US 5,311,764 AGrant
Rebound Hammer
Issue Date:1994-05-17
•18 Claims
•7 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A measuring apparatus which detects defects in underwater concrete structs by measuring the compressive strength of the structure. The measuring apparatus comprises a rebound hammer which has extending from the nose thereof a plunger. The plunger is pressed against the structure whose compressive strength is being measured forcing the plunger into the rebound hammer's housing which releases a spring driven mass. A resistive film strip which is in electrical contact with the mass detects the maximum rebound of the mass and provides an electrical signal indicative of this maximum rebound. A data acquisition and processing circuit comprising a microprocessor and signal conditioning electronics receives, processes and stores the electrical signals provided by the resistive strip. This circuit includes a peak detection circuit which captures the peak output signal from the resistive strip. The peak detection circuit then interrupts the microprocessor and sends an analog signal proportional to the maximum rebound of the mass to an analog to digital converter which converts the analog signal to a digital data for processing by the microprocessor. The microprocessor then calculates the compressive strength of the underwater concrete structure under test.
Metadata
Assignee
- The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy
Inventors
- Anthony Smith
- Dan Goff
- Roman Kruchowy
- Carl Rhoads
Application Information
Application Number:US 0946621
Filing Date:1993-07-19
Priority Date:1992-03-25
Art Unit:266
Classifications
IPC:
G01L 500
Field of Search:
7311;12;79;81;82;83;84;85;12.04;12.01
Patent Drawings (7 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to apparatus for measuring the strength of concrete structures and, in particular, to a rebound hammer which measures the compressive strength of underwater concrete structures such as piers, retaining walls and the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Naval concrete underwater structures include piers, retaining walls, easements and the like. Over time fresh water and seawater will have an adverse effect on such underwater concrete structures in the form of wear and damage which necessitates inspection of the structures and if necessary repair or replacement of the structures.
In the past visual inspection of underwater concrete structures has been used to determine the condition of the structures. The qualitative data obtained from visual inspection is often inadequate to accurately assess the condition of the structure. In particular, a visual inspection of an underwater concrete structure will often fail to identify an internal defect within the structure.
A need therefore exist for a measuring apparatus which provides a long sought solution to the problem of accurately measuring internal damage and deterioration to underwater concrete structures such as piers, retaining walls, easements and the like.
Summary of the Invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a measuring apparatus which accurately detects external and internal defects in underwater concrete structures such as piers, retaining walls, easements and the like by measuring the compressive strength of the structure. The measuring apparatus of the present invention comprises a rebound hammer which has extending from the nose thereof a plunger. The plunger is pressed against the underwater concrete structure whose compressive strength is being measured forcing the plunger into the rebound hammer's housing which releases a spring driven mass. A resistive film strip which is in electrical contact with the mass detects the maximum rebound of the mass and provides an electrical signal indicative of this maximum rebound. The distance that the mass rebounds after impacting the plunger is, in turn, a function of the concrete surface hardness and thus can be correlated to the compressive strength of the underwater concrete structure being measured.
A data acquisition and processing circuit comprising a microprocessor, signal conditioning electronics and a self-contained battery pack with a built in battery charger receives, processes and stores the electrical signals provided by the resistive strip. The data acquisition and processing circuit includes a peak detection circuit which captures the peak output signal from the resistive strip. This, in turn, indicates the maximum rebound of the hammer mass. The peak detection circuit then interrupts the microprocessor and sends a voltage/analog signal proportional to the maximum rebound of the mass to an analog to digital converter module which converts the analog signal to a digital data signal for processing by the microprocessor. The microprocessor then calculates the compressive strength of the underwater concrete structure under test.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a general condition assessment of an underwater concrete structure such as a pier, retaining wall, easement or the like.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a means for quantifying the deterioration of an underwater concrete structure.
It is a yet another object of the present invention to provide a means whereby the compressive strength of an underwater concrete structure can be accurately measured.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a means for the nondestructive testing of an underwater concrete structure.
Still further objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a view in section of the rebound hammer used in the present invention;
FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c are a detailed electrical schematic of the data acquisition and processing circuit of the present invention;
FIGS. 3A-3K are timing diagrams illustrating the waveform outputs of various electrical components of the circuit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is calibration chart used by the present invention to calibrate the compressive strength of the underwater concrete structure under test;
FIG. 5 illustrates the keypad for operator data entry used with the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the three charge states of the battery charger of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment
Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a measuring apparatus, designated generally as 10, which accurately detects external and internal defects in underwater concrete structures such as piers, retaining walls, easements and the like by measuring the compressive strength of an underwater concrete structure under test. The measuring apparatus 10 comprises a rebound hammer 12 which has extending from the nose 14 thereof a plunger 16.
