US 5,142,985 AGrant
Optical Detection Device
Issue Date:1992-09-01
•5 Claims
•3 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
An advanced optical sensor for determining the stand-off distance from a trajecting container to a target utilizes various checks and filters to eliminate false detonations caused by glint and counter-measures. The sensor is comprised of a transmitter, a receiver, and a wave generator. The wave generator generates a unique wave form which is relayed to both the receiver and the transmitter. The light emitted from the transmitted follows a pattern defined by the wave generator. When light is received by the receiver, a synchronous detector coupled to the wave form generator determines if the return light has a pattern correlating with the unique wave form from the wave generator. If so, the associated electric signal in the receiver must pass a predetermined threshold for a predetermined period of time before the sensor will generate a detonate signal.
Metadata
Assignee
- Motorola, Inc.
Inventors
- Edward J. Stearns
- Robert H. Johnson
Application Information
Application Number:US 5327784
Filing Date:1990-06-04
Priority Date:1990-06-04
Art Unit:221
Classifications
IPC:
F42C 1302
Field of Search:
102356213;201;2114
Patent Drawings (3 sheets)
Description
Background of the Invention
This invention relates, in general, to optical detection devices.
With the diminishing of the historic cold war, new "battle fronts" have become of interest to the defense systems of many countries. For instance, protection of expatriates and diplomats in foreign countries against terrorist activities has become a fore-front interest to more advanced countries. Riot control and control of drug traffickers has also become a major interest to various governments. In these new "battle fields", harm to people and property should be minimized as much as possible.
As an example, in the area of drug trafficking, a U.S. federal agent may desire to temporarily disable an aircraft or helicopter in order to permit a search of the aircraft contents. Complete destruction of the aircraft is unnecessary and counter-productive, and extreme physical harm to individuals within the aircraft is generally undesirable. However, if the engines could be somehow jammed, the aircraft could be grounded long enough for officials to take control of the aircraft.
In the area of terrorism, historical incidents have shown that terrorists use vehicles, manned or unmanned, loaded with explosives, to penetrate protective barriers around diplomatic compounds. If the vehicle could be stopped, such as by jamming the engine of the vehicle, the danger to the facilities and personnel of such compounds could be eliminated. It would be far better to stop the vehicle in its forward progression leaving a safe distance between the vehicle and the compound than to cause an explosion at the barrier.
A device for accomplishing the above objectives would produce a cloud of material in close proximity to the vehicle or aircraft. When an aircraft is to be disabled, a cloud of coagulating substance could be dissipated within close proximity of the aircraft causing the jet/propeller engines to become jammed. The same principle could be used in stopping a moving vehicle. A coagulating material could be dissipated at the front of the vehicle. The material would then be taken into the engine, as the case with aircraft engines, through the air intake and generate a sludge in the engine cylinders. Accordingly, the engine would freeze and the vehicle would stop.
To ensure proper dissipation of the material, engaging mechanism with the carrier device must dissipate the material before the carrier device reaches the aircraft/vehicle. If dissipated too early, the cloud could be avoided altogether by the aircraft/vehicle.
The time at which material is to be dissipated prior to reaching a target is known as stand-off. To achieve the right stand-off, sensors indicating proximity are incorporated.
Experience in sensor technology shows the optical sensors are more accurate and reliable than radar sensors in a high clutter environment. Optical sensors use transmit and receive optical lens to detect targets. A light beam is transmitted, and when reflected back from a target, is received by the receive optical lens telling the sensor a target has been detected. These optical sensors have some associated problems. A distant glint (intense sunlight reflections) may prematurely activate conventional optical sensors. Where such optical sensors have been used in battle, flares have been incorporated as defenses against optical sensors. Furthermore, white phosphorous gas (categorized as an aerosol) is used as a counter-measure to optical sensors. The aerosol reflects the light beam in a similar manner as would a target. The flares or aerosols prematurely detonate the optical sensors neutralizing the effect of the associated device.
