Non-Aqueous Secondary Cell

(1) Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a non-aqueous secondary cell comprising a negative electrode having lithium as an active material and a positive electrode having a lithium-including manganese oxide as an active material, especially to an improvement of the positive electrode.

(2) Description of the Prior Art

As an active material of the positive electrode of this kind of secondary cell, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium pentoxide and sulfide of titanium or niobium have been proposed and partially practically used into practical use.

As an active material of a positive electrode of a non-aqueous primary cell, manganese dioxide and carbon fluoride are known and have already been put into practical use. Especially, manganese dioxide is excellent in storage characteristics, abundant, and inexpensive.

Considering these features, manganese dioxide seems to be appropriate as an active material of the positive electrode of a non-aqueous secondary cell. However, manganese dioxide is poor in reversibility and charge/discharge cycle characteristic.

The inventors of this invention has disclosed a proposal for minimizing the above problems of manganese dioxide in U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,484 (Japanese Patent Publication Kokai No. 63-114064). According to the above patent, a lithium-including manganese oxide, namely, a manganese dioxide including Li.sub.2 MnO.sub.3, or a manganese oxide including lithium and having CuK.alpha. beam peaks at 2.theta.=22.degree., 31.5.degree., 37.degree., 42.degree. and 55.degree. is employed as a positive electrode active material. As a lithium-including manganese oxide, Li.sub.1-x Mn.sub.2 O.sub.4 (1>x>0) has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,552.

According to the above proposal, the crystal lattice structure of the manganese oxide has reversibility with respect to the insertion and removal of lithium ion, which improves the cycle characteristic. However, other characteristics should also be improved to put it into practical use.

Although discharging manganese dioxide electrochemically has been proposed as a method of producing a lithium-including manganese oxide, it is more practical to mix a lithium salt and a manganese oxide and then to heat-treat the mixture. However, such a reaction between solid phases is performed non-uniformly if the manganese oxide mixed with the lithium salt has large-sized grains. As a result, a large portion of the above two chemicals remain unreacted, which prevents improvement in the cycle characteristic.

Accordingly, this invention has a first object of offering a non-aqueous secondary cell having improved cycle characteristic.

A second object of this invention is to offer a non-aqueous secondary cell having increased discharge capacity.

A third object of this invention is to offer a non-aqueous secondary cell which can have improved resistance against overcharge.

The above objects are fulfilled by a rechargeable non-aqueous secondary cell comprising a negative electrode; a positive electrode comprising a lithium-including manganese oxide as an active material, the lithium-including manganese oxide having a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 9.0 m.sup.2 /g to 67.5 m.sup.2 /g; and a separator interposed between the positive which is said negative electrodes and impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte.

The lithium-including manganese oxide may have grain sizes of substantially 20 .mu.m or less when observed by a scanning electron microscope.

The above objects are also fulfilled by a rechargeable non-aqueous secondary cell comprising a negative electrode; a positive electrode comprising a lithium-including manganese oxide as an active material, grain sizes of which are substantially 20 .mu.m or less when observed by a scanning electron microscope; and a separator interposed between the positive and the negative electrodes.

The lithium-including manganese oxide may have a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 9.0 m.sup.2 /g to 67.5 m.sup.2 /g.

The lithium-including manganese oxide may be obtained from manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide and the specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide is determine (controlled) by a specific surface area of the manganese dioxide.

The lithium-including manganese oxide may be obtained from manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide and the specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide is a function of the mixing ratio of the manganese dioxide and the lithium hydroxide.

The lithium-including manganese oxide may be obtained from manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide and the specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide is a function of the temperature at which a mixture of the manganese dioxide and the lithium hydroxide is heat treated.

The negative electrode may be formed of either lithium or a lithium alloy.

The electrolyte may be formed of a mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane to which has been added 1 mol/l of lithium perchlorate.

The above constructions fulfill the above objects for the following reasons.

a) A lithium-including manganese oxide is obtained by mixing a lithium salt and a manganese dioxide and heat-treating the mixture. The obtained lithium-including manganese oxide has a smaller specific surface area than that of the starting manganese dioxide along. This is because porosity of the manganese dioxide is lowered taking lithium into its crystal lattice structure. The specific surface area of the obtained lithium-including manganese oxide depends on what kind of manganese oxide was used, the percentage of lithium included, and the heat-treating temperature.

