270 onto the network 10 via transformer 104.

In conjunction with the loop back capability described above, the TX control circuit 255 implements the above described repeater capability between the PTC OUT and PTC IN connectors 110 and 111, the host 102 and the network 10. In a first case, when incoming data is being received on the PTC IN line 113, the PTC ACTIVE signal 253 will be "true". In that case, the enable signal 276 to AND gate 274 will be set "false" by the TX control circuit 255 to prevent the PHY DATA signal 270 from being fed back on the PTC OUT line 114. Instead, the enable signal 277 for the TX bi-phase pre-driver 275 is set "true" and the PTC IN data 113, now on the PHY DATA line 270, is coupled through the TX bi-phase pre-driver 275 onto the network 10.

In a second case, when network input data is being received on the NET IN signal 107, the PTC IN signal 113 will be silent at first under normal operation, and the PTC ACTIVE signal 253 will be "false". In that case, the NET IN data 107 is selected as the PHY DATA signal 270. In that case, the TX control circuit 255 activates the enable line 276 to AND gate 274. The NET IN data on the PHY DATA line 270 is thereby routed through to the PTC OUT connector 110. In that way, incoming data from the network 10 is automatically repeated to the PTC OUT connector 110 and to the programming terminal 18 (if connected). While receiving data on the NET IN signal 107 (i.e. PTC ACTIVE 253 and TX ENABLE 256 are both "false"), the TX control circuit 255 deactivates the line with the TX bi-phase pre-driver enable signal 277 to prevent the incoming data from being driven back onto, and interfering with, the incoming network data. After reception of either the NET IN signal 107 or the PTC IN signal 113, the other signal will be blanked, since outgoing data will soon appear there due to the repeating function.

In a third case, the node 20 will be enabled for transmission (TX ENABLE signal 256 "true"), and both the PTC IN and NET IN signals 113 and 107, respectively, will normally be silent. The TX ENABLE and END BLANKING signals 256 and 257, respectively, are coupled into the TX control circuit 255 for determining the transmit status of the node 20. When transmission is enabled, the TX PHY SYMBOLS 269 will be coupled through to the PHY DATA line 270, and the TX control circuit 255 will enable both lines 276 and 277 to the AND gate 274 and the TX bi-phase pre-driver circuit 275, respectively. In that way, the transmit data is coupled to both the PTC OUT connector 110 and the network 10.

The PHY DATA signal 270 is also coupled to the delimiter detect circuit 265 which performs recognition of the start and end delimiters 23 and 28, and generates several signals utilized in the subsequent processing of the message frame. The particular operation of the delimiter detect circuit 265 is described in complete detail below. In general, the delimiter detect circuit 265 continually scans the PHY DATA signal 270 in an attempt to recognize the exact sequence of phy symbols which constitutes a valid start delimiter 23. As previously described, since the start delimiter 23 intentionally includes phy symbol sequences which are Manchester code violations, it is necessary to look at all phy symbols, and thus the PHY CLOCK signal 150 is coupled into the delimiter detect circuit 265. Once a valid start delimiter 23 has been recognized, the delimiter detect circuit 265 activates the RX READY signal 166, indicating the exact starting point of the first data bit and the first data byte of the message frame (see also the timing diagram in FIG. 6). After the start delimiter 23, further Manchester violations are neither expected nor permitted until the known Manchester violations in the end delimiter 28. The delimiter detect circuit 265 also checks each data bit individually for a Manchester code violation, and activates a VIOLATION output signal 280 to indicate any such violation. The VIOLATION signal 280 is coupled through the input bus 162 to the receive processing circuit 142. After receipt of a valid start delimiter, if another Manchester violation is detected prior to receipt of a valid end delimiter, a BAD FRAME signal 281 is activated, and coupled through the input bus 162 to the receive processing circuit 142.

In addition, the CTDMA protocol allows for the intentional abort of a message frame 21. An intentional abort is signified by receipt of a second start delimiter after the first start delimiter which started the MAC frame. If a second start delimiter sequence is detected, an RX ABORT signal 282 is activated by the delimiter detect circuit 265 and coupled through the input bus 162 to the receive processing circuit 142.

A CRC check circuit 285 is provided for use in conjunction with the delimiter detect circuit 265 to verify that an incoming message frame includes a valid cyclic redundancy code (CRC) 27. The CRC check circuit 285 receives the PHY DATA signal 270, and is clocked by the BIT CLOCK signal 261 so that only the "data" half-bit of the PHY DATA 270 is sampled for computing the CRC. Prior to receipt of a valid start delimiter, the CRC check circuit 285 is held reset by a RESET CRC signal 286 provided by the delimiter detect circuit 265. Once a valid start delimiter 23 has been received, the RESET CRC signal 286 is released, and the CRC check circuit 285 begins computation. The CRC check circuit 285 provides a CRC OK output 287 to the delimiter detect circuit 265 to indicate successful CRC computation. The delimiter detect circuit 265 samples the CRC OK signal 287 at the appropriate time after message completion as described below. The CRC check circuit 285 operates in a conventional manner, known to those skilled in the art, to generate a sixteen bit word-wise check sum of the incoming data. The CRC OK signal 287 is activated whenever the computed checksum is equal to a fixed, predetermined sixteen bit value.

Normally, once a valid start delimiter 23 has been received, processing of the message frame 21 will proceed without activation of the VIOLATION, BAD FRAME or RX ABORT signals 280-282, respectively. At the end of the message frame, an end delimiter 28 will be received which again include intentional Manchester code violations. When that occurs, it is normal and expected to receive an indication on the VIOLATION signal 280 at some point before the end delimiter 28 has been completely detected. As soon as the first Manchester code violation in the end delimiter is detected, the RX READY signal 166 is made "false", and the delimiter detect circuit 265 continues to scan for recognition of the full end delimiter. Once the full end delimiter 28 has been received and detected exactly by the delimiter detect circuit 265, the CRC 0K signal 287 is sampled. According to the state of the CRC OK signal, either a CRC GOOD signal 290 or a CRC BAD PULSE signal 291 is activated by the delimiter detect circuit 265. Both of the CRC status signals 290 and 291 are coupled through the input bus 162 to the receive processing circuit 142.

The delimiter detect circuit 265 is also connected to the RISC bus 180. Certain of the status indications generated by the delimiter detect circuit 265 are thereby available for input to the RISC processor 400 by appropriate decoding as described in detail below.

Referring to FIG. 8, the delimiter detect circuit 265 in the modem 140 includes a fifteen stage shift register 340 which is clocked at the phy symbol rate by the PHY CLOCK signal 150. The PHY DATA signal 270 is connected as a serial data input to the shift register 340, causing the binary state of each sequential phy symbol to be shifted into the shift register 340. The shift register 340 provides a parallel output of all fifteen stages. The fifteen parallel output lines of the shift register 340 are connected to fifteen lines of a parallel bus 341. The bus 341 includes a total of sixteen lines, with the sixteenth line (other than the fifteen lines from register 340) being connected to the PHY DATA signal 270. In that way, the bus 341 contains a sixteen phy symbol "snapshot" made up of the latest, or current, phy symbol being received (PHY DATA signal 270) plus the fifteen previous phy symbols (from register 340). It is important to note that the bus 341 contains raw phy symbols, not data bits. The sixteen phy symbols occupy "eight data bits worth" of space, but are maintained in separate phy symbol form, without regard to any possible data interpretation. The sixteen phy symbol sequence on bus 341 is connected to both a start delimiter detect logic circuit 342 and an end delimiter detect logic circuit 343. The start delimiter detect logic circuit 342 includes appropriate logic gates to detect a specific phy symbol pattern (i.e. the "start delimiter") on the bus 341.

When the phy symbol pattern of the bus 341 exactly matches the start delimiter pattern, the start delimiter detect logic 342 activates a START DELIM DETECTED signal 345. At that exact moment, the start delimiter 23 has just been received, and the incoming PHY DATA 270 is known to be at a bit and byte boundary. The START DELIM DETECTED signal 345 is connected to a delimiter detect state machine 346 to indicate the moment at which the start delimiter 23 is detected.

In a similar manner, the end delimiter detect logic 343 constantly scans the bus 341 for the occurrence of a valid end delimiter sequence 28. When an end delimiter 28 is detected, the end delimiter detect logic 343 activates an END DELIM DETECTED signal 347 to indicate the same to the delimiter detect state machine 346.

The delimiter detect circuit 265 includes a status logic circuit 350 for producing the status signals RX ABORT 282, CRC GOOD 290, and CRC BAD PULSE 291. The status logic circuit 350 is clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150, and receives the CRC OK signal 287 as an input. Three other inputs into the status logic circuit 350 are provided by the delimiter detect state machine 346, namely an ABORT signal 351, a CHECK CRC signal 352, and a HOLD STATUS signal 353. The status logic circuit 350 includes registers clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150 for holding the states of the RX ABORT and CRC GOOD signals 282 and 290, respectively. The delimiter detect state machine 346 activates the ABORT signal 351 when an abort condition is detected, as described below. The CRC GOOD signal 290 is produced by ANDing the CHECK CRC signal 352 with the CRC OK signal 287 and latching the result. The delimiter detect state machine 346 activates the CHECK CRC signal 352 only at a time when the CRC is to be tested. When the HOLD STATUS signal 353 is received by the status logic circuit 350, the state of its output signals are held despite changes in the input signals which otherwise would affect the output signals.