Rebound hammer 12 comprises a spring driven mass 18 that slides on a guide rod 20 within the rebound hammer's housing 22. To carry out a test of an underwater concrete structure plunger 16 is pressed firmly against the surface of the concrete structure under test. This releases the spring driven mass 18 from a locked position causing mass 18 to impact plunger 16 which transfers energy to the surface of the concrete structure under test. Plunger 16 reacts and re-transmits the rebound energy to mass 18 causing mass 18 to slide along guide rod 20 to the rear portion of housing 22. The harder and more compact the concrete structure the greater rebound of spring driven mass 18 with the maximum rebound height of mass 18 being indicative of the compressive strength of the concrete structure under test. The hook portion 19 of pawl 21 engages flange 23 of mass 18 holding mass 18 in the locked position until plunger 16 is pressed against the surface of the concrete structure under test.
At this time it should be noted that rebound hammer 12 is a modified commercially available Hardness Meter Model C-7311 available from James Instrument INC. of Chicago, Ill. with the modifications being as follows. To use the commercial rebound hammer under water for testing a concrete structure, rebound hammer 12 was placed inside pressure compensated aluminum housing 22 which has a double O-ring seal 24 surrounding plunger 16 at nose 14. All internal components of the commercially available rebound hammer are unchanged except for a mechanical reading pointer and the impact plunger. Plunger 16 was lengthened approximately 1/2 inch to accommodate double O-ring seal 24 with the mass and hardness of plunger 16 matching the plunger of the commercially available rebound hammer to maintain calibration. A resistive film strip 30 replaces the mechanical reading pointer to electrically detect the maximum rebound height of spring driven mass 18. In addition, an electrically conductive wiper 32 which is in slidable engagement with resistive strip 30 was attached to spring driven mass 18. Resistive strip 30, in turn, provides a minimum output voltage of 0.12 volts and a maximum output voltage of 10 volts.
Housing 22 has a depth rating of 190 feet and it is pressure compensated at 5 psi over ambient pressure. Air is supplied to rebound hammer 12 through an umbilical cable 33 via a pressure regulator 35 to maintain positive pressure differential inside housing 22. Pressure regulator 35 is adjusted to provide internal pressure within housing 22 at 4 to 6 psi. Regulator 35 then maintains pressure differential as ambient pressure changes with water depth. A relief valve 36 set at 5 psi is located at the rear end of housing 22 to prevent over pressure of the housing 22. A standard dive tank, not shown, is used for supplying air to umbilical cable 33 for pressure compensating rebound hammer 12.
Referring to FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c, there is shown the data acquisition and processing circuit 40 of measuring apparatus 10. The portion of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40 which is positioned within housing 22 is designated by the reference numeral 41 and the portion of data acquisition and processing circuit 40 located aboard a ship on a dock, a pier or the like is designated by the reference numeral 43. All electrical wires connecting circuit 41 to circuit 43 are positioned within umbilical cable 33, FIG. 1.
The ship board or top side portion 43 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40 comprises a receptacle 42 which connects the data acquisition and processing circuit 40 to an external one hundred twenty volt alternating current power source. Receptacle 42 is connected to a power line filter 44 for filtering the 120 VAC which is then provided to a twenty four volt switching power supply 46 through a switch 48. Closure of switch 48 by an operator also connects a battery power supply 50 to the data acquisition and processing circuit 40. Thus, 18 to 24 VDC which is required to power portions 41 and 43 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40 is provided by either the twenty four volt power supply 46 or battery power supply 50 which includes three six volt lead acid rechargeable batteries connected in series. Battery power supply 50 is, in turn, a self contained power source which provides for approximately eight hours of continuous power to portions 41 and 43 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40.
At this time it should be noted that there is a vent fan 45 electrically connected via a switch 47 to recepticle 42. Vent fan 45 is used to cool a battery charger 78. Switch 47 is activated by a vent door, not shown, which is a component of the housing for the ship board or top side portion 43 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40. When the vent door is open switch 47 is in a closed position, as shown in FIG. 2a, and vent fan 45 and power supply 44 are operational.
When portions 41 and 43 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40 is utilizing battery 50 as the only source of power for the electrical components of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40, closure of a momentary contact switch 52 by the operator energizes a coil 54 within relay 56 which closes a contacts 58 and 59 to the set position as shown in FIG. 2a. It should be noted that prior to closing momentary contact switch 52, the operator must first close switch 48 to allow for the energization of coil 54 of relay 56.
Energizing coil 54 connects battery 50 directly to voltage regulators 60, 62, and 64 and a DC to DC converter 71 which is connected to voltage regulators 66 and 73 Voltage regulator 64 is connected directly to a voltage regulator 68. When coil 54 is energized voltage regulators 60, 62, 64, 66 and 68 and 73 respectively provide at their outputs +12 VDC, +15 VDC, +12 VDC, -12 VDC, +5 VDC and -5 VDC which is then supplied to the electrical components of portions 41 and 43 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40.
