Film Scanner Having a Dynamic Film Gate and an Integrating Cylinder Incorporated Therein

Reference is made to the following U.S. Applications filed on even date herewith: Ser. No. 559,249, entitled "Film Scanner", filed in the name of Wakefield, Ser. No. 559,481, entitled "Film Scanner", filed in the name of Fetterman et al., and Ser. No. 559,741, entitled "Linear Light Source", filed in the name of Federico et al. These applications are assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

This invention relates to a film scanner, and more particularly, to such a scanner having a dynamic film gate.

In various types of imaging apparatus, a photographic film must be clamped in a workstation while a particular operation is performed on the film. In certain types of apparatus, for example, film scanners, the film must be held extremely flat in order for an image on the film to be recorded properly. One problem in maintaining the film flat is that photographic film has a natural curl due to an emulsion coated on one side of the film. In one known type of film gate, a film is clamped against a flat platen, and the film and platen are moved relative to an image sensor to scan the film. In the use of such a film gate, the film must be clamped and unclamped for each film frame, and the film platen must be moved to a home position after each frame is scanned. Such a technique requires a significant number of moving parts, and it is relatively slow. Further, devices of this type are likely to scratch the film, and the motion of the platen introduces the possibility of vibrations into the system.

It is also known to use a rotary film gate, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,351. U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,351 discloses apparatus for the line-by-line optical scanning of a film. In order to reduce friction of the film adjacent the scanning region, rollers or endless belts support the film at positions on the film outside of the film frames. A disadvantages of the apparatus disclosed in this patent is that the only means for maintaining the film flat in the scan region is through the tension in the film. Thus, any irregular motion in the drive system is transmitted to the film, and this tends to produce blurring in the scanned image. A further disadvantage is that elements of the drive mechanism for the rotary film gate are arranged such that a relatively complex optical arrangement must be used to provide light to an imaging station in the film gate.

It is an object of the present invention to overcome the problems in the prior art discussed above and to provide an improved film scanner.

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a film scanner comprising: means for supporting a film at an imaging station; illumination means for producing a line of light on the film as it is contacted by the supporting means, the illumination means including an integrating cylinder having a cavity therein; and means for driving the supporting means to advance the film relative to the illumination means, the driving means having a portion thereof located in the cavity.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the film scanner comprises a pair of capstans which support the film as it passes through an imaging station. The film is pressed against the capstans by a pair of belts, and the capstans are driven to advance the film through the imaging station. An integrating cylinder provides a line of light on the film at the imaging station, and light transmitted through the film is imaged onto a CCD image sensor. The integrating cylinder is located between the capstans and is coaxial with the two capstans. The integrating cylinder includes a hollow baffle along its longitudinal axis, and a drive shaft for the capstans passes through the baffle.

An advantage of the present invention is that the film is advanced at a constant rate through the imaging station. The film can be driven at a selected scan speed and at a fast frame-to-frame advance, since the same motion serves to scan the film and advance the film to the next scan area. Belts provide for dynamic clamping of the film in the imaging station, and use of the belts eliminates the need for tensioning the film in the imaging station. Further, the belts are arranged to wrap the film around a portion of the rollers in a direction to remove the inherent curl of the film; this makes the film very flat in the imaging station, and as a result, imaging optics having a smaller depth of field can be used. The drive mechanism for the capstans is integrated within the illumination source in order to provide a very compact and efficient device.

Other features and advantages will become apparent upon reference to the following Description of the Preferred Embodiment when read in light of the attached drawings.

FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of the film scanner of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the film scanner shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged front elevational view showing the integrating cylinder and the film gate;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the elements shown in FIG. 3; and

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the integrating cylinder and the capstans used in the film scanner.

With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a film scanner 10 which is constructed in accordance with the present invention. Film scanner 10 comprises a dynamic film gate 11 which is adapted to support a film 16 as it is moved through an imaging station indicated at 18, an illumination source 40 which is adapted to provide a line source of light at station 18, an imaging lens 21, and a linear CCD image sensor 23.

Film gate 11 comprises a pair of capstans 12 and a pair of belts 20 which are adapted to clamp the film 16 against capstans 12 as the film is advanced through station 18. As shown in FIG. 2, each of the capstans 12 includes an outer cylindrical portion 14 and an inner cylindrical portion 15 of a reduced diameter. The capstans 12 are spaced such that the film 16 rides on the portions 15.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, inner cylindrical portions 15 include a coating 25 of a material having a high coefficient of friction, such as urethane. The velocity of high resolution scanners, such as scanner 10, must be closely controlled in order to avoid perturbations which will cause artifacts in the output media. Since scanner 10 drives the film 16 by means of the pressure applied by belts 20 at the belt-film interface, slippage at this interface would cause a speed variation. Further, if the coating 25 is too thick and/or not of sufficient hardness, the coating could deflect under belt load which would cause a slight change in capstan radius. Such a change in radius would cause a velocity change in the nip area. Thus, it is important that a relatively thin coating 25 of a proper hardness be used on portions 15 of capstans 12. When the hardness of the coating 25 is increased, the coefficient of friction is decreased, and an increase of the load on the belts 20 is required. If the load on the belts 20 is too high, belt life and motor performance can be adversely affected. One suitable coating 25 for portions 15 is a dual durometer coating which is less than 0.020 inch thick.