The delimiter detect circuit 265 also includes a violation detect circuit 360, which tests the incoming phy symbols for Manchester code violations, and activates the VIOLATION signal 280 if a violation is detected during receipt of a message frame 21.

Referring still to FIG. 8, in addition to the input and output signals described above, the delimiter detect state machine 346 also receives as inputs the BYTE PULSE signal 151, the PHY CLOCK signal 150 and a SHUTDOWN signal 369. The PHY CLOCK signal 150 is used as the basic clock for operating the state machine, while the BYTE PULSE signal 151 is used by the state machine in cases where state transitions are made on "byte" boundaries. The SHUTDOWN signal 369 is generated by a decode command instruction circuit 368. The decode command instruction circuit 368 is connected to the RISC bus 180 and includes appropriate logic gates to decode the address and command lines on the RISC bus 180 to detect a predetermined pattern which represents issuance of the "shutdown" command by the RISC processor. In this manner, the RISC processor is able to in effect issue a "software reset" to the delimiter detect state machine 346 when abnormal conditions are detected. The outputs generated by the delimiter detect state machine 346 include the VALID FRAME signal 365 described above, plus the ALIGN BYTE signal 266, the RX READY signal 166 and the BAD FRAME signal 281.

The delimiter detect state machine 346 is implemented as a conventional state machine, with inputs and outputs as just described. A state transition diagram is shown in FIG. 9, in which each rectangular box represents a "state" and is labeled with an associated state name. Where any of the outputs are assigned a new value in a state, a dashed line is included below the state name, and the new output assignments are listed below the dashed line. The input conditions necessary for state transitions are shown outside of the "state" boxes adjacent to an arrow indicating the next state for that transition. In the transition conditions, the condition "PHY CLOCK" has been omitted for simplicity, since it is understood that all state transitions are clocked by the active edge of the PHY CLOCK signal 150.

The delimiter detect state machine 346 is reset upon power-up or upon activation of a conventional hardware reset (not shown). The "reset" entry state is represented by an oval 370. From reset 370, an initial "idle" state 371 is entered unconditionally. In the "idle" state 371, the output signals are initialized as indicated. The delimiter detect state machine 346 remains in the "idle" state 371 until the START DELIM DETECTED signal 345 is activated. At that time, a transition is made to a "start" state 372, and simultaneously, an active pulse is issued on the ALIGN BYTE signal 266. As described above, the ALIGN BYTE signal 266 signal causes the bit and byte clocks to align on the bit and byte boundary following the start delimiter 23. In the "start" state 372, the RX READY signal 166 and the VALID FRAME signal 365 are set "true" to indicate the start of a MAC frame 21. Provided that no Manchester violations after the start delimiter 23 are detected, the "start" state 372 remains active for one "byte" time, i.e. until the next activation of the BYTE PULSE signal 151. At that point, a transition is made to a "second byte" state 373. In the "second byte" state 373, the RESET CRC signal 286 is released to allow the CRC check circuit 285 to begin accumulating the CRC checksum. Again, assuming no further Manchester violations, the "second byte" state 373 is exited after one "byte" time, and a transition is made to a "third byte" state 374. Similarly, the "third byte" state 374 exits after one "byte" time to a "4+ bytes" state 375. Prior to receiving four complete bytes, an incoming message will not be accepted, since the minimum length for any MAC frame is four bytes. Once the "4+ bytes" state 375 has been reached, however, a message is expected to be in progress. The "4+ bytes" state 375 then remains active for the duration of the MAC frame. Exit from the "4+ bytes" state 375 is taken only upon occurrence of a Manchester violation, as indicated by the VIOLATION signal 280. At that time a transition is made to a "violation check" state 376. The detected violation is expected under normal conditions to be the intentional Manchester violation in the end delimiter 28, but this is not necessarily the case. A Manchester violation may instead be either a second start delimiter or an actual Manchester error. No matter how the "violation" occurred, the RX READY signal 166 is forced off, since the current MAC frame must now end, either normally or by error.

In the "violation check" state 376, a wait is performed until the byte in which the violation occurred has been completed. At that time, a test can be performed as to whether the "violation" was in fact a valid end delimiter 28, or whether the "violation" was due to some other condition. When the byte in question completes (BYTE PULSE signal 151 is "true"), and if the END DELIM DETECTED signal 347 has been activated, then a transition is made to a "normal termination" state 377. In the "normal termination" state 377, the HOLD STATUS signal 353 is dropped, allowing new status conditions to be entered by the status logic circuit 350. At the same time, the CHECK CRC signal 352 is activated to indicate that the CRC is to be checked. The "normal termination" state 377 is unconditionally exited after one duration of the PHY CLOCK signal 150, back to the "idle" state 371.

If the "violation" back at the "violation check" state 376 is found not to be a valid end delimiter, then other action is necessary. One possibility is that the "violation" is due to the reception of a second start delimiter. As previously discussed, a second subsequent start delimiter is an intentional abort request, and if that is found to be the case, a transition is made to an "abort" state 378. In the "abort" state, the HOLD STATUS signal 353 is set "false" to erase the previous status, and the ABORT signal 351 is activated to cause the RX ABORT signal 282 to be latched "true". The "abort" state 378 unconditionally exits after one PHY CLOCK cycle back to the "idle" state 371.

Another possible reason for a "violation" occurring at the "violation check" state 376 is that a Manchester error really did occur in the body of a MAC frame 21, i.e. not due to either a start or end delimiter 23 or 28. In that case, a transition is made to a "bad termination" state 379. In the "bad termination" state 379 state, the HOLD STATUS line 353 is again dropped to erase any previous status held by the status logic 350. The output BAD FRAME 281 is also activated, which serves as a direct output pulse indicating the bad termination condition. The "bad termination" state 379 also exits after one phy clock cycle back to the "idle" state 371.

Back in any of the states 372-374, not enough bytes have been received to constitute a complete MAC frame 21. However, it is still possible to invoke the abort sequence (i.e. a second start delimiter). If any violation is detected in any of the states 372-374, a "premature violation" state 380 is entered. If the "violation" turns out to be a second start delimiter, then the "abort" state 378 is entered as before. Likewise, if the "violation" was due to anything other than a second start delimiter, then the "bad termination" state 379 is evoked.

Finally, if the SHUTDOWN signal 369 is activated at any time, an immediate transition is made to the "bad termination" state 379. This clears any previous status, and resets the delimiter detect state machine 346 back to the "idle" state 371.

SMAC Access Control Circuit

The access control circuit 144 in the SMAC 100 shown in FIG. 5B includes a RISC 400 processor and other specialized support circuits for implementing the CTDMA protocol. As shown in detail in FIG. 10, the access control support circuits 401-407 include an event logic circuit 401, a "divide by ten" pulse generator 402, a MAC frame slot timer 403, a periodic interval timer 404, a guard time monitor 405, a scheduled phase register 406 and a decode circuit 407.

The RISC processor 400 is of conventional construction as is known to those skilled in the art. The RISC processor 400 includes internal random access memory (RAM) 410 and read only memory (ROM) 411, as well as other known circuits (not shown, e.g. registers, arithmetic/logic unit, program counter, op code decoder, etc.) for executing a program of instructions stored in the ROM 411. The RAM 410 contains a first set of storage locations in which is stored the active network protocol parameters received in the moderator Lpacket during the guard band 56 as depicted in FIG. 2C and described previously. These parameters are used by other components of the access control circuit 144 as will be described. A second set storage locations in RAM 410 are designated as the "holding register" to temporarily store new network protocol parameters until a synchronized change over occurs.

The RISC processor 400 implements a typical processor instruction set, including logical, arithmetic and data manipulation instructions. Several special purpose instructions are also implemented which utilize the address, data and control lines on the RISC bus 180 to perform the input and output operations to the other circuits connected to the RISC bus 180, as described in the relevant sections of this description. As previously stated, the internal bus used within the RISC processor 400 (i.e. the RISC bus 180) is extended externally via appropriate drivers and decoders (not shown) to allow the RISC processor access to remote inputs and outputs in other circuits of the SMAC 100 via execution of appropriate I/O instructions. A control program 412, stored in the ROM 411, is executed by the RISC processor 400 to implement the control functions of the access control circuit 144.

The RISC processor instruction set includes a "wait" instruction as is known generally in the art for suspending processor activity pending activation of a hardware input signal that indicates the end of the "wait" condition. The RISC processor 400 implements a specialized "wait" instruction utilizing the event logic circuit 401. When the RISC processor 400 goes into the "wait" state (i.e. upon execution of a "wait" instruction), the event logic circuit 401 decodes control and address lines on the RISC bus 180 to select one of several possible conditions indicated by input signals 408 as the "event" which will be used to trigger the end of the wait state and resumption of processing by the RISC processor 400. When the selected event condition becomes "true", an END WAIT signal 415 is activated by the event logic circuit 401. The END WAIT signal 415 is connected as an input to the RISC processor 400, and when activated, causes the RISC processor to resume processing at the instruction following the "wait" instruction.

