Apparatus for Producing Configurable Biphastic Defibrillation Waveforms

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to implantable medical devices and, in particular, to a programmable defibrillator capable of delivering a configurable biphasic waveform.

2. Discussion of the Prior Art

Implantable defibrillators use truncated exponential waveforms to defibrillate the heart. The earliest devices used monophasic waveforms. More recent clinical investigations have evaluated the increased effectiveness of biphasic waveforms. See Troup, Implantable Cardioverters and Defibrillators, Current Problems in Cardiology, Volume XIV, Number 12, December 1989, pages 729-744. Some investigators have even recommended the use of triphasic waveforms as the most effective waveform for defibrillating a heart. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,397 issued to Jones and Jones on Jan. 20, 1987.

As described by Troup, monophasic waveforms are typically produced using silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) technology that truncates the pulse by "dumping" the energy on the defibrillator capacitor. This leaves no energy available on the capacitor for producing multiphasic waveforms.

As further described by Troup, there have been two methods available for truncation of a monophasic defibrillation waveform. According to one method, pulse truncation is accomplished by comparing the capacitor voltage to a reference voltage which is usually chosen as a function of the waveform leading edge voltage. The result is a defibrillation pulse with a constant ratio of trailing edge to leading edge voltage, or a "constant tilt" pulse.

Defibrillation pulse "tilt", described as percent tilt, is defined as follows:

where V.sub.f is the trailing edge voltage of the pulse and V.sub.i is the leading edge voltage.

According to the second method, the defibrillation pulse is truncated by a timing circuit so that the pulse duration is constant.

Biphasic waveform generators have used MOS switches to produce the defibrillator output. The MOS switch technique is better suited to multiphasic waveforms since the defibrillator capacitor does not need to be "dumped" to truncate the pulse.

Prior art biphasic waveforms have been programmable in terms of pulse duration. The disadvantage of programming biphasic waveforms in terms of duration can be seen in FIG. 1. Panel 1 of FIG. 1 shows a conventional biphasic waveform with a 50 ohm load. Panel 2 shows a conventional biphasic waveform with the same duration of phases with a 25 ohm load. With a 50 ohm load, there is adequate residual voltage to produce an effective negative phase of the biphasic waveform. However, at the same pulse durations, with a 25 ohm load, the voltage during the positive phase has decayed to the point where very little is left for the negative phase.

While it is possible to select optimal pulse durations for a given patient impedance, the patient impedance may change. In particular, for higher defibrillation voltages, the patient impedance is lower. In addition, over time, the lead impedance may increase due to the build-up of scar tissue.

Due to their small size and battery operation, implantable defibrillators have limited output energy capability. It is not unusual for an implantable defibrillator to have only slightly more output capability than is required to defibrillate a patient. This lack of safety margin makes it all the more important that the output energy that is available is used in the most effective manner. While biphasic waveforms are a step in the right direction, the optimal settings for the positive and negative phase durations have not been addressed in the prior art.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,850,357 issued to Stanley M. Bach, Jr. on Jul. 25, 1989, discloses a circuit for generating a biphasic defibrillation waveform wherein both the positive and negative phases have constant tilt. However, the Bach, Jr. defibrillator generates a biphasic waveform having fixed characteristics. That is, only a single type of waveform can be delivered that has a first positive pulse having a specified constant tilt and a second negative pulse also having a specified constant tilt. Thus, the Back defibrillator circuit provides none of the therapeutic flexibility that is desirable in restoring rhythm to a fibrillating heart.

The present invention provides a microprocessor controlled output stage that allows for greater flexibility than has been available in defining a biphasic defibrillation waveform. In accordance with the invention, the biphasic waveform generator may be programmed to provide either positive and negative phases having selected constant tilt or a positive phase having a selected constant tilt and a negative phase having a duration that is related to the duration of the positive phase. The disclosed apparatus can also produce conventional multiphasic waveforms, if desired.

A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings which set forth an illustrative embodiment in which the principles of the invention are utilized.

FIG. 1 provides a comparison between prior art biphasic waveforms and configurable biphasic waveforms generated in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of an apparatus for generating a configurable, biphasic waveform in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for producing a biphasic waveform having selected constant positive and negative tilts.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for producing a biphasic waveform with a selected constant tilt positive phase and a negative phase the duration of which is related to the duration of the measured positive phase duration.

The invention is directed to programmable control circuitry for an implantable defibrillator output stage that generates biphasic defibrillation waveforms having selected constant tilt. In the disclosed embodiment, the defibrillator has an on-board microprocessor and the control circuitry acts as a peripheral to the microprocessor.

