US 5,115,986 AGrant

Process for Treating Contaminated Soil

Issue Date:1992-05-26

•19 Claims

•3 Drawing Sheets

Abstract

A process for the purification of soil contaminated with organic material is provided. The preferred process generally involves superposed attrition and classification processes, which lead to removal and concentration of highly contaminated fractions. The process may also include a step of flotation whereby hydrophobic materials in the soil are released to an interface with air bubbles, and are floated to the top of a flotation cell. In preferred processes according to the present invention, soil to be treated is extracted from a contaminated site, and is broken into relatively small particles. These particles are preferably treated in attrition and classification steps, to remove fine, slow settling contaminated materials such as wood and fine soil materials. The resulting isolated coarser materials are then treated by flotation for a final polishing step. The process is particularly well adapted for use in treating soils contaminated with oil and grease materials containing PCP therein, from wood treatment plants or the like.

Metadata

Assignee

BioTrol, Inc

Inventors

George F. Bateson
Dennis D. Chilcote
Michael M. Martinson
Steven B. Valine
Adolfo R. Zambrano

Application Information

Application Number:US 3980820

Filing Date:1989-08-24

Priority Date:1988-02-08

Art Unit:324

Classifications

IPC:

B02C 2318

Field of Search:

2992092102417164-167;172;172.5;173221.220;21;24;79.1;DIG. 10;26;29

Patent Drawings (3 sheets)

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to soil purification and in particular to the purification of soil materials contaminated with organics. A specific application of the present invention is for the treatment of soils contaminated with organic oils that contain pentachlorophenol (PCP). Such soils are typically found at dump sites from wood treatment plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Waste materials from many industries comprise organic materials, often organic greases and oils. In some instances these waste oils include highly toxic chemicals (contaminants) therein. A well-known example is the waste material from conventional wood treatment facilities.

At a typical wood treatment facility, wood is preserved by being soaked or dipped in a vat of oil that has a preservative therein. For example, a facility for the treatment of telephone poles, railroad ties, or the like, may use large vats that contain an oil having pentachlorophenol (PCP) dissolved therein. A typical treatment vat used for such processes contains an organic solution containing about five percent PCP.

Waste organics, often containing a substantial amount of PCP, have often been dumped into a pit area located near the treatment facility. While this is particularly disturbing with respect to current pollution control standards, it must be understood that such treatment facilities have operated for many decades with substantially little change in the overall soaking and/or treatment procedure. Thus, many sites exist which came into existence well before the more recently imposed pollution controls.

The pollution problem is exacerbated by the nature of the industry. Very often a treatment facility was established, short term, near a location where a substantial amount of wood was milled, or treated wood was needed. After sufficient operation to accommodate the "local" need, the facility was closed and sometimes moved to a different location. Thus a plurality of abandoned dump sites exist throughout the country.

Over time, the contaminated organic materials may be transported, by groundwater, out of the immediate dump area, contaminating a widespread area. Since the organics often include a substantial amount of highly toxic materials therein, this migration poses a substantial health and environmental hazard.

It is noted that while the problem of pollution from organics in soils has been described with respect to a specific industry involving wood treatment, the problem exists with respect to a variety of industries that have similarly generated organic wastes dumped into pits or the like. The wood treatment industry merely provides a well-known and notorious example, and one which often involves particularly hazardous PCP.

No satisfactory method of overall soil treatment and/or purification has been previously available. Generally treatment methods have involved either incineration alone, microbial treatment, or some combination thereof. These have not been completely satisfactory, in part for the reasons discussed below.

A frequently used conventional method of purification is incineration. For a typical incineration process, a large incinerator is assembled near a contaminated site. Soil material is excavated from the site, in bulk, and is incinerated. The incineration process generally destroys much of the organic material, but it also results in a large volume of ash material, much of which is fused into hard cakes or blocks. This material, which may still be substantially contaminated, is typically then stored in a secure dump, leaving the excavated site open. After a particular site has been cleaned, the incinerator is typically disassembled and moved to a new location.

Incineration, on its own, has been a generally undesirable process. First it is energy inefficient, that is a large amount of energy is consumed in operating the incinerator at sufficient temperatures and for a sufficient length of time to lead to effective purification of the large volume of materials involved. Secondly, product gases and materials from the incineration may be a problem. Further, the large amount of contaminated ash formed creates a disposal problem.

A second method of purifying contaminated soil is through the use of microbial action. Generally, especially for the oil/PCP problem, microbial purifications have proved undesirable. While in the laboratory microbial action may be shown to capably detoxify material, in the field it is less efficacious. First, temperature, moisture and oxygen control may be essential, and difficult to achieve. Also, a wide variety of chemical concentrations may be found throughout a single dump site, and from site to site. Concentration variations generate unpredictability. Further, complete microbial detoxification of concentrated contaminants may take a fairly long period of time, and during that period of time further leaching from the dump site may occur. Finally, soil variations and dump site environment variations pose substantial hurdles to the effective, predictable, action of microbes.

What has been needed has been an effective method of purifying soil that has been contaminated with organic material or the like. Generally, to be effective the method must not only accomplish the desired result, i.e. substantially clean soil, but it also should be relatively cost effective. That is, what has been needed has been a cost effective method to replace, provide an alternative to, or at least operate effectively in conjunction with, conventional soil treatment processes.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, the objects of the present invention are: to provide a method for the purifying treatment of soils that have been contaminated with organic materials; to provide such a method especially suited for application to the treatment of soils at dump sites from wood treatment facilities; to provide such a method suitable for the purification of soil materials contaminated with oils containing PCP therein; to provide a preferred such method which involves the utilization and preferably the superposition of attrition and classification processes to yield substantial removal of contaminating organic materials from solid soil particles; to provide a preferred such method which further involves a step of flotation separation to further remove contaminated organic material from association with soil material; to provide such a method which yields a concentrated waste material for disposal via conventional processes; and, to provide such a process: which is particularly flexible for use in association with a variety of sites; which is relatively simple to effect; which is comparatively cost effective; and, which is particularly well adapted for the proposed applications thereof.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein are set forth by way of illustration and example certain embodiments of this invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns the utilization of attrition and classification processes to yield cleansing of contaminated soil, to remove contaminating organics such as PCP-contaminating oils therefrom. An attrition process is a scrubbing step. Generally in an attrition process a slurry containing a high percent of solids is subjected to high intensity agitation. During such a process a high number of particle/particle contacts occur. This tends to break up the particles, which may be weakly agglomerated due in part to the contaminating organics. The particle/particle interactions also help scrub or polish particle surfaces free of the organics.

A classification process is a process of particle size separation. Typical classification processes include: size separations based on relative settling velocities in a fluid, such as water; filtration; and, screening. Preferred classification processes for use in applications of the present invention are those in which separation is based on relative settling velocities. These include: centrifugation; flocculation; cycloning; and, use of spiral or screw classifiers. Separations with spiral or screw classifiers, and also those with cyclones, are particularly advantageous, at least because: they are effective, relatively inexpensive and easy to effect; and, they can be operated on relatively large scales, even with conventional equipment.

When, according to the present invention, a classification process is practiced on a soil-containing slurry which has been subjected to an attrition process, substantial soil purification is achieved. In general, what is preferred is that the classification process is superposed on the attrition process. That is, the classification process is preferably initiated before particles have had a chance to completely settle from the attrition step. In this manner, separation is more efficiently conducted. In particular, it has been found that when this is practiced in a system wherein the classification is of the type involving relative settling velocities, removal of a fraction containing slower settling materials during the classification procedure leads to substantial removal of contaminating organics. That is, during attrition a slow settling (typically fine, low density, high surface area) fraction containing relatively fine particles (and which also contains a substantial fraction of the contaminating organics) is generated; and, classification conveniently removes and isolates this more highly contamined fraction. This leaves the faster settling particles considerably purified of, or separated from, contaminating organics.

It is noted that in some instances, attrition and separation can be completely separated in time. However, generally superposition is preferred.

Even further purification of the soils (i.e. the fast settling fraction from classification) may, according to the present invention, be accomplished using flotation. Flotation is, in general, a process involving separation of materials based on relative hydrophobic tendencies. Flotation techniques are generally known, for other purposes, in various industries, including the mining industry and the pulp industry. They have also been utilized to accomplish liquid separations. It is a feature of certain embodiments of the present invention that flotation techniques have been found to be adaptable to the removal of organic contaminants from association with soil, in an efficient and economic purification process. As a result, final contaminant concentration in a large fraction of the soil can be reduced to a relatively low level, and the contaminating organics can be collected and concentrated for disposal.

A typical overall soil treatment process according to the present invention can be visualized as broken into several stages. In a first stage, the soil is excavated from a contaminated site and it is appropriately screened or otherwise treated for the removal of bulk contaminating items, such as large pieces of wood, metal objects or the like. Also during this stage the soil material may be sized to a particular, preferred, size for further operation.

The preferred second stage involves the practice of superposed attrition and classification processes as previously described. This leads to an isolation, concentration, and removal for disposal, of a fraction containing small, fine, relatively contaminated soil particles and a substantial amount of organics. For example, small wood chips which may include a substantial fraction of the contaminating organics, can be removed at this stage. Also certain relatively fine soil components, for example, fine clay and silicate materials, may include a substantial percentage of contaminating organics thereon. These can also be isolated and separated at this stage. An advantage to the overall process of the present invention is that wood materials, fine soil particles, or the like, which may be relatively substantially contaminated with organic substances, or which may be difficult to isolate from an organic fraction, are readily concentrated and isolated during Stage Two, and may be treated by follow-up incineration, if desired, in an efficient manner. That is, they can be transported rather easily, and they are relatively small in volume by comparison to the total bulk of soil at the site. The result is a relatively small volume of final incinerator ash product, which can be more readily handled.

