Low-Melting Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer and Its Uses

Homopolymers of TFE are crystalline or partially-crystalline fluoroplastics. Copolymerization with other monomers that introduce side groups into the polymer affects the properties of the polymers. Generally, at low levels of comonomer incorporation, both melting temperature T.sub.m and crystallinity decrease with increasing comonomer content. Crystallinity is reflected, for example, by the heat of fusion per unit mass as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). At high levels of comonomer incorporation, all detectable crystallinity may vanish. If the monomers and their concentrations are properly chosen, and molecular weight is properly controlled, useful fluoroelastomers or fluoroplastics may be obtained. For example, the TFE copolymer with perfluoro (methyl vinyl) ether (PMVE) in the approximate molar composition TFE/PMVE=70/30 is a well-known fluoroelastomer. On the other hand, copolymers of TFE with HFP or perfluoro (propyl vinyl) ether (PPVE) in the approximate molar compositions TFE/HFP=92/8 and TFE/PPVE=98.5/1.5 are well-known fluoroplastics. These particular perfluoroplastics have nominal T.sub.m of about 260.degree. C. and 305.degree. C., respectively, as judged by the peak of the melting endotherm by DSC. See FIG. 1. The minimum T.sub.m (peak) for fluoroplastics in these compositional families recognized by ASTM standards is 250.degree. C. for TFE/HFP polymers (ASTM D-2116) and 300.degree. C. for TFE/PPVE polymers (ASTM D-3307). Such fluoroplastics have had commercial utility in part because of their relatively high T.sub.m and the mechanical properties that accompany the level of crystallinity associated with relatively low comonomer incorporation.

Partially-crystalline polymers are those which exhibit crystallinity under some conditions, as opposed to those polymers which are non-crystalline under all conditions. A partially-crystalline polymer typically exhibits crystallinity as polymerized, or after fabrication when the melted polymer is cooled slowly enough to permit development of molecular order. As is well-known, quenching from the melt can reduce or even preclude crystalline order in a specimen of a partially-crystalline polymer. The resulting quenched polymer is nevertheless considered partially crystalline because it started out, prior to melting and quenching, in this condition, and this condition is capable of being restored by reheating the polymer and cooling it more slowly. This effect is more likely for polymers with low crystallinity as polymerized. Crystallinity can be detected by several means, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

There has been no interest in, and no commercial presence of, such fluoroplastics with comonomer concentration approaching but not reaching the level that completely eliminates crystallinity. The prior art does not exemplify TFE copolymers with perfluoroolefins having T.sub.m below or even near 200.degree. C.

Certain copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) are known. Bro & Sandt in U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,763 disclose TFE/HFP copolymers with HFP content reflected by a specific infrared ratio, herein called HFP index or HFPI, in the range 1.5 to 6. They use a multiplier of 4.5 to convert HFPI to HFP content in wt%. Bro & Sandt teach that HFPI greater than 6 is extremely difficult to achieve. An HFPI of 4.70 is the highest value exemplified.

Couture et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,132,124 teach process refinements to make TFE/HFP copolymers with HFPI in the range of 1.5 to 6. An HFPI of 4.0 is the maximum value exemplified.

There are frequent references in the literature to TFE/HFP copolymers having HFP content of from 6.75 to 27 wt%, apparently following the disclosure of the 1.5 to 6 HFPI range and 4.5 multiplier by Bro & Sandt.

Khan & Morgan in U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,618 disclose a process for synthesis of TFE polymers including TFE/HFP and other TFE copolymers. They teach that perfluoroolefin incorporation into TFE copolymers can be up to about 15 mol %. Khan & Morgan use a multiplier of 2.1 to convert HFPI into HFP content in mol %, so that 15 mol% corresponds to an HFPI of 7.14. The preferred compositional range is 6 to 9 mol % (HFPI of 2.86 to 4.29). For the only example of a TFE/HFP polymerization, HFP content in the polymer was 8.54 mol%, corresponding to an HFPI of 4.07.

Concannon in U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,362 refers to TFE/HFP copolymers having up to 95 wt% HFP. Concannon cites only U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,763 as a teaching of a method of making such copolymers. As discussed above, U.S. 2,946,763 teaches that it is extremely difficult to prepare TFE/HFP copolymers having HFPI greater than 6. Consistent with this teaching of extreme difficulty, the highest HFP content of any of the copolymers actually exemplified by Concannon is 25 wt%, corresponding to an HFPI of 5.56 according to the conversion factor of Bro & Sandt.

Fujii et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,252 and Satokawa et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,575 also refer to TFE/HFP copolymers having up to 95 wt% HFP but likewise cite only U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,763 for a teaching of a method of making such copolymers. Therefore, one skilled in the art would not expect the single exemplified TFE/HFP copolymer to have HFPI greater than 6.

Khan in U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,384 discloses a continuous polymerization process for TFE polymers including copolymers containing up to 20 mol% of comonomer. For TFE/HFP copolymers, a multiplier of 2.1 was used to convert HFPI to HFP content in mol%, so that the limit of 20 mol % would correspond to an HFPI of 9.5. In the examples for TFE/HFP copolymers, HFP content of 5.4 mol% (HFPI of 2.57) was the highest level actually achieved.

Youlu et al in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,749,752 and 4,087,680 describe TFE/HFP copolymers having melt viscosity in excess of 105 Pa.multidot.s and HFP content in the range 12-30 wt%. Although U.S. 4,087,680 claims a TFE/HFP copolymer with HFP content of 12-30 wt%, the main teaching is directed to extra-high-molecular-weight polymer, and the copolymer of the only polymerization example had 14.5 wt% HFP determined by an undisclosed method. The prior-art citation from which one might judge the method of measuring HFP content was to foreign equivalents of U.S. Pat. No. 3,051,683 which discusses the infrared method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,763, according to which the copolymer having 14.5 wt% HFP exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,680 would have an HFPI of 3.22. No preferred range for HFP content is stated.

The continuous process of Khan in U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,384 suffers from some disavantages, including a very high surfactant concentration that must be used to approach stable reactor operation and to enable discharge of the reaction mass without coagulation of the polymer in or in passing through the let-down valve. This high surfactant concentration has adverse economic effect, can make it extremely difficult to isolate the polymer from the dispersion, and can be undesirable in the isolated product.

Khan & Morgan in U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,618 suggest that HFP content in a TFE/HFP copolymer can range up to a level corresponding to an HFPI of 7, approximately, but there is no example of this HFPI level having been actually achieved, nor is there an example of a copolymer having an HFPI of 6, the upper limit taught by Bro & Sandt in U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,763. An obstacle to the achievement of high HFP content in this copolymer is the low reactivity of HFP relative to that of TFE. Khan & Morgan state that higher temperatures may be employed to promote polymerization rate. Couture et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,132,124 teach that increasing polymerization temperature is beneficial to rate up to about 119.degree. C. However, the advantage to be gained from higher temperatures is limited. A specific problem with high-temperature polymerization of low-melting polymer is partial melting of the polymer during the process. This can result, at least, in coating of the reactor wall. A buildup of skin may adversely affect heat transfer, and skin can slough off as undesirable large pieces of polymer.

Khan & Morgan further state that higher pressures may also be used to promote polymerization rate, especially if a comonomer is unreactive relative to TFE. However, this is not always possible, for reasons of safety or equipment design limitations, for example. In Example 1 of Khan & Morgan, HFP partial pressure was 62-70% of total pressure.