With a biphasic waveform, where both phases have constant tilt, sufficient voltage for the negative phase is assured, as shown in panels 3 and 4 of FIG. 1. Panel 3 shows a constant tilt biphasic waveform with a 50 ohm load. Panel 4 shows a biphasic waveform with the same constant tilt with a 25 ohm load. The initial voltage on the biphasic waveform generated by the apparatus of the invention is the same in both cases. With the inventive apparatus, the amount of tilt in each phase is independently programmable. Since J=0.5*C(V.sub.i.sup.2 -V.sub.f.sup.2); constant tilt can also be expressed as constant energy where the energy is independent, to some extent, from the initial voltage.

With a multiphase constant tilt defibrillation waveform, the duration of each phase of the waveform is dependant upon the patient impedance. Some studies (Tang, et al, Ventricular Defibrillation Using Biphasic Waveforms: The Importance of Phasic Duration, JACC Vol. 13, No. 1, January 1989) support the idea that the relative durations of the phases of a biphasic waveform are important in determining its efficacy. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to measure the duration of the first, constant tilt phase of a biphasic waveform and then set the negative phase duration to some percentage of the measured positive phase duration. This is a further capability of the disclosed apparatus, thus providing the ability to optimize multiphasic waveform durations.

Referring to FIG. 2, in the illustrated embodiment of the invention, a control system is used which comprises functional modules and addresses that the microprocessor can read or write.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram that will be used in conjunction with the FIG. 2 block diagram to describe how a biphasic waveform having selected constant tilt positive and negative pulses can be generated.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 at step 300 of the FIG. 3 flowchart, the microprocessor decides that a defibrillation output is necessary. This could be due to the automatic detection of fibrillation by the device, or due to an external command from the physician, or due to any other reason.

Before a pulse can be delivered, energy must be stored on the defibrillation capacitor 200 (FIG. 2), which typically has a value of about 150 microfarads.

At step 310, the microprocessor addresses the high voltage converter 210 to command it to start charging the defibrillation capacitor 200 to a selected voltage (address "select HV" 212).

At step 312, the microprocessor starts a polling loop by reading "EOC" 214. "EOC" is the "end-of-convert" signal from the high voltage converter 210 and signifies that the converter has finished charging the capacitor 200 to the selected initial voltage. After reading "EOC" at step 312, the microprocessor determines if the initial high voltage is ready at step 314.

If the initial high voltage is not ready, then the microprocessor loops back to step 312. In some implementations it may be desirable for the microprocessor to attend to other tasks or to be disabled for periods to conserve current during polling loops. If, at step 314, the microprocessor finds that the defibrillator capacitor 200 is charged to the selected initial voltage, then the defibrillation system is prepared for delivery of a positive pulse.

The pulse width of the positive pulse is determined by the length of time required for the defibrillator capacitor to decay to a selected decay voltage. If, in this illustrative example, the selected peak voltage is 500 volts, then 200 volts would be a reasonable decay voltage for the trailing edge voltage of the positive pulse to assure an effective negative phase (a trailing edge voltage of 100 volts for the negative phase will be used for this example).

At step 316, the microprocessor manipulates the controls of two multiplexers 212 and 214 to set the output stage to terminate the positive pulse when the selected trailing edge is detected on the defibrillation capacitor 200. Multiplexer 212 selects the signal flow to either generate a positive pulse or a negative pulse.

At step 316, the microprocessor addresses "+/- select" 213 to choose a positive pulse. Multiplexer 214 selects the signal flow to either produce a pulse with a selected time duration or a pulse which terminates when a selected decay voltage is detected on the defibrillator capacitor 200 At step 316, the microprocessor addresses "time/voltage select" 215 to choose a pulse which terminates when a selected decay voltage is detected.

The positive pulse is started by the microprocessor at step 318 by addressing "Trailing voltage select" 222 and setting the selected trailing edge voltage to 200 volts. Since the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 is at 500 volts, the output 221 of the trailing voltage detector 220 goes high. This signal 221 goes through multiplexer 214 to line 223, through multiplexer 212 to the positive pulse input 225 of the biphasic output stage 240 which generates a positive defibrillation output as long as positive pulse input 225 is asserted.

Once the positive pulse is started, the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor starts to decline as current flows into the patient's heart 290. Trailing voltage detector 220 maintains signal 221 high until the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 has decayed to less than the trailing voltage selected by address 222. In this example, when the capacitor voltage decays to 200 volts, the trailing voltage detector 220 responds by forcing its output 221 low. This signal goes through multiplexer 214, line 223, and multiplexer 212 to the positive pulse input control 225 of the biphasic output stage 240, terminating the positive pulse.