In some applications, a first stage of attrition may be followed by a first stage classification, which is followed by a second stage attrition, etc. until a desired level of soil cleansing is obtained.

In a third stage, for some applications, the soil material is treated via flotation, for the removal of substantial amounts of remaining contaminating organic materials from association with the soil. The flotation process generally involves agitation of the soil as a slurry or suspension, with bubbles of air passing therethrough. Hydrophobic contaminants, i.e. the typical organic oil/PCP contaminants for example, generally migrate preferentially to the interface with the air bubbles, from the soil surface and/or aqueous suspension. Thus, via flotation the organic materials may be bumped, rubbed or drawn off the soil and into the interface with the bubbles. Also, fine particles having a substantial amount of organics adsorbed or absorbed thereon, and from which scrubbing of organics may be difficult, will also tend to migrate to the interface with the bubbles. Further, liquid organics will tend to migrate toward the bubbles. These materials are then floated to the top of the flotation system, wherefrom they can be overflowed or skimmed. The contaminants may be readily concentrated and disposed of in a conventional manner, for example by incineration.

It will be understood that a flotation step is not required in all applications. In some, attrition/classification will be sufficient, to achieve a desired level of purification.

In final steps, the cleansed or washed soil may be returned to the pit area, or elsewhere, as desired. At this point overall contamination is relatively low, however further treatment can be undertaken if desired. For example, further washings, flotations, etc. can be used. Also, microbial action may be readily utilized at this point, if desired.

In some applications, flotation may be conducted before attrition/classification. Also, it may be intermixed with such steps; for example, flotation after one cycle of attrition/separation but before another cycle of attrition/classification.

The present invention, as will be understood from the detailed descriptions, typically involves use of large amounts of water. Water, for example, is used as a carrier throughout the process, is used to form slurries during attrition and classification, and is also found in the skimmed material from the flotation process. This water becomes substantially contaminated with the contaminating organic materials removed from the soil. It is an advantage of the present invention that a substantial amount of recirculation of contaminated or potentially contaminated water may be provided. It is also envisioned that effective operation of processes according to the present invention will typically involve cooperation with water treatment processes for substantial purification of the water used, allowing for recycling of water and/or discharge to secondary water treatment systems.

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention, while illustrating various objects and features thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an overall system for the treatment of soil according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a flotation device for treating soil according to a step of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of certain alternative ordering of specific processes, in a system for the treatment of soil according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system.

ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL TO BE TREATED

In general, the efficacy of processes according to the present invention will depend, in part, upon such factors as: the nature of the organics in the soil; the nature of the soil particles; the level of toxic contaminants; and, the final level of purity desired or required. Determinations of whether, and how, to provide processes according to the present invention in an overall cleanup scheme will depend, in part, upon analysis of the above factors.

A useful analysis in examining the above factors, is to determine the nature of the organics in the soil to be treated. Soil organic matter is defined as the total of the organic compounds and soil exclusive of undecayed plant and animal tissues and the soil biomass. It consists of two broad categories of substances commonly referred to as humic substances and non-humic substances, and includes particulate material. Humic substances are high molecular weight, dark colored, substances formed by secondary synthesis reactions of soil and sediment. Non-humic substances are compounds belonging to known classes of biochemicals, e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, fats and organic acids. Many toxic contaminants, such as PCP, are observed to partition well into humic substances. Thus, if the analysis shows a substantial level of humic substances, it can be predicted that substantial amounts of the contaminants will tend to "follow" the humic materials, through processing.

In general, if there are effectively no naturally occurring organics and no fine particulates such as clays in the soil, the soil washing techniques according to the present invention will be relatively effective over all particle sizes in the soil material. Materials containing relatively little or no naturally occurring organics and no fine clays might include, for example, river gravel or beach sand. When such materials do include relatively little or no naturally occurring organics, silts or clays, contaminants are relatively readily scrubbed or washed from the particle surfaces, and the scrubbing (attrition) techniques described below are very effective in yielding purification.

However, in many applications the soils do contain natural organics and fine soil particles. A typical natural level for naturally occurring organics, in soils, is about 1 to 2 percent. If the naturally occurring organics and other fine soil material are present at about this level or higher, an examination of the soil particle size is desirable, to evaluate efficacy of soil washing processes according to the present invention. A reason for this is that naturally occurring organics appear to facilitate association of the contaminants with soil particles, particularly those soil particles of relatively small size.

A first, gross, analysis is to evaluate the fraction of the soil to be purified, that comprises greater than about 10 to 20 mesh components (i.e. components that will not pass through a screen filter of about 10-20 mesh). The mesh components greater than about 10-20 mesh can be readily separated by techniques such as screening and the like. Such an initial, rough, screening not only separates out rocks and pebbles, but also pieces of wood and the like. In many instances separation of wood chips or the like will result in considerable reduction in the contaminating organics, since the contaminating organics often selectively partition into such materials. In the unlikely event that the great majority of the contaminating organics are associated with material of greater than about 10 to 20 mesh, all that might be necessary to achieve significant soil purification would be removal of the 10 to 20 mesh fraction, which can be accomplished by screening methods. On the other hand, if analysis shows that there is significant contamination of the less than about 10 to 20 mesh fraction, further analysis is necessary; and, the attrition/classification process described herein below may be of utility.

A next desirable evaluation, is to determine the relative amount of about 10 (or about 20) to 200 mesh material (versus smaller than about 200 mesh); and, to determine the approximate (and relative) level of contamination in the 10 to 200 (or 20-200 if 20 mesh is used as the upper limit) mesh material. A primary reason for this is that smaller than about 200 mesh (i.e. 74 micron) material particles are not readily purified utilizing the soil scrubbing (attrition) techniques described herein. While there may be a number of reasons for this, and applicants do not wish to be held to any particular theory, it appears that if particles are smaller than about 200 mesh (i.e., smaller than about 74 microns), then during a high shear attrition processes, the particles, in solution, do not attain sufficient momentum for their collisions to result in significant scrubbing or abrasion of the particle surfaces. That is, the scrubbing processes, as utilized in the present invention, (typically attrition scrubbing), rely upon particle collisions to facilitate abrasion of the particle surface and cleansing. If the particles are too small, typically less than about 200 mesh, they do not appear to sufficiently collide in the attrition scrubber to render significant cleansing. Thus, if there is relatively little contamination in the about 10-20 mesh to 200 mesh fraction, (compared to the smaller than 200 mesh) rather than scrubbing, what is generally desired (for purification) is merely a classification to obtain a removal of the fraction at about 200 mesh or smaller, for disposal via techniques such as incineration and/or biomanagement. If, as is more likely the case, there is significant contamination in the about 10-20 mesh to 200 mesh fraction, then the soil will generally be susceptible to significant cleansing via attrition/classification operations, such as those of the invention described below.

Several other factors are, however, significant. If, for example, the less than about 10-20 mesh material includes greater than about 50% of material sized smaller than about -200 mesh, the less than 10-20 mesh material is not as readily susceptible to soil washing techniques as it would be if it contained less than 50% particles smaller than about 200 mesh material (and preferably less than about 30-35% of such material). A reason for this is that during the washing and handling steps, materials that contain such a high percentage of fines will tend to form a thick, sludgy, filter cake which is relatively difficult to handle.

For more refined soil cleaning processes, it is desirable to determine the amount and nature of the 10 micron to 74 micron fraction in the soil. While such material is not as readily susceptible to washing by attrition scrubbing and the like, (since collision among the particles in the solution may be a problem), if the fraction is relatively clean, or only a small percentage of material within the fraction is present in the less than about 10-20 mesh particles, it may be carried through and kept with the cleansed material. That is, following the attrition scrubbing, as indicated above and as described in the further detailed description below, there is a classification step. In general, the classification step will be set to retain particles above somewhere between about 10 and 74 microns within the "cleansed" material. If the fraction between about 10 and 74 microns is significant, and contains a significant percentage of contaminants, then the classification steps should be set to only cut materials at about 74 microns or above into the "cleansed" fraction. On the other hand, if the fraction between about 10 and 74 microns comprises only a relatively small percentage of the material less than about 10 to 20 mesh, then even if it is relatively contaminated it might be tolerated in the overall "cleansed" material (since it would not contribute significantly to overall contamination). Also, even if a significant percentage of material between about 10 and 74 microns is present in the overall less than about 10 to 20 mesh fraction of particles, as long as it is less than about 50% (for the handling reasons as discussed above) and is relatively uncontaminated, it can be carried through with the "cleansed" material. Thus, it will be understood, in either of the latter two described instances a classification technique can preferably be utilized which takes, with the "cleansed" soil, material at about 10 microns or greater.

In general, it will be desireable to set the classification so that as small a particle size as can be tolerated is maintained in the "cleansed" material. A reason for this is that it reduces the amount of solids which must be handled in the waste stream. Thus, if the "cut" can be taken at about 10 microns or larger (as opposed to about 74 microns or larger) without unacceptable levels of contamination in the cleansed product, it will be preferred.