If the specific surface area of the obtained lithium-including manganese oxide is too small, a contacting area with the electrolyte is small and so the utilization of the manganese oxide as an active material is low, resulting in a small discharge capacity. If the specific surface area is too large, the electrolyte is decomposed during charging due to the high chemical catalytic activity of the mangane oxide. Then, gas is generated by the decomposition of the electrolyte, whereby the cell is expanded. Also, drying out of the electrolyte increases the cell internal resistance, which is conspicuous after the cell is overcharged.

If the specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide measured by the BET method is restricted to between 9.0 m.sup.2 /g and 67.5 m.sup.2 /g as in the above constructions, advantages of including lithium such as improving the charge/discharge cycle characteristic, discharge capacity and resistance against overcharge, are realized.

b) In order to produce a lithium-including manganese oxide whose grain sizes are small, the grain sizes of the manganese oxide, in the state of being mixed with lithium salts, should be decreased. In this way, the lithium salt and the manganese oxide are reacted uniformly, which leaves no substantially portion of the lithium-including manganese oxide unreacted.

Even if the grain sizes of the lithium-including manganese oxide are more than 20 .mu.m when the oxide is produced, it is adeptable if the grain sizes are kept at substantially 20 .mu.m or less before heat-treating the positive electrode material. With the grain sizes being kept at substantially 20 .mu.m or less, the distribution state of lithium is changed, thereby eliminating the unreacted portion of the lithium-including manganese oxide. Practically, the distribution of lithium is uniform in the manganese solid phase. As a result, prevention of lithium movement during charging or discharging is restricted and so the cycle characteristic is improved.

These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent form the following description thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate specific embodiments of the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a non-aqueous secondary cell;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the specific surface area of a lithium-including manganese oxide, cell initial discharge capacity and increased cell thickness;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing discharge capacities of Cell A.sub.1 according to this invention at an initial stage and after overcharged;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing discharge capacities of Cell A.sub.2 according to this invention at an initial stage and after overcharged;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing discharge capacities of Cell A.sub.4 according to this invention at an initial stage and after overcharged;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing discharge capacities of Cell B.sub.1 according to this invention at an initial stage and after overcharged;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing discharge capacities of Cell W.sub.2 as a comparative example at an initial stage and after overcharged;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing discharge capacities of Cell X.sub.1 as a comparative example at an initial stage and after overcharged; and

FIG. 9 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of Cells D.sub.1 through D.sub.4 according to this invention and Cells Z.sub.1 through Z.sub.3 as comparative examples.

An embodiment according to this invention will be described referring to FIG. 1. Lithium-including manganese oxides having different specific surface areas were produced using different kinds of manganese oxides that is maganese oxides (having different specific surface areas).

A negative electrode 1 formed of a lithium metal is pressure-adhered on an inner surface of a negative electrode collector 2, and the negative electrode collector 2 is adhered on an inner surface of a negative can 3 formed of stainless steel. A peripheral portion of the can 3 is fixed in an insulating packing 4 of polypropylene, and a positive can 5 formed of stainless steel is fixed around an outer periphery of the insulating packing 4 and is opposed to the negative can 3. A positive electrode collector 6 is fixed on an inner surface of the positive can 5, and a positive electrode 7 is fixed on an inner surface of the positive electrode collector 6. The positive electrode 7 and the negative electrode 1 have a separator 8 therebetween, the separator 8 being formed of a polypropylene micro-cellular thin film. A cell having the above construction has a diameter of 24.0 mm and a thickness of 3.0 mm. An electrolyte is obtained by dissolving 1 mol/l of lithium perchlorate in a mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane.

The positive electrode 7, which is the gist of this invention, was produced in the following way.

Manganese dioxide, having a specific surface area of 73.0 m.sup.2 /g when dry and lithium hydroxide were mixed in a mortar so that the mole ratio of the mixture be Mn:Li=70:30, thereafter the obtained mixture was heat-treated in air at 375.degree. C. for 20 hours. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this way had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 41.6 m.sup.2 /g. For the above measurement, the obtained lithium-including manganese oxide was dried at 120.degree. C. for 40 hours (also in Embodiments II and III). It was confirmed, by observing the above lithium-including manganese oxide through an SEM (scanning electron microscope,) that grains having grain sizes of approximately 0.1 to 20 .mu.m are distributed in the above oxide and that grains having grain sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m were almost non-existent. The lithium-including manganese oxide as an active material, acetylene black as a conductor and a powdered fluororesin as a binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 90:6:4 to obtain a positive electrode material. The positive electrode material was pressure-molded to have a diameter of 20 mm by a force of 2 tons/cm.sup.2 and then heat-treated at 250.degree. C. to produce the positive electrode 7. The negative electrode 1 was obtained by punching a lithium plate having a specified thickness to have a diameter of 20 mm.