In a similar manner, when power supply 46 is the source of power for the electrical components of circuit 40 closure of switch 48 supplies power supply 46 with 120 VAC from recepticle 42. Power supply 46 then provides approximately 24 VDC and a 1.2 amp maximum current via diode 49 to voltage regulators 60, 62 64, as well as DC to DC converter 71 which provides at its output -18 VDC.
When the current drain on battery 50 results in a voltage of approximately 16.5 volts at the positive terminal of battery 50 a sensing circuit 69 comprising a twelve volt zener diode 70, transistor 72, diodes 65 and 75, and a twenty two Kohm resistor 74 activates coil 76 of relay 56 opening contacts 58 and 59 of relay 56 to a reset position which disconnects battery 50 from the electrical components of data acquisition and processing circuit 40. This sensing circuit 69 in combination with relay 56 protects battery 50 against over-discharge by isolating battery 50 from the electrical components of data acquisition and processing circuit 40. It should be noted that diodes 65 and 75 are protective diodes preventing back EMF when coils 54 and 76 are de-energized.
When battery 50 is fully charged to approximately 22 VDC, zener diode 70 maintains the base voltage of transistor 72 at a voltage level which is sufficient to restrict current flow from the emitter to the collector of transistor 72 and thereby maintain coil 76 in a nonenergized state. As battery 50 discharges the base voltage for transistor 72 decreases, the current flow through coil 76 increases and the base current for transistor 72 increases. When battery 50 discharges to approximately 16.5 VDC, the emitter to base voltage of transistor 72 will be at 0.6 VDC turning on transistor 72 allowing sufficient current flow through coil 76 to energize coil 76. The energizing of coil 76 opens contact 58 and 59 of relay 56 thereby disconnecting battery 50 from the electrical components of battery acquisition and processing circuit 40.
It should be noted that power supply module 112 of microprocessor 110 supplies a +5 VCD to contact 59 of relay 56. When coil 54 is energized contact 59 is in the position illustrated in FIG. 2a such that the +5 VDC provided by microprocessor 110 is supplied to liquid crystal display 138, Flip-Flops 96, 98, 108 and 136, sixteen key encoder 134, peak detectors 94 and 100 and the 51 Kohm resistor connected to the B input of peak detector 94. It should be noted that the transistor used is the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a Motorola Model 2N2907 PNP transistor, while the zener diode is a Motorola Model 7 1N4746 zener diode.
Referring to FIGS. 2a and 6, data acquisition and processing circuit 40 also includes a battery charger 78 which is used to recharge battery 50 when power supply 46 is being utilized by circuit 40. A charge cycle begins with charger 78 in a bulk charge state (state 1) and charger 78 functioning as a constant current source that provides a constant current of I.sub.MAX to battery 50 which is defined by the following equation ##EQU1## where R.sub.S is 0.33 ohms. Either of two conditions, in turn, initiates the bulk-charge state at the beginning of the cycle. The first condition occurs when an operator connects receptacle 42 to 120 VAC and the second condition occurs while battery charger 78 is in the float state, that is battery charger 78 senses a low voltage on battery 50. This constant current bulk charge state returns seventy to ninety percent of the charge capacity of battery 50.
Charger 78 senses the battery voltage for battery 50. When the voltage reaches a transition threshold voltage V.sub.12, charger 78 begins an overcharge cycle (state 2). V.sub.12 is defined by the following equation
where V.sub.OC is 22.2 VDC and is defined as the overcharge voltage. The overcharge voltage V.sub.OC may be calculated by using the following equation ##EQU2## where R.sub.X is defined by the following equation ##EQU3## and R.sub.A =R.sub.A1 +R.sub.A2, R.sub.B is 4.7 Kohms and R.sub.C is 49.9 Kohms. R.sub.A is, in turn, determined by adjusting ten kohm variable resistor R.sub.A1 such that the overcharge voltage is set at 22.2 VDC. The overcharge voltage is, in turn, measured at the positive terminal of battery 50.
During the overcharge state, charger 78 regulates battery 50 at V.sub.OC until the charge rate drops to a specified transition current I.sub.OCT which is defined by the following equation ##EQU4## where R.sub.S is 0.33 ohm.
When the current provided by battery charger 78 tapers to I.sub.OCT with the battery's 50 voltage at V.sub.OC the capacity of battery 50 is nearly one hundred percent. At this point, battery charger 78 functions as a voltage regulator with a precise output defined by the following equation ##EQU5## where R.sub.A =R.sub.A1 +R.sub.A2, R.sub.S is 33 ohm and V.sub.REF is a reference voltage for battery charger 78 which is temperature dependent and is typically between 2.425 VDC and 2.18 VDC for a temperature range of zero to seventy degrees celsius.
The output voltage of battery charger 78 is now in the third state V.sub.F, that is the float state. If the charge current increases sufficiently to reach I.sub.MAX while in float state V.sub.F then V.sub.31 is reached which leads to the state 1 bulk charge condition after I.sub.MAX is reached.
