US 5,365,598 AGrant
Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer System
Issue Date:1994-11-15
•29 Claims
•16 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A keyboardless entry computer system includes a transparent input screen that generates positional information when contacted by a stylus, and a display screen mounted physically below the input screen such that a character that is displayed can be seen below the input screen. The system includes a computer that has been programmed to compile the positional information into Strokes, to calculate Stroke characteristics, and then compare the Stroke characteristics with those stored in a database in order to recognize the symbol drawn by the stylus. Key features of the system are: (1) transparent position sensing subsystem; (2) underlying display on which to mimic drawing of sensed positions and to show characters or symbols; (3) means to convert sensed positions first into plotted Points and then into recognized characters or symbols; and (4) means to "learn" to associate sensed input positions with a character or symbol.
Metadata
Assignee
- AST Research, Inc.
Inventor
- Ralph Sklarew
Application Information
Application Number:US 9024093
Filing Date:1992-06-19
Priority Date:1986-07-25
Art Unit:266
Classifications
IPC:
G06K 900
Field of Search:
38213;59;18
Patent Drawings (16 sheets)
Description
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a keyboardless input system to a computer, and when combined with a central processing unit, to a keyboardless entry computer system. More particularly, the present invention relates to an information storage, manipulation and transfer device on which text, data, computer commands and functions are entered by writing alphanumeric or any other characters and symbols by hand with a penlike stylus on an Input/Output (I/O) screen. In a preferred embodiment the I/O screen includes a transparent touch screen incorporated over a substantially flat output display. The present invention in its preferred embodiment is a self-contained computer system but can also function as a peripheral to a host computer.
Description of the Prior Art
Large amounts of information and sophisticated applications software are now available on conventional keyboard computers. The utility of this information and of application software could be greatly increased if text and data could be entered and applications software manipulated by writing in a normal fashion directly on a flat display. Thus, there is a need to allow the utility of computer technology to be extended for use by non-keyboard oriented individuals. There is also a need for a portable computer system that is lightweight, reliable, accurate, inexpensive and permits use while standing or walking. One way to reduce expense and size and increase utility is to employ a keyboardless entry system, such as a touch screen. However, this type of input device does not easily allow accurate detailed input within a real time framework with high resolution in a manner which is familiar and natural to the user.
Many positioning technologies can be used to meet the requirements of the position sensing input technology. Essentially these requirements include accuracy, resolution and speed. The technologies include: mechanical, electrostatic, electromagnatic, acoustic, optical, and inertial. The desire in this system is to have its use as similar as possible to writing with pen or pencil on paper. One problem is proximity --a pen on paper only leaves a trail when actually in contact. Many of these technologies require an additional "pen down" sensor which is awkward to use in many commercial pens. Another problem is writing angle--a pen leaves the same trail independent of writing angle. Many of these technologies have the position detector displaced from the pen tip, so pen angle causes erroneous displacements. Beyond these general problems, each technology has numerous advantages and disadvantages in (1) the pen: size, weight, shape and whether it needs to be powered and/or wired, and (2) the writing surface: transparency, smoothness, "feel", and whether or not physical contact is needed (as opposed to pressure transmitted through overlaying sheets of paper).
A number of self-contained devices for viewing and processing large amounts of information are known. Most employ optical, magnetic or solid-state electronic storage means to store data. Illustrative of this body of art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,159,417 to Rubincam which discloses a portable electronic book configured to provide selective page by page call-up of large amounts of digital data and displays it on a flat, solid-state screen. The preferred embodiment in the Rubincam patent uses an insertable holographic card, which may contain several hundred pages of text in digital form, as the main storage means. Rubincam's device, however, does not allow new information or text to be entered or manipulated.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,542 to Azure an electronic data collection system is disclosed which employs a solid state Random Access Memory (RAM) for its primary memory. This patent, which discloses a conventional keyboard for data entry, is directed to a hand-held portable data storage and transmission system, as well as an LED display and various Input/Output (I/O) connectors.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,487,731 to Frank discloses a means of converting handwriting into character data through the use of a computer system. The disclosed invention is based on matrix pattern matching and does not employ any coincident display technology.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,960 to Brown shows a handwritten symbol recognition system in which an array of image Points, in the form of a raster line sampling, is converted into segment-oriented lists which are filtered and compressed to obtain topologic features which are then analyzed with a logic tree decision mechanism.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,281 to Buckle et al. discloses a handwriting recognition device. The disclosed embodiment is for use with a host computer and does not employ coincident display technology.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,239 to Van Raamsdonk discloses a text editing apparatus. The '239 patent calls for the use of paper as a medium for the entering of editing functions and requires a conventional keyboard for the inputting of text.
U.S. Pat. 4,521,909 to Wang shows a dual level pattern recognition system. The system is designed for use with an optical instrument.
U.S. Pat. 4,520,357 to Castleberry et al. discloses an electroscopic information display and entry system with writing stylus. The disclosed embodiment does not claim to have the speed or accuracy to enable handwritten character recognition.
Additional prior art which discloses portable electronic devices that provide large amounts of various types of stored information include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,218,760 to Levy; 4,4115,486 to Laine; and 3,932,859 to Kriakides et al. The Levy and Kriakides et al. patents pertain to electronic dictionaries, while the Laine patent discloses a programmable television reminder system. None of these devices disclose the use of a handwritten input.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,071,691, 4,129,747, 4,198,539, 4,293,734, 4,302,011, 4,353,552, 4,371,746 and 4,430,917 to William Pepper, Jr. various methods or machine-human interfaces using finger touch are disclosed. The preferred embodiments in each of these inventions lack sufficient speed and resolution to allow handwritten character recognition with a stylus and are designed for other purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,096 to Pepper teaches the use of a conductive stylus. The '096 patent pertains to graphic design and allows line width and line intensity to vary by applying pressure on the stylus with the results displayed on a conventional CRT screen. U.S. Pat. No. 3,699,439 to Turner and U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,726 to Turner et al. disclose two methods for electronic position sensing through the use of a probe.
Summary of the Invention
The invention comprises a unique keyboardless computer system which has the ability to recognize and display Handwritten Symbols and cause the computer to display Font Symbols and, if desired, to execute editing functions pursuant to Editing Symbols, quickly, easily and at reasonable cost.
The invention constitutes a computer housing with a flat display panel on which a user may "write" with a stylus, a capability to recognize Handwritten Symbols written on the panel with the Stylus and convert them to displayed Font Symbols and/or to execute Editing Functions with Editing Symbols, all with a minimum of technical complexity for the user.
A further feature of this invention is that once the keyboardless, portable computer is loaded with the desired information and applications software, information and software can be used and responded to without requiring skills or knowledge related to state-of-the-art computers or other data source.
The ease-of-use of the input technology of the present invention enhances the utility of the computer for keyboard oriented individuals. The portability of the present invention also allows it to be used in applications and settings in which portable keyboard computers are awkward, difficult or impossible to use. For example, a multiplicity of blank, fully or partly completed forms may be stored in the portable computer memory. In a hospital, "sheets" of patient data can be stored in the memory of the portable computer, called up by a nurse as the nurse makes rounds and relevant data, such as blood pressure, temperature, etc., can then be entered manually with a stylus. These corrected or expanded forms can then be down-loaded into a central computer memory.
The requirements of the position sensing input technology are accuracy (Point to Point), resolution (absolute position) and speed (Points per unit time) to adequately define the written Stroke for recognition analysis. For the recognition apparatus and methods presently used, as described below, the present minimum requirements are: accuracy of 0.005 inch, resolution of 0.015 inch, and speed of 150 Points per second. This accuracy allows a 1/4" high writing line with over 10 raw input Points along a Stroke of a small letter. The resolution provides positioning of the symbol to within two pixels on a present display of 640 pixels to 9 inches. The speed permits about 50 raw input Points for a rapidly written single letter (1/3 second).
One embodiment of the present invention comprises a transparent input screen. As the user writes alphanumeric or other characters or symbols on the input screen, the character is represented as a stream of Points emulating written input with pen on paper. Once the discrete alphanumeric and other characters or symbols are complete, they are translated into computer text or computer commands that can be displayed on a display screen at a location that is preferably beneath the area on the input screen where they were entered. The embodiment also comprises a pattern recognition algorithm which allows the translation of any written character or symbol, such as ideographs and scientific symbols, into computer text.
In a particular, presently preferred embodiment, a keyboardless computer according to the present invention is configured as a manipulation and display device comprising a transparent touch screen and associated electronics placed over an 80 column by 25 line or larger display screen; a stylus for entry of data; a microprocessor and storage means; artificial intelligence/pattern recognition software and editing software; and a battery power system; and other I/O means.
As used herein, "Handwritten Symbols" are any symbols capable of being handwritten and having communicative effect. By way of example, and not limitation, numbers, letters, "Kanji" (Japanese ideograms) or other language symbols, editing symbols and engineering, scientific, architectural and mathematical symbols are Handwritten Symbols. Other examples of Handwritten Symbols are free-hand drawings or signatures or any other such written information uniquely configured by a particular writer. Handwritten Symbols may also include Editing Symbols (defined below).
As used herein, "Font Symbols" are computer-generated symbols which are displayed in a predetermined font format. By way of example and not limitation, alphanumeric symbols may be Font Symbols and displayed in numerous font formats. Japanese or Chinese "Iideograms" may also be Font Symbols, as may be engineering, scientific, mathematical, architectural or other such characters. Other examples of Font Symbols include any form which can be stored and displayed by a computer, e.g., a drawing of a car or a house.