While the positive pulse is being generated, the microprocessor waits in a polling loop for the pulse to end. The microprocessor reads "EOP" at step 320. "EOP" is the "end-of-pulse" signal and is the same as line 223 discussed above. As long as the pulse is being generated, "EOP" is high; when the pulse is over, "EOP" goes low. Having read "EOP" at step 320, the microprocessor checks to see if the pulse is over at step 322. If the pulse is not over, the microprocessor loops back to step 320. When the positive pulse ends, the microprocessor sets up the defibrillator system to produce the negative pulse.

At step 324, the microprocessor addresses the "+/- select" 213 of multiplexer 212 to select a negative pulse. The negative pulse is started by the microprocessor at step 326 by addressing "Trailing voltage select" 222 and setting the selected trailing edge voltage to 100 volts (in this example). Since the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 is at 200 volts, the output 221 of the trailing voltage detector 220 goes high. This signal 221 goes through multiplexer 214 to line 223, through multiplexer 212 to the negative pulse input 226 of the biphasic output stage 240 which generates a negative defibrillation output as long as negative pulse input 226 is asserted.

Once the negative pulse is started, the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 starts to decay again as current flows into the patient's heart 290. Trailing voltage detector 220 maintains signal 221 high until the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 has decayed to less than the trailing voltage selected by address 222. In this example, when the capacitor voltage decays to 100 volts, the trailing voltage detector 220 responds by forcing its output 221 low. This signal goes through multiplexer 214 to line 223 and multiplexer 212 to the negative pulse input control 226 of the biphasic output stage 240, terminating the negative pulse.

While the negative pulse is being generated, the microprocessor waits in a polling loop for the pulse to end. The microprocessor reads "EOP" at step 330. As long as the pulse is being generated, "EOP" is high; when the pulse is over, "EOP" goes low. Having read "EOP" at step 330, the microprocessor checks to see if the pulse is over at 332. If the pulse is not over, then the microprocessor loops back to step 330. When the negative pulse ends, the microprocessor exits the program flow at step 390.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that will be used in conjunction with the FIG. 2 block diagram to describe how a biphasic waveform having a positive pulse of selected constant tilt and a negative pulse duration related to the positive pulse duration can be generated. Generation of the positive pulse is accomplished in the same manner as described above in conjunction with FIG. 3, but is repeated here for completeness.

At step 400, the microprocessor decides that a defibrillation output is necessary. Before a pulse can be delivered, however, energy must be stored on the defibrillation capacitor 200, which typically has a value of about 150 microfarads. At step 410, the microprocessor addresses the high voltage converter 210 to command it to start charging the defibrillation capacitor 200 to the selected initial voltage (address "select HV" 212).

At step 412, the microprocessor starts a polling loop by reading "EOC" 214. "EOC" is the end-of-convert signal from the high voltage converter 210 and signifies that the converter has finished charging the capacitor 200 to the selected voltage. After reading "EOC" at step 412, the microprocessor determines if the high voltage is ready at 414.

If the high voltage is not ready, then the microprocessor loops back to step 412. In some implementations, it may be desirable for the microprocessor to attend to other tasks or to be disabled for periods to conserve current during polling loops. If, at step 414, the microprocessor finds that the defibrillator capacitor 200 is charged to the selected initial voltage, then the defibrillator system is prepared for delivery of a positive pulse. The pulse width is determined by the length of time required for the defibrillator capacitor to decay to a selected decay voltage. If, in this illustrative example, the selected peak voltage is 500 volts, then 200 volts would be a reasonable target voltage for the trailing edge voltage of the positive pulse to assure an effective negative phase.

At step 416, the microprocessor manipulates the controls of two multiplexers to set the output stage to terminate the pulse when the selected trailing edge is detected on the defibrillation capacitor 200.

Multiplexer 212 selects the signal flow to either generate a positive pulse or a negative pulse. At step 416, the microprocessor addresses "+/- select" 213 to choose a positive pulse. Multiplexer 214 selects the signal flow to either produce a pulse with a timed duration or a pulse which terminates when a selected decay voltage is detected on the defibrillator capacitor 200. At step 416, the microprocessor addresses "time/voltage select" 215 to choose a pulse which terminates when a selected decay voltage is detected.

The positive pulse is started by the microprocessor at step 418 by addressing "Trailing voltage select" 222 and setting the selected trailing edge voltage to 200 volts (in this example). Since the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 is at 500 volts, the output 221 of the trailing voltage detector 220 goes high. This signal 221 goes through multiplexer 214 to line 223 and through multiplexer 212 to the positive pulse input 225 of the biphasic output stage 240 which generates a positive defibrillation output as long as positive pulse input 225 is asserted.