Fluoropolymers are known to be useful as processing aids when used in low concentration in other polymers to mitigate effects such as melt fracture or high torque that limit rate of extrusion of these host polymers, thereby improving processibility. Polyolefins are a class of host polymers of particular interest.

Blatz in U.S. Pat. No. 3,125,547 teaches the use of fluoropolymers in polyolefins to facilitate extrusion. A general requirement taught by Blatz is that the fluoropolymer must be molten or fluid at the processing temperature T.sub.p of the polyolefin. Blatz exemplifies fluoroelastomers, which are non-crystalline and for which the glass transition temperature T.sub.g is well below T.sub.p, and, therefore, are fluid at T.sub.p. Blatz also exemplifies tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) homopolymer which melts 55.degree. C. below T.sub.p. There is no teaching about how such fluoropolymers perform when an antiblock agent is present in the host polymer.

Various two-component process aids have been identified in attempts to achieve better performance than that provided by the single component of Blatz. For example, Chapman & Priester in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,735 teach a synergistic combination of solid and fluid fluoropolymers, e.g., a fluoroelastomer and an unmelted fluoroplastic, to achieve enhanced process aid performance. That invention is said to be applicable to hydrocarbon polymers containing antiblocking agents, but no data are presented. As a further example, Chapman & Priester in U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,911 teach a combination of fluoroelastomer and molten polyvinylidene fluoride fluoroplastic as a processing aid. As shown by Example 1, the average reduction in extrusion pressure achieved by this process aid system was about 14% in the absence of an antiblock agent. Polyvinylidene fluoride contains 3 wt% hydrogen.

A general problem with prior art processing aids is that the benefit of the aid is substantially reduced when an antiblock agent such as silica or talc is added to the polyolefin.

Middleton in U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,129 discloses a solution of a low-melting (83.degree.-145.degree. C.) TFE homopolymer in a fluorinated oxazoline compound. The melting point range cited indicates a very low molecular weight compound and not a high molecular weight polymer.

Barham in U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,488 discloses a process for forming shaped articles from a gel of TFE homopolymer or non-melt-fabricable TFE polymer modified with a low concentration of comonomer. In this process, the polymer is swollen or dissolved in highly fluorinated solvents near the melting point of the polymer, and a working gel forms when the mass is cooled to room temperature. Several perfluorinated cycloalkanes are stated to be suitable solvents for this process.

Yen and Lopatin in U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,456 disclose a process for making a membrane that involves a melt blend of a TFE/HFP copolymer and a chlorotrifluoroethylene oligomer solvent. The melt blends are made at 280.degree.-310.degree. C. and form gels upon cooling, with solvent separation under some circumstances. No prior method of making such microporous membranes by conventional solution immersion casting processes was known because of the inert nature of prior-art TFE/HFP copolymers.

Smith & Gardner review and discuss dissolution of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). They report that PTFE had been dissolved only in perfluorinated alkanes. In summary discussion, Smith & Gardner point out that many polymers analogous to PTFE and TFE copolymers, i.e., non-hydrogen-bonding polymers, dissolve only just below their melting points.

There are no known disclosures of solutions of melt-processible TFE/HFP copolymers of melt viscosity in the range 01.times.10.sup.3 to 10.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s. In particular, there are no known disclosures of such copolymer/solvent systems that are stable and fluid at room temperature.

Thin fluoropolymer films are potentially useful in many ways to provide a surface with fluoropolymer properties on substrates with different properties. Such films or coatings might serve various release (non-stick), frictional, dielectric, protective, or even melt adhesive purposes. One particularly demanding use for such films would be in protecting magnetic data storage media, for which a carbon protective coat and a fiuorinated polyether lubricant are now used. This use would take advantage of the inherent properties of a fiuoropolymer and could increase the storage density of a magnetic disk, which varies inversely with the square of the distance between the reading head and disk, if the coating could be made thin enough. To be successful, the polymer film would need to be of the order of 10-300 angstroms in thickness.

As disclosed in the parent application, it has been discovered that TFE/HFP copolymers having HFPI within a specifically selected range exhibit surprising utility as processing aids in polyolefins and as solutions in highly-fluorinated solvents. These copolymers have low crystalline melting temperature T.sub.m due to unusually high HFP content. The unexpected benefit of these TFE/HFP copolymers as processing aids is attributed to the fact that, because of low T.sub.m, T.sub.m can be brought into register with common processing temperatures T.sub.p for polyolefins. Solutions of these copolymers are fluid at significant concentrations at modest temperatures, including room temperature for selected copolymer/solvent systems, surprisingly so because T.sub.m is so high above room temperature. The availability of solutions at modest temperatures enables TFE/HFP copolymers to be used in ways either not previously possible or at least inconvenient.

Specifically, the partially crystalline TFE/HFP copolymer has an HFPI of 6.4 to about 9. Preferred for reasons of utility and/or ease of synthesis are those copolymers having HFPI in the range of about 7.3 to 9.0, and most preferably from 7.3 to 8.5.

The copolymer disclosed and claimed in the parent application permits the presence of one or more additional copolymerizable monomers. The present invention is directed to preferred additional copolymerizable fluoromonomers as follows: fluorolefin other than TFE or HFP having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; perfluoro(alkyl vinyl)ether wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and ester, alcohol, or acid functional fluorovinyl ether.

The invention also provides solutions of the copolymer in highly fluorinated solvents. Preferred solutions are based on solvents that permit dissolution of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer at atmospheric pressure and provide stable solutions at room temperature.

This invention also provides the use of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer, as well as other highly fluorinated polymers with similar melting points, as processing aids in polyolefins. It offers substantial benefit in the absence of antiblock agents and very little restriction in performance in the presence of antiblock agents. The highly-fluorinated polymers are partially-crystalline (as hereinbefore described) fluoroplastics with end of melting temperature T.sub.m (end) in the range 180.degree.-255.degree. C., and preferably in the range 180.degree.-235.degree. C. When used as processing aids in polyolefins, copolymers are preferably chosen to have Tin(end) values close to the processing temperature T.sub.p of the polyolefin. This range is from 40.degree. C. below T.sub.p to 25.degree. C. above T.sub.p, preferably from 30.degree. C. below to 15.degree. C. above T.sub.p, and most preferably from 20.degree. C. below T.sub.p to 5.degree. C. above T.sub.p. Copolymers of TFE and HFP are preferred.

The invention also provides coatings of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer of the invention, and coated articles. When formed from solution, coatings can be dense low-surface-energy films with thicknesses ranging down to 100 angstroms.

FIG. 1 is a DSC trace for a prior-art TFE/HFP copolymer.

FIG. 2 is a DSC trace for a TFE/HFP copolymer of this invention but without any other fluoromonomer to being present.

FIG. 3 is a plot of the reduction in extrusion pressure of polyethylene without antiblock agent resulting from the use of TFE/HFP copolymers of FIG. 2 as processing aids in the polyethylene, vs. the difference between T.sub.m (end) and T.sub.p.

FIG. 4 is a plot of the reduction in extrusion pressure of polyethylene containing an antiblock agent resulting from the use of TFE/HFP copolymers of FIG. 2 as processing aids in the polyethylene, vs. the difference between T.sub.m (end) and T.sub.p.

The lines in FIGS. 3 and 4 represent the conclusions drawn from the data in the figures, and are not the result of a mathematical fit to the data.