In general, taking a "cut" at about 74 microns or larger can be accomplished utilizing a countercurrent screw classifier system, as described in detail below. Taking a "cut" at a selected size between about 10 microns and 74 microns is accomplished through application of techniques such as hydrocycloning.

The very finest fraction (less than about 10 microns) does not readily settle from suspension. It will typically be carried with the waste stream from the classification step. This is preferred, as generally it is quite difficult to separate such materials from organic contaminants.

STAGE 1

Initial, Rough, Screening and Separation

As previously indicated, the present invention is described herein for applications involving the treatment of soil and materials found at dump sites from wood treatment facilities. It will be understood, however, that the principles of the present invention are generally applicable to soils and similar materials contaminated with a variety of organics from a variety of processes. Thus, the specific treatment described herein is to be considered exemplary only.

In the first stage of the operation, excavated material from the dump site is physically treated so that it can be readily handled during the later purification washes and other steps. That is, any large unmanageable materials such a large rocks, tree stumps, scrap metal or the like are removed. Typically, to accomplish this, the soil material is physically removed from the dump site, and is passed through a screening device, such as a grizzly. In this apparatus the bulk contaminating materials such as pole butts, large wood blocks, or the like are removed from the soil. One reason why such a pretreatment of the soil is often desirable is that in many instances organic dump sites are also used as dump sites for waste items such as old tires, unusable pieces of wood, machinery parts or the like.

Typically, soil material which passes through the grizzly includes a large amount of chunk or agglomerated material, i.e., material stuck together in large clumps or clods. While concentrations may vary considerably, from a typical wood treatment waste dump this soil material typically includes a pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentration of about 100 to 2000 parts per million. This substantial concentration often results from a concentration of oil and grease in the soil of about 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weight. The oil and grease may actually be adsorbed upon certain components of the soil, or it may simply be trapped in the clumps, or it may simply be associated with certain fractions in the soil from which separation is difficult. The PCP, on the other hand, is typically found merely absorbed, or dissolved, in the oil materials. That is, it is often not directly adsorbed onto the soil itself. Thus, removal of the oils or greases along with those components of the soil either having a disproportionate amount of oil or grease therein or from which separation of the oils or greases is difficult, leads to substantial removal of the highly toxic contaminant (PCP).

The soil material at this point of the process typically contains several components. First, it often contains substantial amounts of small wood pieces. It is found that these wood pieces usually include a relatively and disproportionately high concentration, of contaminating organics (for example 1500 to 2000 parts per million PCP) therein. The precise physical nature of this contamination is not known; however, it will be readily understood that it is desirable to selectively remove this wood component. A substantial portion of the wood component is removable during a first stage pretreatment process in several manners.

First, the soil material from the grizzly is conveyed into a conventional trommel or mill to substantially break up the clumps of dirt materials. In the trommel, the material is sprayed with water, to facilitate the breaking-up process and the removal of undesired components.

The slurry or sludge from the trommel is then preferably passed or discharged onto a screen system, to further size the material downwardly. Generally, a screening at about 10-65 mesh (preferably about 10-20 mesh) is desirable. Multiple screening steps may be used. Further water may be added to facilitate the screening process.

In a typical operation, the total amount of water added during both the trommel and screening processes is such as to result in about 10-60% solids, by weight, and preferably less than 50% solids. The split between water addition in the trommel and during screening may be as necessary to facilitate the two processes. It will be understood that a variety of amounts of water may be used, the above merely generally representing operable figures.

A substantial amount of wood material, which is not substantially broken-up during processing in the trommel and washing through about 10-65 mesh (or smaller) screens is removed at the screening stage. This concentrated wood material can be collected and readily incinerated, or otherwise treated for disposal. It is a particular advantage to the present invention that small pieces of contaminating wood, with organic contaminants absorbed therein, are readily concentrated, for disposal treatment via processes such as incineration. That is, the present invention concerns isolation, into a relatively small volume, of those materials or fractions which contain a high amount or concentration of contaminating organics. These may be relatively efficiently incinerated.

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a process according to the present invention. Although the following descriptions focus on the movement of soil materials, it is noted that the scheme depicted includes an advantageous system of water flow, making efficient use of contaminated water. Referring to FIG. 1, the reference numeral 10 generally designates stage 1 of the process. Reference numeral 11 illustrates a step of loading contaminated soil into grizzly 12, for initial separation. Large contaminants, such as pole butts and the like, are removed at 13. The material which passes through the grizzly 12, is conveyed into a trommel 14 and is broken therein. Reference numeral 15 generally designates flow of water into the trommel, to provide for production of a slurry. The slurry flow out of the trommel is designated by reference numeral 16. This material is directed toward a screening system 18, preferably comprising at least a 10 mesh screen 19 and in some applications preferably also comprising a 20 mesh screen 20. The slurry material is directed through the screen system 18, with aid of water provided as indicated at reference numeral 25. It is noted that fluid feeds 15 and 25 may be provided from a single source 26, with conventional valves or the like controlling relative distribution of fluid into the trommel 14 and the filter system 18. Large materials such as wood chips or the like removed from the filter system 18 are shown takenoff at reference numeral 30. The soil material which passes through the screen system 18, sized to 20 mesh or smaller, is generally indicated at takeoff 31.

STAGE 2

The Attrition and Classification Procedures

The material removed from a physical screen such as system 18 may still be substantially clumped or agglomerated. At this point a typical soil material generally comprises numerous components including: still smaller pieces of wood material; clay components; silica sand and other relatively coarse minerals; and, natural organic matter such as decomposing plant material or the like. Due in part to the presence of the oils and greases in the contaminants, this soil material may still be clumped into relatively hard globules, preventing release of contaminants from between trapped inner particles. In a preferred application of the present invention the slurry of this material is concentrated (thickened) substantially, in a cyclone or the like, to about 40-70% solids, or more, and is then broken up and scrubbed in an attrition step, such as in a pebble mill, attrition cell, or the like. During attrition, the slurry of solids is subjected to intense agitation. This suspends the solid particles, and causes a great deal of particle/particle collisions. The collisions break up the agglomerates, resulting in suspended particles of a variety of sizes. Some of the contaminating organics are abraded off of the particles, and are dispersed in the water.

It has been found that a fine particle soil component, which for some soils is a relatively small percentage component by weight or volume, is sometimes associated with a substantial and disproportionate percentage of the contaminating oil and grease, with the contaminant (for example PCP) therein, by comparison to the coarser components (sometimes the major component) of the soil. While it is not intended that this invention be limited to any particular theory, it may be theorized that this phenomenon may be due in part to the fact that fine particles present relatively large surface areas on which organics can readily adsorb. It may also be that the relative difficulty of separating of fine particles from non-adsorbed organics is in part responsible for the observation. In any event, generally a separation out of very fine particles, with any organics (absorbed or otherwise) associated therewith, results in substantial purification of the remaining materials (i.e. the "cleansed" or "washed" materials).

As described above, in general attrition scrubbing is effective on particles of about 74 microns (200 mesh) or larger, up to about 10 mesh. When the particles are significantly smaller, especially if less than about 10 microns, they do not appear to be readily cleansed during attrition scrubbing. This may be, in part, due to an inability of such particles, in aqueous suspension, to attain sufficient momentum for particle/particle collisions to effect a good, scrubbing, action. With particles of about 74 microns (200 mesh) up to about 10 mesh, on the other hand, attrition scrubbing results in an effective scraping of the surface of the particles, and thus a removal of organic contaminants therefrom.

While a variety of methods for cleansing the surface particles are known, including the use of vibrational energy, application of high pressure water jets, and use of washes with detergents (surfactants) and the like, the attrition scrubbing techniques described herein appear to yield a significant advantage. A reason for this is that attrition scrubbing generates relatively complete access to the surface of the particles. That is, in time much of the outer surface of the particles has been actually abraded somewhat, removing any contaminating layer and releasing it to suspension. The contaminating layer, it will be understood, is readily removed in the follow-up countercurrent classification step.

It is a feature of certain preferred embodiments of the present invention that the follow-up classification step is practiced after attrition, but before substantial settling, i.e., it is superposed on the attrition step. This is not required for the achievement of some advantages, but it does generate a more efficient separation. During classification, advantage is taken of the fact that large, low (relative) surface area particles settle faster than very fire (relatively high surface area) particles. In general, the very fine particles (for example, clay) liberated during attrition and which either have much of the organics adsorbed thereon, or in association therewith, are separated by classification, resulting in separation and removal of a substantial percentage of contaminating organics. Again, as was described above, the very finest materials (i.e. smaller than about 10-74 microns) were probably not readily scrubbed clean in the attrition step. It is also noted that natural organics in the soil may also include fine particulates and be disproportionately contaminated. These will also be removed by the classification techniques described, leading to some further purification.

The material from the attrition scrubber or pebble mill is directed, for example, into a classification system. Preferably a classification system relying on relative settling velocities is used, such as a screw classifier, or a plurality of screw classifiers in series, with a washing water flow directed countercurrent to movement of the soil. Alternate methods include the use of cyclones. The washing water removes: relatively small, slow settling particles of wood; small, slow settling particles of soil such as clay having substantial amounts of contaminant associated with it; and/or, floating or suspended organics. The contaminants removed by washing can be collected, concentrated and treated, for example via incineration or the like. It is an advantage of the present invention, again, that those components of the soil which are not as readily purified of, or isolated from, contaminating organics, but which generally comprise a substantially small volume of the soil, are separated and concentrated, so that they may be treated via conventional disposal techniques, such as incineration, in an efficient and effective manner.