Once the positive pulse is started, the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor starts to decline as current flows into the patient's heart 290. Trailing voltage detector 220 maintains signal 221 high until the voltage on the defibrillator capacitor 200 has decayed to less than the trailing voltage selected by address 222. In this example, when the capacitor voltage decays to 200 volts, the trailing voltage detector 220 responds by forcing its output 221 low. This signal goes through 214, 223, and 212 to the positive pulse input control 225 of the biphasic output stage 240, terminating the positive pulse.

While the positive pulse is being generated, the microprocessor waits in a polling loop for the pulse to end. The microprocessor reads "EOP" at step 420. "EOP" is the end-of-pulse signal and is the same as line 223 discussed above. As long as the pulse is being generated, "EOP" is high; when the-pulse is over "EOP" goes low. Having read "EOP" at step 420, the microprocessor checks to see if the pulse is over at step 422. If the pulse is not over, then the microprocessor loops back to step 420. When the positive pulse ends, the microprocessor sets up the hardware to produce the negative pulse which is to have a duration related to the positive pulse (in this example, the negative pulse will be set equal in duration to the positive pulse).

Since the positive phase pulse was terminated by the capacitor 200 reaching a selected decay voltage (200 volts in this example), the pulse duration is dependant upon the impedance of the patient's heart. For example, a comparatively low impedance of 25 ohms would result in a shorter pulse duration of about 3.4 milliseconds (for a 150 microfarad capacitor 200), while a 50 ohm patient impedance would result in a pulse duration of 6.8 milliseconds.

Once the positive pulse is over, at step 430 the microprocessor addresses the pulse width counter 230 (address "pulse width read" 232) to determine the positive phase pulse duration. The pulse width counter 230 measures the duration of "EOP" 223. Thus, the address "pulse width read" 232 contains the duration of the positive pulse. The microprocessor stores the duration of the positive pulse width for future use.

At step 432, the microprocessor manipulates the controls of two multiplexers 212 and 214 to set the output stage to produce a negative pulse with a timed duration. Multiplexer 212 selects the signal flow to either generate a positive pulse or a negative pulse. At step 432, the microprocessor addresses "+/- select" 213 to choose a negative pulse. Multiplexer 214 selects the signal flow to either produce a pulse with a timed duration or a pulse which terminates when a selected decay voltage is detected on the defibrillator capacitor 200. At step 432 the microprocessor addresses "time/voltage select" 215 to choose a pulse with a timed duration.

The negative pulse is started by the microprocessor at step 434 by writing to the pulse width timer 250 at address "pulse width select" 252) The pulse width timer produces a pulse of a duration which the microprocessor sets by writing a value to address "pulse width select" 252. In this example, the microprocessor makes the duration of the negative phase the same as the duration of the positive phase. To do this, the microprocessor writes into the pulse width timer 250 the value of the positive phase duration which it read from "pulse width read" 232 and stored. If the microprocessor was to make the negative phase twice the duration of the positive phase, then the microprocessor would multiply by two the positive phase duration (which it read from "pulse width read" 232 and stored) before writing it into the pulse width timer 250. As should be clear, the negative phase duration can be made related in any mathematical way to the positive phase duration by manipulating the data representation of the positive phase duration read from "pulse width read" 232.

By writing to the pulse width timer 252, at step 434, the microprocessor starts the negative pulse. The pulse width timer 250 produces a pulse the duration of which is set by the data the microprocessor wrote to address "pulse width select" 252 (which is equal to the positive pulse duration read from address "pulse width read" 232 in this example). The pulse from the pulse width timer 250 passes through multiplexer 214 and multiplexer 212 to the negative pulse input 226 of the biphasic output stage 240. The biphasic output stage 240 applies the negative phase output to the heart 290 for as long as its input 226 is asserted.

While the negative pulse is being generated, the microprocessor waits in a polling loop for the pulse to end. The microprocessor reads "EOP" at step 440. As long as the pulse is being generated, "EOP" is high; when the pulse is over, "EOP" goes low. Having read "EOP" at step 440, the microprocessor checks to see if the pulse is over at step 442. If the pulse is not over, then the microprocessor loops back to step 440. When the negative pulse ends, the microprocessor exits the program flow at step 490.

As should be apparent, many combinations of selected constant tilt and selected constant duration (or related duration) multiphasic waveforms can be produced under microprocessor control using the apparatus disclosed above.

Thus, it should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and apparatus within the scope of these claims and their equivalents to covered thereby.