US 5,036,256 AGrant
Arc Discharge Ballast Suitable for Automotive Applications
Issue Date:1991-07-30
•13 Claims
•2 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A circuit for starting and operating a high intensity discharge (HID)lamp in a dc mode includes a pulse width modulator (PWM) coupled to first and second direct current input terminals. The PWM includes a high frequency generator driving a pair of semiconductor switches. A first transformer having primary and secondary windings is coupled to the semiconductor switches. A rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit converts the voltage across the secondary winding of the first transformer to a direct current voltage. A first energy storage circuit coupled to the rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit stores energy for generating a high voltage spike which initiates a glow condition in the lamp. A secondary energy storage circuit, which stores energy for application to the HID lamp during starting, insures proper glow-to-arc transition. The starting and operating circuit further includes a second transformer having first and second secondary windings coupled to the HID lamp and a pulse winding coupled to the first energy storage circuit. Preferably, the windings of the second transformer are adapted to apply a negative-going pulse across the lamp. The application of a negative-going pulse prevents failure of the quartz region of the glass around the lamp cathode by insuring that electrons properly migrate from the cathode to the anode. Moreover, the use of the negative-going pulse improves hot restriking.
Metadata
Assignee
- GTE Products Corporation
Inventors
- Robert L. Garrison
- Harold L. Rothwell
Application Information
Application Number:US 5418747
Filing Date:1990-06-21
Priority Date:1990-06-21
Art Unit:252
Classifications
IPC:
H05B 3702H05B 4136
Field of Search:
315308;307;287;291;224;DIG. 7
Patent Drawings (2 sheets)
Description
Cross-Reference to a Related Application
This application discloses, but does not claim, subject matter which is claimed in U.S. Ser. No. 07/541,878 filed concurrently herewith and assigned to the Assignee of this application.
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to electrical circuits for starting and restarting high intensity discharge (HID) lamps under either cold or hot conditions and for operating the lamps with direct current (dc) after they have started. This invention is particularly useful with miniature metal halide lamps intended for use in automotive applications, such as headlights.
Background of the Invention
It is well known that HID lamps commonly operate in three modes, i.e., a cold or starting mode, an operating or steady state mode and a hot restrike mode. During the cold or starting mode, a relatively high value of ac or dc type starting or ignitor voltage (e.g., 25 KV) is applied across the lamp electrodes to first place the gasses of the lamp into a suitable ionized condition for striking or initiating a glow breakdown state. This glow breakdown state which consists of an early glow, Townsend glow and anamolous glow, is followed by a delay time period to allow a transition into an arc condition between the electrodes of the lamp during the glow-to-arc state.
The initial or early glow state is characterized by a very low current density and relatively high average energy per particle (i.e., E/N, wherein E is electric field and N is the number density of gas atoms in the discharge). Generally the total pressure is fairly low being determined by the rare gas R.sub.g starting gas and the partial pressure of mercury is quite low, being determined by the ambient temperature. Since the excitation cross-section for e.sup.- +R.sub.g is smaller than for e.sup.- +Hg in the early stages of glow, the electrons undergo elastic collisions with R.sub.g and gain considerable energy until they either excite R.sub.g or Hg. The Hg excitation is more likely to lead to ionization which produces an additional electron-ion pair. The majority of the collisions impart low energy transfer or gas heating.
As the early glow state proceeds to the Townsend glow state, the current increases but the current density remains low. During this state, the supply of electrons originate from surface field emission which occurs with a relatively high field strength, i.e., greater than 20 volts. This period is particularly damaging to the tungsten electrodes since any ionized gas atoms are driven back to the cathode with large energy which promotes sputtering of electrode material. Thus, it is important to establish a thermionic or "hot-spot" mode of operation as quickly as possible.
The glow current will continue to increase if a sustaining voltage (not the ignitor voltage) is maintained. Usually, this initial sustaining voltage is hundreds of volts, i.e., 1000 volts/cm field strength.