TFE/HFP copolymers with low melting temperature T.sub.m due to high HFP content have now been made by careful adjustment and control of several parameters in a semi-batch dispersion (sometimes designated emulsion) polymerization process. These parameters include:

1 ) Extremely high HFP partial pressures in the range 83-95 % of total monomer pressure.

2) Maintenance of the desired ratio of TFE and HFP monomers throughout the batch by careful balancing of polymer formation and initiator solution addition against consumption of HFP monomer to keep the partial pressure of HFP constant.

3) Use of a surfactant type and amount that promotes the formation of numerous very small dispersion particles and thus a high surface area for polymerization.

4) A dwell period of 10-30 min after full pressurization of the reactor, during which time no TFE is added beyond the precharged amount, to overcome a tendency to form TFE-rich copolymer early in the batch.

5) Reaction temperature as high as possible consistent with the problems or limitations recited above.

Additional comonomer other than TFE and HFP can be incorporated into the copolymer by either pre-charge, pre-charge plus subsequent addition (pumping), or pumping of the additional comonomer into the reactor, depending on the reactivity of the comonomer and the amount to be incorporated into the copolymer. The additional comonomer used in the present invention will have a F/C ratio of at least 1/1. Examples of such fiuoromonomers include fluorolefins having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and being other than TFE and HFP, examples of which are perfluorobutyl ethylene, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, and perfluorolefins having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Additional examples of such fiuoromonomers include perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers having the formula CF2=CFO(R.sup.1.sub.f O).sub.k R.sub.f, wherein k is 0-5, R.sup.1.sub.f is linear or branched perfluoroalkylene of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R.sub.f is perfluoroalkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, examples of which are perfluoro(methyl vinyl)ether and perfluoro(propyl vinyl) ether. Still additional examples of such fluoromonomer includes the functional fiuorovinyl ethers, wherein the functionality is ester, alcohol, or acid. The ester-functional fiuorovinyl ethers can be carboxylic ester or alcoholic ester. Examples of such fiuorovinyl ethers include CF.sub.2 =CF[OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.m -O-(CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 OH as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,009 and the alcoholic ester CF.sub.2 =CF[OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.m -O-(CF.sub.2).sub.n -O-COR derived therefrom by reaction of the alcohol with pyridine,N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, and acetyl chloride in methylene chloride at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 5.degree.-15.degree. C. Additional fluorovinyl ethers include CF.sub.2 =CF[OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.m O(CF.sub.2).sub.n COOH and its carboxylic ester CF.sub.2 =CF[OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.m O(CF.sub.2).sub.n COOR disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,426. In these formulae, m=0 to 3, n=1 to 4, and R is methyl or ethyl. Preferred such fluorovinyl ethers are CF.sub.2 =CF.sub.2 OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)O(CF.sub.2)2CH.sub.2 OH and CF.sub.2 =CF.sub.2 OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)O(CF.sub.2)2COOH. These fluoromonomers are preferred either because of their availability or their ability to incorporate functionality into the resultant copolymer. The amount of these fluoromonomers that can be incorporated into the TFE/HFP copolymer will depend on the modification to the TFE/HFP copolymer desired, so long as the HFPI range is observed and the copolymer containing other fluoromonomer is still partially crystalline. Typically from 0.1 to 10% may be present, based on the weight of the resultant copolymer.

The resultant TFE/HFP copolymers of this invention containing one or more additional monomers have HFPI in the range 6.4 to about 9. The HFPI range of about 7.3 to 9.0 is preferred, and the range 7.3 to 8.5 is most preferred. These copolymers can have melt viscosity (MV) in the range of about 0.1.times.10.sup.3 to about 10.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, preferably 0.5.times.10.sup.3 to 5.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s.

The polymers of this invention may be made at least by the method known as dispersion (or emulsion) polymerization, and dispersion (or emulsion) polymerization in the presence of a solvent.

The minimum HFP partial pressure that can be used to make the TFE/HFP copolymer of this invention containing one or more additional monomers by the present semi-batch process is about 500 psig (3.4 MPa) out of 600 psig (4.1 MPa) total monomer pressure. HFP partial pressure is preferably about 525 psig (3.6 MPa), most preferably about 550 psig (3.8 MPa) out of 600 psig total monomer pressure. Higher, or slightly lower, total monomer pressure may be used, in which case HFP partial pressure should be adjusted proportionately.

The surfactant should be chosen to obtain high dispersion particle surface area (small particle size) in order to enhance reaction rate which is suppressed by the high concentration of HFP relative to TFE. The quantity required to achieve this objective will vary with the composition of the surfactant. A high concentration of surfactant can impede isolation of the TFE/HFP copolymer resin from the dispersion by some techniques. The concentration of surfactant should be less than 0.4 wt%, preferably less than 0.2 wt%, based on the aqueous medium. Suitable surfactants include ammonium perfluorononanoate, and the perfluoroalkyl ethane sulfonic acids and salts thereof disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,618. Of these, the mixture of C6-C16 perfluoroalkyl ethane sulfonic acids sold as Zonyl.RTM. TBS fluorochemical surfactant (Du Pont Company) is preferred.

Temperatures in the range of about 103.degree.-108.degree. C. are suitable for making the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention by the semibatch process used. In addition to the limitations of high-temperature polymerization outlined in the background section, surfactants used in emulsion polymerization appear to be less effective at temperatures above 103.degree.-108.degree. C. and there is a tendency to lose dispersion stability.

Initiators commonly employed in emulsion polymerization of TFE copolymers are water-soluble free-radical initiators such as ammonium persulfate (APS), potassium persulfate (KPS), or disuccinic acid peroxide. APS and/or KPS is preferred.

After the reactor is charged with water, surfactant and monomers, heated to the chosen temperature, and agitation is started, a solution of initiator is added at a prescribed rate to initiate polymerization. It is preferred that pressure is allowed to drop as polymerization starts, and no TFE is added for a prescribed time, during which the initiator solution is continuously added. Then, TFE addition is started and controlled according to the scheme chosen to regulate the polymerization. It is possible to make a TFE/HFP copolymer with high HFP content without this dwell period, but the dwell period reduces the high-melting tail of the DSC trace, resulting in a narrower range of melting.

There are several alternatives for regulating the rate of FEP polymerization. It is common with most alternatives first to precharge all HFP monomer and then to add TFE to the desired total pressure. Additional TFE is then added after initiator injection and reaction kickoff to maintain the chosen pressure. The TFE may be added at a constant rate, with agitator speed changed as necessary to increase or decrease actual polymerization rate and thus to maintain constant total pressure. Alternatively, the total pressure and the agitator speed may both be held constant, with TFE added as necessary to maintain the constant pressure. A third alternative is to carry out the polymerization in stages with variable agitator speed, but with steadily increasing TFE feed rates. The latter two alternatives provide the most homogenous product (uniform distribution of TFE and HFP) and are preferred. Addition of the additional monomer does not prevent the incorporation of the high amount of HFP into the copolymer, wherein the HFPI of the copolymer will be 6.4 to about 9, and the resultant copolymer retains its partial crystallinity. Maintenance of a constant ratio of the monomers present in the polymerization reaction will give a homogeneous polymer, e.g., with the monomer units being randomly distributed with the copolymer.