Summary of the Invention
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved optical sensor which distinguishes the actual reflected light beam off of a target from glint, flares, or light reflected from aerosols.
An advanced optical sensor for determining the stand-off distance from a trajecting container to a target utilizes various checks and filters to eliminate false detonations caused by glint and counter-measures. The sensor is comprised of a transmitter, a receiver, and a wave generator. The wave generator generates a unique wave form which is relayed to both the receiver and the transmitter. The light emitted from the transmitter follows a pattern defined by the wave generator. When light is received by the receiver, a synchronous detector coupled to the wave form generator determines if the return light has a pattern correlating with the unique wave form from the wave generator. If so, the associated electric signal in the receiver must pass a predetermined threshold for a predetermined period of time before the sensor will generate a detonate signal.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawing
FIG. 1 is a schematic of an optical sensor according to the present invention.
FIG. 2, A and B, graph outputs of various elements of the optical sensor according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a carrier incorporating the optical sensor according to the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The present invention, in its preferred embodiment, relates to a stand-off sensor that detects the outside surface of a target and determines the range for optimum dispensing of the associated materials. The sensor utilizes a cross-beam, active optical sensing and key signal process to diminish false detonations from glint or optical counter-measures.
The key elements of the present invention sensor are as follows:
a) The optical system results in a small, controlled spatial sampling volume;
b) The sensor incorporates a modulation, demodulation scheme in the sensor transmitter and receiver;
c) A pre-synchronous detector band-width is controlled to limit response from uncorrellated optical inputs due to glint or other countermeasures;
d) A predetection filtering establishes the required target "build-up" and "decay" rates that will result in detection threshold crossings; and
e) A post detection logic rejects false detonation from transient glint of the sum or other optical counter-measure techniques.
The present invention sensor possess three distinct capabilities:
1) The sensor reliably detects minimum reflectance targets in the presence of the densest aerosols anticipated from a study of recent counter-measure technologies;
2) The sensor rejects unmodulated or uncorrelated transient optical inputs; and
3) The sensor reduces the susceptibility of false detonation as the carrier passes through abrupt aerosol transitions.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic of an optical standoff sensor 10 according to the present invention. Generally, sensor 10 comprises an infrared (IR) transmit portion 12, and IR receive portion 14, and a wave-form generator 16. IR transmiter 12 and IR receiver 14 are both coupled to wave-form generator 16.
IR transmiter 12 comprises IR emitter modulator 20, IR emitter 22, and optic lens 24.
IR emitter modulator 20 is a transistor switch coupled to wave generator 16. Wave generator 16 generates unique waves which are received by IR emitter modulator 20. Each unique wave generated in wave generator 16 operates to activate and deactivate IR emitter modulator 20 in a sequence consistent with the amplitude of the unique wave. The electric current transmitted by IR emitter modulator 20 causes IR emitter 22, which is preferably a CW laser diode, to emit light according to the pattern of the unique wave. The light pattern from IR emitter 22 is transmitted out through optic lens 24 to a target 18.
IR receiver 14 comprises, in sequence, optic lens 30, photo-detect 32, preamplifier 34, band-pass filter 36, synchronous demodulator 38, band-pass filter 40, threshold detector 42, and pulse width detector 44.
When a beam of light, such as light reflected from target 18, is received by IR receiver 14, the light passes through optic lens 30 and is detected by photo-detector 32. Photo diode 32 is a light detecting diode which translates the light beam into an electric current signal. The signal is then amplified in preamplifier 34 and filtered through band-pass filter 36. Band-pass filter 36 removes image noise and transient signals outside a predetermined band width. It should be noted that the band-width must be wide enough to accommodate transient settling times within the band-width. By so doing, noncoherent light inputs will only result in signals crossing a given threshold in a period of time shorter than a subsequent minimum pulse width.