Near the cathode, current continuity must take place, i.e., ions are collected and electrons emitted. However, the electrons move much more freely so that within some distance from the cathode a space charge will exist, i.e., the ions cannot get to the cathode surface as fast as the electrons can move away from the surface. This condition produces a "virtual" anode. The distribution of ions will be diffuse only because the charge density is low, i.e., the vast majority of the atoms are neutral. As an example, a fully developed discharge may only have local charge densities of 10.sup.15 /cm.sup.3 while the total number density would be 10.sup.18 /cm.sup.3. During the glow state, the density will be orders of magnitude smaller than the arc mode.
The diffuse "cloud" or sheath will shrink or move closer to the cathode as the current increases, in part due to increased ionization and due to increased repulsion within the sheath, i.e., the field gradient will increase as the sheath shrinks.
Eventually, the potential generated by the cloud is large enough to permit fairly high energy collisions of the ions with the cathode surface and upon shrinking of the sheath, the cathode becomes hot at a fairly localized point. During this mode, called the anamolous glow, the current reaches nearly the arc discharge level or greater, but the current density is still fairly small and the field strength in the vicinity of the cathode surface is high.
As the electrode surface temperature increases, the liberation of electrons becomes easier due to the reduction in the barrier potential of the electrode material. The production of electrons is still controlled by the surface area and the electrode is said to be a cold emitter.
At some point, the electrode will emit electrons by virtue of its high temperature, the so-called thermionic mode. This mode permits may times the current density so that the sheath collapses to a small spot close to the surface of the cathode. In addition, the potential drops to 10-15 volts depending on the material properties of the electrode. The thermionic mode still requires some potential gradient to remove electrons and this potential is referred to as the work function.
So during the glow, the potential across the electrodes or gap can be maintained at hundreds of volts with the majority of the drop occurring around the cathode and little field strength in the remaining region of the electrode gap. However, when the spot is formed, producing glow-to-arc, the voltage across the gap is controlled by the electron and ion mobility, which is number density or pressure dependent. If current is limited by a regulator or ballast, then the voltage across the gap will increase until the capsule body has come into thermal equilibrium.
In the operating mode, the arc discharge of the lamp generates a desired light output and a relatively low or moderate voltage occurs across the electrodes of the lamp in response to a suitable arc discharge current as established by the ballast or operating circuit related to the lamp.
The hot restrike mode occurs when the arc discharge of the lamp fails or extinguishes for some reason such as a momentary interruption of the current supplied to the lamp. If the arc discharge extinguishes resulting in a loss in light output, the lamp may be permitted to cool for a period of time before the arc condition can be restarted by the relatively high starting voltage.
Initiation of the early glow state during the hot restrike mode requires higher external potentials because the total pressure within the lamp is much higher than during the cold starting mode. This higher gas pressure inhibits the sustained glow (i.e., Townsend glow). In general, the glow "time" will be longer since it is harder to build up the necessary current density to form the thermionic mode.
During the eventual glow-to-arc mode when the pressure is high and particularly while the metal halide salt is liquid, the cathode spot mode may terminate at locations other than the tip of the electrode. The persistence of arc formation at locations such as the press interface or liquid salt is very temporary since these regions cannot deliver sustained electron flux. However, the arc spot can produce localized heating which over repeated hot start times will cause detrimental lumen maintenance.
A number of circuits have been developed in the past which specifically deal with the problem of restriking various HID lamps while they are hot so as to avoid the temporary loss of light as discussed above. Other circuits have been developed which simply wait a predetermined period of time so that restarting can be accomplished after the lamp has completely cooled.
Some of the prior art circuits are unsuitable because they simply do not work effectively, or are either relatively complex or are not reliable. More importantly, many of the these circuits are unsuitable for low voltage dc applications such as automotive headlights. In such applications, it is readily apparent that any delay in hot restarting an HID automotive headlight is intolerable.
Summary of the Invention
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a ballast suitable for low dc voltage applications such as a ballast for HID automotive headlights.