After polymerization and discharge of the copolymer dispersion from the reactor, the polymer may be isolated from the aqueous medium by one of the means well known in the art. One method is to stir vigorously until the polymer separates out as a non-water-wet powder which floats on the water and can be collected on a filter or decanted from the water. An electrolyte such as ammonium carbonate or nitric acid can be added to the dispersion by vigorous stirring. The polymer can be dried as collected or pressed to remove a portion of the water before drying. Another method is to stir the dispersion only until it thickens into a water-wet gel and then collect the polymer on a filter. The filtered polymer can be dried directly or can be washed with water or organic solvents such a methanol or acetone before drying. Pressing is not necessary because polymer collected in this manner is less prone to hold water droplets. Another method of isolation is spray-drying of the dispersion or the water-wet gel. Still another method of polymer isolation that can be used is the technique known as solvent-aided pelletization. In this method, the dispersion is first gelled either mechanically or chemically by the addition of an electrolyte such as ammonium carbonate or nitric acid. The gel is then broken by addition of a water-immiscible organic solvent with low surface tension, preferably not more than 35 dyne/cm, accompanied by agitation. Suitable solvents include hydrocarbon, halocarbon, and hydrohalocarbon liquids. If an agglomerating isolation technique is used, the temperature of the isolating process may influence the size or the friability of the resultant agglomerates.

Isolated wet polymer can be dried by any method suitable for drying finely divided solids. Air flow through the drying chamber should be consistent with the desire or any requirement to avoid blowing the powder about. The drying technique, temperature, and time chosen should be consistent with intended use of the dried polymer. If the polymer is to be used as a finely-divided powder, compaction of the powder mass and particle-to-particle fusion must be avoided. Since the TFE/HFP copolymers of this invention melt at unusually low temperatures, the drying temperature likewise must be low to obtain a flee-flowing, finely-divided powder.

If the polymer is not to be used as a powder, higher drying temperatures can be used. If appropriate, conventional thermoplastic finishing techniques including extrusion formation of cubes or pellets can be used.

If stabilization of the TFE/HFP copolymer is required, one of several known techniqes can be employed. These include, for example, the humid heat treatment of Schreyer (U.S. Pat. No. 3,085,083), the extrusion-finishing of Morgan & Sloan (U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,587), the chemical treatments of Bekiarian et al (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,902) and Buckmaster (U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,605), and treatment with elemental fluorine. Some of these techniques would result in fusion of the polymer particles. The fused polymer can, of course, be ground if it is desired to have stabilized polymer in finely divided form. Treatment of polymer powder isolated and dried as described above with fluorine can reduce the number of unstable end groups, if their presence will be detrimental to the end use application, without destroying polymerization particle identity. The fluorination may be carried out with a variety of fluorine radical generating compounds, but the polymer preferably is contacted with fluorine gas. Since reactions with fluorine are very exothermic, it is preferred to dilute the fluorine with an inert gas such as nitrogen. Suitable conditions for fluorine treatment are those discussed by Buckmaster & Morgan in U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,380, except that temperature should be between 0.degree. C. and the temperature at which the polymer particles begin to melt or fuse together if freely-flowing powder is desired. This temperature may be as much as 50.degree.-60.degree. C. below the peak melting temperature of the resin.

The TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention may have uses in dispersion form. In that case, the aspolymerized (raw) dispersion may be used as discharged from the reactor if it has adequate stability for the intended purpose. Alternatively, the raw dispersion can be stabilized by addition of surfactants, or concentrated and stabilized by techniqes well known in the art.

The TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention can be in solution in highly fluorinated solvents. Because of their composition, they are unusually easy to dissolve and can provide stable, fluid copolymer/solvent systems at ambient temperature. Perfluorinated compounds are preferred as solvents, but fluorinated compounds having up to about 12.5 atomic percent (at%) hydrogen and/or about 37.5 at% chlorine can be used. Compounds most useful as solvents are highly fluorinated cycloalkanes or aromatics, both of which may contain fused or unfused rings. Highly fiuorinated cycloalkanes are preferred. Both types of compounds may be substituted by perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkylene groups. For dissolution at atmospheric pressure, solvents with boiling points of about 140.degree. C. or greater are required. Under autogenous pressure, solvents with boiling points of about 70.degree. C. or greater are required. Compounds useful as solvents include, but are not limited to, perfluorodecalin, perfluoro(1methyldecalin), perfluoro(dimethyldecalin), perfluoro(tetradecahydrophenanthrene), perfluoronaphthalene, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorobiphenyl, perfluoro(cyclohexylmethyl)decalin, and higher boiling adducts. Certain nitrogen-containing solvents such as perfluoro(triamylamine) may also be used. Preferred solvents are perfluorodecalin and perfluoro(tetradecahydrophenanthrene).

Solutions can be prepared in a broad range of solvents at elevated temperature and under pressure. Solutions can be prepared at elevated temperature and at atmospheric pressure for a selected range of solvents with relatively high boiling points (BP). The temperature required for dissolution of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers varies with the solvent and the composition of the copolymer. For example, perfluorobenzene (BP=80.degree. C.) readily dissolves a TFE/HFP/other fiuoromonomer copolymer of this invention under autogenous pressure at 85.degree.-90.degree. C., but would not dissolve the polymer at atmospheric pressure. Perfluoro(tetradecahydrophenanthrene) (BP=215.degree. C.) dissolves the same copolymer at about 115.degree. C. under autogenous pressure, but also can be used to prepare solutions at atmospheric pressure.

Solutions having concentrations of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer of this invention of 10% and higher, 20% and 30% by weight, for example, can be made. Lower concentrations in the 1-5 wt% range are preferred for many purposes. Solution viscosity, of course, increases with polymer concentration. Solutions in selected solvents with polymer concentration in excess of about 2.5 wt% form gels when quiescently cooled to room temperature. Solutions at about 2.5 wt% and lower concentration in selected solvents form low-viscosity stable copolymer/solvent systems at room temperature. The exact nature of these fluid systems at or near room temperature is not known with certainty. They may be solutions, though sometimes subtle changes in optical properties may occur upon cooling. However, they may be microgels or colloidal dispersions. A copolymer/solvent system is considered to be stable if centrifuging does not substantially change the copolymer concentration in the solvent. This might occur even for a suspension, for example, if solvent and suspended particles had the same densities. The maximum concentration at which the system remains stable and fluid when quiescently cooled to room temperature in a particular solvent varies slightly with the composition of the TFE/HFP copolymer. Some solutions that form gels when quiescently cooled to room temperature can be kept fluid by shearing (stirring) while cooling. These latter systems may thicken with time, but remain pourable, and can be thinned again by restirring. The designation "copolymer/solvent system" is herein adopted to describe all of the fluid, stable systems of uncertain nature at and near room temperature. Solutions in certain other solvents precipitate and form low-viscosity suspensions when cooled to room temperature, and are useful as such. Selected copolymer/solvent systems with copolymer concentrations up to about 2.5 wt% are easily sprayable at room temperature. Suspensions are sprayable at higher concentrations.

The TFE/HFP/other fiuoromonomer copolymers of this invention can be used in many ways. One use for which the melting temperature range of these selected TFE/HFP copolymers makes them surprisingly superior is as a processing aid in polyolefins. This aspect of the invention is discussed in detail below. The copolymer resins can be used in powder or pellet form in any of the processes such as extrusion, molding, or pressing by which thermoplastics are conventionally fabricated into finished articles, providing the properties of the copolymer are suitable for the intended use. Such articles include film, tubing, hose, wire insulation, foamed structures including wire insulation, coatings on wire for mechanical uses, injection-molded items, blow-molded articles, protective linings, laminates and other composite structures, and the like. Some laminates are essentially coated articles. The unique low-melting characteristics make the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention suitable for uses not accessible to prior-art perfluoroplastics because properties were inappropriate or because required processing temperatures were too high. For example, a TFE/HFP/other fiuoromonomer copolymer of this invention can be used as a melt adhesive at moderate temperature. High processing temperatures of prior-art perfluoroplastics disqualified them for use in conjunction with many other materials which could not tolerate exposure to those temperatures.