A cell comprising the above positive and the negative electrodes 1 and 2 is referred to as Cell A.sub.1.

Cell A.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide having a specific surface area of 91.4 m.sup.2 /g was used instead of 73.0 m.sup.2 /g. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 53.3 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell A.sub.3 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide having a specific surface area of 37.3 m.sup.2 /g was used instead of 73.0 m.sup.2 /g. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 17.9 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell A.sub.4 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide having a specific surface area of 30.0 m.sup.2 /g was used instead of 73.0 m.sup.2 /g. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 9.0 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell W.sub.1 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide having a specific surface area of 115 m.sup.2 /g was used instead of 73.0 m.sup.2 /g. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 92.4 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell W.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide having a specific surface area of 23.8 m.sup.2 /g was used instead of 73.0 m.sup.2 /g. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 7.8 m.sup.2 /g.

Concerning Cells A.sub.1 through A.sub.3 according to this invention and Cells W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 as comparative examples, their initial discharge capacities and increased thicknesses after overcharged were measured. The results are shown in Table 1. The initial discharge capacity of each cell was measured by discharging the cell with a current of 3 mA until the cell voltage was declined down to 2.0V. The increased cell thickness was measured after applying a voltage of 4.0V to the cell for 30 days.

As shown in Table 1, Cells A.sub.1 through A.sub.3 according to this invention have initial discharge capacities of 43 -46 mAh and increased thicknesses of 0.04-0.11 mm. On the other hand, Cell W.sub.1 as a comparative example has a smaller initial discharge capacity of 35 mAh but a larger increased thickness of 0.45 mm compared with the cells according to this invention. In the case of Cell W.sub.2, the increased cell thickness is as small as 0.02 mm but the initial discharge capacity is extremely low at 25 mAh.

Lithium-including manganese oxides having different specific surface areas were produced with different mixture ratios of manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide. It was confirmed through observation with an SEM that the lithium-including manganese oxide contained the same sizes of grains as in Embodiment I.

Cell B.sub.1 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed so that the mole ratio of the mixture be Mn:Li=80:20. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 67.5 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell B.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed so that the mole ratio of the mixture be Mn:Li=50:50. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 13.2 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell X.sub.1 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed so that the mole ratio of the mixture be Mn:Li=90:10. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 71.5 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell X.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed so that the mole ratio of the mixture be Mn:Li=33:67. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 3.9 m.sup.2 /g.

Concerning Cells B.sub.1 and B.sub.2 and Cell A.sub.1 according to this invention and Cells X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 as comparative examples, their initial discharge capacities and increased thicknesses after overcharged were measured. The results are shown in Table 2. The experimenting conditions were the same as those of the experiment of Embodiment I.

As shown in Table 2, Cells A.sub.1, B.sub.1 and B.sub.2 according to this invention have initial discharge capacities of 38 -46 mAh and increased thicknesses of 0.02-0.18 mm. Cell X.sub.1 as a comparative example has approximately as large an initial discharge capacity of 48 mAh as the cells according to this invention, but has a larger increased cell thickness of 0.30 mm. Cell X.sub.2 has a smaller increased thickness of 0.01 mm compared with the cells of the present invention but an extremely small initial discharge capacity of 10 mAh.

Lithium-including manganese oxides having different specific surface areas were produced with different heat-treating temperatures of the mixture of manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide. It was confirmed through observation with an SEM that the lithium-including manganese oxide contained the same sizes of grains as in Embodiment I.

Cell C.sub.1 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were heat-treated at 300.degree. C. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 60.4 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell C.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were heat-treated at 450.degree. C. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 28.3 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell Y.sub.1 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were heat-treated at 250.degree. C. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 72.0 m.sup.2 /g.