It is another object of the invention to provide a ballast for improving the formation of the arc state and reducing sputtering of electrode material.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a ballast for reliably starting an HID lamp initially and quickly restarting the lamp when it is hot after an interruption in lamp current.
These objects are accomplished, in one aspect of the invention, by the provision of a ballast for operating an arc discharge lamp (e.g., an HID lamp) in a dc mode. The ballast comprises a pulse width modulator including a high frequency generator means and semiconductor switch means (e.g., a pair of field-effect transistors) coupled to first and second direct current input terminals. The high frequency generator develops a signal for driving the semiconductor switch means. The primary winding of a first transformer is coupled to the semiconductor switch means. A rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit is coupled to the secondary winding of the first transformer for conversion of the voltage appearing thereacross to a direct current output voltage having a value, for example, from 500 to 700 volts.
The ballast further includes a first energy storage circuit coupled to the rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit for storing energy for generating a high voltage spike sufficient for initiating a glow condition in the lamp. An output or pulse transformer for applying the high voltage spike to the lamp is coupled to the first energy storage circuit. A second energy storage circuit coupled to the rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit stores energy effective in causing a glow-to-arc transition in the lamp. A control signal developed by a voltage and current sensing circuit is coupled to the high frequency generator.
In accordance with further aspects of the present invention, the rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit comprises a full wave bridge rectifier and a voltage doubler.
In accordance with further teachings of the present invention, the first energy storage circuit comprises a capacitor, charging resistor and a spark gap. Preferably, the second energy storage circuit comprises a series connected capacitor, resistor and blocking diode.
In accordance with still further aspects of the present invention, the windings of the output transformer are adapted to provide a negative-going spike across the lamp, i.e., opposite to the applied d.c. voltage across the lamp.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The aforementioned objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combination particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The invention will become more readily apparent from the following exemplary description in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the basic form of an improved starting and operating ballast for an arc discharge arc lamp in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a specific embodiment of the present invention.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the above-described drawings.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a block diagram showing the basic form of an improved ballast suitable for use with at least one arc discharge lamp 22. A pulse width modulator (PWM) 10 connected to a low voltage dc power source (i.e., 12 volts) provides a periodic signal of predetermined frequency (e.g., 20 KHz.) to drive the primary winding of a step-up transformer 12. The ac output voltage appearing at the secondary winding of transformer 12 (e.g., 300 volts) is converted to a d.c. signal and increased to, for example, 500-700 volts by a rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit 14. Both lamp current and output voltage are sensed by circuit 16 and a resulting signal is delivered to PWM 10 in order to permit the ballast to function as a fixed power supply. High voltage energy for lamp ignition and glow-to-arc transition is stored in circuit 18 and delivered to the primary winding of an output transformer 20 which provides a high voltage ignitor spike (e.g., 25-30 KV) to arc discharge lamp 22.
Reference is made to FIG. 2 which illustrates a detailed schematic of a preferred embodiment of a circuit for starting and operating an arc discharge lamp according to the present invention. Lamp 22 may be a miniature, low-wattage, metal halide HID lamp suitable for use as an automotive headlight. Typically, the lamp wattage of such lamps is from about 30-35 watts. Lamp 22 includes an envelope (i.e., quartz) containing an anode and a cathode (not shown). A fill material including sodium, scandium, mercury, iodine and xenon at a pressure of approximately 8 atmospheres (cold) may be contained within the envelope. After the lamp has been operated for a period of time, the pressure within the envelope may be as high as 80 atmospheres and the wall temperature may be 1000 degrees Celsius. These lamp conditions are partly responsible for the difficulty in attempting to hot restart the lamp.
The starting and operating circuit includes a pair of input terminals IN1, IN2 formed for connection to a dc voltage source from about 10-16 volts dc. Positive input terminal IN1 is coupled to pulse width modulator 10 and to one end of a filter capacitor C0 by means of a safety fuse F1. It is understood that the starting and operating circuit can be operated from a source of ac voltage by coupling input terminals IN1, IN2 to the output of circuitry suitable for converting the ac source voltage to dc.