The divide by ten pulse generator 402 receives the PHY CLOCK signal 150 as an input, and generates an output signal referred to as a MEGA PULSE signal 416. The MEGA PULSE signal 416 is connected to the event logic circuit 401, the slot timer 403 and the periodic interval timer 404 for those intervals of the MAC frame. As the name implies, the MEGA PULSE signal 416 has a one megahertz frequency, equal to the ten megahertz frequency of the PHY CLOCK input signal 150 divided by ten. The output pulse on the MEGA PULSE signal 416 has a duration equal to one cycle of the PHY CLOCK signal 150, i.e. the MEGA PULSE signal 416 is "true" for every tenth active period of the PHY CLOCK signal 150. The MEGA PULSE signal 416 therefore serves as a one microsecond time base

The slot timer 403 generates a SLOT TIMEOUT signal 417, which is pulsed every time a slot time out occurs. As previously discussed, a slot timeout occurs whenever a node 20 fails to transmit during its assigned slot. The amount of time that must elapse before a timeout occurs is sent to the SMAC in the moderator Lpacket (FIG. 2C), stored in RAM 410, and communicated to the slot timer 403 via the RISC bus 180. The RISC bus 180 is also used for communicating other status and control information between the RISC processor 400 and the slot timer 403. The slot timer 403 also receives the PHY CLOCK signal 150 as a basic operating clock, while the MEGA PULSE signal 416, as just mentioned, is used as a one microsecond time base. The SLOT TIMEOUT signal 417 is connected as one input to the event logic circuit 401 for use in determining some of the "wait" conditions.

Still referring to FIG. 10, the periodic interval timer 404 is used in conjunction with the RISC processor 400 to indicate the time that elapses during each periodic interval 50. Overall, the time expired in each periodic interval 50 is measured as a sixteen bit count (two bytes), referred to herein as a periodic interval time (PIT) count. The PIT count has a resolution of ten microseconds per bit, which allows a maximum periodic interval of 655.35 milliseconds. The lower eight bit portion of the PIT count (least significant) is maintained within the periodic interval timer 404 itself, while the upper eight bit portion (most significant) is maintained by the RISC processor 400 in the RAM 410. At the beginning of a periodic interval 50, each portion is loaded with a value from RAM 410 that was received from the network moderator in the PIT block 72 of the moderator Lpacket (FIG. 2C). The lower eight bit count, designated as bus PIT LO BYTE 418, is sent from the periodic interval timer 404 to the guard time monitor 405. Circuits are also provided within the periodic interval timer 404 to allow the value on the PIT LO BYTE bus 418 to be read directly by the RISC processor 400 via the RISC bus 180. The count on the PIT LO BYTE bus 418 is automatically decremented each ten microseconds until a count of zero is reached. A facility is provided within the periodic interval timer 404 to enable the RISC processor 400 to detect a zero count on the PIT LO BYTE bus 418 via the RISC bus 180. When that occurs, the RISC processor 400 decrements the value of the PIT high byte count (in RAM 410) by one. This process repeats until the PIT high order byte is decremented down to zero. At that time, the RISC processor 400 issues appropriate commands over the RISC bus 180 to activate a PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal 419 within the periodic interval timer 404. The PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal thereby indicates that the PIT high byte is now zero, and the only time remaining in the current periodic interval is the time represented by the low byte value on the PIT LO BYTE bus 418. The PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal 419 is also output to the guard time monitor 405.

One additional function of the periodic interval timer 404 is to produce a TONE COMMAND signal 420. The TONE COMMAND signal 420 is activated by the periodic interval timer 404 upon receipt of appropriate commands from the RISC processor 400 via the RISC bus 180. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 3, the "tone" 53 is the internal SMAC reference signal which marks the beginning of a new periodic interval 50, and occurs essentially at the same absolute, or "universal" time in all nodes 20 on the network 10, within a small margin of error due to propagation delays of time reference events. The TONE COMMAND signal 420 is used internally within the periodic interval timer 404 and also connected to the guard time monitor 405, the scheduled phase register 406, and the sync bus 176.

The guard band time monitor circuit 405 shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 determines the time at which the guard band portion 56 of each periodic interval begins. The start of the guard band is based on the PIT count presented on the PIT LO BYTE bus 418 and the PIT HI BYTE ZERO line 419. The "guard band time" value, from data block 77 of the moderator Lpacket received from the network moderator, is stored in a register 421 of the guard band time monitor circuit by the RISC processor 400 via the RISC bus 180. This value indicates the PIT count at which the guard band 56 is to start. In other words, the guard band 56 is considered to begin when the PIT count decrements to the "guard band time" value.

The "guard time" value is configurable, i.e. the guard time register 421 can be read from or written to by the RISC processor 400 via the RISC bus 180. A decode circuit 423 is connected to the RISC bus 180 to detect execution of a "write guard band time" command by RISC processor 400. When the "write guard band time" command is detected, the decode circuit 423 generates a strobe on line 424. The strobe 424 in turn causes the guard time register 421 to latch the data presented on the eight data lines of the RISC bus 180, represented by bus segment 425. Similarly, the RISC processor 400 is able to read back the contents of the guard band time register 421 via a byte select circuit 426. The byte select circuit 426 is connected between the "guard band time" bus 422 and the RISC bus 180, and decodes appropriate control signals on the RISC bus 180 to detect execution of a "read guard band time value" instruction by the RISC processor 400. When the "read guard band time value" instruction is detected, the "guard band time" value on bus 422 is coupled through to the data lines of RISC bus 180.

The "guard band time" value in register 421 and on bus 422 is one byte in length, and so the guard band 56 portion of the periodic interval 50 can only begin after the PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal 419 has been activated. To determine the start of the guard band, the eight bit value of the PIT LO BYTE 418 is compared to the "guard band time" value on bus 422 in comparator 427. An output 428 from comparator 427 is "true" when the respective inputs 418 and 422 are equal. The output 428 is connected as one input to an AND gate 429. The other input of AND gate 429 is connected to the PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal 419. Output 430 of AND gate 429 is therefore "true" when the conditions for starting the guard band are satisfied.

The guard band time monitor 405 produces three guard band control signals: a GENERAL GUARD BAND signal 431, a SCREENER GUARD BAND signal 432 and a MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433. Each of the signals 431-433 is activated during specific times in the guard band 56 portion of the periodic interval 50 to control different "guard band" activities. The GENERAL GUARD BAND and SCREENER GUARD BAND signals 431 and 432 are maintained by two flip flops 435 and 436, respectively. The flip flops 435 and 436 each have a synchronous "set" input connected to the output 430 of AND gate 429, and both flip flops 435 and 436 are clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150. As a result, the flip flops 435 and 436 are both set at the start of the guard band 56 of the periodic interval, activating the respective GENERAL GUARD BAND and SCREENER GUARD BAND signals 431 and 432.

Flip flop 435 is reset directly by the TONE COMMAND signal 420. The GENERAL GUARD BAND signal. 431 is therefore "true" for the entire duration of the guard band 56, i.e. from the time that the PIT count reaches the "guard band time" value until the "tone" 53. The SCREENER GUARD BAND signal 432, however, is reset by an explicit command sent by the RISC processor 400. A decode circuit 437 is connected to the RISC bus 180, and detects the execution of a "reset screener guard band" instruction by the RISC processor 400. When the "reset screener guard band" instruction is detected, a strobe is produced on output line 438. Output line 438 is in turn connected to a reset input on flip flop 436, which when activated causes the flip flop 436 to reset on the next active edge of the PHY CLOCK signal 150. This allows the RISC processor 400 to deactivate the SCREENER GUARD BAND signal 432 at a time other than at the "tone" 53 for operation of the screening function as described below.

The third guard band control signal, namely the MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433, is connected as an output of an AND gate 440. One input of AND gate 440 is connected to the GENERAL GUARD BAND signal 431. The other input of AND gate 440 is connected to an output 441 of a flip flop 442. Flip flop 442 is under direct control of the RISC processor 400, and is used to store the "moderator" status for the node 20. If the RISC processor 400 has determined that its own node 20 is the moderator node for the network 10, then flip flop 442 is commanded to the "set" state. In that case, AND gate 440 is enabled, and the MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433 follows the GENERAL GUARD BAND signal 431 (i.e. the two are equivalent). Alternatively, if the RISC processor 400 determines that its own node is not the moderator node, then flip flop 442 is reset, and the MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433 is never activated.

Control of flip flop 442 is provided by a decode circuit 443. Decode circuit 443 is connected to the RISC bus 180, and decodes separate "set" and "reset" commands for the "moderator" status of the node 20. Upon detecting execution of either the "set" or "reset" commands, an output strobe is generated on one of two output lines 444 or 445, respectively. The output lines 444 and 445 are in turn connected to respective synchronous "set" and "reset" inputs on flip flop 442.