In aqueous dispersion form, the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention can be used according to any of the conventional techniques for using fiuoropolymer dispersions, including coating, casting, and impregnation. Normally, after the copolymer dispersion particles are deposited in place in the wet state, the deposit is dried and the particles are fused thermally. Other materials can be blended into the TFE/HFP copolymer dispersions for these uses, or such blends can be co-coagulated as a step toward dry blends or filled resins.

The TFE/HFP/other fiuoromonomer copolymer solutions, suspensions, and copolymer/solvent systems of this invention can be used in many ways, making it possible to achieve end results that could not be achieved with previously available perfluoropolymers or could be achieved only in less convenient ways. These results include any of the results for which polymer solutions are used, such as coating, encapsulation, and impregnation. The TFE/HFP copolymer solutions, suspensions, and copolymer/solvent systems of the invention can be employed in any of the methods by which solutions are known to be used, including dipping, painting, and spraying.

The TFE/HFP/other fiuoromonomer copolymer solutions, suspensions and copolymer/solvent systems of this invention can be used to make coatings on a broad range of substrate materials, including metal, semiconductor, glass, carbon or graphite, and natural and synthetic polymers. The substrates can be in a broad range of physical forms, including film or paper, foil, sheet, slab, coupon, wafer, wire, fiber, filament, cylinder, sphere, and other geometrical shapes, as well as in a virtually unlimited number of irregular shapes. Coatings can be applied by methods known in the art, including dipping, spraying, and painting. For plane substrates of suitable dimensions, spin coating can be employed. Porous substrates can also be coated or impregnated. These include, for example, screens, foams, microporous membranes, and woven and non-woven fabrics. In making such coatings, the solvent can be driven off by heat leaving a dry, TFE/HFP copolymer coating. One advantage of selected solutions or copolymer/solvent systems over aqueous dispersions for coating purposes is that coatings can be achieved below the melting temperature of the TFE/HFP copolymer. Another advantage is that extremely thin coatings can be achieved, as thin as 100 angstroms or possibly even thinner depending on the coating characteristics required.

The TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer gels of this invention can be used to apply the copolymer to a site where it would be disadvantageous to use a low viscosity solution, suspension, or copolymer/solvent system.

Coatings of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention can be a sole coating on a substrate, or a component of a multilayer coating. For example, a TFE/HFP copolymer coating of this invention can be used as a first or primer, intermediate, or final coating in a multilayer fluoropolymer coating system. The coatings of this invention include coatings resulting from several successive applications of solution, suspension, or copolymer/solvent systems to increase coating thickness to desired levels.

Coatings of this invention can consist of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention alone, or of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers admixed with minor amounts of other materials either soluble in the solvent or dispersed in the coating solution, suspension, or copolymer/solvent system. A minor amount can be up to about 10 wt% based on the combined weight of TFE/HFP copolymer and additive.

Solutions can also be used to make microporous membranes from the selected TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention by conventional solution immersion casting methods.

Specific coated articles are within the scope of this invention.

Coated articles include molds for rubber and plastic parts, and polymer extrusion dies. The TFE/HFP/other fiuoromonomer copolymers of this invention both as-polymerized and after fluorine treatment can be used in coatings. In the case of dies used for extrusion of polyolefins, it is preferred that coatings be made from as-polymerized resin because such coatings are more durable. Both interior and exterior surfaces of extrusion dies may be coated to, respectively, facilitate extrusion and alleviate die buildup.

Coated articles include gasoline engine carburetor parts; internal parts of internal combustion engines such as valves and piston skirts; razor blades; metal containers such as cans, pans, trays, vessels, and the like; metal sheets and foils; continuous metal belts; metal rods, tubes, bars, profiles, and the like; bolts, nuts, screws, and other fasteners.

Coated articles include an article bearing a machine-readable marking on at least one surface, especially but not limited to a tag that can be attached to another object to provide information about inventory identification, contents, ownership, hazards, operating conditions, or maintenance requirements, for example.

Coated articles include wire for electrical and mechanical service. In either case, the metal wire may be solid or stranded. Wires for mechanical service include catheter guide wire and the actuating wire of push-pull cable.

Coated articles include rubber o-rings, seals, beading, gasketing, and the like.

Coated articles include paper, woven fabrics including glass fabric, non-woven fabrics, felts, and the like.

Coated articles include foams, membranes, and the like.

Coated articles include optical fibers in which the substrate is a glass or plastic fiber.

Coated articles include semiconductors, semiconductor devices, magnetic storage media including disks, photoconductors, electronic assemblies, and the like.

As stated above, one use for which the melting temperature range of TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention makes them surprisingly superior is as a processing aid in polyolefins. Superior performance was unexpectedly found to be associated with the near coincidence of the end of the melting temperature range for the TFE/HFP copolymer and the processing temperature T.sub.p for the polyolefin. As illustrated by examples to follow, the superior performance is not realized if copolymer melting ends either too far below T.sub.p or too far above T.sub.p. The desired end of melting is in a range from 40.degree. C. below T.sub.p to 25.degree. C. above T.sub.p, preferably from 30.degree. C. below to 15.degree. C. above T.sub.p, and most preferably from 20.degree. C. below T.sub.p to 5.degree. C. above T.sub.p.

The surprisingly superior performance of the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer of the present invention as a processing aid, attributed to the near coincidence of polyolefin processing temperature and the end of the melting temperature range of the processing aid, was found to extend to other highly-fluorinated partially-crystalline polymers. Specifically, the fluoropolymer processing aids of this invention can be copolymers of two or more fluoromonomers, with composition that places T.sub.m (end) close to T.sub.p. Suitable monomers include fluoroolefins and fluoroalkyl vinyl ethers. Preferred monomers include the perfluoroolefins TFE and CF.sub.2 =CFR.sub.f, perfluoro (alkyl vinyl) ether CF.sub.2 =CFOR.sub.f, and perfluoroalkyl ethylene CH.sub.2 =CHR.sub.f, in which R.sub.f is a perfluoroalkyl group with 1-5 carbon atoms. Limited amounts of hydrogen-containing monomers may be employed provided the hydrogen content of the polymer does not exceed about 2 wt%, and preferably does not exceed about 1 wt%. Especially preferred are copolymers of TFE and HFP, optionally including minor amounts of other preferred monomers, and most especially the TFE/HFP copolymer compositions of this invention and discussed above. These partially-crystalline fluoropolymer processing aids may be used alone or in conjunction with other processing aids known in the art, including fluoroelastomers.