The signal is next relayed to synchronous detector 38. Synchronous detector 38 is coupled to wave form generator 16 to continuously receive the unique wave form generated therein. Synchronous detector 38 compares the wave form received directly from wave form generator 16 with the wave form of the signal from the light received by photo-detector 32. If the two wave forms are similar, synchronous detector 38 will pass an envelope signature of the received signal current on to band-pass filter 40.
Band-pass filter 40 filters the upper and lower amplitudes of the signal to output a signal similar to the signal shown in FIG. 2B. The upper limit of the filtered signal represents a predetermined threshold. The lower limit eliminates signals having continuous reflections rather than abrupt surfaces, and therefore would reject reflections from aerosols. The resultant signal from band-pass filter 40 is output to threshold detector 42. Threshold detector 42 produces a binary output which is at a low DC level when input signals are below a fixed voltage reference value. Threshold detector 42 is at a high DC level when input signals are above the reference value. The resultant signal from the threshold detector 42 is output to pulse width detector 44. If the width of the resultant signal from threshold detector 42 is as wide as a predetermined width (end of the pulse width defined as the dropout point), an activate signal will be relayed from pulse width detector 44 to a dispensing/detonation device (not shown). If the signal is not as wide as the predetermined pulse width, no signal will be sent.
The following discussion will provide a better understanding of the operation of sensor 10. Referring to FIG. 3, a carrier 50 is shown having IR receiver 14 and IR transmitter 12. IR transmitter 12 is continuously transmitting a beam of light according to the unique wave form generated in wave form generator 16 in FIG. 1. The design of optic lens 24 and optic lens 30 produces a crossed beam overlap 52 that is precisely positioned with respect to carrier 50 in FIG. 3. Overlap 52 is positioned to allow properly timed dispersion of the payload of carrier 50. Overlap 52 produces a detection volume wherein sensor 10 will determine a target.
A target will have an abrupt surface unlike aerosols which have continuous reflections as the carrier continues through its trajectory. As the surface of the target encounters overlap 52 at point A, light having the unique wave form from IR transmitter 12 will be reflected back to IR receiver 14. As the target continues through overlap 52, photo-detector 32 of FIG. 1 will generate a continually increasing current over time until the target surface reaches point D in FIG. 3. At this point, the current generated by photo-detector 32 will drop off suddenly. FIG. 2A shows the photo-detector current output over time indicating the target's envelope signature of the target passing through overlap 52. The signal representing the envelope signature is amplified, demodulated through synchronous detector 38, and filtered through band-pass filters 36 and 40 to result in the signal of FIG. 2B. If the resultant signal has a magnitude equal to or greater than the threshold value of threshold detector 42 for a width as great as the required width of pulse width detector 44, sensor 10 will activate the dispersion mechanism of carrier 50.
The following discussions apply the principles of the above discussion of sensor 10 to show how glint, aerosol, and other countermeasure rejections are eliminated by sensor 10.
Glint and Countermeasure Rejection
The uniqueness of the unique wave form from wave form generator 16 allows IR receiver 14 to test for correlation within synchronous detector 38. Noncoherent optical inputs from glint or other countermeasures such as flares will result in short transients in the output of synchronous detector 38. The duration of the transients are inversely proportional to the band-width of band-pass filter 36. Since a minimum pulse width in pulse width detector 44 is required to activate the dispersion mechanism of carrier 50, the band-width of band-pass filter 36 must be wide enough to allow settling times of the transients. Noncoherent light inputs will therefore only result in short duration threshold crossings (threshold amplitude not sustained long enough to pass the minimum in pulse width detector 44) and will not activate the dispersion mechanism.
Aerosol Rejection
Aerosol reflections are rejected by utilizing the detection volume defined by the envelope signature of FIGS. 2A and B and using the lower filter range of band-pass filter 36 as a minimum. As carrier 50 enters into an area of heavy aerosol, the reflections from the aerosol will not be abrupt but will have a slow build-up in intensity. Lack of the abrupt, intense reflections will cause an envelope signature has a slow rise time and a power spectral destribution in a manner that is suppresed by band-pass filter 36. The lower filter range will therefore eliminate almost all aerosol light reflections.