V.sub.31 is, in turn defined by the following equation
At this time it should be noted that a complete written description of the operation of the battery charger circuit used in the present invention is provided in an article entitled "IC Provides Optimal Lead-Acid-Battery Charger Cycles" by Richard Valley published in Engineering Design News, Oct. 31, 1985, pages 161-178, which is incorporated by reference. It should also be noted that the constant current bulk charge first returns seventy to ninety percent of battery capacity and the remaining charge capacity is returned during the elevated constant voltage overcharge. In addition, it should be noted that external resistors R.sub.A1, R.sub.A2, R.sub.B, R.sub.C and R.sub.S determine the programming of all battery charger's 78 voltage and current levels which are set forth in equations one through seven.
The float charge state is sensed by a comparator 87 which activates a light emitting diode 79 to indicate battery 50 is fully charged. The battery charger used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a Unitrode Model UC3906 battery charger integrated circuit.
It should also be noted that a light emitting diode 80 is connected to the output of voltage regulator 60 to indicate that either power supply 46 or battery 50 is operational and thereby supplying current to the electrical components of data acquisition and processing circuit 14.
Referring to FIGS. 1, 2a, 2b and 2c, resistive strip 30 which is a position sensing transducer for rebound mass 18 is supplied a temperature compensated stable 10 VDC by a power supply 82. By utilizing a stable temperature compensated source of power 82 apparent differences in concrete hardness measurements due to drift in the resistive strip supply voltage are minimized. When rebound mass 18 is in the cocked position, the output voltage provided by resistive strip is approximately 8.5 volts as is best illustrated by FIG. 3A. Pressing plunger 16 against an underwater concrete surface whose hardness/compressive strength is being measured will result in rebound mass 18 being released and resistive strip 30 providing the signal/waveform of FIG. 3A. The signal of FIG. 3A indicates the rebound height or distance mass 18 traverses after being released.
The signal of FIG. 3A is buffered by an operational amplifier 84 and then supplied to a low pass butterworth filter 86 which has a cutoff frequency of approximately 96 Hertz. Butterworth filter 86, in turn, eliminates jitter from the signal of FIG. 3A.
As plunger 16 is pushed further into housing 22 of rebound hammer 12, the voltage applied to the noninverting input of voltage comparator 88 increases. A point is reached just prior to the release of rebound mass 18 when the voltage applied to the noninverting input of voltage comparator 88 exceeds the approximately 8.2 volts supplied by amplifier 90 to the inverting input of voltage comparator 88. When the voltage applied to the noninverting input of voltage comparator 88 exceeds 8.2 volts the output of amplifier 88 goes to the logic one state, FIG. 3D. The logic one provided by voltage comparator 88 is supplied to a NAND gate 92 which inverts the logic one resulting in a logic zero, FIG. 3C, being provided to the A input of a peak detector 94 and a logic one, FIG. 3(D) being provided to the B input of peak detector 94 resetting peak detector 94. Resetting peak detector 94 also causes the status output of detector 94 to go to the logic zero state as shown in FIG. 3E. The logic one provided by voltage comparator 88 is supplied to the clear input of a D Flip-Flop 96 causing the not Q output of Flip-Flop 96 to go to the logic one state resetting D Flip-Flop 98.
Simultaneously, the signal of FIG. 3A is supplied to the inverting input of an amplifier 97 which inverts the signal of FIG. 3A resulting in the signal FIG. 3B being supplied to the signal input of peak detector 94.
When the signal of FIG. 3A falls below 8.2 volts the output of voltage comparator 88 goes to the logic zero state resulting in a logic zero, FIG. 3D, being provided to the B input of peak detector 94 and a logic one, FIG. 3C, being provided to the A input of peak detector 94 which enables peak detector 94. Peak detector 94 now tracks the signal of FIG. 3B until a peak value is reached. At the point in time when the signal of FIG. 3B reaches its peak value as indicated by the reference numeral 101, the status output of peak detector 94 transitions from the logic zero state to the logic one state as shown in FIG. 3E. This results in a clock pulse, FIG. 3F, being provided to the clock input of Flip-Flop 96 causing the not Q output of Flip-Flop 96 to transition from the logic one state to the logic zero state as shown in FIG. 3G.
The logic zero, FIG. 3G, at the not Q output of Flip-Flop 96 is supplied to the B input of peak detector 100, the clear input of Flip-Flop 98 and to a NAND gate 102. NAND gate 102 functions as an inverter providing a logic one to the first input of a NAND gate 104. Since the not Q output of Flip-Flop 98 is at the logic one state the output of NAND gate 104 transitions from the logic one state to the logic zero state resulting in a logic one being provided by NAND gate 106 to the A input of peak detector 100. This enables peak detector 100 allowing peak detector 100 to capture and hold the peak rebound voltage of the signal of FIG. 3A, indicated by the reference numeral 103. The peak rebound value of the signal of FIG. 3A is held by peak detector 100 until peak detector 100 is reset. It should be noted that the peak voltage 103 when held by detector 100 will decay slightly over time however this decay is minimal so as not to adversely effect the operation of data acquisition and processing circuit 40.