Pulse width modulator 10 includes a high frequency generator IC1 which produces two squarewave signals .PHI.1, .PHI.2 which are 180 degrees out of phase with each other at pins 11 and 14. Each signal .PHI.1, .PHI.2 has an adjustable duty cycle. The bi-phase signals .PHI.1, .PHI.2 are respectively coupled through resistors R3, R4 to the gates of transistors Q1, Q2. The frequency of the bi-phase signals is predetermined by the proper selection of resistor R5 and capacitor C4. One suitable frequency is 50 KHz. A resistor R6, connected between pin 5 and the discharge pin 7 of IC1, provided dead time adjustment. Pins 15, 8, 9, 16 on IC1 are respectively coupled to IN2 (i.e., ground) by means of capacitors C3, C5, C6 and C7.
A voltage divide network comprising resistors R8, R9 and R10 is connected between pin 16 of IC1 and ground. Variable resistor R9 of the voltage divider network has a wiper terminal connected to pin 2 of IC1. Lamp wattage and, consequently, light output are controlled by the proper adjustment of resistor R9.
In a preferred embodiment, transistors Q1 and Q2 are metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) type field-effect transistors (FETs). Transistors Q1, Q2 have a zener diode D1, D2 respectively connected across their gate and source terminals. The source terminals of transistors Q1, Q2 are connected to ground through input terminal IN2. A series connection consisting of R1, C1 and R2, C2 is respectively connected across the drain and source terminals of transistors Q1 and Q2. The drain terminal of driver Q1 is coupled to one end of the primary winding W1 of a step-up transformer T1. Similarly, the drain terminal of transistor Q2 is connected to one end of the primary winding W2 on transformer T1. Transformer T1 has a center tap coupled to input terminal IN1 through safety fuse F1.
Transistors Q1, Q2 alternately apply 12 volts dc to the primary windings W1, W2 of transformer T1 causing an ac squarewave of voltage of approximately 300 volts to appear at the secondary winding W3 of transformer T1.
In a presently preferred embodiment, transformer T1 has a ferrite core of the type which is of the material which is designated #3C6A by Philips Corp. Each of the transformer primary windings W1, W2 consist of 8 turns bifilar of 3 each #25 wire. The secondary winding W3 of transformer T1 consists of 140 turns of #30 wire.
The secondary winding W3 of transformer T1 is connected to a full wave bridge rectifier section D5, D6, D7, D8 of rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit 14. The ac output voltage across winding W3 is converted to a dc signal by the diodes D5, D6, D7, D8 and increased to 500 to 700 volts dc by a voltage multiplier (e.g., a doubler) section comprising capacitors C10, C11, resistors R19, R20 and diodes D9, D10. This dc voltage, which appears at the junction of diodes D9 and D10, provides a high open circuit voltage to lamp 22 suitable for efficient glow-to-arc conversion during the ignition stage of operation. A second voltage doubler comprising capacitors C10, C11, C12, resistors R21, R22, and diodes D12, D13 provides a source to charge a high energy storage capacitor C13 of an energy storage circuit 18A. Energy storage circuit 18A, which consists of a series connection of capacitor C13, resistor R23 and a blocking diode D11, provides a source of high voltage (e.g., 500-700 volts ), high initial current (e.g., 2 to 6 amps) energy necessary for glow-to-arc transition.
It has been discovered that providing a substantial momentary increase in the initial current pulse at ignition (especially during hot restrike) improves the formation of the arc state (i.e., glow-to-arc transition) and thereby reduces sputtering of electrode material. In most cases, this means that the glow-to-arc current is larger than the steady state current that is reached as the discharge warms up to normal operating power. For example, for a lamp having a steady state lamp current of 0.33 amp, the glow-to-arc current pulse is 2.0 amps.