Those familiar in the art of optical sensors will recognize that the optical sensor described above may be used in many different applications where a carrier must release its payload at a given distance before a target. For instance, such a sensor could be utilized with shaped charges in projectile munitions.
Even though conventional optical sensors are more accurate and reliable than radar systems, conventional optical sensors are susceptible to glint, aerosol, and other countermeasures. However, the optical sensor described above in its preferred embodiment eliminates the problems associated with glint, aerosols, and other countermeasures by using a unique wave form coupled to the receive and transmit optics, and by passing the received light through various filters and checks.
Thus there has been provided, in accordance with the present invention, an optical sensor that fully satisfies the objects, aims, and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
Claims
We claim:
1. An optical sensor comprising: transmitter means; receiver means coupled to said transmitter means; wave form generator means coupled to said transmitter means and said receiver means; said wave form generator means for generating a unique wave form; said transmitter means adapted to transmit a light beam according to a pattern including said unique wave form; said receiver means for receiving said transmitted light beam; said receiver means comparing an electrical signal that results from said received light beam with said unique wave form to differentiate said transmitted light beam from other received light; detector means for detecting when the intensity of said transmitted light beam received by said receiver means equals or exceeds a predetermined threshold over a predetermined time; said detector means generating a detect signal when said intensity equals or exceeds said predetermined threshold over said predetermined time; said detector means including; threshold means for detecting when said transmitted light beam is equal to or greater than said predetermined threshold; pulse width means for determining when said predetermined threshold has been equalled or exceeded for said predetermined time; said threshold means coupled to said receiver means to receive a signal resultant from said transmitted light beam; said pulse width means coupled to said threshold means to receive another signal resultant from said transmitted light beam; and said threshold means allowing only signals greater than said predetermined threshold to pass through to said pulse width means.
2. An optical sensor according to claim 1 wherein said receiver means comprises: diode means for receiving said transmitted light and translating the associated light wave into an electric signal having a correlating wave form; synchronous detector means for comparing said electric signal wave form with said unique wave form from said wave form generator means; and said synchronous detector means coupled to said diode means to receive said electric signal.
3. An optical sensor according to claim 2 wherein said diode means is a photo-diode.
4. An optical sensor according to claim 1 wherein said transmitter means comprises: light emitting means for transmitting said light beam according to said pattern; modulator means coupled to said wave form generator means to receive said unique wave form, and coupled to said light emitting means; and said modulator means for converting said unique wave form into said pattern for said light emitting means, said modulator means relaying said pattern to said light emitting means.
5. An optical sensor comprising: transmitter means; receiver means coupled to said transmitter means; wave form generator means coupled to said transmitter means and said receiver means; said wave form generator means for generating a unique wave form; said trasmitter means adapted to transmit a light beam according to a pattern including said unique wave form; said receiver means for receiving said transmitted light beam; `said receiver means comparing an electrical signal that results from said received light beam with said unique wave form to differentiate said transmitted light beam from other received light; detector means for detecting when the intensity of said transmitted light beam received by said receiver means equals or exceed a predetermined threshold over a predetermined time; said detector means generating a detect signal when said intesity equal or exceeds said predetermined threshold over said predetermined time; wherein said receiver means comprises: diode means or receiving said transmitted light and translating the associated light wave into an electric signal having a correlating wave form; synchronous detector means for comparing said electric signal wave form with said unique wave form from said wave form generator means; and said synchronous detector means coupled to said diode means to receive said electric signal; wherein said detector means comprises: threshold means for detecting when an amplitude of said electric signal is equal to or greater than a reference value associated with said predetermined threshold; pulse width means for determining when said reference value associated with said predetermined threshold has been equaled or exceeded for said predetermined time; said threshold means coupled to said synchronous detector means to receive said electric signal; said pulse width means coupled to said threshold means to receive said electric signal; and said threshold means allowing only signals greater than said reference value associated with said predetermined threshold to pass through to said pulse width means.