It should also be noted that a logic zero at both the A and B inputs of peak detector 100 creates the hold state for peak detector 100. This occurs when detector 100 detects the peak voltage value of the signal of FIG. 3A, (at point 103) causing the status output of peak detector 100 to transition from zero to one clocking Flip-Flop 98 which results in the not Q output of Flip-Flop 98 transitioning to the logic zero state. This logic zero is supplied to NAND gate 104 causing its output to transition to the logic one state. This logic one is then inverted by NAND gate 106 resulting in a logic zero at the A input of peak detector 100.
It should be noted that the peak detectors 94 and 100 used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention are Burr-Brown Model 4085 Peak Detectors.
When peak detector 100 detects the peak value 103 of the signal of FIG. 3A, a clock pulse, FIG. 3H is generated at the status output of detector 100 which is then provided to the clock input of D Flip-Flop 98. This clock pulse clocks the logic one at the D input of Flip-Flop 98 to the Q output of flip-flop 98, thereby providing a clock pulse, FIG. 3J to the clock input of D Flip-Flop 108 which causes the not Q output of Flip-Flop 108 to transition to the logic zero state thereby generating an interrupt signal, FIG. 3K, which is supplied to the /RSTB input of a microprocessor 110. The interrupt signal of FIG. 3K indicates to microprocessor 110 that a peak voltage value 103 of the signal of FIG. 3A is at the signal output V.sub.O of peak detector 100 as is best illustrated by the signal of FIG. 3(I). The peak voltage signal of FIG. 3I is supplied to an amplifier 113 which divides the signal by a factor of two to allow for processing of the signal of FIG. 3I by microprocessor 110.
The microprocessor 110 used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a Model 2800 Eight Bit CMOS Microcomputer System manufactured by National Semiconductor. Microprocessor 110 comprises a Model MA 2800 Microcomputer 111 and Power Supply Module 112, a Model MA 2400 Data Acquisition Module 114, a Model MA 2232 Communications Interface 116, a Model MA 2732 UVPROM/RAM Module 118 and a Model MA 2018 Static RAM Module 120.
The peak voltage 103 which is divided by two by amplifier 113 is supplied to the channel 1 input of Data Acquisition Module 114 which converts peak voltage 103 from an analog signal to digital data for processing by microprocessor 110. Channel 2 of Data Acquisition Module 114 receives an analog signal from a pressure transducer 122 which has a range of operation of 0 through 50 PSI. The analog signal provided by pressure transducer 122, in turn, indicates the pressure at the depth at which the underwater concrete structure is being tested. Channel 3 of Data Acquisition Module 114 receives signal ground.
It should be noted that signal ground originates at voltage regulator 64 and terminates at channel 3 of data acquisition module 114. Signal ground, which is illustrated as a ground with the symbol SG in FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c, provides the ground for the electrical components of portion 41 of the data acquisition and processing circuit 40. This, in turn, allows pressure and peak value voltage measurements provided to channels 1 and 2 of data acquisition and processing module 114 to be referenced to signal ground thereby providing accurate data to microprocessor 110 for analysis by microprocessor 110.
Microprocessor 110 stores all data measured during an inspection of an underwater concrete structure into static ram module 120. The program listing for the software program used to calculate the compressive strength of an underwater concrete structure being measured is stored in UVPROM/RAM Module 118 and is set forth below. The input angle alpha (see FIG. 4) of rebound hammer 12 during a measurement of an underwater concrete structure is keyed by the operator using a keypad 130. The input angle alpha of rebound hammer 12 along with the peak rebound value as represented by point 103 of the waveform of FIG. 3A is used by the microprocessor software to calculate the compressive strength of the underwater concrete structure under test in accordance with the calibration chart illustrated in FIG. 4.
A status light 132 turns on when measuring apparatus 10 is ready for collecting data and turns off when a predetermined number of measurements have been made. Generally between three and eighteen measurements are taken at each test location of the concrete underwater structure being tested with the recommended number of measurements being twelve. The multiple number of measurements allows microprocessor 110 to calculate the mean value and standard deviation of the measurements after discarding the minimum and maximum values.