When the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymer of this invention is used as a processing aid in a polyolefin for film applications, the polyolefin generally will have a melt index (ASTM D-1238) of 5.0 or less at 190.degree. C., preferably 2.0 or less. For high-shear melt processing such as fiber extrusion or injection molding, even high-melt-index resins, for example, those having a melt index of 20 or more, may suffer processing difficulties. Such polyolefins may comprise any thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymer obtained by the homopolymerization or copolymerization of one or more monoolefins of the formula CH.sub.2 =CHR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl radical, usually of not more than eight carbon atoms. In particular, this invention is applicable to the following: polyethylene, both of the high-density type and the low-density type having densities within the range 0.89-0.97; polypropylene; polybutene-1; poly(3-methylbutene); poly(4-methylpentene); and linear low density copolymers of ethylene and an alpha-olefin, such as propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, heptene-1, octene-1, decene-1, octadecene-1, or n-methylpentene- 1.

Because of the different melt characteristics of the olefin polymers mentioned, the addition of the fluoropolymer process aids of this invention may be of greater value in some polyolefins than in others. Thus, polyolefins such as polypropylene and branched polyethylene, that have low molecular weight or broad molecular weight distributions and, therefore, have good melt flow characteristics even at low temperature, may not require the use of the fluoropolymer additives or be noticeably improved by them, except under unusual, adverse extrusion conditions. However, for polymers such as high molecular weight, high density polyethylene or linear low density ethylene copolymers, particularly those with narrow or very narrow molecular weight distributions, addition of the fluoropolymers is especially beneficial.

Such polyolefins are typically processed by extrusion techniques at melt processing temperatures T.sub.p in the range 175.degree.-275.degree. C. The commercially important blown-film process is usually carried out at T.sub.p in the range 200.degree.-250.degree. C., and commonly at 200.degree.-230.degree. C. T.sub.p in these blown-film processes is below, and in the lower range is substantially below, T.sub.m of prior art TFE/HFP copolymer resins as discussed above. Thus, these prior art resins would be solid at T.sub.p as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,735.

The polyolefins may contain assorted additives used in the art, such as but not limited to antioxidants, acid scavengers, light stabilizers, pigments, slip agents, and lubricants. In particular, finely divided solids such as silica or talc may be incorporated as antiblock agents.

It is important for effective performance as a processing aid that the fluoropolymer resin be well-dispersed in the host resin. Although precise quantitative characterization is not possible, it appears desirable that a significant fraction of the fluoropolymer resin be dispersed in the host with fluoropolymer particle size of less than about 0.5 .mu.m and preferably less than about 0.3 .mu.m. Since the raw dispersion particle size obtained in polymerization is typically 0.05-0.2 .mu.m, little agglomeration is desired. Therefore, for processing aid use, techniques chosen for isolation of the fluoropolymer resin from the raw dispersion should be among those that preserve the fundamental particle character or yield loose agglomerates that are readily dissociated upon incorporation into the host resin.

For effective performance as a processing aid, the melt viscosity (MV) of the fluoropolymer should be neither too low nor too high. For highly fluorinated partially-crystalline fluoropolymers in general, the MV range 0.1.times.10.sup.3 to 20.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s is suitable and the range 0.5.times.10.sup.3 to 15.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s is preferred. For the TFE/HFP/other fluoromonomer copolymers of this invention, the MV range 0.1.times.10.sup.3 to 10.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s appears to be suitable. It appears that, as the MV of the TFE/HFP copolymer resins decreases, such resins become less effective as processing aids in the presence of antiblock agents as the difference between T.sub.p and T.sub.m (end) increases. Accordingly, a minimum MV of 0.5.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s is preferred and the MV range 0.5.times.10.sup.3 to 5.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s is most preferred for these copolymers.

The concentration of fluoropolymer processing aid in the host resin at fabrication into the final article should be high enough to achieve the desired effect in improving processibility, but not so high as to have adverse economic impact. The amount required can vary with the effect desired, the host resin, additives used in the host resin, and the processing conditions which may be different from the laboratory conditions reported in the following examples. Under certain conditions, concentrations of 100 ppm or less, as low as 50 ppm or even 25 ppm, can be effective. Under other conditions, the effective amount may be 1000, 2000, or even 5000 ppm. For special purposes, concentrations of 10% or even 25% may be appropriate. The fluoropolymer processing aid can be incorporated into the host resin at the desired final concentration, or can be incorporated into a masterbatch or concentrate that is added to the host resin in a ratio calculated to yield the desired final concentration. When the fluoropolymer is a TFE/HFP copolymer and a masterbatch is to be made, it is advantageous to subject the copolymer powder to fluorine treatment.

The evaluations reported in the following examples were made using a C. W. Brabender Instruments, Inc. Computerized PlastiCorder equipped with a 19.1-mm (0.75-inch) extruder with a 25/1 length/diameter ratio. The screw had 10 feed flights, 10 compression flights with a 3:1compression ratio, and 5 metering flights. Operating parameters were controlled by four independent heating zones, four pressure transducers, and a torque measuring drive unit with 1-120 rpm capability. The instrument was equipped with software for rheometric extrusion testing. The extrusion head used for these tests was a horizontal ribbon (tape) die body, supplied by C. W. Brabender, .mu.made from #416 ferritic stainless steel and designed to accept die inserts such that the exit width was 2.54 cm (1.0 inch), the land length was 1.016 cm (0.4 inch) and the die gap was a nominal 0.508 mm (0.02 inch). Die inserts used were chrome-plated tool steel. The die inserts were cleaned prior to each evaluation by either scrubbing with a Scotchbrite.RTM. pad (3M Company) and washing with acetone, or by scrubbing with a Scotchbrite.RTM. pad, washing with acetone, and burning.

In operation, the required machine conditions were set, and the polymer resin was extruded, usually at 60 rpm, until equilibrium was reached as judged by constant throughput and constant die pressure. For a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with a melt index (MI) of 1.0 at 190.degree. C., extrusion at 60 rpm at 200.degree. C. measured at the die gave a throughput of about 25-28 g/min and a die pressure of about 19-30 MPa (2800-4300 psig), depending on the exact die gap. As will become apparent, various extrusion temperatures were employed depending on the fluoropolymer being tested. Throughput and die pressure will, of course, change with temperature. Experiments were carried out using the following sequence of feed resin: first polyolefin resin without fiuoropolymer or antiblock agent, second resin containing fiuoropolymer process aid, and third resin containing both fluoropolymer process aid and antiblock agent. When equilibrium was reached for each composition, unless otherwise stated, a sequence of screw speeds was employed producing new equilibrium values of throughput and die pressure at each speed. Surface quality of the extrudate was judged by visual examination.

When changing the feed composition, the initial output parameters corresponded to the previous equilibrium, and then gradually changed to a new equilibrium. In the examples that follow, when switching from the natural polyolefin to the blend containing fiuoropolymer, the Brabender feed hopper was run empty (or vacuumed out). The blend containing the fluoropolymer process aid was prepared by shaking the components vigorously in a polyethylene bag for approximately two minutes. The blend was then put into the feed hopper. A similar procedure was followed in switching from polyolefin feed containing fiuoropolymer process aid to polyolefin feed containing fluoropolymer and antiblock agent.

The performance of a particular fiuoropolymer as a processing aid was characterized as follows. For each feed composition and chosen melt processing temperature T.sub.p, extrusion was carried out for a sequence of screw speeds, usually 30, 60, 90 and 120 rpm. Throughput and die pressure p were recorded. From this data set, standardized values of p at five throughput values, usually 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g/min, were calculated by linear interpolation between the two bracketing data points. Pressures are designated P.sub.0 for the natural polyolefin, P.sub.1 for the polyolefin with fiuoropolymer process aid, and P.sub.2 for the polyolefin with fluoropolymer and antiblock agent. The performance of a fiuoropolymer is characterized by the pressure differences .increment.p.sub.1 and .increment.p.sub.2 which are the averages, respectively, of the quantities .increment.p.sub.1i =(P.sub.0i -p.sub.1i)/P.sub.0i and .increment.p.sub.2i =(P.sub.0i -p.sub.2i)/P.sub.0i calculated for the five throughput values i. Large values of .increment.p.sub.1 and .increment.p.sub.2, and .increment.p.sub.2 comparable to .increment.p.sub.1, are desired.