As used herein, an "Editing Symbol" is a symbol (such as a caret, horizontal line, short vertical line, long vertical line, etc.) which is intended, when recognized, to cause the computer to execute a particular Editing Function (defined below), such as insert test (caret), delete text (horizontal line), delete a letter (short vertical line) or move a margin (long vertical line), to list a few representative examples.
"Editing Function" means any computer-generated text. editing operation, such as by way of example and not limitation, insert text, delete text, move text and substitute text. Some primary Editing Functions are listed on paged 40 and 41 below.
Objects of the Invention
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide improved methods and apparatus for providing a keyboardless computer on which usual computer functions are performed by writing in a normal manner with a pen-like stylus on an input screen placed directly over a flat display.
The keyboardless computer provided is ideally configured for use by non-keyboard oriented individuals, by keyboard individuals for whom the utility of the computer is enhanced, and in various settings and applications in which keyboard entry is awkward or impossible.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a means whereby computer-based information and applications software can be loaded into a portable device for later viewing, manipulation of text and data, and adding new text and data in a normal handwriting mode. Thereafter the user may transmit this computer text to another computer, a similar device, an external electronic storage device, a hard copy printer, or through a telecommunications system. Yet another object of thus invention is to provide a computer capable of recognizing Handwritten Symbols with a high degree of accuracy and of "learning" individual styles of handwriting.
A further object of this invention is to provide a portable keyboardless computer in which data and commands are input with the use of a stylus.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic system block diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the housing containing the operating elements of the invention;
FIG. 2A is an enlarged portion of FIG. 2, with parts removed to show the positional relationship between the touch input screen and the display screen.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagrammatic view of the input screen, stylus and associated electronics;
FIG. 4 is an overall schematic system block diagram of the apparatus of a keyboardless entry computer system according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram depicting the movement of data within the system when modified by handwritten characters and commands;
FIG. 6 is an overall system block diagram depicting the hierarchy of software used to operate the system;
FIG. 7 is a generalized block diagram of the character and pattern recognition algorithm.
FIGS. 8A and 8B together are a detailed block diagram of the pattern recognition algorithm.
FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of the Stroke characterization subroutine.
FIG. 10 is a top plan view of a screen illustrating the "initializing" of the database for Handwritten Symbols.
FIGS. 11A through 11I are a series of top plan views of screens depicting the operation of a text editing system.
FIGS. 12A through 12G are a series of top plan views of screens depicting the operation of a data entry system.
FIG. 13 is a generalized block diagram of the Linus Editor.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
With reference now to the figures, wherein like numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views, and in particular with reference to FIG. 1, an overall block diagram of a portable handwritten, keyboardless entry computer system 10 is depicted. The complete computer system is encased in a housing 12, indicated graphically by the dashed line, and includes a conventional, general purpose digital microcomputer 14, described in greater detail herein below. Input information is provided to microcomputer 14 by stylus 16 "writing" on writing or input screen 18. Stylus 16 (FIG. 2) is connected to the computer of system 10 with wire 17 (FIG. 2). As stylus 16 "writes" on input screen 18, a plurality of locating signals representative of a plurality of corresponding positional coordinates are transmitted to microcomputer 14. Microcomputer 14 has been programmed in accordance with a computer program described herein below, to recognize the stream of locating signals and to store these signals in a computer memory. The programmed microcomputer 14 also provides a corresponding plurality of display signals to a display screen 20. Both input screen 18 and display screen 20 are described in greater detail herein below.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a perspective view of keyboardless computer system 10 embodying the features of the present invention. Keyboardless computer system 10 is contained in housing 12, which is a rectangular enclosed casing having a sloped top surface 22 with a multi-line, solid state display area 24. Input screen 18 is depicted in FIG. 2A as being positioned over display screen 20. In this example, display screen 20 displays a plurality of horizontal lines 25 with the following indicia: ##STR1## Handwritten entries are made above each line 25. The distance or space between two lines 25, denoted 26, is used by the system to normalize all distances, and lines 25 themselves serve as a reference axis or base line.
Below display area 24 on top surface 22 is a key input section 26 comprised of a plurality of "Softkeys" 28. Softkeys 28 can be programmed by the operator for any purpose, such as to enter computer commands. Exemplary commands for Softkeys 28 are "store," "recall," and "delete." In addition, Softkeys 28 can be used to switch between different programs or between modes (e.g. data entry mode and edit mode). However, Softkeys 28 are optional and are used to supplement the input obtained by handwriting the entries. Stylus 16, used for writing input data and commands in display area 24, also is used to activate the selected Softkey 28. An ON-OFF switch 30 is positioned on the side of housing 12 adjacent to Softkeys 28. A data output or peripheral connector 31 is located on the upper right side of housing 12.
Input screen 18 can be a conventional resistive type touch screen in which a voltage is applied to the screen edges and a stylus detects the voltage at the touched location. The writing surface is a transparent material, typically glass, coated with a thin, uniform, conductive layer (presently, vacuum deposited indium tin oxide). Vertical bus bars or conducting strips (not shown) are used along the two sides to apply the reference voltage to determine the "X" coordinates of the stylus position and horizontal bus bars or conducting strips (not shown) are used along the bottom and top to apply the reference voltage to determine the "Y" coordinates of the stylus position. In this embodiment, stylus 16 is merely an electric probe that, when physically in contact with the conductive layer, detects the local voltage at the Point of contact, which will vary with the distance from the conducting strips or bus bars. With the origin at the Point of voltage application, the X, Y coordinates are inversely proportional to the impressed voltage. Stylus 16 must make good contact to minimize adding resistance that would lower the voltage detected, and thus add an erroneous distance increment. In a presently preferred embodiment, a soft graphite tip is used. The voltage is conducted from the pen through a wire, such as wire 17 in FIG. 2, to an analog to digital converter for use in the computations described below. The stylus may be a charged "pen" as described herein, a light pen as is well known in the art, or any other hand-held device which can outline Handwritten Symbols on a screen.
An example of a conventional electrostatic screen is disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,096 Pepper patent. This resistive type screen has the advantage that the interference caused by the user's hand touching the screen is minimized.
Both horizontal and vertical position sensing is provided by alternately switching the voltage impressed on a conductive layer between the pairs of horizontal and vertical bus bars by an interface and multiplexer controlled by a microcomputer or microcontroller. In one commercially available input or touch screen, the bus bars are broken into a series of short strips with diodes to prevent the horizontal strips from shorting out vertical strips and vice versa. This technique is used in a commercially available touch screen from Touch Technologies of Annapolis, Md. and Elographics of Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Referring now to FIG. 3, an alternate embodiment of a low power position sensing novel input screen 33 is described in greater detail. Input screen 33 is also for determining an X,Y position on an electrically resistive plate 34. A stylus 35 containing a voltage source, such as battery 36 or a voltage transmitted to stylus 35 from an external source such as the system power supply, is used to touch screen 34 and apply a voltage at the touched position. When the touched position is charged by stylus 35 with a positive voltage with respect to a plurality of plate measurement Points 37, the voltages at these Points will vary with the distance to the pen position, such as position X.sub.1, Y.sub.1, indicated at 38. These voltages are sequentially measured in the X and Y directions by using conventional means, such as disclosed in the aforementioned prior art patents. In FIG. 3 these means are a conventional interface/multiplexer 42. A conventional Analog-to-Digital converter 43 converts the detected voltages into a digital signal. A microcontroller 44 receives the digital signal, performs standard checks to insure the signal's numerical value is "valid" (e.g. is within the possible range of voltages), and then converts the voltages to X and Y distances in the manner described herein. Microcontroller 44 is conventional, but could be replaced by a system computer. Microcontroller 44 provides a digital signal representative of the X and Y distances to measuring Point 38 to an output port 46. Port 46 can be a conventional RS 232 port. Alternatively, microcontroller 44 could translate Point X.sub.1, Y.sub.1 to any other reference Point, such as a Point on base line 25 (FIG. 2).
As long as there is no contact by stylus 35 at position 38 or any other position on plate 34, no current flows and power consumption is minimal. An incident measurement of the voltage at the measurement Points may occur by using ramped voltage at the positioning Point and timing when the measuring Point voltage exceeds a preset back voltage.
The scope of this invention covers the following options for the input or touch screens 18 and 33: resistive plate 34 or its equivalent for screen 18 can be transparent or translucent and the position Point can be made by a stylus or a finger of the user, or a connecting Point of an overlapping conductive screen (such as the commercially available touch screens from Touch Technology, Annapolis, Md.). Input screens 18 and 33 can be a physical solid surface which is transparent or translucent and can be glass or plastic such as Mylar. The surface can be coated with a conductive/resistive substance like indium tin oxide. Other physical surfaces can use sound or electromagnetic radiation transmission from the touched position to a reference Point or Points and the distance is determined by the time delay or phase shift. Alternatively, input screens 18 and 33 can use an ethereal or geometric surface defined by an electromagnetic, optical or sonic field.
Position detection can be accomplished with electrical contact closure by resistive, capacitive or inductive coupling, remote sensing by sonic, electric or magnetic fields or by light (UV, IR, or microwave) scanning.
The advantages of the low power position sensing input invention over other such screens are: 1) the invention makes stand-by power requirements minimal; 2) the invention eliminates distortion due to opposing parallel "bus" bars in conventional touch screens: and 3) when a ramped voltage is employed, the invention eliminates the need for an A/D chip which is a major cost factor in state-of-the-art touch screen technology.