The output of rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit 14 is also coupled to circuit 18D for high voltage spike generating. Preferably circuit 18D comprises a spark gap SG, one end of which is connected to the junction of the series connected charging resistor R24 and capacitor C14. The other end of spark gap SG is connected to a pulse winding W4 on transformer T2. When the power is first applied to input terminals IN1, IN2, capacitor C14 charges through resistor R24 until the breakdown voltage of spark gap SG is reached. Spark gap SG may have a breakdown voltage of, for example, 350 volts. When the breakdown voltage is reached, spark gap SG conducts to complete the loop including capacitor C14 and winding W4 on transformer T2. The energy in capacitor C14 discharges through spark gap SG and pulse winding W4. The pulse voltage is increased by windings W5 and W6 of T2 to a value of approximately 25-30 KV and applied across the anode and cathode terminals of arc discharge lamp 22. This 25-30 Kv spike causes a glow state in lamp 22. A train of these high voltage spikes is produced only until lamp ignition occurs since the voltage developed across capacitor C14 during normal lamp operation is insufficient to cause further breakdown of spark gap SG.
While a positive high voltage spike will initiate a glow in the lamp, in some dc-operated high pressure discharge lamps it has been discovered that such a spike, which is added to the open circuit voltage, may attack the quartz region of glass around the cathode. Consequently, windings W4, W5 and W6 are phased as illustrated in FIG. 2 so that a negative-going (i.e., opposite to the applied dc voltage across the lamp), high voltage spike is developed across lamp 22. The negative-going spike insures that the electrons properly migrate from the cathode to the anode. Moreover, the use of the negative-going high voltage spike improves hot restriking.
In accordance with further teachings of the present invention, the inductance of windings W5 and W6 of transformer T2 advantageously limits and shapes the lamp current during the glow-to-arc transition. Moreover, this inductance improves the current waveform ripple during lamp operation. Using the secondary windings W5, W6 for both voltage amplification and some inductive current regulation, contributes toward minimizing parts and optimizing the performance of the circuit.
In a presently preferred embodiment, trigger transformer T2 has a ferrite core of the type which is of the material which is designated #77 by Fair-rite Prod. Corp. and has two 0.060 inch gaps. The primary winding W4 of transformer T2 consists of 8 turns of #28 wire. Each of the secondary windings W5, W6 consist of 300 turns of #28 wire.
Both output voltage and lamp current are sensed and the resulting composite signal is delivered to the PWM in order to cause the ballast to function as a substantially fixed power control over the lamp voltage range from 70-100 volts. More specifically, the voltage measured at the output of the full wave bridge rectifier D5-D8 in the rectifier and voltage multiplier circuit 14 is sensed by an output voltage sensing circuit 16A which also provides limits during various modes of lamp operation. For example, when the voltage across the lamp is greater than about 150 volts i.e., during hot restrike and initially during cold start, a voltage signal delivered to pin 1 of IC1 causes maximum current (e.g., 0.6 amp) to be available to the lamp.
Output voltage sensing circuit 16A includes a bipolar transistor Q3 having a base coupled to the output of bridge rectifier D5-D8 (at the junction of diodes D5 and D6) by means of the series combination of zener diode D4 and resistor R17. The emitter of transistor Q3 is connected to ground. A bias resistor R18 is connected across the base-emitter junction of transistor Q3. The junction of zener diode D4 and resistor R17 is coupled to pin 16 of IC1 via the series connection of resistor R16 and diode D3. A parallel combination of R15 and C8 is connected across the collector-emitter terminals of transistor Q3. Also, the collector terminal of transistor Q3 is coupled to pin 1 of IC1 by means of the series connection of resistor R13 and diode D14. A capacitor C9 is connected from the junction of diode D4 and resistor R17 to ground.
Lamp current is monitored by current sensing circuit 16B. In the preferred embodiment in FIG. 2, current sensing circuit 16B consists of a resistor R11 connected between input terminal IN2 and the junction of windings W4 and W6 on the transformer T2.