Cell Y.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell A.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were heat-treated at 600.degree. C. The lithium-including manganese oxide obtained in this example had its specific surface area measured by the BET method, the result of which was 6.5 m.sup.2 /g.

Concerning Cells C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 and Cell A.sub.1 according to this invention and Cells Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 as comparative examples, their initial discharge capacities and increased thicknesses after overcharged were measured. The results are shown in Table 3. The experimenting conditions were the same as those of the experiment of Embodiment I.

As shown in Table 3, Cells A.sub.1, C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 according to this invention have initial discharge capacities of 42 -45 mAh and increased cell thicknesses of 0.05-0.15 mm. Cell Y.sub.1 as a comparative example has approximately as large an initial discharge capacity of 43 mAh as the cells according to this invention, but has a larger increased thickness of 0.31 mm. Cell Y.sub.2 has a smaller increased cell thickness of 0.02 mm compared with the cells of the present invention but an extremely small initial discharge capacity of 13 mAh.

FIG. 2 shows relationship between the initial discharge capacities, the increased thicknesses and the specific surface areas obtained by the above three embodiments.

The initial discharge capacity is drastically declined when the specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide is less than 9.0 m.sup.2 /g. When it exceeds 41.6 m.sup.2 /g, the increased thickness after overcharged is gradually increased; and when it exceeds 67.5 m.sup.2 /g, the increased thickness is remarkably increased.

As a conclusion, the lithium-including manganese oxide used as an active material of a positive electrode of a non-aqueous secondary cell desirably has a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 9.0 m.sup.2 /g to 67.5 m.sup.2 /g. more desirably, of 9.0 m.sup.2 /g to 41.6 m.sup.2 /g.

The above conclusion is attributed to that too small a specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide decreases a utilization of the active material, which lowers the discharge capacity and that too large a specific surface area increases a contacting area of the active material and the electrolyte, which accelerates electrolyte decomposition during overcharge.

Concerning Cells A.sub.1, A.sub.2, A.sub.4, and B.sub.1 according to this invention and Cells W.sub.2 and X.sub.1, their initial discharge capacities and discharge capacities after overcharged were measured. The results are shown in FIGS. 3 through 8. The experimenting conditions were the same as those of the experiment of Embodiment I.

The initial discharge capacity is drastically declined when the specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide is less than 9.0 m.sup.2 /g (W.sub.2). The discharge capacity after overcharged is gradually declined when it exceeds 41.6 m.sup.2 /g (B.sub.1 and X.sub.1) , and is remarkably declined when it exceeds 67.5 m.sup.2 /g (X.sub.1).

As a conclusion, the lithium-including manganese oxide used as an active material of a positive electrode of a non-aqueous secondary cell desirably has a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 9.0 m.sup.2 /g to 67.5 m.sup.2 /g, and more desirably, of 9.0 m.sup.2 /g to 41.6 m.sup.2 /g.

[1] As described in Embodiments I through III, the specific surface area of lithium-including manganese oxide depends on either the kind of manganese oxide, the mixture ratio of manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide, or the heat-treating temperature of the mixture of manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide, or the combination of two or all of the above.

[2] Although the above embodiments employ flat cells, the present invention can be applied to square, cylindrical and other-shaped non-aqueous secondary cells.

The positive electrode 7 was produced by the same method as in Example I of Embodiment I except the following.

Manganese dioxide having an average grain size of 30 .mu.m (comprising grains having grain sizes of 5 to 50 .mu.m when observed by an SEM) and lithium hydroxide were mixed so that the mole ratio be 7:3. The mixture was done by stirring the total 50 g of the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide for 30 minutes with an Ishikawa stirring apparatus Type 20. Then, the obtained mixture was heat-treated at 375.degree. C. for 20 hours to obtain lithium-including manganese oxide used as an active material. It was confirmed by observing the oxide with an SEM that grains having grain sizes of 0.1 to 20 .mu.m were distributed in the oxide and that grains having grain sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m were almost extinct. The specific surface area of the lithium-including manganese oxide measured by the BET method was 41.6 m.sup.2 /g. The lithium-including manganese oxide as an active material, acetylene black as a conductor and fluororesin as a binder were mixed at a weight ratio of 90:6:4 to obtain a positive electrode material. The mixture was done by stirring the total 50 g of the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide for 5 minutes with the Ishikawa stirring apparatus Type 20. Then, the positive electrode material was pressure-molded to have a diameter of 20 mm by a force of 2 tons/cm.sup.2 and heat-treated at 250.degree. C. to produce the positive electrode 7. Observation of the positive electrode 7 by an SEM found out that the lithium-including manganese oxide comprised the grains of substantially the same sizes with those before it was mixed with the conductor and the binder.