The coefficient of friction of the screen 18 is desirably selected to be "rough" enough to offer some resistance to the movement of stylus 16 on the screen. If the screen were too smooth, the stylus would slide too easily and would be difficult to control.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4 which discloses an overall system block diagram of the major electronic circuitry used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Microcomputer 14 includes a microprocessor 50, interconnected to a plurality of other electronic elements by means of data path or bus 52. A Read-Only-Memory (ROM) 54 which is programmed with the operating and application programs and a battery powered Random Access Memory (RAM) 56 is connected for bidirectional data flow onto bus 52. Microprocessor 50 may be a conventional single-chip eight-bit or sixteen-bit device which functions to execute the fixed control programs residing in ROM 54, and further receives control programs from and provides control signals to the other electronic elements via bus 52. Microprocessor 50 may be of the type commercially designated Z80 (manufactured by Zilog Microcomputers of Cupertino, Calif.), of a type 8088 device (manufactured by Intel Corp. of Santa Clara, Calif.) or any similar or more powerful microprocessor. ROM 54 may be of the type 2564 or 4764, both manufactured by Texas Instruments of Dallas, Tex. The storage capacity of RAM 56 is determined in part by the sizes of the application programs, the operating program and the database. As discussed below, RAM 56 may be of the static SRAM or dynamic DRAM type. The primary requirements of RAM 56 are that it have sufficient storage capacity and that it require a minimum of input power.
A battery 58, such as a lithium battery, provides power for making the memory of RAM 56 non-volatile for extended periods of time. A battery pack 60 containing the well-known rechargeable types of batteries is used to provide the various voltage levels required by the other electronic elements of microcomputer 14.
Alternately, the storage function of RAM 56 may be served by a non-volatile device which requires no power for maintaining storage, such as an electronically erasable and reprogrammable memory (EEPROM), or devices using magnetic bubbles or capacitance. State-of-the-art disk or tape may also be used for mass storage. Suitable bubble memory devices include types 7110 and 7114 which have storage capacities of 1 megabit and 4 megabits respectively. (Both are manufactured by Intel Corp.). Furthermore, it is possible to use a single integrated circuit chip which includes microprocessor 50, at least part of ROM 54 and at least part of RAM 56.
Also connected to bus 52 is an EIA RS-232 serial interface 62 which provides a means for inputting and outputting data. Data is provided to bus 52, (usually to RAM 56) by interconnecting an external data source to RS-232 port 62 directly to the microprocessor 50 and other elements of the microcomputer 14. Offloading data from RAM 56 can also be done by microprocessor 50 to an external computer, other data gathering device, a mass data storage device (e.g. floppy and hard disk drives) or an electronic telecommunications system. In like manner data can be communicated through port 62 to a printer (not shown) from interconnecting bus 52.
Stylus 16 is used to write on input screen 18 and to cause the generation of X,Y coordinate information by conventional touch screen interface electronics circuitry. The coordinate information is communicated via the bus 52 for control use by system 10. The solid state display 20 consisting of a multi-line display--illustratively 80 columns by 25 lines--is interconnected to bus 52 through a display interface 66. The fundamental requirements for the display are that it be substantially flat and sufficiently thin for use in the present invention. The display may be of the following types: scanning types such as a cathode ray tube, projected types such as a rear-view projector, light emitting array of Points types (e.g., electroluminescent or plasma discharge) and light blocking array of Points types (e.g., liquid crystal displays, solid state PLTZ or magneto-optical). In addition, it is preferable that the display be compatible with input screen 18 inn size, configuration and transparency, and that both be low power consuming types.
The X,Y coordinates for this invention are input to keyboardless computer 14 via input screen interface electronics 64 and communicated via bus 52 to microprocessor 50 which executes programs stored in ROM 54 and RAM 56.
The number of Points (i.e. sets of X,Y coordinates) used in defining each Handwritten Symbol and the speed at which Points are identified are important to the practical utility of the invention. It is desirable to use at least about 100 Points per inch and at least about 100 Points per second to define Handwritten Symbols. It is to be noted that the more Points per inch that are identified the greater the accuracy of the system in identifying Handwritten Symbols--however, more Points being identified will slow down the speed of identification and require more computer memory. Accordingly, a balance will have to be achieved, based on the size (available memory and processing ability) of the computer system and the requirement for speed of response and accuracy. For most purposes, standards in the range from about 100 Points per inch and per second to about 200 Points per inch and per second will be suitable.
It is also to be noted that the greater the precision of the system in identifying the X,Y coordinates of each Point the fewer the number of Points needed to be identified per inch and per second to accurately identify Handwritten Symbols. Conversely the less the accuracy, the more Points that are needed.
Point resolution is needed to place Points where intended, e.g., to write an editing symbol precisely between the two characters. Ideally, resolution to a single display pixel is desirable. However, operationally, resolution within two displayed pixels is sufficient for a display with 640 pixels in a nine inch horizontal scanline.
When switch 30 (FIG. 2) is positioned to "power on", the basic display mode is activated and microcomputer 14 (FIG. 4) programmed by the operating system, causes a menu to be displayed on display screen 20 (FIG. 1). The menu presents various software options. A primary software function, editing, functions in a manner similar to conventional word processing software with the difference being that handwritten characters, symbols and commands are interpreted by the system as if they were entered from a conventional keyboard. The system is capable of learning the editing symbols used by a particular writer for functions such as indent, insert, delete, move and reformat and translates those symbols into digital command functions. Optionally, Softkeys 28 (FIG. 2), activated by touching those areas on the input screen with stylus 16, function like conventional hard function keys on a computer keyboard.
The present invention is particularly adapted for use as an interactive screen editor or word processor. After a writer retrieves a document by (for example) touching the displayed name of an existing file with the stylus or by writing the name of the file on the screen, all usual editing functions can be performed with stylus entry. When the user wishes to change a displayed character or symbol, he may simply write over the displayed character or symbol and as described hereinbelow the pattern recognition algorithm will translate the written entry into computer text. For example, the editing software allows text to be eliminated by simply drawing a line through it and a conventional caret symbol may be used to change the operating mode to the insert mode. In the insert mode, display screen 20 provides additional space for entry of handwritten characters or symbols which are inserted in the text after the Point where a caret was written in. Text can be moved simply by placing brackets or other user-defined delimiters around a displayed phrase or word and writing a caret or other user-defined symbol in the area of the text in which the user wishes this material to appear. New margins can be set by drawing vertical lines down the side of the displayed text where the new margins should appear.
The basic editor software also allows new documents to be created by simply writing Handwritten Symbols on the screen. All documents can be stored, changed and communicated in the manner in which these functions are accomplished on a conventional word processing system with the difference that these functions are accomplished with handwritten Editing Symbols on the (optional) screen or by touching the Softkeys with the stylus. The composite text thus produced and stored can be subsequently offloaded through the RS 232 port 62 (FIG. 4) to another computer, a similar device, an external data gathering device or recording device, into a printer or through a telecommunications system.
In addition to these major operating modes, a number of ancillary elements and features add to the utility of the present invention. A conventional alphanumeric keyboard (not shown) containing a full set of keys can be connected to a conventional keyboard interface (not shown) to support the entry of alphanumeric characters. An AC/DC power connector may also be used in those applications when portability is not needed and when needed to meet the power requirements of screen technologies such as gas plasma displays and electroluminescent displays.
In actual use the keyboardless computer can function in any application or environment in which handwritten input translated into computer text is useful or necessary. Illustratively, the device can function as a new generation word processor, or for use in fields such as sales, nursing, inventory control, census taking, claims adjusting, to name just a few of the many uses of the invention, or as a general learning and testing device in education. Since the pattern recognition software can learn and translate into computer text from languages which are not made up of a small or limited set of alphanumeric characters (e.g., Japanese, Korean, and Chinese), it has particular utility for word processing and telecommunications in these languages.
In the practice of this invention, it is particularly desirable to use a single computer screen to display any initial forms, Font Symbols or other displays to be edited, and to create a nearby "window" of blank space where Handwritten Symbols are to be written, displayed and identified, and where the Font Symbols corresponding to the Handwritten Symbols are to be displayed. In this way, the user can view the text being edited and the proposed insert or change without significant movement (if any) of the head and eyes. This is illustrated in FIGS. 11A to 11D. This feature of the invention (proximity on one screen of text to be edited and the window into which new text is to be handwritten) is very important to the simple, rapid, comfortable use of the invention.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the system "learns" the handwriting of a particular user prior to actual use. For example, if using the Roman alphabet, the twenty-six letters of the alphabet and the numerals from 0 to 9 would be inserted into the database. Punctuation symbols, such as periods, commas, question marks, colons, semi-colons, hyphens and the like could also be inserted. There is virtually no limit to the Handwritten Symbols which can be recognized and stored in the database. Of course, the computer will have to store a suitable array of Font Symbols for conversion of the Handwritten Symbols. Different sets of Font Symbols could be created and stored in the permanent memory of the computer, as in ROM chip 54. For example, in English language usage, a chip could contain one (or more) fonts of numbers and letters, suitable punctuation symbols and appropriate mathematical symbols. Other chips could have stored Font Symbols for the Arabic, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, Japanese, Chinese or Korean "Konji" symbols for use by architects or engineers, or chemical symbols (e.g., benzene rings and the like).