The guard band time monitor 405 also includes a bit test select circuit 446 to allow the RISC processor 400 to read the current states of both the GENERAL GUARD BAND signal 431 and the MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433. The bit test select circuit 446 is connected to the RISC bus 180, and includes decoding circuitry to detect execution of a "read" instruction by the RISC processor 400 which addresses the connected signals 431 and 432. When an appropriately addressed "read" instruction is detected, the selected signal 431 or 432 is coupled to one of the data lines on the RISC bus 180.

Referring for the moment to FIGS. 5B and 10, the guard band control signals 431-433 are routed as follows. The GENERAL GUARD BAND signal 431 and the SCREENER GUARD BAND signal 432 are connected into the sync bus 176. The MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433 connects within the access control circuit 144 to the event logic circuit 401, and is also routed out of the access control circuit 144 to the transmit processing circuit 141.

Now referring to FIGS. 10 and 12, the scheduled phase register circuit 406 of the access control 144 includes a flip flop 448, the output of which is termed a SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450. The SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450, when "true", indicates that the periodic interval 50 is currently in the scheduled phase 52. The flip flop 448 has synchronous set and reset inputs, and is clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150. The TONE COMMAND signal 420 is connected to the set input of flip flop 448. The SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450 is therefore automatically set "true" upon activation of the TONE COMMAND signal 420. This forces the scheduled phase to always begin at the "tone" 53, per the CTDMA protocol (see FIG. 3). The flip flop 448 is reset by an appropriate command from the RISC processor 400. Specifically, the scheduled phase register circuit 406 includes a decode circuit 451 connected to the RISC bus 180. The decode circuit 451 decodes appropriate address and control lines on the RISC bus 180 to detect execution of a "reset scheduled phase" output instruction by the RISC processor 400. When the " reset scheduled phase" instruction is detected, an output line 452 connected to the reset input of the flip flop 448 is activated, resetting flip flop 448. Once flip flop 448 is reset (SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450 "false"), the periodic interval 50 is considered to be in the "unscheduled" phase 54 up until the start of the "guard band" as defined above. The SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450 also stays "false" throughout the guard band 56 until again set "true" by the next activation of the TONE COMMAND signal 420.

The RISC bus 180 is also connected to a bit test select circuit 453 to allow the RISC processor 400 to read the current value of the SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450. The bit test select circuit 453 includes decoding circuitry for responding to execution of a "read scheduled phase bit" instruction by the RISC processor 400. When the "read scheduled phase bit" instruction is detected, the bit test select circuit 453 couples the value of the SCHEDULED PHASE signal 450 onto the RISC bus 180 for input by the RISC processor 400.

Referring to FIG. 13, a detailed description of the periodic interval timer circuit 404 in the access control 144 is now presented. The PIT LO BYTE bus 418 is connected as the parallel output of a down counter 500. A byte select circuit 501 is connected between the PIT LO BYTE bus 418 and the RISC bus 180 to permit the RISC processor 400 to directly read the current contents of the PIT LO BYTE bus by execution of an appropriate "read byte" instruction. The down counter 500 is synchronously clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150, and has separate "enable parallel load" and "enable count" inputs to control respective parallel load and count operations. The "enable count" input is connected to an output 502 from a "divide by ten" prescale circuit 503, that is clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150 and receives the MEGA PULSE signal 416 as an "enable" input. For every tenth activation of the MEGA PULSE signal 416, the prescale circuit 503 produces a pulse on output line 502. The down counter 500 is thereby enabled to count down once each ten microseconds. In other words, each "tick" of the down counter 500 is a ten microsecond increment.

The down counter 500 can also be loaded in parallel under control of the RISC processor 400 with the PIT value received by the SMAC 100 in the moderator Lpacket (FIG. 2C). A decode circuit 504 is connected to the RISC bus 180 and detects execution of a "write periodic interval time" (write PIT) instruction. When the write PIT instruction is detected, an output line 505 is activated. Output line 505 connects to both the "enable parallel load" input of down counter 500 and to a reset input of the prescale circuit 503. Activation of output line 505 causes the down counter 500 to load the parallel data from the data lines of the RISC bus 180, represented by bus segment 506. At the same time, activation of the reset input on the prescale circuit 503 forces the prescale operation to restart at a full count of ten. This insures a complete ten microsecond period before activation of the prescale circuit output 502 after loading the down counter 500, regardless of any residual count which might have remained in the prescale circuit 503.

In addition to the PIT LO BYTE bus 418, the down counter 500 also outputs a PIT COUNT ZERO signal 507. The down counter 500 is constructed to automatically wrap from a count of zero to the maximum eight bit count (hexadecimal "FF"). The PIT COUNT ZERO signal 507 is activated whenever the count contained in down counter 500 is equal to zero, i.e. such that the next activation of the PHY CLOCK signal 150 will cause the wrap to occur. In that sense, the PIT COUNT ZERO signal 507 indicates that the next count will produce a carry from the PIT low byte count in the down counter 500. The PIT COUNT ZERO signal 507 is connected as an input to a two-stage PIT carry shift register 510, which latches this "carry" indication from the down counter in a two stage fashion so that the RISC processor 400 has time to process each "carry". The PIT carry shift register circuit 510 is clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal.

Referring still to FIG. 13, the TONE COMMAND signal 420 is produced by a decode circuit 525 connected to the RISC bus 180. This circuit 525 decodes execution of a "generate tone" instruction by the RISC processor 400 and emits the TONE COMMAND signal 420 when the "generate tone" instruction is detected. The PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal 419 is maintained by a PIT hi byte zero flip flop 530, that is clocked by the PHY CLOCK signal 150. The flip flop 530 can be set under control of the RISC processor 400. As previously stated, the RISC processor maintains the PIT high order byte internally, i.e. in RAM 410. The RISC processor 400 also takes care of decrementing the PIT high order byte each time the down counter 500 produces a "carry". Each time the RISC processor 400 decrements the PIT high order byte, the result of the decrement operation (i.e. the "zero" or "non-zero" status of the result) is written to the PIT hi byte zero flip flop circuit 530 via a "write PIT hi byte result" instruction on the RISC bus 180. When the TONE COMMAND signal 420 becomes "true", flip flop 530 and the corresponding PIT HI BYTE ZERO signal 419 are forced to a reset condition.

SMAC Transmit Processor

The access control circuit 144 shown in FIG. 5B also controls the transmit processing circuit 141 within the SMAC 100. The transmit processing circuit 141 selects data from one of the transmit FIFO memories (TX A, TX B and TX C) within the host interface 143 and properly formats the data for transmission by the modem 140. The details of the transmit processing circuit 141 are shown in FIG. 14. A transmit mover 600 automatically processes sixteen-bit words from the transmit FIFO memories (hereinafter "FIFO's") by separating them into eight-bit bytes. The separated data bytes then are presented via the TX BYTE bus 602 to a transmit assembler 604. The transmit mover 600 responds to control signals received from the host interface 143 via the TX STREAM STATUS bus 185 which indicate which one of the three transmit FIFO's has been marked as "ready" for transmission. When it is time for the node 20 to transmit over the network, the access control circuit 144 issues appropriate instructions over RISC bus 180 which instruct the transmit processing circuit 141 to commence transmitting. At the same time, a signal is received by the transmit mover 600 via the RISC bus 180 designating one of the "ready" FIFO's in the host interface 143. The transmit mover 600 sends the identification of the selected transmit FIFO to the host interface via the SELECT TX STREAM bus 186.

The host interface circuit 143 responds by sequentially placing each sixteen bit word of data from that FIFO onto the TX WORD bus 187, which is connected as an input to the transmit mover 600. Each data word received from the host interface 143 is latched in a register within the transmit mover 600 and then separated into two bytes. The two bytes are sequentially applied to the TX BYTE bus 602 and sent to the transmit assembler 604.

The transmit assembler 604 converts the byte of data into the Manchester encoded serial format and also responds to control signals via the RISC bus 180 by generating the Manchester phy symbols for the preamble and delimiters of the outgoing MAC frame 21. The generated TX PHY SYMBOLS signal 269 is applied to a line of output bus 161 connected to the transmit input of the modem 140. The END BLANKING signal 257, TX ENABLE signal 256 and TX RESERVE signal 271, described previously with respect to the modem 140, are also produced by the transmit assembler 604 and applied to the output bus 161.

The RISC bus 180 is also connected directly to the transmit assembler 604 in order for the RISC processor 400 to send data over the network. For example, the RISC processor 400 in the moderator node uses this data path to transmit MAC frames during the guard band 56 which contains an Lpacket of station management information as previously described. When the MODERATOR GUARD BAND signal 433 is active, .data from the RISC bus 180 is converted into a Manchester formatted serial signal by the transmit assembler 604 and sent to the modem 140 via bus 161.