After completing the inspection of the underwater concrete structure, the test results from the inspection can transferred via RS232 module 116 to a printer 132 in a report format. This report typically includes the following information which is entered by the operator using keypad 130, FIG. 5, or provided by microprocessor 110 as a result of the compressive strength measurements of the structure under test. This report includes the location of the concrete structure under test; the depth of each measurement, the number of data samples collected for each test and the estimated strength of the concrete structure under test. The estimated strength of the concrete structure under test is the estimated compressive strength of the concrete based upon the chart of FIG. 4 which relates a corrected rebound number to the comprehensive strength of a reference concrete cube consisting of a good quality aggregate and Portland cement. The corrected rebound number which is based on the value measured during a calibration check is defined by the expression:
where R is the normalized rebound number, r is the measured rebound numbers as provided by the signal output of peak detector 100, n is the number of measurements and Ra is the calibration rebound value. Ra is determined using a calibration anvil made of hardened steel and has normal value of 80 with a standard deviation of 2 or less.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 5, keypad 130 is used by the operator to input certain digital data/information into microprocessor 110 such as the number of measurements to be made on a concrete structure under test. When the operator desires to enter data into microprocessor 110 a sixteen key encoder 134 which is electrically coupled to keypad 130 provides a logic zero to one transition at its DA output (data available). This logic zero to one transition clocks the logic one at the D input of Flip-Flop 136 to the Q output thereof which causes the not Q output of Flip-Flop 136 to transition from the logic one to the logic zero state thereby providing an interrupt to the /RSTA input of microprocessor 110. This interrupt provided by Flip-Flop 136 indicates to microprocessor 110 that encoder 134 is ready to provide data to microprocessor 110.
At this time it should be noted that the encoder used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a CMOS key encoder, Model MM74C992 16 Key Encoder manufactured by National Semiconductor.
Referring to FIG. 5 the functions of the keys on keypad 130 are briefly described as follows: L selects the alpha character located in the left hand corner of each alphanumeric key; M selects the alpha character located in the middle of each alphanumeric key and R selects the alpha character located in the right hand corner of each alphanumeric key. DELETE allows deletion of the last entry without affecting other data entered; SELECT allows a cursor to be moved around liquid crystal display 138 to select a desired function and DONE allows data to be entered into the static RAM module 120 of microprocessor 110 or executes the selected function. The alphanumeric keys "0-9, A-Z, +, -, #, SP" allow either numbers or letters to be entered microprocessor 110 via encoder 134. Numbers are selected by pressing the desired key, while letters are entered by pressing a position key (either L, M or R) and the key with the desired letter on it. A blank space is generated by selecting the SP key.
The liquid crystal display 138 used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a 4 line by 40 character LCD display Model LM44A4C40CBW LCD manufactured by Densitron. Data provided by microprocessor 110 for display by liquid crystal display 138 is provided to a serial to parallel data converter 140 which converts the data from an eight bit serial word to an eight bit parallel word and then supplies each eight bit parallel word to liquid crystal display 138 for display thereby.
Data acquisition and processing circuit 40 also has a diver communications circuit which includes a microphone jack 124 adapted to receive a microphone, not shown, a diver earphone volume control 126 connected to jack 124, an amplifier 128 connected to jack 124 and diver earphone 13 connected to the output of the amplifier 128. The diver communications circuit allows for ship or shore to diver communication with the diver using rebound hammer 12 to test an underwater concrete structure for deterioration.
From the foregoing it may readily be seen that the subject invention comprises a new, unique and exceedingly useful rebound hammer for measuring the hardness of a concrete structure which constitutes a considerable improvement over the known prior art. Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. ##SPC1## PG,71
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A measuring apparatus for testing and measuring the compressive strength of an underwater concrete structure, said measuring apparatus comprising: a housing having a nose at the front end; a plunger extending from the nose of said housing; a guide rod mounted within said housing, said guide rod having a spring driven mass mounted thereon, said spring driven mass being in slidable engagement with said guide rod; the end of said plunger extending from said nose being adapted to engage a surface of said underwater concrete structure so as to allow said measuring apparatus to measure the compressive strength of said structure; said spring driven mass being released from a locked position and impacting the opposite end of said plunger when said plunger is pressed against the surface of said underwater concrete structure being measured, said spring driven mass rebounding along said guide rod toward the rear of said housing after impacting said plunger; a resistive film strip mounted within said housing approximately parallel to said guide rod; an electrically conductive wiper attached to said spring driven mass, said electrically conductive wiper being in slidable engagement with said resistive film strip; said electrically conductive wiper providing an analog signal proportional to the distance that said spring driven mass rebounds from said plunger after impacting said plunger; detection circuit means for tracking said analog signal until the peak voltage of said analog signal is reached and then holding the peak voltage of said analog signal; said detection circuit means providing a status signal indicating that the peak voltage of said analog signal is being held by said detection circuit means; and processing means having a status input and at least three