In FIG. 10, one of a series of learning screens is displayed and the user is prompted to write the numbers 0 through 4. The computer will attempt to match the written numbers with the existing database (if any). If it cannot be matched because there is no existing database or because there is a poor match with an existing database, the character is added to the database. This learning process continues until all of the alphanumeric (or other) characters and symbols to be used are entered into the database. The system has the capability of storing multiple Stroke characterization databases for systems used by more than one user. The existence of a unique Stroke characterization database for each user has the further advantage of making the writing angle irrelevant. As a result, the invention is adaptable to all handwriting styles and is usable by right-handed and left-handed persons. One feature may desirably be incorporated into the apparatus of invention to accommodate left-handed and right-handed persons. This feature is a receptacle (not shown) for the stylus connector on either side of housing 12, so that the stylus 16 may be connected on the left side for left-handed persons and on the right side for right-handed persons.
FIG. 10 also provides an example of the use of "Softkeys". In addition to the input line, a variety of Softkeys appear. Each Softkey corresponds to a function that can be performed by the system. In order to execute the funtion, the user merely touches the indicated Point with the pen. The Softkey will then appear in reverse video and the selected function is performed. There are numerous advantages to Softkeys over traditional function keys. Some of the more significant of these are that the user is no longer required to memorize what function key performs what function; the need for keyboard overlays is eliminated: and different Softkeys can be made available (displayed and made operational) at different Points within a program.
FIGS. 11A to 11I demonstrates some of the simplifications in word processing made possible through the use of this invention. In FIG. 11A a standard screen of text is displayed. The user of the keyboardless entry system decides that additional information needs to be added and draws an insert symbol (e.g., caret) on the screen at the desired position. A data entry "window" then appears. (FIG. 11B). The text is written in as Handwritten Symbols (FIG. 11C), matched (converted to Font Symbols) (FIG. 11D), and then inserted (FIG. 11E). The operator reconsiders the addition and draws a horizontal line through the new material. (FIG. 11F). It is immediately erased. (FIG. 11G). Next, the operator decides that a larger right-hand margin would be more appropriate for the text. A vertical line is drawn on the screen (FIG. 11H) and the margin is automatically adjusted (FIG. 11I) .
A generalized block diagram of the editing process is provided in FIG. 13 and a description of that figure appears hereinbelow.
FIGS. 12A-12G illustrate how a blank form may be used for a hospital patient. The user of the system first calls up the proper blank form (FIG. 12A). This may be done, for example, by touching an appropriate Softkey. The area where the information, in this case a pulse observation, is to be inserted is touched with the pen (FIG. 12B). After the desired location is highlighted, a "window" appears directly below the space where the observation is to be recorded (FIG. 12C). The nurse then touches the pen on the match box which appears highlighted (FIG. 12D). The software then matches the handwritten input to the corresponding Font Symbols and displayes the result (FIG. 12E). If there is an accurate match, the "insert" block is touched (FIG. 12F), and the new observation is added to the patient's records (FIG. 12G). This mechanism is clearly applicable to a wide variety of "blank forms" in which data is inserted into a form or corrected. For example, it could be used to correct or update financial information in a spreadsheet pro,ram. All such applications are within the purview of this invention. Other information can be recorded in the same manner.
The reason for using a black background and white letters for the newly entered Font Symbols is to facilitate checking the accuracy of the inputted character. Although this is preferable, it is not essential and a white background and black letters is also acceptable.
The ability to create a window and input data on the same screen and in physical proximity to the text being edited or space for data to be input is an important feature of this invention, for it permits ease and speed in the use of the invention. The user's eye may focus on the space where the data will be inserted and the ability to contemporaneously display Handwritten Symbols and the corresponding Font Symbols makes it easy to see errors, when the system "misreads" a Handwritten Symbol, and then correct errors quickly and easily.
Referring first to FIG. 5, the overall operation and functioning of the pattern recognition software will now be described. When the operating system calls the pattern recognition program, the program begins in terminal 75 where a number of variables and counters are initialized. The software then proceeds to decision diamond 76 where the program determines stylus 16 (FIG. 2) is in contact with input screen 18 (FIG. 2A). The system provides a "pen down" signal, as shown in processing box 78, as well as the X,Y coordinate voltages as locating signals, as described above. Microcomputer 14 (FIG. 4), using the software according to the present invention, converts the X,Y coordinate locating signals into Stroke characteristics using programs stored in ROM 54 (FIG. 4), or a separate microcomputer can do the conversion, such as microcontroller 44. If a pen down signal is received, the software proceeds to processing box 80 where the individual locating signals are combined into "Strokes," a Stroke being defined as the Point locating signals produced between a "pen down" signal and a "pen up" signal.
The system then calculates a transform, as described below, for each Point, transforming the Point coordinates from the X,Y cartesian coordinate system to a relational coordinate system. The software next proceeds to processing box 82, where it compares the Stroke with previously entered Strokes accumulated into a database, and determines if the Stroke is represented by a symbol in the database. If a match is found (if the Font Symbol represented by the Strokes is recognized), as indicated in decision diamond 84, microprocessor 50 (FIG. 4) causes the symbol to be sent to display screen 20 (FIG. 4) as indicated in processing box 86. If a match is not found, microprocessor 50 (FIG. 4) causes a message to be displayed, as indicated in processing box 88, which requests further input from stylus on input screen 18 (FIG. 4) by either flashing an entry which is close to a match or a non-recognition symbol.
As mentioned above, the software compares the Stroke characteristics of each Handwritten Symbol to data entries previously stored in a database. In a preferred embodiment, the database is arranged into sections of characters or symbols by the number of Strokes needed to make the character or symbol. Within each section, the entries are randomly arranged at first, but after use, as explained herein, the most frequently used entries "rise" to the top of the database. It should be noted that each user will have his or her own particular style of writing a Handwritten Symbol and that each Handwritten Symbol may have a number of different variations.
For example, many people write the lower case letter "h" using a single Stroke. They do this by starting the pen on the writing tablet at a Point where they wish to place the top of the letter, drawing a vertical line downwardly to the base line, then without removing the pen from the paper, proceeding back up to the midpoint of the previously drawn vertical line, over to the right and down to the base line when the pen ms picked up from the paper. On the other hand, these same people may draw the upper case letter "H" using two Strokes. They do this by drawing the left hand vertical line and horizontal line as is done for the lower case "h", picking the pen up from the tablet, and then drawing the right hand vertical line. Appendix I displays the data of the Stroke data Points for these two letters as the data is stored in memory after having been generated by an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in Appendix I, the letter "h" as drawn at one particular time by one user has one Stroke (ns=1) with 20 Points (np=20) and x and y coordinate characteristics for the minimum, mean and maximum normalized values (1/80th of a line width) as follows: -17 and -6; 0 and 18; and 19 and 60, respectively. The values in the first vertical column are the Point-to-Point slopes, normalized to 360.degree./256. The values in the second vertical column are the Point-to-Point average vertical positions above the base line, normalized to 1/80 of the line width. A typical line width is about 0.4 inches.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a software hierarchy of programs is depicted. At the top, overseeing the entire operation of computer system 10 (FIG. 1), is an operating system as indicated by box 90. Applications programs shown in boxes 92 and 94, residing in RAM 56 (FIG. 4) and ROM 54 (FIG. 4) can be executed by microprocessor 50 (FIG. 4) under control of the operating systems. When a Handwritten Character is required or is indicated by an interrupt, handwriting recognition software 96 is called. A first subroutine, indicated in box 98, encodes the X,Y coordinates into Strokes. The characteristics of the Strokes are then defined by a subroutine 100 followed by comparisons of the Strokes with a database that has been loaded from ROM 54 (FIG. 4) into RAM 56 (FIG. 4). The comparison is made by a subroutine 102. When the operating system is in the "learning" mode, the database is updated with the new Stroke data and symbols, as indicated in box 104. Similarly, a previously stored document can be edited by applications program 92 by using edit function 94 as called by the operator, who provides the instructions as input using the subroutines 98, 100 and 102 of handwriting recognition program 92.
Referring now also to FIG. 7, operating system 90 (FIG. 6) executes the Handwritten Character recognition software 96 (FIG. 6) by accepting as input the X,Y coordinate Points, depicted in box 110, of the position of stylus 16 (FIG. 2) on input screen 18 (FIG. 2) and encodes these Points into Strokes as depicted in box 112. The program then characterizes the Strokes by some description set, such as considering the length, curvature, slope, and position of the Stroke, as depicted in box 114. In box 116 the best comparison is then found of the characterized Stroke or sequence of Strokes with those in the database. If a sufficiently close match is found, the character is identified in box 118 and the database entry is swapped with the entry above it as shown in box 120. In this way, the most frequently identified characters will "rise" to the top of the database and the overall system performance, as measured in time to find a match, will be increased. If a match is not found, the user can add to the bottom of the database, as indicated in box 122.
With reference now to FIGS. 8 and 9, a flowchart of the computer program to recognize a particular Stroke sequence is set forth. The computer program begins in terminal 150 and proceeds to process the X,Y voltages from processing box 152, the voltages having been converted to a digital signal. The program then proceeds to decision box 154 where the program determines whether the pen or stylus 16 (FIG. 2) is out of contact with input screen 18. This determination is made by both the X voltage and the Y voltage being zero. If the program determines that the pen is up, then the Stroke is determined as having been completed and the program branches to decision box 156. In decision box 156, the program determines whether there are less than three Points in the Stroke and if so the program branches to decision box 158. In decision box 158, the program determines whether there are zero Points in the Stroke. If there are zero Points in the Stroke, then the program loops back to the beginning of processing box 152 where another set of Points is read. If the Point counter (incremented in processing box 164) indicates that there are more than zero Points, the program branches to processing box 172. In processing box 172 the Stroke is identified as a dot and its height above the base line (HABL) is calculated in processing box 173. From processing box 173 the program proceeds to processing box 171.