While the transmit mover 600 is actively handling data, it generates an active TX BUSY signal 182 to provide an indication to the access control 144 that transmission is in progress. A TX ERROR signal 606 also is generated by the transmit mover 600 as an indication that a transmission underflow has occurred. The transmit FIFO's within the host interface 143 are only thirty-two bytes long. Since the data for most messages will be much longer, the host interface relies on the host processor 102 to keep the FIFO's from running out of the data before the message frame is formed. However, if the host processor does not supply data fast enough, a data underflow occurs. The transmit mover 600 detects that event and sends a TX ERROR signal 606 to a set of transmit status registers 608. This error indication can be read from the transmit status registers 608 by the RISC processor 400 via bus 180.

The RISC processor 400 also stores control information within the transmit status registers 608. One such control bit designated TX REQUEST 612 is used to initiate the message transmission process. When an error condition occurs, the RISC processor 400 may respond by storing a TX ABORT bit 610 within the transmit status register 608 to terminate any transmission in progress.

A frame word countdown counter 614 within the transmit processing circuit 141 maintains a count of the number of data words available within the data field 25 of the current MAC frame 21. As each word of data is transmitted by the circuit 141, the count within the frame word countdown counter 614 is decremented. This count is periodically read by the RISC processor 400 to determine whether another data Lpacket from the host interface 142 can be sent within the current MAC frame 21, or whether the CRC 27 and end delimiter 28 should be sent.

This transmit processing circuit 141 takes care of message data being sent by the node and a different circuit processes the messages received from the network.

SMAC Receive Processor

The SMAC 100 shown in FIG. 5B utilizes a receive processing circuit 142 to handle incoming data from the modem 140 and format it for the host interface 143. The details of the receive processing circuit 142 are shown in FIG. 15. The incoming PHY DATA signal 270 carried by the input bus 162 is applied to a data and control pipeline 800 within the receive processing circuit 142. The pipeline 800 is coupled to the data clock bus ,and receives the BYTE CLOCK signal 262, the BYTE PULSE 151 and the BIT CLOCK signal 261 produced by the modem.

The details of the data and control pipeline 800 are shown in FIG. 16. The PHY DATA signal 270 is received in a serial in/parallel out shift register 801 which is clocked by the BIT CLOCK signal 261. Shift register 801 converts the serial PHY DATA signal 270 into bytes of a PARALLEL RX DATA signal 802. The PARALLEL RX DATA signal 802 is applied as an input to an Lpacket byte counter 803 and to a three stage pipeline register 804.

The data and control pipeline 800 "tracks" the progression of an incoming MAC frame 21 as it is being received. The frame starts with an activation of the RX READY signal 166 by the modem 140. Thereafter, each Lpacket is tracked by latching the size field of the Lpacket into the Lpacket byte counter 803 in response to the ENABLE SIZE LOAD signal from a pipeline control state machine 806. The pipeline control state machine 806 receives the RX READY signal 166, the BIT CLOCK signal 261, and the BYTE PULSE signal 151 from the modem 140. The pipeline control state machine 806 utilizes these input signals to time the occurrence of various fields within the incoming PHY DATA signal 270 and issue the appropriate control signals to the Lpacket byte counter 803 and the pipeline registers 804. The Lpacket byte counter 803 provides a signal 807 which indicates to the pipeline control state machine 806 when the count of incoming bytes of the PHY DATA signal 207 indicates that an Lpacket has been completely received. This Lpacket completion signal 807 causes the pipeline control state machine 806 to issue the corresponding END LPACKET signal to the pipeline register 804.

With reference to FIGS. 15 and 16, the pipeline register 804 is a three stage shift register which processes the incoming data and control signals in parallel, shifting the data through each of the stages in response to the BYTE CLOCK signal 262. As the incoming data is shifted through the register 804, the contents of each stage is available to other components of the SMAC system. The output of the first stage of the pipeline register 804 is connected by a set of data gates to the RISC bus 180 for reading by the RISC processor 400. The output of the second stage of the pipeline register, designated Level "B" is applied via bus 808 to a first data input of an Lpacket screening circuit 810. The Level "B" bus 808 also carries the END LPACKET signal which has been clocked through the first two stages of the pipeline register, and signals derived by individually ANDing the RX READY signal with the START FRAME signal and the START LPACKET signal which have been clocked through the first two stages of the pipeline register 804. These three Level "B" control signals also are clocked through the third stage of the pipeline register 804 along with the TX BUSY signal 182 from the second stage. The END FRAME signal from the pipeline control state machine 806 is applied directly to an input of the third stage of the pipeline registers 804. The contents of the third stage of the pipeline register 804 are applied to a Level "C" bus 809 which is connected to a second input of the Lpacket screening circuit 810 and to an input of the RX router circuit 812. The pipeline register 804 enables the RISC processor 400 to receive the incoming data via the RISC bus 180 prior to the data being available at the inputs of the Lpacket screening circuit 810 and the RX router 812. This provides a one-byte head start to the operation of the RISC processor with respect to the operation of these latter two components 810 and 812.

The RX router 812 in the receive processing circuit 142 is responsible for feeding the incoming data and pertinent control signals into the receive FIFO's of the host interface 143 (see FIG. 5B). The incoming Lpackets are received by the RX router over the LEVEL C bus 809 from pipeline 800, control signals on bus 813 from the Lpacket screening circuit 810, the CRC GOOD signal 290 from the modem 140, and synchronization signals from the access control 144 via sync bus 176. The RX router 812 utilizes these signals to formulate RX FIFO control signals which are sent via bus 171 to the host interface circuit 143. The RX router 812 also sequentially sends the incoming Lpacket and other information generated in the SMAC 100 to the host interface over the RX byte bus 170. The operation of the RX router will be described in more detail.

Although the RX router 812 sends all of the incoming Lpackets received by the SMAC 100 from the network 10 to the host interface 143, control signals from the Lpacket screening circuit 810 cause only selected Lpackets to be forwarded to the host processor 102 (FIG. 5A). The selection of which Lpackets to forward is based on their tags 34 and is controlled by three sources: a general purpose screener, a fixed screener and a supplemental screener.

The fixed screener is implemented primarily by the RISC processor 400 in response to data and control signals supplied by the Lpacket screening circuit 810. To operate as the fixed screener, RISC processor is preprogrammed by the manufacturer to identify specific Lpackets, which are employed for certain network or station management purposes. Lpackets with "fixed tags" are used for the moderator Lpacket and other Lpackets that allow one station 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 to read configuration and status data from another station on the network. Additional fixed tag Lpackets are used to send management information to each station. A fixed tag is designated by setting control bit 38 in the Lpacket (FIG. 2B). Each fixed tag is two bytes long in which the first byte designates the type of Lpacket and the second byte is the network address of the intended recipient of the Lpacket. A fixed tag with a network address of hexadecimal FF indicates that the Lpacket is being broadcast for acceptance by all the network nodes 20.

If the fixed tag control bit 38 is not set in the Lpacket, its tag is considered to be a generic tag which is several bytes long. A generic tag does not contain a network address of a node, rather the numerical tag value indicates the type of data being carried by the Lpacket, which data may be of interest to a plurality of stations on the network. The general purpose screener is implemented almost exclusively by circuitry in the Lpacket screening circuit 810 and is programmable by the host processor 102 to recognize generic tags having certain numerical values. The general purpose screener can recognize a finite number of Lpacket tags and an optional supplemental screener 116 can be provided external to the SMAC 100, if the recognition of additional generic tags is required.

A special type of generic tag is referred to as a "hybrid tag." A hybrid tag is three bytes long with the first byte containing the network address of an intended recipient station for the respective Lpacket. The other two bytes contain a pointer that instructs the host processor 102 in the intended recipient node where to store the Lpacket data or how to use that data. Not every network may use hybrid tags and even when used, only selected nodes may be configured to accept these tags. A node must have an ACCEPT HYBRID TAGS configuration bit set before its fixed screener will identify and accept a hybrid tag with that node's network address in the first byte. All of the other nodes will consider the hybrid tag as a regular generic tag which will be processed by the node's general purpose screener in those nodes. If hybrid tags are to be used on a network, care must be taken to avoid using regular generic tags with a numerical value in which the first byte is a network address of a station that is configured to accept hybrid tags.

As shown in FIG. 17, the Lpacket screening circuit 810 comprises a general purpose screener 814 which is coupled to the buffered host bus 174 for programming by the host processor 102 with a set of tags for Lpackets of interest. A supplemental screener interface 815 connects to the supplemental screener bus 115 that carries signals to and from a device outside of the SMAC 100 which performs additional screening operations. As noted previously, the fixed screener operation is performed by the RISC processor 400 which is coupled to the Lpacket screening circuit 810 by the RISC bus 180. The results of the fixed screener operation are placed in a register 816 of the Lpacket screening circuit 810. The answers (yes or no) from the three screeners as to whether a particular Lpacket is or is not of interest are applied to a screener coordinator 817 which in turn produces the control signals on bus 813 for the RX router 812.

FIG. 18 illustrates the circuitry for the general purpose screener 814. This circuit comprises a tag table 819 which stores information for 127 different tags that are to be recognized. A state machine 823 governs a binary search for the tag from each incoming Lpacket in the set of tags stored in table 819. The results of that comparison are stored in an answer latch 830 and are applied via bus 831 to the screener coordinator 817.