signal inputs, said status input being adapted to receive said status signal from said detection circuit means, said status signal interrupting said processing means so as to allow said processing means to receive at the first signal input thereof the peak voltage of said analog signal and then store the peak voltage of said analog signal; said processing means calculating the compressive strength of said underwater concrete structure being measured after receiving the peak voltage from at least one test of said structure using said measuring apparatus; said detection circuit means comprising: an amplifier circuit for providing a reference voltage; a voltage comparator having an inverting input for receiving said reference voltage, a noninverting input for receiving said analog signal and an output; a first inverter having an input connected to the output of said voltage comparator and an output; an inverting amplifier having an input for receiving said analog signal and an output; a first peak detector having a first logic input connected to the output of said first inverter, a second logic input connected to the output of said voltage comparator, a signal input connected to the output of said inverting amplifier and a status output; a voltage source for providing a logic one signal; a first Flip-Flop having a data input for receiving said logic one signal, a clock input connected to the status output of said first peak detector, a clear input connected to the output of said voltage comparator and a not Q output; a second inverter having an input connected to the not Q output of said first Flip-Flop and an output; a NAND gate having a first input connected to the output of said second inverter, a second input and an output; a third inverter having an input connected to the output of said NAND gate and an output; a second peak detector having a first logic input connected to the output of said third inverter, a second logic input connected to the not Q output of said first Flip-Flop, a signal input for receiving said analog signal, a signal output connected to the first signal input of said processing means and a status output; a second Flip-Flop having a data input for receiving said logic one signal, a clock input connected to the status output of said second peak detector, a clear input connected to the not Q output of said first Flip-Flop and a Q output; and a third Flip-Flop having a data input for receiving said logic one signal, a clock input connected to the Q output of said second Flip-Flop and a not Q output connected to the status input of said processing means.
2. The measuring apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a printer electrically coupled to said processing means for providing a report indicative of the compressive strength of said underwater concrete structure being measured.
3. The measuring apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a circuit for providing at least eighteen volts direct current to said measuring apparatus, said circuit comprising: a receptacle for receiving one hundred twenty volts alternating current, said receptacle having an output; a line filter having an input connected to the output of said receptacle and an output; a power supply having an input connected to the output of said line filter and an output, said power supply being adapted to provide approximately twenty-four volts direct current to said measuring apparatus; a plurality of voltage regulators, each of said voltage regulators having an input connected to the output of said power supply and an output; a rechargeable battery having an output connected to the inputs of said voltage regulators, said rechargeable battery being adapted to provide approximately eighteen volts direct current to said measuring apparatus; a momentary contact switch having a first terminal connected to the output of said battery and a second terminal; a DC to DC converter having an input and an output; a transistor having an emitter, a base and a collector, said base and said collector being connected to the output of said DC to DC converter and said emitter being connected to the output of one of said voltage regulators; a zener diode having an anode connected to the base of said transistor and a cathode connected to the inputs of said voltage regulators; a normally open switch having a pair of normally open contacts, the first normally open contact of said normally open switch being connected between said line filter and said power supply and the second normally open contact of said normally open switch being connected between the output of said battery and the inputs of said voltage regulators; a resistor connected between the base of said transistor and the output of said DC to DC converter; and a relay having a pair of coils and at least one contact, the fist coil of said relay being connected to the second terminal of said momentary contact switch such that when said momentary contact switch is closed the first coil of said relay is energized closing the contact of said relay to electrically connect the output of said battery to the inputs of said plurality of voltage regulators and the input of said DC to DC converter when the second normally open contact of said normally open switch is closed; the second coil of said relay being connected to the emitter of said transistor such that when said transistor is turned on the second coil of said relay is energized and the contact of said relay is opened electrically disconnecting said battery from said voltage regulators.
4. The measuring apparatus of claim 4 further comprising battery charger electrically connected to said battery for recharging said battery when the voltage of said battery drops below approximately eighteen volts.
5. The measuring apparatus of claim 4 wherein said rechargeable battery comprises a lead acid battery.
6. The measuring apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a pressure transducer having an output connected to the second signal input of said processing means.
7. The measuring apparatus of claim 1 further comprising keypad means for entering data into said processing means via the third signal input of said processing means.
8. The measuring apparatus of claim 7 further comprising an encoder electrically connected between said keypad means and the third signal input of said processing means.
9. The measuring apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a ten volt power supply electrically connected to said resistive strip for providing to said resistive strip a direct current voltage.