However, if the pen down signal is received, the program branches to processing box 160 where the voltages are scaled to determine the coordinate Point using the following formulas:
The constants a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 are scaling parameters that are determined from calibrating the input surface of the particular display.
Once the voltages are scaled, the program proceeds to decision diamond 162 where the program determines whether it is an erroneous Point. This is done by comparing the distance between Points and eliminating a Point if the distance is to great (greater than 0.10 inches is presently used.) On the other hand, a Point is also eliminated if the Points are too close together. Points are presently thinned out if they are within 0.015 inches.
The comparison problem that exists for the first Point is resolved by determining if a Point is the first Point after a pen is down and then that Point is used only to check the next Point which is accepted, assuming that that Point is within the maximum distance (0.10 inches).
If the distance between Points is determined as being outside the two criteria, the program drops the Point and branches back to the top of processing box 152 to read another pair of coordinate Point voltages.
On the other hand, if the Points fall within the criteria, the program continues to processing box 164 where a Point counter is incremented to keep track of the number of Points. This number is used in decision diamond 156, as mentioned hereinabove. The program then continues to processing box 166 where the Points are smoothed according to any one of a number of formulas. Smoothing is used to minimize noise from digitization, from erratic hand motion and from electronic noise. The simplest smoothing technique is a multiple Point average which results in calculating new Points (xj.sub.j 'y.sub.j ') as follows: ##EQU1## And similarly for y.sub.j, smoothed over Points n.sub.1 -n.sub.2.
Another simple method is called the running weighted average method and utilizes the following formula:
Alpha is a weighting constant that is usually positive (and less than one) and has been used at 0.25. The summations have been taken with n.sub.2 minus n.sub.1 equal to one. A third method involves what is called a spline fit wherein the following formula is used:
Any of the foregoing methods can be applied either before or after filtering. The filtering is done so as to reduce the number of input Points and to space data so that difference and/or angle calculations can be made within acceptable random error bounds. A simple process of thinning a sequence of Points by excluding the acceptance of subsequent Points within a set distance of the previously accepted Points has been found to be an effective filter.
From processing box 166, the program proceeds to processing box 168 where the Point is stored in an array that is incremented for each new Point since the last pen down signal. Thus, an addressable array of Points is created for each sequence of Points obtained from a pen down to a pen up signal. This sequence of Points is called a Stroke. From processing box 168, the program loops back to the top of processing box 152 where another Point is obtained until a pen up signal ends the Stroke.
In decision diamond 156, a determination was made as to whether there were less than three Points in a Stroke. By definition, if there are three or more Points in a Stroke, the Stroke is a line and not a dot. If there are three or more Points in the Stroke, the program branches to subroutine box 170. In subroutine box 170, discussed in greater detail herein below with respect to FIG. 9, the Stroke is characterized as to its slope and base line height.
As can be seen from the foregoing, the segmentation of the stream of coordinate Points into a Stroke is based primarily on the determining when stylus 16 is "up" or not in contact with the surface of input screen 18. Alternatively, a stream of Points can be segmented to form Strokes on the basis of other considerations. For example they can be segmented based upon changes in a locally calculated curvature or upon a large local curvature. Local curvature is calculated by the change in distance along the input coordinates divided into the change in slope. This produces radius of curvature. When the radius of curvature changes rapidly with respect to distance along the input coordinates, or if the radius is too small, then a segmentation Stroke is assumed to end, and a new Stroke begun. Further segmentation techniques can look at the relative maximum and minimum in one or both coordinates and/or the curve crossings in the coordinates. However, these latter two methods have been determined to be less effective.
Characterizing a Stroke reduces the sequence of coordinates defining the Stroke or segment to a set of characteristics that are unique, generalized and minimal. Uniqueness refers to both factors that the same characteristics are generated by the same coordinates and that the characteristics are sufficient to regenerate an approximation to the original coordinate sequence. The term "generalized" is used to mean that the characterization is invariant under such transformations so that the symbols are invariant (e.g., translation and scaling or stretching or small tilt). The scaling of all distances is accomplished by taking a ratio of the distance to a writing entry line width.
The minimal set of segment characteristics have the following features:
(1) Stroke position: one or more of centroid/average, extent extreme or beginning and ending Points determined relative to the writing entry line, to previous Strokes, or to character extent or center;
(2) Stroke shape is characterized by one or more of average slope, change in slope (which is a measure of average curvature) and/or a change in curvature, by sequence of slopes over specific length segments or over fractional lengths, or by a gross description of linear direction or circular completion and opening direction;
(3) And Stroke length as characterized by distance along the curve and/or the extent extremum along the coordinate system.
In one embodiment of the present invention, positioning by centroid, extent extremum, and starting and ending coordinates have been successfully used. The Stroke shape is encoded as a sequence of slopes and vertical positions (relative to Stroke centroid). The Stroke length can be approximated by the number of filtered Points. Alternatively, the average curvature can be encoded in total slope change (along with length), change in starting to ending slope or fitting the slope angle versus length curve for rate of change of slope angle. Additional characteristics that could be used include location of coordinate relative extreme, curve crossing, cusps, and Stroke direction. A particular method used to determine the unique characteristics is set forth below.
1. The numerical values of the Criteria for each Stroke of the Handwritten Symbol are determined.
2. The database values for each stroke of the previously learned Handwritten Symbol is determined and subtracted from the newly determined values respectively.
3. The absolute values of each difference are scaled, to make each of the five measurements reasonably equivalent to the others such as lengths scaled to height between lines.
4. The five thus-determined values are added.
5. A predetermined threshold is used as "goodness" test of recognition--too high a value and Font Symbols are infrequently recognized and too low a value causes Font Symbols to be misidentified. Thresholds of approximately 1,000 are used initially and then switched to approximately 100 for improved recognition. If the threshold is exceeded, the comparison is discarded and an error message is created and displayed.
6. The database is searched to find a numerical minimum difference. If the minimum difference is below the acceptable threshold for recognition, the corresponding Font Symbol is displayed on the screen or the command is performed, as the case may be.
It has also been found that the preferred classification of a Stroke is a continuous one, rather than one that is grossly discrete. For example, determining a slope by angle in 256 directions rather than in 8 is desirable. Other noncontinuous classifications can include bars/arches/hooks, number and closure of cusps or horizontal or vertical Strokes.
From subroutine 170, the program proceeds to processing box 171 where both an individual Stroke and one or more preceding Strokes are compared with a database entry that is stored in RAM 56 (FIG. 4).
This comparison initially begins with three eliminating questions that are asked by the program in decision diamonds 174, 176, and 178. In each case, if the database entry is eliminated, the program proceeds to a processing box 180 where the address of the next data entry is received and from which the program loops back to the top of processing box 171. In decision diamond 174, the first eliminator is asked by seeking if the number of Strokes are different. If the number of Strokes are the same, the program proceeds to decision diamond 176 where the average Height Above Base Line (HABL) is calculated and compared with the HABL of the data entry. The entry is eliminated if the difference in the average HABL's is greater than one-half the height of the entry line. From a negative determination in decision diamond 176, the program proceeds to decision diamond 178 where the number of Points per Stroke are compared and the database entry is eliminated if the difference in number of Points is greater than ten. This determination varies from that made in decision diamond 174 because it is concerned only with the number of Points for each Stroke. However, in decision diamond 174, certain letters; such as the capital letters "E" and "A", have more than one Stroke per letter.
If a data entry is not eliminated by decision diamond 178, then the program proceeds to processing box 182 where the program calculates a gauge to be used to determine the closeness of the match between the selected entry in the database and the drawn Stroke. A presently preferred gauge is the sum of the absolute values of the differences between the Stroke values and the database entry values of:
a) distances or lengths n units of 1/80th of the line height (e.g., space 26, FIG. 2); and
b) the slopes in units of 1/256th of 360.degree. over all the Points along the diagonal of the comparison matrix.
Alternatively, Dynamic Programming Techniques can be used to optimize the comparison using off-diagonal elements as well.
From processing box 182, the program proceeds to decision diamond 186 where a match is determined. In actuality, a match is determined by (the application of an arbitrary) gauge (maximum allowable variance), which is the sum of absolute values of the differences between the entered Stroke characterization and that of the stored database entry. In processing box 183, the lower of the present gauge and the previous lower gauge is saved as the best match. The program then goes to decision diamond 184 where a determination is made whether the present entry is the last database entry. If it is not, the program branches to processing box 180 where the next entry is selected. If it is the last entry, the program proceeds to decision diamond 185 where a determination of a match is made on the basis of the gauge being below a predetermined threshold. This threshold is set by the user based on experience with the system.
If no match is obtained, the program branches to decision diamond 188 where a determination is made whether all Strokes have been checked. If the last Stroke has been checked, then the present Stroke is compared in sequence with a previous Stroke to all two Stroke entries. As in the comparison with all one Stroke dictionary entries, the best fit comparison for all entered Strokes is the recognized symbol or sequence of symbols.