The general purpose screener 814 can receive tag data from the host processor 102, the programming terminal 18 or the network 10 for storage into the tag table 819. The updating of the tag table 819 occurs during the guard band 56 when the general purpose screener 814 is not required to process tags. The table will be updated by the start of the next periodic interval 50 after the guard band. This update time avoids having to take the SMAC 100 "off-line" in order to update the tag tables. The updated tag data along with the tags from incoming Lpackets to be inspected are stored initially into tag input registers 818. Specifically, the tag data that the host processor 102 wishes the general purpose screener to identify are received from the buffered host bus 174 by host registers 820. The tags to be inspected, that are contained in Lpackets from the network 10 or the programming terminal 18, are received over the level B bus 809 from the data and control pipeline 800 and stored temporarily in a set of Lpacket registers 821. The writing and reading operation of the host and Lpacket registers 820 and 821 is controlled by signals from the RISC bus 180 and the state machine control bus 822.

Each of the host registers 820 and the Lpacket registers 821 output a set of tag bytes and tag status bits. The host registers 820 output a tag index from the host processor 102 while the Lpacket registers 821 produce null data for the tag index. The three groups of output lines for these types of data from each register 820 and 821 are connected to separate sets of inputs of a multiplexer (MUX) 824, which selects the inputs from one of the two registers to apply to output buses connected to the tag table 819 in FIG. 18. The selection of the inputs from the two registers 820 and 821 is determined based on the level of the GENERAL GUARD BAND signal 431. During the guard band interval 56 when the general purpose screener will not be required to inspect a tag of an incoming Lpacket, the contents of the host registers 820 is applied by the MUX 824 to the tag table 819; at other times the data from the Lpacket registers 821 is sent to the tag table. Thus the entries in the tag table 819 are updated only during the guard band interval 56 when tag inspection is not being performed.

As data is received by the general purpose screener for storage in the tag table, the general purpose screener state machine 823 responds by enabling a table address generator 825 to access the appropriate location within the tag table 819. The tag table circuitry includes a tag array RAM 828 shown in FIG. 20 which stores data about each tag to be detected by the general purpose screener 814. Tag table data from the tag input registers 818 is switched by a RAM data selector 826 to the data inputs of the RAM 828 in response to state machine control signals 822. Since the tags are stored in the RAM 828 in ascending order, previously stored tag data may have to be moved in the memory using conventional techniques, in order to place the new data in the proper sequence.

FIG. 19 illustrates a memory map of an exemplary tag table 819, in which each addressable storage location can hold several bytes of information. Each such storage location in the tag table 819 contains a three byte section in which the tag is stored. These tags can be up to three bytes long and are stored in ascending numerical order with in the table. The tags for the general purpose screener are considered to be "generic tags" as they do not have to contain the network address of either the originator station or the intended recipient station of the Lpacket. For example a generic tag can identify that the Lpacket contains data regarding the condition of a given piece of manufacturing equipment. Thus several stations can be configured to accept the same Lpacket, and theoretically several stations may send Lpackets with the same tag. A tag value of FFFFFFh is reserved to indicate that a particular storage location in the tag table is not being used.

The SMAC 100 attaches a tag index to every Lpacket which is forwarded to the host processor 102. This tag index is defined by the host processor 102 and is stored in another section of the storage location for each tag. The host processor uses the tag index received with an Lpacket as a pointer offset or as an aid in some other fashion in determining where to place the incoming Lpacket information within the host processor memory. For example the tag index can designate the particular task in the host processor that is to utilize the Lpacket. The SMAC 100, by attaching a tag index to the Lpacket sent to the host processor 102, relieves that latter device from having to perform a look-up operation to determine what to do with the Lpacket. A few bits in the each storage location represent the status of the tag. Another storage location section contains a generation count status which indicates whether or not the Lpacket generation count 46 will be used in accepting or rejecting the Lpackets with the corresponding tag. If the generation count is to be used, the corresponding count from the last Lpacket that was accepted by the screener is stored in another section of the storage location for each tag. One bit of that information in the tag storage location designates whether the MAIN or AUX receive FIFO 863 and 864 in the host interface circuit 143 is to hold Lpackets with the corresponding tag. Although it is preferred to use a single addressable memory location to contain all of the data for each tag, separate locations may be used for different items of data for each tag table entry. For example, the tag value and the generation count associated with that tag value may be stored in different, yet related, memory locations. Therefore, the term "storage location" in this context refers to the storage of data for a given tag table entry in a single addressable location and to equivalent storage techniques.

Referring again to FIG. 20, the tag table 819 also contains circuitry for determining when the tag of an incoming Lpacket matches one of the stored tags. The input tag status bus from the tag input registers 818 is connected to a generation count processing circuit 827 which compares the generation count for the recently received Lpacket to the generation counts stored in the tag RAM array 828. As noted previously, an Lpacket with the same data may be sent several times over the network 10 to insure that every station will have an opportunity to receive that Lpacket satisfactorily. These duplicate Lpackets all have the same generation count, thereby enabling the recipients to determine whether a copy of that Lpacket already has been received and thus avoid repeatedly processing the duplicates. Thus, when a tag match occurs and the accept always bit 45 in the Lpacket is not set, the generation count processing circuit 827 determines whether an Lpacket with that tag and the same generation count has been received and provides a signal of that circumstance to the state machine. When the generation count changes, the processing circuit 827 provides the new count to the RAM data select circuit 826 for storage in the tag RAM array 828. When data for a new tag table entry is to be recorded Within the tag RAM array 828, the input tag bytes and input tag index bits are supplied directly to the RAM data select circuit 826 and the generation count processing circuit 827 generates a generation count status bit indicating that the next Lpacket received with this tag should be accepted independent of the value of its generation count.

When a tag is to be deleted from the RAM array 828, the RAM data select circuit 826 couples a set of filler inputs to its output to provide an invalid tag (FFFFFFh) for storage in the RAM. Thus when this storage location is read and the tag (FFFFFFh) is compared to a received tag a valid match never will occur. The third set of inputs, designated RAM DATA OUT, of the RAM data select circuit 826 are connected to the output of the tag RAM array 828. This allows data from one RAM location to be read and fed back for storage into another location when shifting the table to store a new tag in the proper sequence. This feedback connection also is used to update the status information for a given tag. In doing so, the table tag bytes and the table tag index information remain the same as was previously stored in the tag RAM array. However, the table tag status is fed through a status update circuit 833, which receives control signals from the state machine 823, via bus 822 to alter the status data accordingly.

The RAM data select circuit 826 responds to state machine control signals via bus 822 by selecting one of its three inputs (RAM data output, input tag, or filler) to be coupled to the data inputs of the tag RAM array 828. At the same time, other lines of the state machine control bus 822 carry control signals to the tag RAM array which cause the coupled data to be stored in the tag RAM array 828 being pointed to by the table address from generator 825.

The tag table 819 also includes a comparator 829 which receives at input A the tag bytes from an incoming Lpacket from the Lpacket registers 821, and receives at input B the tag bytes read from tag RAM array 828. When the Lpacket tag from the Lpacket registers 821 is applied to the tag table 819, the general purpose screener state machine 823 activates the table address generator 825 to read the contents of each storage location in the tag RAM array 828 in a binary search pattern familiar to those skilled in the art. As each tag from the tag RAM array 828 is applied to the comparator 829, a comparison is made between that stored tag and the tag of the incoming Lpacket. The comparator generates an INPUT TAG GREATER signal if the tag from the RAM array 28 is larger than the tag of the incoming Lpacket, and generates a MATCH FOUND signal if the two tags are equal. As shown in FIG. 19, the tag table is arranged so that the tag bytes are located in memory locations in ascending order. Thus, a true INPUT TAG GREATER signal indicates to the state machine 823 via bus 822 that the scanning of stored tags has reached a point where the tags from there on in the RAM 828 will be greater than the incoming tag. Otherwise, if neither of the TAG GREATER signal or the MATCH FOUND signal is true,the scanning should be continued at addresses that are less than the current search point, in a fashion typical of a binary search.

When a match between the two tags is found by comparator 829, a true MATCH FOUND signal is applied via the control bus 822 to the general purpose screener state machine 823. This state machine also receives the accept always bit 45 from the incoming Lpacket and the signal from the generation count processing circuit 827 that indicates whether the incoming Lpacket has a different generation count from the previous Lpacket with the same tag. When a tag match exist and either the accept always bit or the generation count processing circuit indicates that the incoming Lpacket should be accepted, a YES PULSE is sent by state machine 823 to an answer latch 830 within the general purpose screener in FIG. 18. As long as a match has not been found, the state machine 823 applies a NO PULSE signal to the answer latch. The answer latch 830 responds by transmitting a corresponding GEN ANSWER YES or a GEN ANSWER NO signal via the internal screener bus 831 to the screener coordinator 817 shown in FIG. 17. As will be described, at the end of an Lpacket processing, the screener coordinator 817 will send a RESET ANSWER signal to the answer latch 830 which clears its contents in order to process the next Lpacket.