It will be recognized that conventional screw classifiers may be utilized during this step. They are especially useful if the "cut" is to be taken at about 200 mesh (74 microns) and above. That is, they are particularly useful if particles smaller than about 74 microns are to be kept with the waste slurry, and larger particles are to go with the cleansed solids. This will be the case if the particles of less than about 74 microns are perceived to present a significant contamination problem due to the fact that they (due to their small size) are not readily cleansed during soil washing (attrition). A variety of washing water flow rates may be utilized, depending on the system to which the process is applied. Generally, a percentage range of solids in the screw classifier(s) of about 10-50% is effective. For a typical purification of soil from a PCP dump site, material entering the first screw classifier could include about 100-200 parts per million pentachlorophenol. In most applications, the purification process is applied for a period of time sufficient for reduction of organic contaminant to reach a readily achievable minimum. An advantage of the present invention is that, for specific operations, stages can be varied in order to achieve an overall most efficient, or at least substantially efficient, operation.

The soil material (dewatered) from a typical screw classifier step, according to the present invention, includes about 75% soil, by weight, the remainder being substantially water. At this point, the soil generally comprises primarily silica sand or other coarse materials with some oil or grease thereon, much of the wood component having already been removed as well as a substantial portion of the fine clay or silica component and any floatable natural organic components. In some instances, some of these materials will still be present, however, and further cleansing with respect to them may be accomplished in a third stage treatment.

As explained above, in some applications it may be desirable to take a "cut" at closer to about 10 microns, or at some point between 10 and 74 microns. That is, in some applications particles of a size greater than about 10 microns (or some other figure between 10 and 74 microns) are to be maintained with a "cleansed" fraction. In general, screw classification systems are undesirable unless the cut is to be taken at about 74 microns. When a cut of the smaller particle size is desired, hydrocycloning techniques may be employed. In general, as indicated above, a cut at a point below about 74 microns, and down to about 10 microns, may be desirable if there is a substantial fraction of soil material within that particle size that is not contaminated to such an extent that the overall resulting "cleansed" soil will have a concentration of contaminant above the acceptable level. That is, while the 10-74 micron fraction will not be readily cleansed during the attrition scrubbing operation, it may be carried through with the cleansed material if it does not pose a substantial contamination threat to the final material. Operation in this manner will tend to reduce the amount of solids in the waste water stream that have to be dealt with during waste water treatment.

Referring to FIG. 1, underflow from the screen system 18 is shown directed into cyclone 32. Overflow liquid is removed via line 33, and the soil slurry is transported via line 34 to attrition equipment such as an attrition machine 35. After sufficient, or desired, breaking up of the sludge material, and before substantial settling occurs, the finer product is transported to classification system 40 via line 41.

For the preferred embodiment described and shown, the classification system 40 comprises a plurality of classifiers arranged in series, with a countercurrent wash flow. More specifically, conventional screw classifiers 42, 43, 44 and 45 are shown arranged in series. As the dewatered soil is transported along the classifier circuit via lines 46, 47 and 48, a countercurrent flushing or washing water flow, to generally remove wood, natural organics, and slow settling, fine materials such as clay, occurs via flow lines 50, 51, 52 and 53, respectively. The contaminated wash material is removed from the system via line 55. The washed, coarser, fraction, typically primarily a silica sand or other coarse mineral component, is removed from the system via line 56, whereby it is transported into Stage 3. Attrition devices may be inserted between steps of classification, to facilitate the soil purification process, for example water flow from line 52 could be combined with dewatered soil from line 46, for delivery to an attrition device such as machine 35. The effluent from the second attrition would then be directed into classifier 43.

Referring to the schematic of FIG. 1, it will be understood that the wash flow from the classifiers, through line 55, may be directed through screen 56', to lead to concentration of solid materials which can be removed via line 57 for incineration. Contaminated water released from the filter system 56', via line 58, may be directed into Stage 3 for use.

A variety of conventional classifying equipment may be adapted for utilization in processes, according to the present invention. In general, adjustment of appropriate operation parameters for the machinery or equipment, to achieve a desired "cut" or separation, is a matter of following manufacture specifications, or direction from the manufacturer's applications engineers. The following is a brief list of suppliers of equipment adaptable for use in applications according to the present invention. The list is not intended to be exhaustive.

Spiral classifiers: Denver Equipment Company, Colorado Springs, Colo.; McLanahan Corporation, Holidaysburg, Pa. Hydrocyclones: Krebs Engineers, Menlo Park, Calif.; and, Dorr-Oliver Incorporated, Stamford, Conn.

In general, the operatings parameters for the above-classification devices will be with a feed slurry containing solids in a range of about 10-50% by weight. Other process variables, for example the spiral classifier rake rpm or hydrocyclone apex diameter, will depend on the specific machinery utilized. Tests during start-up of the equipment can be performed to further optimize these parameters, for a particular application.

In some applications, vibrating screens may be utilized to assist separations based on particle size. Manufacturers and/or suppliers of Vibrating Screens include: Derrick Manufacturing Corporation, Buffalo, N.Y.; and, Diester Machine Company, Fort Wayne, Ind.

STAGE 3

Separation of Organic Material from Soil Components by Flotation

Flotation processes are known in the mineral industry and the pulp treatment industry; see for example, Froth Flotation--50th Anniversary Volume, Ed. by Fuerstenau, D. W., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, 1962; Flotation, Volumes I and II, Ed. by Fuerstenau, M. C., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, 1976; Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 5th Ed.; Ed. by Perry, Robert F., McGraw-Hill Book Col; New York 1973, pp. 21-65 to 21-69; Wills, B. A.; Mineral Processing Technology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, pp. 276-337; and, Zimmerman, R. E. and Son, S. C., "Part 3: Froth Flotation", Coal Preparation, 45th Ed., E. by Leonard, J. W., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, 1979; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Flotation may be provided in a variety of machines. Generally, flotation process machines are separated into two basic categories, mechanical flotation machines and pneumatic flotation machines. Within each category are two types, those operated as a single tank, and those operated as a bank of tanks (or cells) in series. Virtually any flotation system may be optionally utilized in association with the present process; however, generally preferred processes will involve the use of a mechanical flotation device, either alone or in series with other such devices. It is noted that final flotation steps (polishing steps) may not be required in some purification schemes.

The primary function of a flotation separation in an application to the present invention is to allow hydrophobic contaminants to contact and adhere to air bubbles. The air bubbles rise to the top of the flotation device, carrying the hydrophobic material with them. This generally results in formation of a contaminated froth at the top of the solution, which can be overflowed, skimmed or otherwise removed. As a result, the solid material contained within the flotation tank or cell is substantially purged of the hydrophobic material.

A unique application of a flotation technology is involved in preferred applications of the present invention. In particular, the process involves the removal of organic contaminants from soil, and separation of soil particles not readily dissociated from organics, from the remainder of the soil. The organic components, including the greases, oils and any dissolved PCP or other toxic organics, are typically very hydrophobic and thus susceptible to removal via the flotation process. Generally, what is required is that the machine maintain the soil particles in suspension and further that the system generate sufficient dispersion of air bubbles throughout the solution, with collision of air bubbles with particles, to ensure high frequency of contact between the air bubbles and the particles for substantial transport of hydrophobic organic material to the air bubble surface.

Generally, a concentration of about 10-40% solids, by weight, in the flotation step is effective. Preferably high solids concentration, and/or intense agitation, are avoided so that little attrition (particle/particle collision) occurs. A reason for this is that attrition would tend to pull bubbles off of floated particles, thus allowing less time for transport of organics to the bubbles.

A variety of manufactures of flotation equipment can be utilized in association with processes according to the present invention. These include, for example, flotation machines developed for other uses, operated with appropriate stirring velocity and air bubble flow. Such devices include systems which generate air bubbles by a simple draw of air from the atmosphere, and also those which utilize separate blowers or pressurized air sources. Usable flotation machines or cells are available, for example, from the Denver Equipment Division, Joy Manufacturing Company, Colorado Springs, Colo. 80901; Outokumpu Oy, Espoo 20, Finland; and, Wemco, Sacramento, Calif. 95852. Such devices are generally developed for use in the mining industry; however, they can be readily adapted to application according to the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, Stage 3, i.e., the flotation stage is generally indicated at reference numeral 60.

Once pretreatment at Stage 2 has rendered a sufficiently purified soil material, the soil material is transferred into a flotation cell 61, as for example along flow path 62. As indicated previously, when, for example, a series of screw classifiers is used to wash and transfer sufficiently ground up or otherwise sized particles of soil, from a typical pole treatment dump the washed material comprises about 85-95% soil by weight, and contains 5-20 ppm PCP. The material is directed into a flotation cell 61, along with a sufficient amount of water via line 63 for cell operation. Agitation is started, and is maintained at a rate appropriate to inhibit any substantial settling of material, i.e., that is a sufficiently high rate to maintain substantially all particles in suspension. Air bubbles are formed in the flotation cell, during operation. These air bubbles, typically numerous micro bubbles, may be formed by an atmospheric draw, or through the provision of a blower or source of pressurized air or the like. Generally sufficient bubble formation is created to ensure effective flotation of the organic material from the soil material, for effective purification. The organic material trapped in the air bubble froth is floated to the top of the machine, wherefrom it can be removed by overflow or by use of conventional mechanical skimmers or the like, along path 64. Similarly, any fine soil particles having organics adsorbed thereon will also tend to flat to the froth.