However, if the last Stroke has been read and there still is not a match, then the program proceeds to processing box 190 where a question is displayed on display screen 20 asking the user if a new Font Symbol should be added to the database. The user responds and that response is used in decision diamond 192. Either the Stroke sequence is added to the database in processing box 194 and the program branches back to the top of processing box 152, or the program branches immediately to the top of processing box 152.
On the other hand, if a match is determined in decision diamond 186, the program branches to processing box 195 where the program shuffles the database by interchanging the serial location of the matched entry with the entry above it. The program then proceeds to processing box 196 where the program zeros the Point counter and the increment counter. The program next proceeds to processing box 198 where the matched and characterized Stroke or Strokes are displayed by the computer as the identified Font Symbol. This display is located at the position in which the entry was made on input screen 18 (FIG. 2).
From processing box 198, the program proceeds to processing box 200 where the program can act on any commands which it has interpreted. An alternative characterization of the Stroke uses the Points themselves rather than the length, scope, curvature and position.
With reference now to FIG. 9, this Stroke characterization is depicted in greater detail. Stroke characterization subroutine 170 essentially performs a mathematical transformation of each Point on a Point-by-Point basis to transform the Points from an X,Y Cartesian coordinate system to one in which the coordinates are the normalized slope of each Point and the normalized height of each Point above the base line (HABL).
Subroutine 170 first calculates the Point to Point slope in processing box 220 and then calculates the height of each Point above the base line in processing box 222. The slope and HABL of each Point are then normalized respectively to 1/256th of 2 Pi and to 1/80th of the width of the entry line in processing box 224. From processing box 224, the system proceeds to processing box 226 where the calculated normalized values for each Point are stored in an addressable array. The subroutine then returns to the program through terminal 228.
When the comparison is made between each Stroke and the stored values, the comparison is made by the normalized Point slope and Point height above base line. As mentioned above, a match is determined by an arbitrary gauge which is the sum of absolute values of the differences between the written Stroke and the stored or dictionary Stroke. The system learns by adding new Strokes to the dictionary database. Once the database fills up, those Font Symbols that are infrequently used are replaced by new entries.
In a working embodiment of the present invention, the algorithm successfully identified upper and lower case letters and numbers when written discretely from one another. For Handwritten Symbols that are written such that they are continuous, direct extrapolation would require searching a database sequentially for one, two, three, etc. Stroke symbols and looking for the best fit. Upon identification of a Stroke fit, a "new" letter is tenatively recognized, except that the next few Strokes are analyzed to check if they change the previous symbol for a better fit. For example, two Strokes that have been identified as "ones" would be combined and changed to the capital letter "H" once a cross bar was identified.
The system design demonstrated by FIGS. 7 to 9 could easily be coded by one with ordinary skill in the art of computer programming into almost any computer language. The source code listings for one application program utilizing the disclosed invention is included as Appendix II. The software in Appendix II is written in Microsoft Basic, a common computer language available for virtually all microcomputers and operating systems. The program is a complete text editing demonstration, which takes advantage of many of the key features of this invention and shows the improvements that can be made upon traditional word processing systems through the utilization of this invention.
Program lines 2600 to 4000 contain the character recognition subroutine which includes the software code necessary to get X and Y coordinates. This section of the program corresponds to FIG. 8.
Program lines 2600 to 2699 make up a subroutine designed to obtain the X and Y coordinates of a given Point. This code corresponds to boxes 152, 154, 160, 162, 164, 166 and 168 of FIG. 8.
Program lines 3000 to 3339 constitute a Point and Stroke analysis and characterization routine embodying boxes 156, 158, 170, 172 and 173 of FIG. 8.
Program lines 3700 to 3790 make up a subroutine designed to compare the analyzed Strokes to a Stroke database. These program lines embody boxes 171 to 184 of FIG. 8.
Program lines 3810 to 3980 make up a subroutine which is designed to learn a new character. This code embodies boxes 186, 188, 190, 192 and 194 of FIG. 8.
Program lines 3060 to 3273 make up a subroutine designed for Stroke characterization purposes. This section of the code corresponds to FIG. 9.
Program lines 3060 to 3095 are used to calculate Point-to-Point slopes and embody box 220.
Program lines 3058, 3241 and 3262 are used to calculate a height above baseline (HABL) and correspond to box 222 of FIG. 9.
Programs lines 3253, 3270-3273 are used to normalize the Point height and slope and correspond to box 224 of FIG. 9.
Program line 3253 is used to store the height above baseline and embodies box 226 of FIG. 9.
The foregoing program can be stored in the memory of a microcomputer of microprocessor with a requirement of approximately 25K of machine memory, so that it can be seen that the use of the program does not use up a lot of expensive memory and is relatively fast in executing the program's operation. If the program is written in a language other than Basic, requiring less memory, such as assembly language, the size of the program can be made smaller.
Boxes 195 to 200 of FIG. 8 appear in logical places throughout the code.
A dictionary of the variables of the relevant code section is included as Appendix III.
With reference now to FIG. 13, a flowchart for the editing software ("Editor") demonstrated by FIGS. 11A to 11I and described above is depicted. Once the Editor is loaded into the system (box 229), control of the screen is returned to the system. The system then proceeds in the normal manner described above to acquire Points and display them (box 230), convert the Points into Strokes (box 231), characterize each Stroke (box 232), and attempt to match the Stroke or Strokes with the database (box 233). In processing box 234, the system sends each Handwritten Symbol to the Editor to interpret and execute a command if necessary. At decision diamond 235, the Editor determines whether the Handwritten Symbol is an Editing Symbol or a Font Symbol. If the character is determined to be an Editing Symbol, the Editor proceeds to processing box 236 where it determines which Editing Symbol has been entered and executes the Editing Function. If the character is determined not to be an Editing Symbol, then the alphanumeric character corresponding to the handwritten entry is displayed at processing box 237. In an alternate configuration of the Editor, Font Symbols will only be accepted when the Editor is in the "Insert Mode." This structure insures that each Font Symbol is verified before being added to a document.
The Editor uses a variety of symbols designed to make editing on the system similar to, but much more efficient than, traditional editing with pencil and paper. These functions include, but are not limited to:
DELETE symbol--"--" A horizontal line drawn through a character or characters. The Editor will remove the underlying characters and reformat the text.
ADJUST MARGINS symbol--".vertline." A vertical line longer then the height of one line on the display. The Editor will adjust the margin to the indicated position and reformat the text.
INSERT symbol--".LAMBDA." A caret drawn at the Point where text is to be added. The Editor displays an input writing line (FIG. 118) and when input is recognized inserts it into the text.
MARK TEXT symbols--" " and " " A less than and greater than symbol drawn at the beginning and end of a block of text. The marked text is displayed in reverse video and then special block functions can be performed.
DELETE MARKED TEXT--A delete symbol drawn within marked text will erase the marked text and reformat.
MOVE MARKED TEXT--An insert symbol drawn anywhere within the text moves the marked text to the indicated position, deletes it from its original position and reformats the text.
REPLACE MARKED TEXT--An insert symbol drawn within the marked text displays an input line and replaces the marked text with the inputted text.
The Editing Symbols described above can be changed to the particular Editing Symbols preferred by each user, thereby customizing the Editor and preventing new users from having to learn unfamiliar Editing Symbols.
Further modifications and enhancements to the present invention would be obvious to those skilled in the art. For example, the common characteristics of each Font Symbol could be extracted and organized into a synthetic symbol. The synthetic symbol's characteristics could then be exaggerated to maximize their variance from all other synthetic symbols. This would create a very compact, optimal database. On the other hand, as an example, a database created by the described preferred embodiment of the invention usually results in two to three different characterizations for each symbol.
The invention has numerous useful applications, almost without limitation. The most obvious applications are text editing and filling out and modifying forms. Some of the many other applications that may not come to mind as readily are writing in languages utilizing large numbers of symbols like Japanese or Chinese; writing in Arabic and similar languages made up of a limited number of complex symbols; writing chemical equations, including those involving organic compounds; writing music (a "window" with five parallel lines can be provided for musical applications); writing symbols and codes for graphic manipulation of data, including the transfer of graphic data to a spreadsheet; in education, as where predetermined questions are presented on the screens and the answers written in long-hand; as in teaching mathematics, as when numbers are manually inserted in equations and the equation analyzed to determine the result using those numbers; in CAD/CAM applications involving symbols, geometric shapes and the like.
Although the invention has been described in terms of a selected preferred embodiment encompassing the apparatus and methods aspects of a keyboardless computer system, the invention should not be deemed limited thereto, since other embodiments and modifications will readily occur to one skilled in the art. ##SPC1##
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A computer that includes a system for assigning the identity of one of a plurality of predetermined symbols to a digitized symbol input signal, with the plurality of predetermined symbols including a plurality of computer generated font symbols and a first editing symbol for indicating a change to be made on a group of computer generated font symbols in displayed text, said computer comprising: a locator device; a resistive type touch display screen for displaying images, including preexisting graphic images, text, and combinations of graphic images and text, generated by said computer and for providing a position signal indicating the position of said locator device over said screen; means for coincidentally displaying on said screen an image of a handwritten symbol formed by moving said locator device over said screen; means, coupled to said screen to receive said position signal generated when said handwritten symbol is formed, for converting the received position signal into a first input signal; means for assigning to said first input signal, the identity of one of a first of the plurality of computer generated font symbols and the first editing symbol means for displaying an image of said first computer generated font symbol on said screen when the first input signal is assigned the identity of said first computer generated font symbol; and means for changing a first group of computer generated font symbols in text displayed on said screen to a second group of computer generated font symbols assigned to a group of handwritten symbols formed by said locator device over said screen when said first input signal is assigned the identity of the first editing symbol.