Referring once again to FIG. 18, the RISC processor 400 can terminate the operation of the general purpose screener 814 by sending a STOP GEN SCREENER instruction over the RISC bus 180. This instruction is decoded in circuit 832 which responds by issuing a STOP control signal to the general purpose screener state machine 823 which terminates further operation of the screener.

The contents of the tag table 819, i.e. the generation count, may be updated by Lpackets received from the network 10. However, the SMAC 100 does not know whether the data from an Lpacket is corrupted or not until the end of the MAC frame 21 when the CRC test can be performed. Therefore, when an Lpacket containing a new generation count is received, the new generation count is stored within the tag RAM array 828 with the respective tag, as described previously. However, a tag status bit in the storage location (see FIG. 19) initially indicates that the next Lpacket matching that tag should be accepted regardless of the generation count. If at the end of the MAC frame 21 the CRC test determines that the frame was good, as designated by a true CRC GOOD signal on line 290, a quarantine update mode latch 846 is set accordingly. This latch 846 provides a signal to the general purpose screener state machine 823 which changes the generation count status back to normal.

The tag index and the bit designating whether the auxiliary or main receive FIFO is to store an accepted Lpacket are sent from the tag table 819 to the screener coordinator via the internal screener bus 831. Thus, when the general purpose screener 814 finds a tag match, the screener coordinator will know which receive FIFO (MAIN or AUX) to utilize and will be able to pass the table tag index to the host processor.

The RISC processor 400 shown in FIG. 10 implements the fixed screener by executing a software routine to identify incoming Lpackets with predefined tags. The RAM 410 within the RISC processor 400 contains a table of bits, each of which corresponding to one of the 256 possible values of the first byte of the fixed tag. These tags are used in Lpackets which carry network and station configuration information, as well as commands which allow another network station to read configuration data from the SMAC 100. Whenever the receive processing circuit 142 informs the RISC processor 400 within the access control 144 that a new Lpacket has been received, the RISC processor inspects the fixed screen select bit 38 (FIG. 2B) within the Lpacket. If this bit is set, the RISC processor 400 examines the bit in the fixed screener table which is selected by the first byte of the fixed tag to see if that bit is set and compares the second byte of the fixed tag to that node's network address. If either comparison produces a match or if the second fixed tag byte is hexadecimal FF the Lpacket will be accepted for forwarding to the host processor 102. The result of that operation is stored within the fixed screener answer register 816 in the Lpacket screening circuit of FIG. 17. The fixed screener answer register 816 provides a signal to the screener coordinator 817 indicating whether it has found a tag match. The fixed screener answer register 816 is reset subsequently by the RESET ANSWERS signal from the signal coordinator 817.

Typically, the fixed tags which the fixed screener is to identify comprise a one byte tag number followed by the network address for that node 20. Thus, the fixed tag identifies the interpretation of the contents of the data field and the remainder of the tag identifies the node that is to receive and process the contents. A node address of FFh in a fixed tag designates an Lpacket that is being broadcast to all nodes on the network 10. For example, a node address of FFh is used in broadcasting the moderator Lpacket during the guard band 56 of each periodic interval 50. Thus the general condition for accepting a fixed tag screener Lpacket for forwarding to the host processor 102 is that the first tag byte has a value which is enabled within the tag table in the RISC processor RAM 410 and the Lpacket must be for this particular node. The fixed screener does not utilize the generation count 46 in determining whether to accept the Lpacket.

As noted above, the general purpose screener 814 contains a tag table that can hold up to 127 user defined generic tags for which a search is to be made. As shown in FIG. 5A, the supplemental screener 160 allows a greater number of generic tags to be defined by the host processor 102 so that the SMAC 100 can accept more types of Lpackets than is possible using just the general purpose screener 814. Referring again to FIG. 17, the supplemental screener interface 815 sends the tag from each incoming Lpacket over bus 115 to an optional supplemental screener 160. For example, this supplemental screener may be a microprocessor based circuit with a memory that contains a user defined table of tags for which the screener is to search. The supplemental screener 116" includes a mechanism for programming the tags to be recognized. The microprocessor in the supplemental screener 116 compares each tag received from the interface 815 to the tags within its table. When a match is found, the supplemental screener 116 sends a signal indicative of a match via the supplemental screener bus 115 to the interface 815 in the Lpacket screening circuit. The supplemental screener interface 815 provides either a true SUPP ANSWER YES or a true SUPP ANSWER NO signal to screener coordinator 817.

The decisions from each of the other screener circuits are also sent to the screener coordinator 817 which responds by determining whether either one of the receive FIFO's within the host interface should retain the Lpacket for delivery to the host processor 102. The details of the screener coordinator 817 are shown in FIG. 21 and comprise screener accept logic 832 and an RX stream assign circuit 834. The screener accept logic 832 receives the determinations from the three screeners as to whether a tag match has been found, and the PTC ACTIVE signal 253 indicating whether an incoming Lpacket is from the programming terminal 18 or the network 10. The END OF LPACKET signal from level C of the data and control pipeline 800 is applied to AND gate 835 along with a LAST CHANCE signal from the screener coordinator 817. When both input signals are true the AND gate 835 produces an ENABLE DEFAULT signal that is sent to the screener accept logic 832 and the RX stream assign circuit 834. This latter signal indicates the last possible point in time for a YES answer.

The screener accept logic 832 responds to these input signals by producing a signal 836 designated ACCEPT LPACKET when one of the screeners signals a tag match. The ACCEPT LPACKET signal is forwarded via bus 813 to the RX router 812. In addition, the RX router 812 also receives an ACCEPT CODE 837 via bus 813 which indicates the type of Lpacket and its origin as determined by which one of the screeners accepted the Lpacket. The ACCEPT CODE 837 is produced according to the truth table shown in FIG. 22.

As shown in FIG. 23, the RX stream assign circuit 834 receives the GEN ANSWER YES, FIXED ANSWER YES and SUPP ANSWER YES signals which are inverted by devices 881, 882 and 883, respectively before being applied to inputs of a four-input AND gate 884. The remaining input of that AND gate 884 directly receives the ENABLE DEFAULT signal. The inverted FIXED ANSWER YES signal is applied to an input of a three-input AND gate 885 which also receives the SUPP ANSWER NO and GEN ANSWER NO signals. A third AND gate 886 receives the non-inverted GEN ANSWER YES signal and the AUX FIFO FLAG BIT. The output signals from the three AND gates 884, 885 and 886 are applied to inputs of a four-input OR gate 887. Another input of the OR gate 887 receives the TX BUSY LEVEL C signal from the data and control pipeline 800. OR gate 887 produces an output signal that is connected to the RESET input of a first flip-flop 892 which produces the SELECT MAIN signal at its Q output.

The non-inverted GEN ANSWER YES signal also is coupled to an input of AND gate 889 together with the AUX FIFO FLAG BIT signal after inversion by inverter 888. Another AND gate 890 receives at its inputs the inverted GEN ANSWER YES signal and the ENABLE DEFAULT signal. The output from these latter two AND gates 889 and 890 are coupled to a four-input OR gate 891, which also receives the TX BUSY LEVEL C signal and the GEN ANSWER NO signal. The output from OR gate 891 is connected to the reset input of a second flip-flop 893 which produces the SELECT AUX signal at its Q output.

Both flip-flops 892 and 893 are clocked by the BIT CLOCK signal 261. The set inputs of flip-flops 892 and 893 are connected in common to the output of AND gate 895 which has inputs coupled to the RESET ANSWERS signal and to the TX BUSY LEVEL C signal after inversion by device 894. The flip-flops 892 and 893 in RX stream assign circuit 834 respectively produce the SELECT MAIN and SELECT AUX signals that indicate to the RX router 812 which one of the receive FIFO memories is to retain the accepted incoming Lpacket.

With reference to FIGS. 21 and 22, an OR gate 838 generates a RESET ANSWERS signal at the end of each Lpacket. That signal together with a false TX BUSY signal cause the AND gate 895 to issue a pulse that sets flip-flops 892 and 893 to produces true SELECT MAIN and SELECT AUX signals. While these signals are true, incoming received Lpacket are retained in both the MAIN and AUX receive FIFO memories in the host interface 143. Depending upon the screener answer signals, the logic elements in the RX stream assign circuit 834 will reset one or both of the flip-flops 892 and 893. When flip-flop 892 or 893 is reset, the corresponding output signal SELECT MAIN and SELECT AUX goes false which causes the host interface 143 to flush the corresponding Lpacket from the associated receive FIFO. If none of the screeners finds a tag match, the Lpacket is flushed from both the MAIN and AUX receive FIFO's in the host interface 143.

As shown in FIG. 15, the RX router 812 receives incoming Lpackets over the LEVEL C bus 809 from pipeline 800, control signals on bus 813 from the Lpacket screening circuit 810, the CRC GOOD signal 290 from the modem 140, and synchronization signals from the access control 144 via sync bus 176. The RX router 812 utilizes these signals to formulate RX FIFO control signals which are sent via bus 171 to the host interface circuit 143. The RX router 812 also sequentially sends the incoming Lpacket and other information generated in the SMAC 100 to the host interface over the RX byte bus 170.