The cell comprising the positive electrode 7 obtained above is referred to as Cell D.sub.1.

Cell D.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell D.sub.1 except that manganese dioxide having an average grain size of 50 .mu.m (comprising grains having grain sizes of 10 to 10 .mu.m when observed by an SEM) was employed and that the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed for 2 hours to produce lithium-including manganese oxide. Observation by an SEM of the positive electrode obtained in this example confirmed that the manganese oxide comprised grains having grain sizes of 0.1 to 20 .mu.m and that grains having sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m were almost extinct.

Cell D.sub.3 was produced in the same method as Cell D.sub.1 except that the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed for 2 hours to produce a lithium-including manganese oxide. Observation by an SEM of the positive electrode obtained in this example confirmed that the manganese oxide comprised grains having grain sizes of 0.1 to 10 .mu.m and that grains having sizes of larger than 10 .mu.m were almost extinct.

Cell D.sub.4 was produced in the same method as Cell D.sub.1 except that the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed for 10 minutes to produce a lithium-including manganese oxide and that the manganese oxide as the active material, the conductor and the binder were mixed for 30 minutes. The lithium-including manganese oxide before mixed with the conductor and the binder and the lithium-including manganese oxide in the positive electrode 7 were observed with an SEM. The former comprised grains having grain sizes of approx. 1 to 30 and 20% of the grains had grains sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m. The latter comprised grains having grain sizes of approx. 0.1 to 20 .mu.m and grains having grain sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m were almost extinct.

Cell Z.sub.1 was produced in the same method as Cell D.sub.1 except that the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed for 10 minutes to produce a lithium-including manganese oxide.

Observation by an SEM of the positive electrode obtained in this example confirmed that the manganese oxide comprised grains having grain sizes of 1 to 3.0 .mu.m and that 20% of the grains had grain sizes of larger than 2 .mu.m.

Cell Z.sub.2 was produced in the same method as Cell D.sub.2 except that the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed for 30 minutes to produce a lithium-including manganese oxide. Observation by an SEM of the positive electrode obtained in this example confirmed that the manganese oxide comprised grains having grain sizes of 1 to 30 .mu.m and that 20% of the grains had grain sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m.

Cell Z.sub.3 was produced in the same method as Cell D.sub.2 except that the manganese dioxide and lithium hydroxide were mixed for 10 minutes to produce a lithium-including manganese oxide. Observation of the positive electrode obtained in this example by an SEM confirmed that the manganese oxide comprised grains having grain sizes of 5 to 50 .mu.m and that 50% of the grains had grain sizes of larger than 20 .mu.m.

Cycle characteristic was measured concerning Cells D.sub.1 through D.sub.4 according to this invention and Cells Z.sub.1 through Z.sub.3 as comparative examples, the results of which are shown in FIG. 9.

Cells D.sub.1 through D.sub.4, whose grain sizes are less than 20 .mu.m have more excellent cycle characteristics than Cells Z.sub.1 through Z.sub.3, which include grains having grain sizes of more than 20 .mu.m. Especially, D.sub.3, whose grain sizes are less than 10 .mu.m, has a remarkably excellent cycle characteristic.

Cell D.sub.4 has a better cycle characteristic than Cells Z.sub.1 through Z.sub.3. It means there is no absolute necessity of decreasing grain sizes of the grains to less than 20 .mu.m when the lithium-including manganese oxide is produced. It is acceptable if the grain sizes are less than 20 .mu.m by the time the positive electrode is produced.

Cells D.sub.1 through D.sub.4 have excellent cycle characteristics due to change in lithium distribution, which is occurred at the heat-treating after pressure-molding.

Although Embodiment IV employs a non-aqueous secondary cell using a non-aqueous electrolyte, the present invention can also be applied to a non-aqueous secondary cell using a solid electrolyte.

Although the present invention has been fully described by way of embodiments with references to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless otherwise such changes and modifications depart from the scope of the present invention, they should be construed as being included therein.