For Stage 3, reference numeral 60, shown in FIG. 1, a second flotation cell 70 is shown used in series with the first cell 61 to achieve a high degree of cleansing. The underflow from cell 61 is directed to cell 70 along flow path 71. Water, for froth formation, is directed into cell 70 via line 73. The overflow or froth is removed at 74, and the underflow, or purified soil, at 75. The clean soil is separated from the water at 76, and is removed at 77. The carrier water is removed at 78, and may be cycled into backwash for Stage 2.

In the preferred embodiment shown, froth, from 64 and 74, is concentrated while the water removed therefrom is directed into a water purification system 80. The purified water may be stored in reservoir 81, and used throughout the process.

In FIG. 2, a typical flotation cell for use in a system according to the present invention is schematically depicted. In FIG. 2, the cell is generally designated at reference numeral 100. The cell 100 includes a tank portion 101 into which water and contaminated soil, typically as a slurry, are dumped for treatment. The sludge or slurry 102 within tank 101 is rapidly agitated by an agitator/aerator 103. The particular agitator 103 shown includes a plurality of vanes 105 thereon which rapidly rotate to churn the water, and keep the solid soil material from settling in the bottom of the tank. Air bubbles are formed in a high sheer zone between the agitation cones 105 and the stator, with air flow being generally represented by arrows 107. As the bubbles disperse throughout the slurry or sludge 102, soil particles are encountered, organics transfer to the interface with the air bubble, and the organics float to the top of the tank in the form of froth 110. The froth is then removed via skimming or overflow 111, as indicated at reference numeral 112. The three components which are mixed in the tank (air, soil and water) are represented as being introduced via lines 115 and 116, respectively. Underflow is shown removable via the port 120, operated by valve 121.

It will be understood that FIG. 2 is intended to be schematic only, and that a variety of specific mechanical structural arrangements can be utilized.

In systems according to the present invention, agitation speed, air bubble size and concentration, water concentration, and retention time in the tank may be varied to achieve an optimum, or at least a desired level of efficiency and purification. It is noted that the flotation cell may be operated on a closed, batch, cycle, or with a continuous run therethrough. Generally, a continuous system will provide for a more efficient overall operating system.

Referring again to FIG. 1, underflow from the flotation system is generally designated at reference numeral 75. This material includes the purified soil, generally containing less than 10 ppm PCP, and preferably 5 ppm PCP or less. At this relatively low concentration, the PCP may pose substantially little problem. If desired, in some applications of the present invention this soil can be dried and transferred back to the pit area with an active microbial agent therein, to obtain even further purification.

The skimmed or overflow material from the flotation cell can be concentrated, if desired, and incinerated. The water, somewhat contaminated, can be directed to a water treatment facility or the like.

Frothers may be added during flotation. Frothers generally change the surface tension of the water in a manner facilitating formation of a stable froth phase. Frothers include methyl amyl alcohol and pine oil. They may typically be used in an amount of about 0.01-0.2 lbs. frother/ton of soil in the flotation device.

The Embodiment of FIG. 3

In some applications of the Stage 2 process, it may be desirable to apply the attrition equipment and classifier equipment in series, such that a first attrition step is followed by a first classification step, which is followed by a second attrition step, that is followed by a second classification step etc., until attrition/classification is achieved to a desired extent. A flow diagram representing an example of this, is presented in FIG. 3. it will be understood that much of the equipment used in a process according to FIG. 3 may be as described above for FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 3, reference numeral 331 designates the underflow from an initial screening process, analogous to underflow 331, FIG. 1. The soil material in this underflow 331 is fed into cyclone 332, analogously to FIG. 1, for thickening. Overflow liquid from cyclone 332 is directed via line 333 outwardly from the cyclone 332. This material may be directed analogously to the material in line 33, FIG. 1.

The thickened soil slurry from cyclone 332 is directed via line 334 into the attrition/classifier system (Stage 2 system) generally represented at 334' System 334' includes an initial attrition device 335 into which the soil slurry is fed, via line 334. In an attrition device 335 the slurry is subjected to attrition, as described above with respect to device 35, FIG. 1. Material from attrition device 335 is selectively fed via line 341 into cyclone 342. (A valve arrangement can be used to control flow.) The underflow (larger material) from cyclone 342 is fed into a second attrition device 345; and, the underflow, (larger material) from cyclone 343 is fed into attrition device 346. After attrition in device 345, the material may be fed via line 347 into the second cyclone 343, with the heavier, larger, material ultimately being fed into second attrition system 346. Feed from the second attrition system 346 may be selectively fed via line 350 into cyclone 351. The underflow from cyclone 351 is shown being drawn off at line 352.

Selected and controlled flow through the system 334' is generally controlled by valves 355, 356 and 357. The finer materials from cyclone 343 are shown drawn off through line 360, and those from cyclone 351 are shown drawn off at line 361. Transport from attrition device 335 directly to the second cyclone 343 is shown controllable via valve 355, and line 370. (Line 371 may be used to provide a countercurrent wash.) Similarly, flow from attrition device 345 into cyclone 343 and 351 is controllable by valve 356, via line 373; and line 374 can be used to provide a countercurrent wash. Valve 357 controls flow from attrition device 346 into cyclone 351, via line 377; and, line 378 allows for feed of countercurrent wash. Overflow, i.e. fines, from cyclone 342 is shown being drawn off via line 380. Line 381 may be used to provide a wash water feed to cyclone 351.

It will be readily understood that the configuration of FIG. 3, illustrates that attrition devices and classifiers may be interposed such that a first attrition step is followed by a classification step, followed by a further attrition step and further classification step etc., to achieve beneficial results. It will be understood that alternate classifier systems, for example screw conveyors, may be used in place of some or all of the cyclones at 342, 343 and 351. Also, it is not intended that the flow arrangement need necessarily be as illustrated, or that there necessarily be three attrition devices (rather than more or fewer) in the system. Rather, the arrangement of FIG. 3 is exemplary of a superposition which involves a plurality of alternating attrition/classification steps.

pH Control; Surfactants; Temperature Control

The general process has been described in the absence of specific adjustments in pH, and without the use of added surfactants. Generally, for many soil treatment processes according to the invention, effective removal of organic contaminants can be obtained without special pH adjustments or surfactant use. Should it be deemed necessary, a pH adjustment can be made at almost any stage. Also surfactants can be introduced at various stages to facilitate removal of the organic material from the solid particles. The process is generally effective at ambient temperatures, but may be practiced over a wide variety of temperatures. In some instances temperature control may be used to facilitate certain steps.

Mobile Testing Facility

The previously described process is very flexible. That is, it can be implemented using fairly conventional process equipment, when the equipment is organized for operation in the unconventional manner described. The particular equipment to be used may vary depending on the specific nature of the soil being treated, and the specific nature of the contaminant contained therein. As soil composition and particle size ranges and contaminant concentration and nature vary, individual specifics of the treatment may be changed accordingly. For example, in some systems, a single flotation cell may be all that is needed to accommodate efficient purification, whereas in still other systems a plurality of cells in series may be required.

Generally, it will be preferred to evaluate a particular site to be treated, in advance of setting up a full scale treatment facility, in order to determine what specific equipment will be necessary. To accomplish this, a mobile, pilot scale facility may be provided, utilizing appropriately mounted equipment arranged to conduct a process according to the present invention on a small scale. Via such an arrangement, an evaluation of the soil can be made. In this manner, a most efficient utilization of the treatment process, can be determined.

Operation of the present process will be further understood by reference to the following experiments and examples.

EXPERIMENT 1

Characterization of Soil Contaminated With PCP

For the following experiment, contaminated soil collected from the dump site of a pole treatment plant was utilized. The two major impurities of concern were pentachlorophenol (PCP) and the grease/oil component. The soil sample contained a substantial amount of wood therein. Originally the soil, classified to less than one-half inch, contained about 18% water. The overall PCP concentration in the sample was about 250 ppm. The sample contained a variety of sizes of particulates and could be sized accordingly. It was generally found that the PCP concentration varied throughout the size range of the particles, being higher in size fractions coarser than 20 mesh and finer than 150 mesh, as shown in Table 1. The data suggested that a two-step process of coarse screening and fine screening or classification may significantly clean the bulk of the soil by removing a small fraction of the original material that is highly concentrated with PCP. Wood concentration in the soil sample was found to be about 5-10% by weight, with the bulk of the wood being contained in larger chunks or pieces. The grease/oil concentration was generally about 40-80 times greater than that of the PCP concentration.

EXPERIMENT 2

Dry and Wet Screening

This separation step was undertaken to eliminate handling difficulties created by the wood content of the soil and to confirm PCP distribution in the soil. The process involved screening to -10 or 20 mesh to remove the bulk of the coarse wood, and is described above as occurring in Stage 1.

The test soil was subjected to both dry and wet screening. The dry screening was merely a cursory test to remove the bulk of the coarse wood. For the dry screening, the soil sample was first dried at 75.degree. C. to at least 16 hours. The dry soil was then screened through a 10 mesh screen, using a manually shaken, frame-mounted screen. The +10 mesh and -10 mesh fractions were analyzed for PCP. The dry screened material showed a significant and disproportionate accumulation of PCP in the +10 mesh fraction, which was determined to contain a significant amount of wood. The results of this screening are reported below in Table 2.