2. Apparatus for recognizing handwritten symbols, comprising: a resistive type touch display screen; a stylus, coupled to said display screen, for writing a handwritten symbol over at least a portion of a first area of said display screen; means, coupled to said display screen, for digitizing said handwritten symbol to provide a digitized symbol; means, coupled to said display screen and said means for digitizing, for displaying an image of the handwritten symbol on said display screen in at least a portion of said first area as it is written; means, coupled to said display screen, for executing a plurality of different editing functions; means, coupled to said means for digitizing, for correlating said digitized symbol with at least one of a plurality of predetermined symbols including a plurality of font symbols and a plurality of editing symbols, by comparing characteristics of said digitized symbol with stored characteristics of at least some of said plurality of predetermined symbols, to provide one of said plurality of predetermined symbols as a designated symbol which is correlated with said handwritten symbol; means, coupled to said display screen for displaying a computer-generated symbol on said display screen when said designated symbol is a font symbol and for executing at least a first of said plurality of editing functions when said designated symbol is a first of said plurality of editing symbols, and for executing at least a second of said editing functions, different from said first editing function, when said designated symbol is a second of said plurality of editing symbols.
3. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least said means for displaying a computer-generated symbol and for executing at least a first of said plurality of editing functions and said means for correlating said digitized symbol include an electronic processor.
4. A method for recognizing handwritten symbols, comprising: providing a resistive type touch display screen; writing a handwritten symbol over at least a portion of a first area of said display screen; digitizing said handwritten character to provide a digitized symbol; displaying an image of the handwritten symbol on said display screen in at least a portion of said first area as it is written; correlating said digitized symbol with at least one of a plurality of a plurality of predetermined symbols including a plurality of font symbols and a plurality of editing symbols, by comparing characteristics of said digitized symbol with stored characteristics of at least some of said plurality of predetermined symbols, to provide one of said plurality of predetermined symbols as a designated symbol which is correlated with said handwritten symbol; displaying a computer-generated symbol on said display screen when said designated symbol is a font symbol; executing at least a first of said plurality of editing functions when said designated symbol is a first of said plurality of editing symbols; and executing at least a second of said plurality of editing functions when said designated symbol is a second of said plurality of editing symbols.
5. A computer that includes a system for assigning the identity of one of a plurality of predetermined symbols to a digitized symbol input signal, with the plurality of predetermined symbols including computer generated kanji symbols and a first editing symbol for indicating a change to be made on a group of computer generated kanji symbols in displayed text, said computer comprising: a locator device; a resistive type touch screen for displaying images, including preexisting graphic images, text, and combinations of graphic images and text, generated by said computer and for providing a position signal indicating the position of said locator device over said screen; means for coincidentally displaying on said screen an image of a handwritten symbol formed by moving said locator device over said screen; means, coupled to said screen to receive said position signal generated when said handwritten symbol is formed, for converting the received position signal into a first input signal; means for assigning to said first input signal, the identity of one of a first of the plurality of computer generated kanji symbols, and the first editing symbol means for displaying an image of said first computer generated kanji symbol on said screen when the first input signal is assigned the identity of said first computer generated kanji symbol; and means for changing a first group of computer generated kanji symbols in text displayed on said screen to a second group of computer generated kanji symbols assigned to a group of handwritten symbols formed by said locator device over said screen when said first input signal is assigned the identity of the first editing symbol.
6. Apparatus for recognizing symbols and editing text comprising: a resistive type touch display which includes apparatus for providing output signals, each output signal indicative of a plurality of successive positions on said display selected by a hand-held stylus; a computer, coupled to said display, configured to receive said signals, to recognize at least some of said output signals as corresponding to at least one of a plurality of font symbols, to recognize at least some of said output signals, indicative of positions in a first area of said display as corresponding to at least a first of a plurality of editing symbols, to recognize at least some of said output signals indicative of positions in said first area of said display as corresponding to at least a second of said plurality of editing symbols, to control said display causing it to display a computer-generated symbol when said recognized symbol is a font symbol to execute a first editing function when said recognized symbol is said first editing symbol and to execute a second editing function different from said first editing functions, when said recognized symbol is said second editing symbol.
7. A method for recognizing symbols and editing text comprising: providing a computing device which includes a resistive type touch display, said display having apparatus for providing output signals, each output signal indicative of a plurality of successive positions on said display selected by a hand-held stylus; receiving said signals in said computing device; using said computing device to recognize at least some of said output said output signals as corresponding to at least some of a plurality of font symbols; using said computing device to recognize at least some of said output signals, indicative of positions in a first area of said display, as corresponding to at least a first of a plurality of editing symbols; using said computing device to recognize at least some of said output signals, indicative of positions in said first area of said display as corresponding to at least a second of said plurality of editing symbols; displaying a predetermined symbol on said display when said recognized symbol is a font symbol; executing a first editing function when said recognized symbol is said first editing symbol; and executing a second editing function, different from said first editing function, when said recognized symbol is said second editing symbol.
8. A method for recognizing symbols and editing text comprising: providing a computing device which includes a resistive type touch display said display having apparatus for providing handwritten symbol output signals, each handwritten symbol output signal indicative of a plurality of successive positions on said display selected by a hand-held stylus; receiving said signals in said computing device; using said computing device to recognize at least some of said output signals as corresponding to at least some of a plurality of font symbols; storing in said computing device, data corresponding to editing function symbols; using said computing device to compare said handwritten symbol output signals with said data corresponding to editing function symbols and to recognize at least some of the handwritten symbol output signals as corresponding to at least some of a plurality of editing symbols; displaying a predetermined symbol on said display when said recognized symbol is a font symbol; and executing an editing function when said recognized symbol is an editing symbol.
9. A method for recognizing handwritten symbols comprising: providing a resistive type touch display screen; displaying a plurality of characters or symbols on at least a first area of said display screen; writing a handwritten symbol over at least a portion of said first area of said display screen; digitizing said handwritten symbol to provide a digitized symbol; correlating said digitized symbol with at least one of a plurality of predetermined symbols, including a plurality of editing symbols by comparing characteristics of said digitized symbol with stored characteristics of at least some of said plurality of predetermined symbols, to provide one of said plurality of predetermined symbols as a designated symbol which is correlated with said handwritten symbol; executing at least a first of said plurality of editing functions when said designated symbol was written over at least one of said displayed characters or symbols; and executing at least a second of said plurality of editing functions when said designated symbol is one of said plurality of editing symbols.
10. A method for recognizing handwritten computer commands comprising: providing a computer having at least a resistive type touch display screen and a memory, and capable of executing a plurality of commands to perform operations on data; storing data in a plurality of memory locations in said memory; writing a handwritten command symbol over a location on said display screen digitizing said handwritten symbol to provide at least one digitized symbol, and an indication of said location on said display screen; correlating said at least one digitized symbol with at least one of a plurality of predetermined symbols, by comparing characteristics of said digitized symbol with stored characteristics of at least some of said plurality of predetermined symbols, to provide at least one designated symbol, said at least one designated symbol being correlated with at least one of said plurality of commands to perform operations on data; selecting at least a first portion of said data, said selecting being based on said location of said handwritten symbol on the display screen; executing said at least one computer command to perform an operation on said selected data.
11. A method, as claimed in claim 10, wherein said data corresponds to font symbols and wherein font symbols corresponding to at least some of said data are displayed on said display screen and wherein: said step of selecting at least a first portion of said data includes selecting data corresponding to at least one displayed font symbol which is adjacent to said location of said handwritten symbol on the display screen.
12. A method, as claimed in claim 11, wherein said step of executing at least one computer command includes inserting data in said memory, at least some of said inserted data corresponding to at least a first font symbol, and further comprising: displaying at least said first font symbol adjacent to said location of said handwritten symbol on the display screen.
13. A method, as claimed in claim 11, wherein said step of executing at least one computer command includes adjusting a margin of said displayed font symbols.
14. A method, as claimed in claim 11, wherein said step of executing at least one computer command includes deleting at least one displayed font symbol.
15. A method, as claimed in claim 11, wherein said step of executing at least one computer command includes moving at least one displayed font symbol.
16. A computer, as claimed in claim 1, further including storage means for storing, in named files, said preexisting graphic images, text, and combinations of graphic images and text and means to retrieve said pre-existing graphic images, text, and combinations of graphic images and text by writing the name of the file on the screen using said locator device.
17. A computer, as claimed in claim 1, further including storage means for storing, in named files, said preexisting graphic images, text, and combinations of graphic images and text and means to retrieve said pre-existing graphic images, text and combinations of graphic images and text by touching the name of an existing file, displayed on said screen, using said locator device.
18. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said plurality of font symbols includes at least one chemical equation symbol.
19. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said plurality of font symbols includes at least one music symbol.
20. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said plurality of font symbols includes at least one symbol for graphic manipulation of data.
21. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 20, wherein said symbol for graphic manipulation of data is a symbol for transfer of graphic data to a spreadsheet.
22. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said plurality of font symbols includes at least one equation.
23. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein said plurality of font symbols includes at least one of an ideograph and a scientific symbol.
24. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein one of said plurality of editing functions is a margin set function and wherein one of said plurality of editing symbols, corresponding to said margin set function, is a vertical line drawn down the side of displayed text where the new margin should appear.
25. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one of said editing functions is a function to move text and wherein one of said plurality of editing symbols, corresponding to said text move function includes brackets placed around a displayed group of symbols, and a caret.
26. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 4, wherein said step of correlating is performed by a computer and further comprising using said computer to learn the editing symbols used by a particular writer.
27. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said computer is further configured to request further input from said hand-held stylus if at least some of said output signals are not recognized as corresponding to at least one of a plurality of editing symbols.
28. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 6, wherein said computer is further configured to include a database of stroke sequences and corresponding symbols and to add a new symbol to the database when at least some output signals are not recognized as corresponding to at least one of said plurality of editing symbols or font symbols.
29. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 8, wherein said computer is further configured to provide a database of stroke sequences corresponding to characters and to effectively reorder the database to minimize time required to recognize the most frequently identified characters.
Patent Citations (95)
| Patent | Date | Inventor | Cited By |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3248705 | 1966-04-01 | Dammann et al. | |
| US3308253 | 1967-03-01 | Krakinowski | |
| US3487371 | 1969-12-01 | Frank | |
| US3530437 | 1970-09-01 | Booker, Jr. et al. | |
| US3699439 | 1972-10-01 | Turner | |
| US3760373 | 1973-04-01 | Bartz | |
| US3761877 | 1973-09-01 | Fernald | |
| US3832693 | 1974-08-01 | Ishizaki et al. | |
| US3868636 | 1975-02-01 | Schlang | |
| US3872462 | 1975-03-01 | Lemelson | |
| US3903517 | 1975-09-01 | Hafner | |
| US3916099 | 1975-10-01 | Hlady | |
| US3932859 | 1976-01-01 | Kyriakides | |
| US4016542 | 1977-04-01 | Azure | |
| US4055726 | 1977-10-01 | Turner et al. | |
| US4071691 | 1978-01-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4112415 | 1978-09-01 | Hilbrink | |
| US4129747 | 1978-12-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4159417 | 1979-06-01 | Rubicam | |
| US4177354 | 1979-12-01 | Mathews | |
| US4177448 | 1979-12-01 | Brayton | |
| US4184147 | 1980-01-01 | Seelbach | |
| US4195353 | 1980-03-01 | Abe et al. | |
| US4198539 | 1980-04-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4218760 | 1980-08-01 | Levy | |
| US4262281 | 1981-04-01 | Buckle et al. | |
| US4293734 | 1981-10-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4302011 | 1981-11-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4318096 | 1982-03-01 | Thornburg et al. | |
| US4353552 | 1982-10-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4365235 | 1982-12-01 | Greanias | |
| US4371746 | 1983-02-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4386232 | 1983-05-01 | Slater | |
| US4419661 | 1983-12-01 | Hetsugi | |
| US4430917 | 1984-02-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4456787 | 1984-06-01 | Schlosser et al. | |
| US4475239 | 1984-10-01 | van Raamadonk | |
| US4491960 | 1985-01-01 | Brown | |
| US4520357 | 1985-05-01 | Castleberry et al. | |
| US4521909 | 1985-06-01 | Wang | |
| US4542526 | 1985-09-01 | Satoh et al. | |
| US4545023 | 1985-10-01 | Mizzi | |
| US4559598 | 1985-12-01 | Goldwasser et al. | |
| US4578811 | 1986-03-01 | Inagaki | |
| US4586035 | 1986-04-01 | Baker et al. | |
| US4587630 | 1986-05-01 | Straton et al. | |
| US4607386 | 1986-08-01 | Morita et al. | |
| US4641354 | 1987-02-01 | Fukunaga et al. | |
| US4653107 | 1987-03-01 | Shojima et al. | |
| US4672677 | 1987-06-01 | Yamakawa | |
| US4679241 | 1987-07-01 | Lukis | |
| US4680430 | 1987-07-01 | Yoshikawa et al. | |
| US4680804 | 1987-07-01 | Kuzunuki et al. | |
| US4703316 | 1987-10-01 | Sherbeck | |
| US4718102 | 1988-01-01 | Crane et al. | |
| US4718103 | 1988-01-01 | Shojima | |
| US4727588 | 1988-02-01 | Fox et al. | |
| US4730186 | 1988-03-01 | Koga et al. | |
| US4739314 | 1988-04-01 | McCaskill et al. | |
| US4755634 | 1988-07-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4763356 | 1988-08-01 | Day, Jr. et al. | |
| US4766425 | 1988-08-01 | Tallman et al. | |
| US4775811 | 1988-10-01 | Okano | |
| US4778951 | 1988-10-01 | Pepper, Jr. | |
| US4786896 | 1988-11-01 | Harte | |
| US4792859 | 1988-12-01 | Wicker et al. | |
| US4821029 | 1989-04-01 | Logan et al. | |
| US4821030 | 1989-04-01 | Batson et al. | |
| US4827410 | 1989-05-01 | Corren | |
| US4833625 | 1989-05-01 | Fisher et al. | |
| US4846694 | 1989-07-01 | Erhardt | |
| US4847696 | 1989-07-01 | Matsumoto et al. | |
| US4847775 | 1989-07-01 | Roch et al. | |
| US4873623 | 1989-10-01 | Lane et al. | |
| CAX1108764 | 1978-05-01 | ||
| EPX156394 | 1985-10-01 | ||
| EPX157354 | 1985-10-01 | ||
| EPX232905 | 1987-08-01 | ||
| DEX3511353 | 1986-10-01 | ||
| JPX55-143681 | 1980-11-01 | ||
| JPX57-105090 | 1982-06-01 | ||
| JPX58-19940 | 1983-02-01 | ||
| JPX58-96382 | 1983-06-01 | ||
| JPX56-193977 | 1983-06-01 | ||
| JPX58-144276 | 1983-08-01 | ||
| JPX59-176865 | 1984-10-01 | ||
| JPX60-75980 | 1985-04-01 | ||
| JPX60-222916 | 1985-11-01 | ||
| JPX61-33163 | 1986-02-01 | ||
| JPX61-77990 | 1986-04-01 | ||
| JPX61-107468 | 1986-05-01 | ||
| JPX61-107467 | 1986-05-01 | ||
| GBX2102944 | 1983-02-01 | ||
| GBX2117154 | 1983-10-01 | ||
| GBX2193023 | 1988-01-01 |
Non-Patent Literature (20)
- Coleman, M. "Text Editing on a Graphic Display Device using Hand-Drawn Proofreader's Symbols", Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics, 1969.
- Fukunaga, Y., et al., "A man-Machine Interface with a Handwritten Input Device", Technical Research Report of Electronics and Communication Society, Japan, vol. 86, No. 26, pp. 25-29. (no date).
- Kuzunki, S., et al. "Handwritten Characters and Graphics Recognition Technology for Work Station", Hitachi Hyoron, vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 243-246. (no date).
- Tappert, C. "Handwriting Recognition on Transparent Tablet Over Flat Display", 1986 SID Internation Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 308-312.
- "Program Recognizes Handwritten Math", Electronics Review, vol. 44, No. 18, 1971.
- Doster, W., "Word-Processing with On-Line Script Recognition", IEEE Micro, vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 36-43, 1984.
- O'Callaghan, "Problems in On-Line Recognition", Picture Language Machines--Proceedings of a Conference, Feb., 1969, Canberra, Australia, pp. 193-211.
- Driscoll, R. J., et al., "Real-Time Reading of Handwritten Symbols and Applications", Proceedings of the Conference on Digital Processing of Signals in Communications, Sep. 9, 1977, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers, pp. 293-302.
- Wakahara, T., "On-Line Cursive Script Recognition Using Stroke Linkage Rules", 7th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 1984, vol. 2, pp. 1065-1068.
- Guberman, S., et al., "Algorithm for the Recognition of Handwritten Text", Automation and Remote Control, vol. 37, No. 5, Part II, May 1976, pp. 751-757.
- Yoshida, K., "On-Line Handwritten Character Recognition for a Personal Computer System":, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. CE-28, No. 3, Aug., 1982, pp. 202-209.
- Oed, R., "On-Line Script Recognition", IEEE 1985 Compint: Computer Aided Technologies, Sep. 8-12, 1985, pp. 741-743.
- Ye, P., "Techniques for On-Line Chinese Character Recognition with Reduced Writing Constraints", 7th International Conference on Pattern Recognition 1984, vol. 2, pp. 1043-1045.
- Brown, R., "Hand Printed Symbol Recognition System" IEEE Southeast Conference, 1981, pp. 291-298.
- Suen, C., et al., "Automatic Recognition of Handprinted Characters", Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 68, No. 4, Apr. 4, 1980.
- Okudaira, M. "Image Recognition and Display-Based Interactive Processing for Plant-Record Drawing Database", IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Dec. 2-5, 1985, New Orleans, Louisiana, vol. 2, pp. 625-629.
- Warfield, R., "The New Interface Technology", BYTE, vol. 8, Dec. 1983, pp. 218-230.
- Wakahara, T., et al., "Electro-Luminescent Display Superimposed by Transparent Electro-Magnetic Coupling Tablet and its Application To Script Input Japanese Word Processor". (no date).
- Kankaanpaa, A., "An Advanced Display System with Natural Interactivity", Eurographics 86: Proceedings of the European Computer Graphics Conference and Exhibition, pp. 185-193, 1986.
- Okudaira, M., "Image Enhancement of Handwritten Drawings and Their Recognition Followed by Interactive Processing", Proc. Spie, Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., vol. 707, pp. 42-50, 1986.