Capstans 12 are driven by means of a drive shaft 17 which is supported in a bearing 19 in scanner support structure 22. Drive shaft 17 is connected to a drive motor 26 (FIG. 2). Motor 26 can be, for example, a bidirectional DC servo motor of a type well known in the art. Motor 26 is adapted to operate under an electronic servo control (not shown) which receives position signals from an encoder 27 attached to shaft 17.

Each of the belts 20 is trained around idler pulleys 30 which are mounted for rotation in a portion (not shown) of support structure 22. Pulleys 30 are positioned such that a belt 20 of the proper length will provide a wrap angle .alpha. (FIG. 3) on a capstan 12 of an amount sufficient to buckle the film and to give enough traction to drive the film. Each belt 20 will clamp the film 16 against a capstan 12 with enough force so that the film will be held in the desired position and will be moved by the capstan as the capstan is driven by motor 26.

Each belt 20 is relatively narrow so that it only contacts an edge of the film 16 and does not extend into the image area. The belts 20 can be constructed of a fiberglass core, or similar non-stretch material, which is coated on both sides with a urethane or similar high friction material. The belts 20 supply the dynamic clamping of the film to the capstans 12, and the coating on belts 20 is sufficiently elastic to ensure that any perturbations in the system will not be transferred to the image sensor. Alternatively, the belts 20 can be formed of a stretch material such as urethane.

When motor 26 is actuated, capstans 12 will be rotated at a selected angular velocity and direction, for example, in the direction of arrow 33 (FIG. 1). The encoder 27 mirrors the velocity of motor 26 and supplies signals to the servo controller (not shown). When no film is present in the scanner 10, the belts 20, which are in direct contact with the high coefficient of friction material 25 on capstans 12, track the arc imparted by the capstans 12 over the angle .alpha.. Nips 28 and 29 are formed between the belts 20 and the capstans 12 at the points where the belts 20 begin to withdraw from the capstans 12. When a film 16 is fed to, for example, nip 28, a pinching action on the film 16 will capture the film 16 and pull it into the interface between belts 20 and capstans 12. The film 16 will be advanced through the film gate 11 in the direction of arrow 33 at a constant speed which is controlled by the speed of motor 26.

Illumination source 40 is mounted between capstans 12 and is adapted to provide a line of illumination at the imaging station 18. Light transmitted through the film is imaged onto linear CCD sensor 23 by means of lens 21. The illumination source 40 includes an integrating cylinder 41 and a lamp 42 such as a 24 volt DC tungsten halogen lamp, type ELC, sold by General Electric Co. Light from lamp 42 is delivered into a cavity 43 in cylinder 41 by means of a light pipe 44 which permits lamp 42 and other optical elements to be displaced from the cavity 43. Light from lamp 42 is delivered to light pipe 44 through a hot mirror (IR reflector) 45 and an IR absorber 46. A suitable light pipe for introducing light into cavity 43 is a rod which is formed from fused quartz or a fused silica material and has a very high transmission, for example, a fused quartz rod obtainable from Heraeus-Amersil, Inc.

An important feature of the present invention is the provision for the drive shaft 17 for capstans 12 to be incorporated in the integrating cylinder 41. As best shown in FIG. 5, integrating cylinder 41 includes a hollow baffle 47 which is disposed along a longitudinal axis 46 of cavity 45. Baffle 47 is supported in end plates 49 of cylinder 41. A spacer 50 disposed in baffle 47 determines the spacing of capstans 12 for the type of film being scanned. Drive shaft 17 passes through spacer 50 and is fixed to capstans 12. As a result of incorporating a portion the capstan drive in the cylinder 41, the scanner 10 can be very compact, and light can be provided to the film in the imaging station 18 in a simple and efficient manner.

The integrating cylinder 41 can be constructed generally as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,383, to Kurtz et al., granted Sep. 19, 1989. A preferred form of integrating cylinder for use in the present invention, however, is disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Application, entitled "Linear Light Source." The integrating cylinder disclosed in this patent application produces a line of diffuse illumination which has a uniform linear and angular distribution.

Image sensor 23 can be a linear CCD image sensor such as a No. KLI-5001A/B sensor, manufactured by Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y. The image sensor can also include an array which consists of three separate photodiode linear arrays for capturing red, green, and blue signals. The image sensor 23 must be precisely located relative to scanning station 18, and to this end, it can be supported in a mount as disclosed in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 381,897, filed Jul. 19, 1989. Signals from image sensor 23 can be processed in a well known manner in order to produce an electronic record of the images on film 16.

In the operation of film scanner 10, a film 16, for example, a 35 mm film, is threaded into the nip 28 in gate 11, and the film is advanced therein by means of the cooperative action of belts 20 and capstans 12. As the film 16 is advanced, the image is scanned in a page scan direction, and the line scan is performed by the clocking of the individual image elements in the sensor 23. When an end of film 16 reaches nip 29, the film 16 will move out of the gate 11, and the film can be recovered. Alternatively, motor 26 can be reversed just before the end reaches nip 29, and the film can be returned to its starting position.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although scanner 10 has been described herein with reference to the scanning of film, it will be apparent that other webs of material, such as paper, could also be scanned to record information contained thereon.