T.sub.p was recorded both as the die temperature set point and the melt temperature at the die. Melt temperature may differ from die temperature set point by a few degrees. Melt temperature may also vary slightly with screw speed. The single temperature reported as T.sub.p in the examples is the die temperature set point.

After each series of examples, the die inserts were removed and the extruder and die body were purged extensively using a 50/50 blend of LLDPE with MI =1.0 and a 20% silica masterbatch, followed by 100% of the same LLDPE. Replacement die inserts were prepared and installed. After calibration of the transducers, the natural polyolefin resin was run to establish equilibrium conditions and to assure that reliable data were being obtained. If previously established equilibrium values for the natural resin were not achieved, the cleanout procedure was repeated. Alternatively, the extruder and die body were completely disassembled and the screw, barrel, die assembly, transducers, and thermocouples were thoroughly cleaned, first with a motor-driven brass brush and finally with acetone solvent. An extrusion test for equilibrium values was then carried out as described above.

The polyolefin resin used both for testing and purging was GRSN 7047, an LLDPE with MI=1.0 in granular form from Union Carbide Corp.

Unless otherwise specified, the antiblock agent used was Super Floss.RTM. silica (Manville Sales Corp.) as a 20 wt% masterbatch in low density polyethylene with MI=9.0 (masterbatch obtained from Ampacet Corp.) The silica concentration in the final extrudate was 5000 ppm. This same masterbatch was used as the purge compound.

Melting characteristics of fluoroplastics were determined by DSC by the method of ASTM D-4591-87, except that the end of the melting range, here designated Tin(end.sub.), was determined according to the general method ASTM E794-85. T.sub.m (end) is regarded as the temperature at which the entire specimen is melted. FIG. 1 shows the DSC melting trace for a commercial TFE/HFP copolymer resin of Type I in ASTM D-2116-83. The width of the melting endotherm may be due to a distribution of polymer composition in the sample. Heat of fusion for Type I copolymer is about 20-24 J/g. FIG. 2 shows the DSC trace for an experimental TFE/HFP copolymer resin with higher HFP content and consequently lower melting temperature range than the copolymer of FIG. 1. Crystallinity is also lower as indicated by lower heat of fusion, about 10.5 J/g. For TFE/HFP copolymers with T.sub.m (peak)=170.degree.-180.degree. C., heat of fusion is typically 8-14 J/g. Since thermal history can affect crystallinity, DSC specimens were dried at temperatures no higher than 100.degree. C.

Fluoropolymer compositions were determined by infrared spectroscopy on 0.025-0.051 mm thick films pressed at 300.degree. C. For TFE/HFP copolymers, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed in the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,618. In applying this method, the peak absorbances of bands found at about 10.18 .mu.m and at about 4.25 .mu.m were used, not the absorbances at these exact wavelengths unless they were also the peak absorbances. HFP content is expressed as an index HFPI, the ratio of the two peak absorbances. Multiplication of HFPI by 2.1 would yield the HFP content in mol % according to current calibration by 19F NMR.

Quantitative measurement of carboxylic acid and acid fluoride end group populations in the TFE/HFP copolymers of this invention were carried out by infrared analysis (Nicolet model. 5DX instrument) on films approximately 250 .mu.m thick which were cold-pressed from the dried copolymer powders, following the general method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,085,083. Calibration factors (CF) were determined by measuring the absorptivities of model compounds containing the end groups of interest. The levels of endgroups were then calculated by the equation: ##EQU1## where film thickness is in .mu.m.

The absorbance at 5.31 .mu.m attributed to acid fluoride end groups was employed with a CF of 669. Analysis of high levels of acid end groups can be a particular problem since absorbances for bonded and free acid ends at 5.64 and 5.52 .mu.m tend to overlap. For this work, the absorbance for free acid ends at 2.81 .mu.m was employed with a CF of 787. Other work has shown that the absorptivities at 5.64 and 5.52 .mu.m for the two acid structures are nearly the same, so the level of bonded acid end groups was determined by taking the ratio of these two absorbances and multiplying the ratio by the level of free acid end groups obtained from the 2.81 .mu.m absorbance.

Melt viscosities of the partially-crystalline fluoropolymers were determined by ASTM method D1238-52T modified as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,618, except that a weight of 833 g was used for samples with MV below about 10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s.

A cylindrical, horizontally disposed, water-jacketed, paddle-stirred, stainless steel reactor having a length to diameter ratio 02: about 1.5 and a water capacity of 79 parts by weight was charged with 48.5 parts of demineralized water. The reactor was heated to 65.degree. C., evacuated, purged with TFE, and then evacuated again. The vacuum in the reactor was then used to draw in a solution of 0.055 parts of Zonyl.RTM. TBS surfactant in water (1.8 parts). The solution was rinsed into the reactor with another 0.88 parts of water. The reactor was then sealed, agitation was begun at 38 rpm, and the reactor temperature was raised to 103.degree. C. After the temperature had become steady at 103.degree. C., HFP was added slowly to the reactor until the pressure was 545 psig (3.8 MPa). Then TFE was added to the reactor to achieve a final pressure of 600 psig (4.1 MPa). Then 1.32 parts of a freshly prepared 0.45 wt% aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate (APS) initiator were pumped into the reactor at 0.11 part/minute. Thereafter, a 0.93 wt% APS solution was added to the reactor at 0.022 part/minute was added to the reactor for the remainder of the polymerization. After polymerization had begun as indicated by a 10 psig (0.07 MPa) drop in reactor pressure, additional TFE was added to the reactor to maintain pressure constant at 600 psig and agitator speed was increased to 50 rpm and held essentially constant for the remainder of the batch. No dwell period was used, and 0.3 part of TFE was added during the first 20 min after polymerization had begun. Total TFE added to the reactor in 403 minutes after initial pressurization was 14.5 parts. The agitator was then turned off, the TFE feed was stopped, and the reactor was cooled. When the temperature reached 90.degree. C., the reactor was vented and the initiator feed was stopped. After venting to nearly atmospheric pressure, the reactor was purged with nitrogen to remove residual monomer. The dispersion was then discharged from the reactor and coagulated by vigorous stirring to obtain a TFE/HFP copolymer powder which was dried in a vacuum oven at 100.degree.-120.degree. C. before being characterized. The resin had an MV of 0.6.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 8.87, a T.sub.m (peak) of 171.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (end) of 204.degree. C.

The reactor and charging procedure described in Example 1 were employed to add a total of 50.7 parts demineralized water and 0.081 part of Zonyl.RTM. TBS surfactant. After sealing the reactor, the agitator was turned on at 38 rpm and the reactor temperature was raised to 108.degree. C. After the temperature had become steady at 108.degree. C., HFP was added slowly to the reactor until its pressure was 550 psig (3.8 MPa). Then TFE was added to the reactor to achieve a final pressure of 600 psig (4.1 MPa). Then 0.66 part of a freshly prepared aqueous solution containing both 0.85 wt% APS and 1.32 wt% KPS was added at a rate of 0.033 part/min for 20 minutes. Polymerization began during this 20 minutes as indicated by a 17 psig (0.12 MPa) drop in reactor pressure.. No TFE was added during this 20 minute interval. At the end of the 20 minutes, the pressure was brought back to 4.1 MPa by the addition of 0.2 part of TFE. The remainder of the polymerization was carried out with TFE and initiator solution (0.24 wt% APS and 0.36 wt% KPS) additions as indicated below. The agitator speed was varied as needed to achieve the TFE feedrates shown below.