10. A measuring apparatus for testing and measuring the compressive strength of an underwater concrete structure, said measuring apparatus comprising: a housing having a nose at the front end; a plunger extending from the nose of said housing; a guide rod mounted within said housing, said guide rod having a spring driven mass mounted thereon, said spring driven mass being in slidable engagement with said guide rod; the end of said plunger extending from said nose being adapted to engage a surface of said underwater concrete structure so as to allow said measuring apparatus to measure the compressive strength of said structure; said spring driven mass being released from a locked position and impacting the opposite end of said plunger when said plunger is pressed against the surface of said underwater concrete structure being measured, said spring driven mass rebounding along said guide rod toward the rear of said housing after impacting said plunger; a resistive film strip mounted within said housing approximately parallel to said guide rod; an electrically conductive wiper attached to said spring driven mass, said electrically conductive wiper being in slidable engagement with said resistive film strip; said electrically conductive wiper providing an analog signal proportional to the distance that said spring driven mass rebounds from said plunger after impacting said plunger; first power supplying means for providing a first direct current voltage to said resistive strip so as to allow said electrically conductive wiper to provide said analog signal; detection circuit means for tracking said analog signal until the peak voltage of said analog signal is reached and then holding the peak voltage of said analog signal; said detection circuit means providing a status signal indicating that the peak voltage of said analog signal is being held by said detection circuit means; processing means having a status input and at least three signal inputs, said status input being adapted to receive said status signal from said detection circuit means, said status signal interrupting said processing means so as to allow said processing means to receive at the first signal input thereof the peak voltage of said analog signal and then store the peak voltage of said analog signal; said processing means calculating the compressive strength of said underwater concrete structure being measured after receiving the peak voltage from at least one test of said structure using said measuring apparatus; second power supply means for providing a second direct current voltage to said first power supplying means, said processing means and said detection circuit means; said second power supplying means including a self contained rechargeable battery, said rechargeable battery having an output electrically connected to said first power supplying means, said processing means and said detection circuit means; and sensing circuit means for disconnecting said rechargeable battery from said first power supplying means, said processing means and said detection circuit means when said battery discharges below a predetermined voltage; said detection circuit means comprising: an amplifier circuit for providing a reference voltage; a voltage comparator having an inverting input for receiving said reference voltage, a noninverting input for receiving said analog signal and an output; a first inverter having an input connected to the output of said voltage comparator and an output; an inverting amplifier having an input for receiving said analog signal and an output; a first peak detector having a first logic input connected to the output of said first inverter, a second logic input connected to the output of said voltage comparator, a signal input connected to the output of said inverting amplifier and a status output; a voltage source for providing a logic one signal; a first Flip-Flop having a data input for receiving said logic one signal, a clock input connected to the status output of said first peak detector, a clear input connected to the output of said voltage comparator and a not Q output; a second inverter having an input connected to the not Q output of said first Flip-Flop and an output; A NAND gate having a first input connected to the output of said second inverter, a second input and an output; a third inverter having an input connected to the output of said NAND gate and an output; a second peak detector having a first logic input connected to the output of said third inverter, a second logic input connected to the not Q output of said first Flip-Flop, a signal input for receiving said analog signal, a signal output connected to the first signal input of said processing means and a status output; a second Flip-Flop having a data input for receiving said logic one signal, a clock input connected to the status output of said second peak detector, a clear input connected to the not Q output of said first Flip-Flop and a Q output; and a third Flip-Flop having a data input for receiving said logic one signal, a clock input connected to the Q output of said second Flip-Flop and a not Q output connected to the status input of said processing means.
11. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 wherein said sensing circuit means comprises: a momentary contact switch having a first terminal connected to the output of said rechargeable battery and a second terminal; a DC to DC converter having an input and an output; a direct current voltage source having an output; a transistor having an emitter, a base and a collector, said base and said collector being connected to the output of said DC to DC converter and said emitter being connected to direct current voltage source; a zener diode having an anode connected to the base of said transistor and a cathode connected to said first power supplying means; a normally open switch having at least one normally open contact, the normally open contact of said normally open switch electrically connecting the output of said rechargeable battery to said first power supply means, said processing means and said detection circuit means when said normally open switch is closed; a resistor connected between the base of said transistor and the output of said DC to DC converter; and a relay having a pair of coils and at least one contact, the first coil of said relay being connected to the second terminal of said momentary contact switch such that when said momentary contact switch is closed said coil is energized closing the contact of said relay to electrically connect said rechargeable battery to said first power supplying means, said processing means and said detection circuit means when said normally open switch is closed; the second coil of said relay being connected to the emitter of said transistor such that when said transistor is turned on the second coil of said relay is energized and the contact of said relay is opened electrically disconnecting said rechargeable battery from said first power supplying means, said microprocessing means and said detection circuit means.
12. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a printer electrically coupled to said processing means for providing a report indicative of the compressive strength of said underwater concrete structure being measured.
13. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a battery charger electrically connected to said rechargeable battery for recharging said rechargeable battery when the voltage of said rechargeable battery drops below said predetermined voltage.
14. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 wherein said rechargeable battery comprises a lead acid battery.
15. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a pressure transducer having an output connected to the second signal input of said processing means.
16. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 further comprising keypad means for entering data into said processing means via the third signal input of said processing means.
17. The measuring apparatus of claim 16 further comprising an encoder electrically connected between said keypad means and the third signal input of said processing means.
18. The measuring apparatus of claim 10 wherein said first power supplying means is a ten volt power supply electrically connected to said resistive strip for providing said resistive strip and said first direct current voltage.