For the wet screening, a weight of tap water equal to the weight to be screened was poured into a large tub. Portions of the soil were placed on a frame-mounted 10 mesh screen which was shaken while partially submerged. The +10 mesh fraction that remained on the screen was then washed with as little water as possible, and collected. The process was repeated until all of the soil sample was screened. The +10 mesh portion was dried and sampled for analysis of PCP. A second sample of this dried +10 mesh product was screened into five separate size fractions. Typical assays of fractions derived from screening the +10 mesh product are listed in Table 3.

The -10 mesh slurry in the tub was allowed to settle for 72 hours and the aqueous phase or supernatant (first wash) was siphoned off and collected. This wash was analyzed as a slurry (solids plus solution) but was also filtered to determine the weight of solids remaining in suspension. The settled solids were reslurried with an equal weight of water and were allowed to settle for 15 minutes. The supernatant second wash) was again siphoned, collected, and analyzed. The reslurrying step was repeated two more times for a total of four washes. A dark slime layer (slimes) that settled on the top of the sandy soil was left until the last siphoning operation when it was removed, dried, weighed and analyzed. After the slime layer was removed, the final settled solids were collected, dried, weighed and analyzed (-10 mesh). Typical assays of the products from the washing cycles are reported in Table 4.

From these results it was determined that wet screening significantly reduced the PCP content of the -10 mesh portion of the soil. A large percentage of the PCP was found in the washes, where it was in solution and also associated with a suspension of wood and clay material. In addition, it was determined that wet screening is also an effective means to separate a relatively soil-free wood fraction (the +10 mesh stream) containing high PCP values. The wood fraction can then be readily incinerated.

EXPERIMENT 3

Flotation

The slurry from the wet screening operation cannot be readily filtered due to the presence of oil and fine particles. The slimes contain a suspension of finely divided soil, small pieces of wood, and oil. Methods for the cleaning of this suspension include flotation, centrifugation, settling, and combinations thereof. Certain of these processes may be undertaken in Stage 2, discussed above, and include treatment in an attrition scrubber or pebble mill to further break up agglomerates and scrub particle surfaces before processing this slurry in a classifier to wash out fine or floatable contaminated material. As a result of such operations, products containing relatively concentrated amounts of PCP and oil/grease components can be isolated for disposal. In particular, fine clay particles and small wood pieces are removed by this process.

Preferably, the soil material is ultimately treated via flotation to achieve reduction of PCP concentration, or concentration of other contaminants, to a minimum, or at least to below a desired value. This is a particularly effective way of obtaining a relatively clean silica sand material.

An initial evaluation of flotation with pretreatment (washing) was made on a slurry derived from wet screening soil at 10 mesh. Slurry from a screening operation was agitated in a flotation cell at 1200 rpm. The solids content of the slurry was about 10.6%. The slurry was subjected to flotation for 15 minutes without frother addition. The cell overflow and underflow were sampled and assayed. Results are shown in Table 5.

The results from this experiment indicate that flotation on material pretreated by a single washing step generates a large overflow (froth) stream with no concentration of contaminants and handling difficulties comparable to the feed material. However, the underflow, containing three-fourths of the solids, responds well to settling. A conclusion is that it is not necessarily practical to have flotation at the front end of the process flowsheet, as it does not effectively resolve the problem of slimes handling on its own. Rather, generally what is preferred, prior to flotation, is a sequential washing system to reduce the slurry handling problem by further reducing contaminant content. This may be accomplished through the utilization of methods as described above, for Stage 2 operations. Alternatively, flotation can be used advantageously at the head of the flowsheet to separate intractable slimes; i.e., the fines containing a substantial amount of organics not amenable to scrubbing, for additional processing in a centrifuge or the like.

EXPERIMENT 4

Scrubbing

In a designed experimental program requiring 30 tests, the effect of scrubbing on the removal of PCP from soil was investigated as a function of temperature, time, pH, and concentration of surfactant. For this experimental design, temperature ranged from 25.degree.-65.degree. C., time ranged from 10-15 minutes, pH ranges from 5-11, and the concentration of surfactant ranged from 0.1-0.5 lbs./short ton of soil.

Soil contaminated with PCP was wet screened at 10 mesh to remove coarse wood. The -10 mesh fraction of the soil was slurried with water at a pulp density of 50% solids. The pulp was brought to the desired temperature, pH was adjusted, and surfactant was added. The slurry was scrubbed (intensely agitated) in a baffled vessel using a shrouded impeller rotating at 1000 rpm. The pH was maintained constant throughout the duration of the test. At the end of the scrubbing period the slurry was allowed to settle for 5 minutes and the aqueous phase or supernatant was siphoned off and collected. The remaining settled solids were reslurried to 50% solids using fresh water, agitated for 15 seconds, and allowed to settle for 5 minutes before siphoning off the supernatant. The combined siphoned fluids containing a suspension of fine particles was screened at 48 mesh to remove wood fibers. The settled solids were filtered and the filtrate was combined with the siphoned fluids to make up the final fluid suspension. The filtered solids and the +48 mesh wood fraction were dried overnight at 75.degree. C. and pulverized to -100 mesh. Samples of soil, fluid, and wood were assayed for PCP.

Statistical analysis of the results showed that the level of PCP remaining in the soil is a linear function of pH and time. The least significant factor was surfactant concentration regardless of whether the surfactant was anionic, cationic, or anionic-nonionic. The most significant factor was pH. Percent removal (PR) of PCP from soil could be approximated by the following equation:

EXPERIMENT 5

Washing Scrubbed Soils Using Classifiers

Following a flotation test such as that described in Experiment 3, the solids remaining in the flotation apparatus exhibited a well-defined settling pattern after the impeller stopped rotating. Invariably, a black layer of slowly settling wood and soil formed on top of the more rapidly settling sand material. It was presumed that a classifier could be used to remove the lighter component, which was concluded to be rather heavily contaminated with PCP.

A 3.5 inch by 2.5 foot screw classifier with a capability for bed washing by means of bottom-bed water injection was used for this testwork. The fee to the classifier was the -10 mesh fraction from a sample of screened soil contaminated with PCP. This sample was slurried to 50% solids with tap water and scrubbed in a mixing tank for one hour under intense agitation. The slurry was fed to the classifier and the sand discharge and fluid overflow (first overflow) were collected. The fluid overflow was allowed to settle and the dark layer of slimes that settled out on top of the fine sand was selectively removed and analyzed separately (slimes). The remaining fluid overflow (first overflow) was analyzed as a slurry but also filtered to determine the weight of solids remaining in this suspension. The sand bed in the classifier was removed (first bed), dried, weighed, and analyzed. A sample of the first sand discharge (first product) was taken for analysis. The remaining first sand discharge was slurried with tap water and fed back into the empty classifier to produce a second overflow and second sand discharge. The sand product from the classifier was sampled for analysis (second product) and recycled two more times without removing the bed to simulate cleaning of the sand in a multi-stage system. Experimental results are presented in Table 6.

The above data support the conclusion that a substantial amount of PCP removal can be accomplished through utilization of a classifier, prior to introduction of the soil material into a flotation cell or the like. However, at some point during recycling of classified sands, no further substantial PCP removal was observed. This suggests that the PCP remaining in the classifier sand product is locked in particles of size and density comparable to the sand particulates. Release of PCP from these particles could be facilitated through the use of a rigorous scrubbing stage or attrition stage prior to additional stages of classification, as illustrated in Experiment 6. Alternatively, the bulk of the remaining portion of the PCP and oil/grease material can be removed in a flotation cell, as illustrated in Experiment 7.

EXPERIMENT 6

Washing Soils Using Multi-Stage Classification with Interstage Scrubbing

This test, following the procedures established in Experiment 5, was designed to better simulate a bank of classifiers by removing the bed in the laboratory screw classifier prior to recycling the sand discharge product back into the same classifier to simulate the next state. Also, interstage scrubbing was simulated by scrubbing the classifier sand discharge product in a flotation cell at 2100 rpm. Thus, a -10 mesh soil sample contaminated with PCP was slurried with tap water to 50% solids, scrubbed in a flotation cell, and fed to the screw classifier. Classifier overflow (first slurry) and sand discharge were collected. The sand bed remaining in the classifier (first bed) was removed, dried, weighed and analyzed. A sample of sand discharge was taken for analysis (first sand) and the remaining sand product was slurried with tap water, subjected to attrition scrubbing in a flotation cell for 15 minutes at 2100 rpm, and fed back into the empty classifier for the second stage of washing. This cycle was repeated twice for a total of three stages of cleaning. Results are presented in Table 7. this data indicates that with proper intensity of interstage scrubbing the soil can be cleaned from 120 ppm PCP to approximately 5-10 ppm PCP in two to three stages.

EXPERIMENT 7

Soil Polishing by Flotation

As previously described, final removal of PCP from the soil, i.e., a polishing step, can be accomplished through flotation. This unique step leads to a final soil product which is very low in PCP, and which can be disposed of in manners not necessarily requiring special handling in dump sites.