After the TFE addition indicated above was complete, the reactor was cooled and vented, and the dispersion was discharged from the reactor as described in Example 1. The dispersion had 26.9 wt% solids. The raw dispersion particle size was 0.07 .mu.m by photon correlation spectroscopy. A portion of the dispersion was cooled to 20.degree. C. and was then coagulated by vigorous stirring to obtain a powder which was dried in a vacuum oven at 100.degree. C. Analysis indicated the TFE/HFP copolymer resin to have an MV of 1.7.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 8.34, a T.sub.m (peak) of 166.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (end) of 201.degree. C.

A 5 wt% solution of a TFE/HFP copolymer synthesized by the procedure of Example 1 and having HFPI=8.30, T.sub.m (peak)=170.degree. C. and MV=0.2.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s was made by the following procedure at ambient pressure. Into a 50 ml Eriemeyer flask were placed 1.6 g of TFE/HFP copolymer resin and 28.5 g of perfluoro(tetradecahydrophenanthrene), C.sub.14 F.sub.24 (Flutec.RTM. PP11, Rhone-Poulenc). The loaded flask was placed in a silicone oil bath at 160.degree. C. and stirred with a glass-coated magnetic stirrer bar. Dissolution was complete in about 30 minutes. A reflux condensor was not necessary since the wall of the flask was cool enough to condense the solvent. Upon cooling to room temperature, the solution formed a clear gel which readily redissolved upon warming to about 105.degree. C.

This example illustrates the inclusion of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ether (PAVE) in TFE/HFP copolymer. The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that the demineralized water precharge was 50.7 parts, 0.076 part of Zonyl.RTM. TBS surfactant was used, the reaction temperature was 108.degree. C., HFP was added until pressure was 550 psig (3.8 MPa), 0.084 part of perfluoro(propyl vinyl) ether (PPVE) was charged after HFP addition, the first initiator addition was 0.66 part of solution containing both 0.45 wt% APS and 0.62 wt% KPS pumped at 0.066 part/min, PPVE was pumped into the reactor at 0.00034 part/rain starting after polymerization had begun and continuing to the end of the batch (250 min), agitator speed was essentially constant at 40 rpm, and total TFE added to the reactor after initial pressurization was 14.2 parts. Total PPVE, precharged and pumped, added to the reactor was 0.17 part. The copolymer resin had an MV of 3.3.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 6.96, a T.sub.m (peak) of 185.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (end) of 227.degree. C.. High temperature .sup.19 F NMR analysis indicated that the copolymer contained 22.6 wt% HFP and 0.32 wt% PPVE.

This example illustrates the inclusion of perfluoroalkyl ethylene in TFE/HFP copolymer. The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that the amount of Zonyl.RTM. TBS surfactant was 0.054 part, 0.048 part of perfluorobutyl ethylene (PFBE) were charged to the polykettle after evacuation, and the 0.93 wt% APS solution was added at 0.020 part/min during polymerization. In this instance, the reaction time after initial pressurization was 277 min for the same total amount of TFE added to the reactor. The copolymer resin had an MV of 0.6.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 6.78, a T.sub.m (peak) of 196.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (end) of 227.degree. C.

This example illustrates the inclusion of hydroxyfunctional fluorovinyl ether in TFE/HFP copolymer. The procedure of Example 2 was followed, except that 0.065 part of Zonyl.RTM. TBS surfactant was used, 0.033 part of CF.sub.2 =CF-[OCF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)]-O-(CF.sub.2).sub.2 -CH.sub.2 -OH (EVE-OH, U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,009) were added to the reactor after evacuation, the first initiator addition was 0.44 part of solution containing both 1.20 wt% APS and 1.80 wt% KPS, and the initiator pumped during reaction contained both 0.23 wt% APS and 0.40 wt% KPS. The observed pressure drop during the 20-min initiator addition period was 46 psig (0.32 MPa), and the resultant dispersion discharged from the reactor had 24.2 wt% solids. The copolymer resin had an MV of 0.8.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 7.38, a T.sub.m (peak) of 188.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (enct) of 234.degree. C.

This example also illustrates the inclusion of PAVE in TFE/HFP copolymer. A cyclindrical, horizontally disposed, water-jacketed, paddle-stirred, stainless steel reactor having a length to diameter ratio of 1.5 and a water capacity of 8.37 parts by weight was charged with 4.63 parts of demineralized water. The reactor was heated to 65.degree. C., evacuated, purged with TFE, and evacuated again. The vacuum in the reactor was then used to draw in a solution of 0.008 part of Zonyl.RTM. TBS surfactant in water (0.19 part). The solution was rinsed into the reactor with another 0.13 parts of water. The reactor was then sealed and 0.016 parts of perfluoro(methyl vinyl) ether (PMVE) were pumped into the reactor. Agitation was begun at 100 rpm and the reactor temperature was raised to 103.degree. C. With the reactor temperature controlled at 103.degree. C., HFP was added slowly to the reactor to acheive a pressure of 522 psig (3.6 MPa). Then TFE was added to the reactor to achieve a final pressure of 600 psig (4.1 MPa). A freshly prepared aqueous solution (0.066 part) of 1.4 wt% APS was then pumped into the reactor at 0.011 part/min. This was followed by a solution of 1.0 wt% APS which was pumped into the reactor at 0.002 part/min for the remainder of the polymerization. After reaction had commenced ("kickoff") as indicated by a 10 psig (0.07 MPa) drop in reactor pressure, additional PMVE was pumped into the reactor at 0.0005 part/min and additional TFE was added as needed to maintain a reactor pressure of 4.1 MPa. The agitator speed was held constant at 100 rpm for the entire polymerization. Total TFE added after the initial pressureup was 1.4 parts. The TFE feed was then stopped and full cooling was applied to the reactor. The time from polymerization kickoff until TFE feed was stopped was 273 min. When the reactor contents reached 90.degree. C., the agitator was stopped and the reactor was vented. Venting required about 10 minutes and then the initiator flow was stopped. After venting to nearly atmospheric pressure, the reactor was purged with nitrogen to remove residual monomer. The dispersion was then discharged from the reactor and coagulated by vigorous stirring to obtain a copolymer powder which was dried in a vacuum oven at 100.degree. C. before being characterized. The resin had an MV of 0.3.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 6.47, a T.sub.m (peak) of 163.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (end) of 198.degree. C. The amount of PMVE in the TFE/HFP copolymer was 6.3 wt% based on analysis of an infrared absorbance at 889 cm.sup.-1 attributed to PMVE in the copolymer. An identical polymerization was carried out except that the PMVE was not added to the polymerization. The product of that polymerization had an MV of 0.1.times.10.sup.3 Pa.multidot.s, an HFPI of 7.36, a T.sub.m (peak) of 181.degree. C., and a T.sub.m (end) of 230.degree. C. Infrared analysis of this copolymer resin showed no absorbance peak at 889 cm.sup.-1.