The details of the RX router 812 are shown in FIG. 24. The control signals carried by the level C bus 809 are applied directly to the RX FIFO control bus 171 together with the SELECT MAIN and SELECT AUX signals from the Lpacket screening circuit 810 received over bus 813. The Lpacket data in the bus data lines of the LEVEL C bus 809 are applied to one set of inputs of a four-to-one RX FIFO data multiplexer (MUX) 900. The ACCEPT CODE 837 and the table tag index from the Lpacket screening circuit 810 are applied from bus 813 to two other sets of inputs of multiplexer 900. The CRC G(X)D signal 290, SCHEDULED PHASE timing signal 450 and the GENERAL GUARDBAND timing signal 431 are applied to a circuit 902 which produces a byte that indicates the end of frame at the completion of the incoming MAC frame 21. This END OF FRAME (EOF) byte is applied to a fourth set of inputs to the RX FIFO data multiplexer 900.

The multiplexer 900 responds to a signal 903 at its select input by sequentially connecting each of its four sets of inputs to the output connected to the RX byte bus 170. The sequential selection of each of the data inputs to the RX FIFO data multiplexer 900 is controlled by the RX FIFO data select circuit 904. This circuit responds to the ACCEPT LPACKET signal, the GEN ANSWER YES signal from the Lpacket screening circuit 810 as well as the BYTE PULSE 150, BIT CLOCK 261 and PHY CLOCK 150 signals. The RX FIFO data select 904 also receives the level C control signals for the START LPACKET, START FRAME and END FRAME signals. From these various control and timing signals, the RX FIFO data select circuit 904 operates as a state machine and sequentially apply the select signals to the RX FIFO data multiplexer 900 to serially apply each of the data input signals to the RX byte bus 170. The RX FIFO data select circuit also sends a signal indicating that the ACCEPT CODE has been enabled, a control byte designating how the data is to be processed, and a strobe signal for the receive FIFO' s via the RX FIFO CONTROL bus 171 to the host interface 154.

The Lpacket, ACCEPT CODE, and END OF FRAME BYTE are sent sequentially to the host interface 143 when a fixed tag match is found. When a generic tag match is found by the general purpose screener, the Lpacket and TABLE TAG INDEX are sent sequentially to the host interface 143. Such stream of data from MUX 900 are stored simultaneously in both the MAIN and AUX receive FIFO's 863 and 864 in the host interface (see FIG. 17). Thereafter when the screeners have evaluated the Lpacket tag and made a determination as to which one, if either, of the receive FIFO's is to retain the data, the SELECT MAIN or SELECT AUX signal causes the data in the other receive FIFO to be discarded. If the received Lpacket is not of interest at all to the host processor 102, both receive FIFO's 863 and 864 are flushed of the Lpacket data. Thus, the receive processing circuit 142 determines whether a given Lpacket received from either the network or the optional programming terminal is of interest to its node and if so directs the Lpacket and associated control information to the host interface 143.

The fixed screener enables station management information to be passed to a specific station as this screener accepts only tags that contain the network address of the station at which the screener is located. The use of the general purpose and supplemental screeners to identify selected tags enables Lpackets to be passed to the host processor 102 based on the type of data contained in the Lpackets and not based on whether the Lpacket is in a message specifically addressed to the particular network station. This function allows several stations to pass the same Lpacket on to their respective host processor when those processors are interested in the same Lpacket data. This concept also frees the station which transmits the Lpacket from having to know the address of every station that is to receive the data. In addition, the present technique enables redundant stations to monitor a given situation wherein one station normally sends Lpackets reporting on the situation and the other station sends such Lpackets only if the one station fails. A recipient station does not have to know which redundant station is sending the reports, rather the recipient station need only know the tag being used by both senders to identify the report data.

The design of the SMAC allows the general purpose screener to be readily programmed with tag data without the possibility that such programming will adversely affect the fix tag screener. The use of a separate screener for the station management Lpackets provides a safeguard against a user rendering a station deaf to such Lpacket by accidentally altering the screeners ability to recognize that group of tags. It also opened up a time window for programming the general purpose screener, as only the fixed screener is needed during the guard band 56.

MAC Host Interface

With reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the SMAC host interface 143 couples the transmit and receive processing circuits 141 and 142 to the host processor 102. The host interface 143 is notified by the host processor 102 when the latter device has data for transmission over the network 10. The SMAC 100 receives the data over the host bus 101 and the data is placed into one of the transmit FIFO's TX A, TX B or TX C as designated by control signals that precede the data. The transmit FIFO's act as data buffers and are not large enough to store a typical Lpacket. The host interface 143 is configured to access the transmission data stored in the host processor memory either by a direct memory access (DMA) controller in the host processor 102 or by requiring that the host processor control supply the data as the transmit FIFO's empty. When the SMAC 100 gains access to the network 10, the transmit processing circuit 141 obtains data words from the appropriate transmit FIFO as described above.

When a message frame is received by the SMAC 100 from the network, the receive processing circuit 142 places every incoming Lpacket into the receive FIFO's (RX MAIN and RX AUX). If a screener identifies a particular Lpacket as being of interest, then the host interface 143 transfers the FIFO contents to the host processor 102. If none of the screeners is interested in a particular Lpacket, the data is flushed from the receive FIFO's.

With reference to FIG. 25, the host interface 143 receives signals from the host processor 102 over host bus 101 that comprises address, data and control signal lines. The host bus 101 is coupled to the buffered host bus 174 by a set of tri-state data gates 870. The host processor 102 stores configuration and other operational information in a set of control registers 868. For example, prior to sending the host interface 143 data for transmission, the host processor 102 stores information within the control registers 868 to configure the characteristics of each of the three transmit stream (stored in FIFO's TX A, TX B or TX C). One characteristic is whether a stream is to contain scheduled or unscheduled data for transmission during the scheduled phase 52 or unscheduled phase 54, respectively. This information is conveyed from the host TX FIFO logic circuit 854 to decode circuitry 840. The host processor 102 also stores control information into a host TX logic circuit 854 to signal the transmit processing circuit 141 via the TX STREAM STATUS bus 185 that data is waiting for transmission.

The data from the host bus 101 is sent through a cache memory 845 to the decode circuitry 840, which responds to the control information by routing the data to the designated transmit FIFO (TX A, TX B or TX C) In practice, the trio of transmit FIFO's 841, 842 and 843 is implemented in a random access memory (RAM) 844 using conventional techniques. Specifically, a group of storage locations is set aside within the RAM 844 for each FIFO and another set of storage locations contain pointers to storage locations containing the beginning and ending items of data within that FIFO. The output of each transmit FIFO 841-843 is connected via bus 850 to a stream select control circuit 853.

As previously described, when the transmit processing circuit 141 requires a word of data to send over the network, it selects one of the transmit FIFO's 841-843 by applying control signals to the select TX stream bus 186. These selection signals are applied to the stream select control circuit 853 within the host interface 143 and the stream select control circuit 853 responds by issuing signals to the appropriate transmit FIFO 841, 842 or 843 to obtain the next word of data. Upon receiving the TAKE WORD signal 188 from the transmit processing circuit 141, the select stream control circuit 853 advances the pointer of the particular transmit FIFO 841-843 to the next data word.

When data has been received by the SMAC 100 from the network 10, the receive processing circuit 142 sends the previously described control signals over the RX FIFO control bus 171. As shown in FIG. 25 the RX FIFO control bus 171 is connected to a distributor and control circuit 860 that also gets the received data via the RX BYTE bus 170. The distributor and control circuit 860 responds to the incoming signals by enabling both of the receive FIFO's (MAIN and AUX) 863 and 864 by sending control signals over a FIFO bus 862. Each of the bytes of the incoming Lpacket is stored in both of the receive FIFO's 863 and 864 at this time. The receive FIFO's 863 and 864 are implemented in RAM 844 in the same manner as the transmit FIFO's.

When the distributor and control circuit 860 receives a true END 0F LPACKET LEVEL C signal, the SELECT MAIN and SELECT AUX signals will indicate whether the Lpacket is to be retained and which of the two receive FIFO's 863 or 864 is to do so. The distributor and control circuit 860 responds by resetting the end of data pointer for the non-selected receive FIFO or FIFO's, which action discards the stored Lpacket data and can be considered as erasing the non-selected receive FIFO.

When an Lpacket is to be retained, the control circuit 860 also responds by enabling an interrupt generator 866 that sends an interrupt signal over the host bus 101 indicating to the host processor 102 that interesting data has been received and indicating which of the two receive FIFO's 863 or 864 contains the data. The host processor 102 responds to the interrupt signal by obtaining the data from the specified receive FIFO 863 or 864. A pair of cache memories 871 and 872 interface the receive FIFO's to the host bus 101 enabling data to be retrieved from a FIFO while additional received data is being stored by the distributor and control circuit 860.