A soil contaminated with PCP was processed through five stages of scrubbing at a pH of 9.5 to prepare a scrubbed soil slurry as feed for flotation tests. The slurry was adjusted to 33% solids and was floated for 5 minutes. It was then conditioned with 0.3 lbs. pine oil or MIBC/short ton of soil and floated for another 10 minutes. Additional tests were performed in which two stages of flotation were conducted by conditioning for 10 minutes with 0.1 lbs. pine oil/short ton of soil and pulling froth for 5 minutes. The combined froth products, underflow solids, and underflow filtrate were analyzed for PCP. Typical results are given in Table 8 below.

From the above data, which were consistent for all tests, it can be concluded that the polishing operation may be used to reduce the PCP content of the final soil by as much as 50%. The solid material in the froth appeared to be mostly clay. The sand material was released in a relatively clean form. Results also indicated that it appears beneficial to operate at a basicity within the pH range of 7-8.

EXPERIMENT 8

Empirical Data Supporting the Assertion of Attrition Scrubbing

A soil particle size analysis with associated pentachlorophenol (PCP) levels of each size fraction, of soil entering and exiting a 500 lb. per hour continuous pilot plan are provided below in Table 9. In the pilot system, the soil was subjected to wet screening, froth flotation, and attrition scrubbing/classification operation as generally above described. Coarse, woody debris and highly contaminated fine particles were removed from the soil, altering the overall size distribution. Size analysis was determined by wet sieving at 400 mesh, following by dry sieving of the +400 mesh material on 20-400 mesh sieves.

Comparison of PCP levels in the feed and washed soil illustrates the effect of a multi-stage attrition/classification circuit as outlined in the detailed description above. In addition, the relatively high PCP level in the small amount of -400 mesh material remaining in the washed soil, shows where the desired particle size split was to have been made in the classification step. That is, there is relatively little PCP contamination in the washed soil resulting from fractions at about 150 mesh to 400 mesh, since the weight percent of material in washed soil is relatively small from these fractions and the PCP concentration from these fractions was also relatively small. However, at about 400 mesh or below, the PCP concentration present rises considerably. That is, material at about 400 mesh or below should be minimized, to the extent reasonable, in the "cleansed" material.

It will be readily understood that an analysis such as described above, and represented in Table 9, indicates how a determination can be made on where a "cut" is to be taken for defining a "cleansed" fraction. In general, it is a matter of determining how much contamination results from each fraction, and adjusting the classification system accordingly. The determination is in part made by balance of the acceptability of some contamination to the final "cleansed" material vs. the cost of handling more solids in the waste water stream. The level of contamination acceptable in the final "cleansed" fraction will usually be set by local ordinance, regulations or specific need.

It is to be understood that while certain embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, the invention is not to be limited to the specific steps, forms or arrangements herein described and shown, except as limited by the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed and desired to be secured by patent:

1. A process for treating soil contaminated with organic materials; said process including the steps of: (a) forming a slurry of less than about 10 mesh contaminated soil material in a fluid; said contaminated soil slurry containing 40-70% solids by weight; (b) conducting an attrition process on the contaminated soil slurry to break the soil into particles and generate in fluid suspension sufficient particle/particle collisions to abrade contaminant off larger particles; and (c) conducting a classification process on the fluid suspension of particles from said attrition process, for isolation and removal of a fraction containing relatively fine, slow settling, particles of less than about 10 microns in size, from a fraction containing coarser, faster settling, particles, by means of relative settling velocities; said step of classification being performed prior to complete settling of the suspension formed in said attrition process.

2. The process according to claim 1 wherein: (a) said steps of forming a slurry, conducting an attrition process and conducting a classification process involve the use of a countercurrent flow of the soil and the fluid; and (b) said step of classification involves substantial removal of a relatively fine particle soil organic component from said soil, as part of the fraction containing slow settling particles.

3. The process according to claim 1 wherein said step of forming a slurry of less than about 10 mesh soil material includes forming a slurry of soil material containing less than about 50% of the particles having a size smaller than about 200 mesh.

4. The process according to claim 3 wherein said step of forming a slurry of less than about 10 mesh soil material includes forming a slurry of soil material containing less than about 30% of the particles having a size smaller than about 200 mesh.

5. The process according to claim 1 including a step of subjecting the contaminated soil slurry to a flotation treatment involving floating particles of the soil in a flotation cell in the presence of microbubbles of air in a sufficient concentration to encounter said particles and selectively partition hydrophobic materials including organics in said soil to an interface with said bubbles; whereby said organic materials may be floated to an upper surface of said flotation cell.

6. The process according to claim 5 wherein said organics include oil with pentachlorophenol dissolved therein.

7. The process according to claim 1 wherein: (a) said step of conducting an attrition process on the contaminated soil slurry involves the use of an attrition cell capable of generating abrasive action; and (b) said step of classification involves the use of a countercurrent flow of the soil and the fluid.

8. A process for treating soil contaminated with organic material; said process including the steps of: (a) extracting said soil from the environment and screening same to form a screen undersized material having a size generally less than about 10 mesh; (b) forming a slurry of the screen undersized material in a fluid, the slurry containing 40-70% solids by weight; said solids containing less than about 50% of the particles with a size smaller than about 200 mesh; (c) subjecting the screen undersized material slurry to an attrition process using an attrition device to break the material into particles and generate in fluid suspension sufficient particle/particle collisions to abrade contaminant off larger particles; and (d) conducting a classification process on the suspension of particles from said attrition process, for isolation and removal of a fraction containing relatively fine, slow settling particles having a size less than about 74 microns in size, from a fraction containing larger, faster settling particles, on the basis of relative settling velocities; said step of classification being performed prior to complete settling of the suspension of particles from said attrition step.

9. The process according to claim 8 including a step of conducting a flotation step at some point prior to conducting the classification process; said step of flotation including floating soil material in a flotation cell in the presence of microbubbles of air in sufficient concentration to encounter said soil material and selectively partition hydrophobic materials including organics in said soil to an interface with said bubbles; whereby said organics are separated from said soil material and are floated to an upper portion of said flotation cell.

10. The process according to claim 8 wherein: (a) said step of classification involves passage of the screen undersized material into a classifier system with a countercurrent flow of material; (b) whereby a fraction containing small wood materials and relatively fine, contaminated soil materials are selectively removed from said soil; said fraction containing wood and relatively fine, contaminated soil materials generally including a disproportionate amount of contaminates therein.

11. The process according to claim 10 wherein said classifier system includes a plurality of screw classifiers arranged in series.

12. The process according to claim 8 wherein: (a) said step of classification involves passage of the screen undersized material into a cyclone system with a countercurrent flow of material; (b) whereby a fraction containing small wood materials and relatively fine, contaminated soil materials are selectively removed from said soil; said fraction containing wood and relatively fine, contaminated soil materials generally including a disproportionate amount of contaminants therein.

13. The process according to claim 8 further including: (a) subjecting said faster settling particles from said classification process to a second attrition process to form a second suspension; and (b) subjecting said second suspension to a second classification process.

14. The process according to claim 8 wherein said steps of forming a slurry, subjecting the slurry to an attrition process, and conducting a classification process on the slurry are performed under conditions of a countercurrent flow of the soil and the fluid.

15. A process for treating soil contaminated with organic material; said process including the steps of: (a) excavating said soil from a site and classifying the same to remove bulk items therefrom by passage through a grizzly; (b) breaking said soil into smaller particles by means of a trommel; (c) screening said smaller particles to less than about 10 mesh; (d) forming a slurry of the -10 mesh material in a fluid; (e) subjecting the -10 mesh material to a first attrition process to break the material into particles and generate in fluid suspension sufficient particle/particle collisions to abrade contaminant off larger particles; (f) conducting a first classification process on the suspension of particles from said first attrition process, for isolation and removal of a fraction containing relatively fine, slow settling particles having a size of less than about 10 microns from a fraction containing faster settling particles; (g) subjecting the fraction of the particle suspension containing the faster settling particles to a second attrition process to form a second suspension of particles in fluid; (h) conducting a second classification process on the second suspension of particles for further isolation and removal of a fraction containing particles having a size less than about 10 microns; and (i) performing said steps of forming a slurry, subjecting the slurry to an attrition process, and conducting a classification process on the slurry under conditions of a countercurrent flow of the soil and the fluid.

16. The process according to claim 15 wherein the step of forming a slurry of the -10 mesh material in a fluid involves forming a slurry containing 40-70% solids by weight.

17. The process according to claim 16 wherein said solids in said slurry contain less than about 50% of the particles with a size smaller than about 200 mesh.

18. The process according to claim 15 wherein said process includes a plurality of attrition and classification steps.

19. The process according to claim 15 wherein said step of forming a slurry includes forming a slurry of the -10 mesh material in water.

Patent Citations (15)

Patent	Date	Inventor
US2876863	1959-03-01	Kivari
US4288319	1981-09-01	Heijs et al.
US4336136	1982-06-01	Giguere
US4360402	1982-11-01	Ortner et al.
US4431847	1984-02-01	Bossier et al.
US4447541	1984-05-01	Peterson
US4464266	1984-08-01	Stehler et al.
US4514305	1985-04-01	Filby
US4518502	1985-05-01	Burns et al.
US4700638	1987-10-01	Przewaulski
US4923125	1990-05-01	Bateson et al.
CAX1223373	1987-06-01
EPX178009	1986-04-01
EPX185831	1986-07-01
EPX251562	1988-01-01

Non-Patent Literature (30)

Project Summary, "Mobile System for Extracting Spilled Hazardous Materials from Excavated Soils", EPA, Dec. 1983.
"Floatation", prepared by William I. Watson.
"Floatation and Other Surface Separations", Chapter Sixteen.
"Soil Washing Technology", HazTECH News, p. 18, Jan. 29, 1987.
"Groundwater Remediation Systems": BioTrol, Technical Bulletin. No. 87-11.
"1+1 Floatation Cells", Wemco.
Spiral Classifiers, Denver.
Floatation Machines, Outokumpu.
Wemco Depurator 1+1 Floatation Machine, Wemco.
D-R Floatation Machines, Denver Bulletin Number F01-B278.
"BioTrol Soils Treatment Systems", Technical Bulletin No. 88-2, BioTrol, Inc., publicly circulated Apr. 15, 1988.
"Development of Site Remediation Technologies in European Countries", T. J. Nunno et al, paper presented Dec. 2, 1988.
"Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications", T. J. Nunno et al EPA, Sep. 1988.
J. W. Assink, "Extraction Methods for Soil Decontamination: A General Survey and Review of Operational Treatment Installations", 1st Int'l. TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil, Nov. 11-15, 1985, pp. 655-667.
J. Garnett et al.: "Initial Testing of Pilot Scale Equipment for Soil Decontamination", RFP-3022, 17 Oct. 1980, Rockwell International.
"The Lurgi-Deconterra-Process--Wet Mechanaical Site Remediation", Eckart F. Hilmer, May 1990.
"Decontamination of Contaminated Soils by Wet Mechanical Separation", Lurgi GmbH.
"BioTrol.RTM. Soil Washing System", Valine et al., May 1990.
"Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications-Technology Identification and Selection", Nunno et al., EPA Document No. 600/2-89/017, pp. 191-204, May 1989.
"Soil Pollution--Who? What? Where?", NVPG, Mar. 1989.
"Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Technologies".
"Purification by Froth Flotation", a paper by C. Mosmans, Mosmans Mineraal Techniek.
"Treatment Center for Contaminated Soils-Hattingen", Thyssen Engineering GMBH.
"Die Anwendug . . .", Dr. H.-J. Heimhard, K1 ckner Umwelttechnik, Int'l Meeting of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for Contaminated Land and Groundwater in Washington, D.C. Nov. 11-13, 1987.
"Removal of Chlorinated Phenols and Polynuclear Aromatics from Soil and Soil Process Water at Wood Preserving Sites", Martinson et al., Proceedings of the International Conference on Physicochemical and Biological Detoxification and Hazardous Wastes.
"Soil Washing System for Use at Wood Preserving Sites", Valine et al., Feb. 20-23, 1989.
"`Super` Microbes Offer Way to Treat Hazardous Waste", Wall Street Journal, Jan. 25, 1989.
"Draft Research Project Plan: Removing Lead with EDTA Chelating Agent from Contaminated Soil at the Michael Battery Company, Bettendorf, Iowa", EPA, Dec. 19, 1985. Fact Sheet, EPA, Sep., 1985.
"Hazardous Waste Treatment Demonstration," Chaska Herald, Oct. 12, 1989.
"Wemco Data Sheet," Apr. 10, 1988.

Abstract

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is noted that in some instances, attrition and separation can be completely separated in time. However, generally superposition is preferred.

It will be understood that a flotation step is not required in all applications. In some, attrition/classification will be sufficient, to achieve a desired level of purification.

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention, while illustrating various objects and features thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an overall system for the treatment of soil according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a flotation device for treating soil according to a step of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of certain alternative ordering of specific processes, in a system for the treatment of soil according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL TO BE TREATED

STAGE 1

Initial, Rough, Screening and Separation

STAGE 2

The Attrition and Classification Procedures

STAGE 3

Separation of Organic Material from Soil Components by Flotation

Referring to FIG. 1, Stage 3, i.e., the flotation stage is generally indicated at reference numeral 60.

It will be understood that FIG. 2 is intended to be schematic only, and that a variety of specific mechanical structural arrangements can be utilized.

The skimmed or overflow material from the flotation cell can be concentrated, if desired, and incinerated. The water, somewhat contaminated, can be directed to a water treatment facility or the like.

The Embodiment of FIG. 3

pH Control; Surfactants; Temperature Control

Mobile Testing Facility

Operation of the present process will be further understood by reference to the following experiments and examples.

EXPERIMENT 1

Characterization of Soil Contaminated With PCP

EXPERIMENT 2

Dry and Wet Screening

EXPERIMENT 3

Flotation

EXPERIMENT 4

Scrubbing

EXPERIMENT 5

Washing Scrubbed Soils Using Classifiers

EXPERIMENT 6

Washing Soils Using Multi-Stage Classification with Interstage Scrubbing

EXPERIMENT 7

Soil Polishing by Flotation

EXPERIMENT 8

Empirical Data Supporting the Assertion of Attrition Scrubbing

Claims

What is claimed and desired to be secured by patent:

6. The process according to claim 5 wherein said organics include oil with pentachlorophenol dissolved therein.

11. The process according to claim 10 wherein said classifier system includes a plurality of screw classifiers arranged in series.

16. The process according to claim 15 wherein the step of forming a slurry of the -10 mesh material in a fluid involves forming a slurry containing 40-70% solids by weight.

17. The process according to claim 16 wherein said solids in said slurry contain less than about 50% of the particles with a size smaller than about 200 mesh.

18. The process according to claim 15 wherein said process includes a plurality of attrition and classification steps.

19. The process according to claim 15 wherein said step of forming a slurry includes forming a slurry of the -10 mesh material in water.

Patent Citations (15)

Patent	Date	Inventor
US2876863	1959-03-01	Kivari
US4288319	1981-09-01	Heijs et al.
US4336136	1982-06-01	Giguere
US4360402	1982-11-01	Ortner et al.
US4431847	1984-02-01	Bossier et al.
US4447541	1984-05-01	Peterson
US4464266	1984-08-01	Stehler et al.
US4514305	1985-04-01	Filby
US4518502	1985-05-01	Burns et al.
US4700638	1987-10-01	Przewaulski
US4923125	1990-05-01	Bateson et al.
CAX1223373	1987-06-01
EPX178009	1986-04-01
EPX185831	1986-07-01
EPX251562	1988-01-01

Non-Patent Literature (30)

Project Summary, "Mobile System for Extracting Spilled Hazardous Materials from Excavated Soils", EPA, Dec. 1983.

"Floatation", prepared by William I. Watson.

"Floatation and Other Surface Separations", Chapter Sixteen.

"Soil Washing Technology", HazTECH News, p. 18, Jan. 29, 1987.

"Groundwater Remediation Systems": BioTrol, Technical Bulletin. No. 87-11.

"1+1 Floatation Cells", Wemco.

Spiral Classifiers, Denver.

Floatation Machines, Outokumpu.

Wemco Depurator 1+1 Floatation Machine, Wemco.

D-R Floatation Machines, Denver Bulletin Number F01-B278.

"BioTrol Soils Treatment Systems", Technical Bulletin No. 88-2, BioTrol, Inc., publicly circulated Apr. 15, 1988.

"Development of Site Remediation Technologies in European Countries", T. J. Nunno et al, paper presented Dec. 2, 1988.

"Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications", T. J. Nunno et al EPA, Sep. 1988.

J. W. Assink, "Extraction Methods for Soil Decontamination: A General Survey and Review of Operational Treatment Installations", 1st Int'l. TNO/BMFT Conference on Contaminated Soil, Nov. 11-15, 1985, pp. 655-667.

J. Garnett et al.: "Initial Testing of Pilot Scale Equipment for Soil Decontamination", RFP-3022, 17 Oct. 1980, Rockwell International.

"The Lurgi-Deconterra-Process--Wet Mechanaical Site Remediation", Eckart F. Hilmer, May 1990.

"Decontamination of Contaminated Soils by Wet Mechanical Separation", Lurgi GmbH.

"BioTrol.RTM. Soil Washing System", Valine et al., May 1990.

"Assessment of International Technologies for Superfund Applications-Technology Identification and Selection", Nunno et al., EPA Document No. 600/2-89/017, pp. 191-204, May 1989.

"Soil Pollution--Who? What? Where?", NVPG, Mar. 1989.

"Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Technologies".

"Purification by Froth Flotation", a paper by C. Mosmans, Mosmans Mineraal Techniek.

"Treatment Center for Contaminated Soils-Hattingen", Thyssen Engineering GMBH.

"Die Anwendug . . .", Dr. H.-J. Heimhard, K1 ckner Umwelttechnik, Int'l Meeting of the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for Contaminated Land and Groundwater in Washington, D.C. Nov. 11-13, 1987.

"Removal of Chlorinated Phenols and Polynuclear Aromatics from Soil and Soil Process Water at Wood Preserving Sites", Martinson et al., Proceedings of the International Conference on Physicochemical and Biological Detoxification and Hazardous Wastes.

"Soil Washing System for Use at Wood Preserving Sites", Valine et al., Feb. 20-23, 1989.

"`Super` Microbes Offer Way to Treat Hazardous Waste", Wall Street Journal, Jan. 25, 1989.

"Draft Research Project Plan: Removing Lead with EDTA Chelating Agent from Contaminated Soil at the Michael Battery Company, Bettendorf, Iowa", EPA, Dec. 19, 1985. Fact Sheet, EPA, Sep., 1985.

"Hazardous Waste Treatment Demonstration," Chaska Herald, Oct. 12, 1989.

"Wemco Data Sheet," Apr. 10, 1988.