A feedback signal, which is derived by adding the voltage signals from circuits 16A and 16B, is delivered to pin 1 of IC1. As a result, the duty cycle of the bi-phase signals .PHI.1, .PHI.2 decreases with increases in lamp current. Similarly, decreases in lamp current cause an increase in duty cycle of the bi-phase signal.
The operation of an HID lamp on the starting and operating circuit of the present invention will now be described. At cold start and hot restart, the open circuit voltage across the lamp gradually increases to 500-700 volts dc. When capacitor C14 charges to 350 volts (as determined by the breakdown voltage of spark gap SG), a high voltage spike of approximately 25-30 KV (perferably negative going with respect to the open circuit voltage) is superimposed on the open circuit voltage and is appled across the lamp electrodes. The energy of the high voltage spike is sufficient to produce a glow condition within the lamp.
Within less than approximately 100 usec from the time of the high voltage spike, the energy stored in capacitor C13 begins to discharge through lamp 22 causing a rapid glow-to-arc transition. In a cold start mode of operation, the circuit provides a current pulse of approximately 2 amps. Thereafter, the output voltage and lamp current sensing circuit 16 causes the open circuit voltage to drop to approximately 20 volts and the lamp current to be approximately 0.6 amps. A 30-watt lamp will operate at approximately 18 watts until the lamp warms up and the lamp voltage increases to about 50 volts. At the 50-volt level, the output voltage and lamp current is regulated so that the product of current and voltage equals approximately 30 watts. During the steady state operating mode, the lamp voltage is approximately 90 volts and the lamp current is approximately 0.33 amp.
As a specific example but in no way to be construed as a limitation, the following components are appropriate to an embodiment of the present disclosure, as illustrated by FIG. 2:
There has thus been shown and described an improved circuit for HID lamps. The circuit reliably starts the lamp initially and quickly restarts the lamp when it is hot after a power interruption or the like. The circuit is suitable for use in low dc voltage applications such as a ballast for HID automotive headlights. Also, the circuit of the present invention improves the formation of the arc state and reduces sputtering of electrode material.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation. The actual scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A ballast for operating an arc discharge lamp in a dc mode, said ballast comprising: first and second direct current input terminals; pulse width modulator means coupled to said first and second direct current input terminals and including high frequency generating means and semiconductor switch means, said high frequency generating means developing a signal means for driving said semiconductor switch means; first transformer means having primary and secondary windings, said primary winding being coupled to said semiconductor switch means; rectifier and voltage multiplier means coupled to said secondary winding of said first transformer means for conversion of the voltage across aid secondary winding of said first transformer means to a direct current output voltage having a predetermined value; first energy storage means coupled to said rectifier and volage multiplier means for storing energy for generating a high voltage spike sufficient for initiating a glow condition in said lamp; second transformer means coupled to said first energy storage means for applying said high voltage spike to said lamp; second energy storage means coupled to said rectifier and voltage multiplier means for storing energy for application to said lamp, said second energy storage means being effective in causing a glow-to-arc transition in said lamp; and voltage and current sensing means for developing a control signal and means for coupling said control signal to said high frequency generating means.
2. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said high frequency generating means developing a pair of signals for respectively driving a pair of semiconductor switches.
3. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said semiconductor switch means comprises a pair of field-effect transistors.
4. The ballest of claim 1 wherein said first transformer means includes a step-up transformer having first and second priamry windings coupled respectively to a pair of semiconductor switches.
5. The ballest of claim 1 wherein said predetermined value of said direct current output voltage is from 500 to 700 volts.
6. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said rectifier and voltage multiplier means comprises a full wave bridge rectifier and voltage doubler.
7. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said first energy storage means comprises a series connected capacitor and charging resistor, and a spark gap connected to the junction of said series connected capacitor and charging resistor.
8. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said second energy storage means comprises a series connected capacitor, resistor and blocking diode.
9. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said second transformer means includes an output transformer having a primary winding coupled to said first energy storage means and first and second secondary windings coupled to said lamp.
10. The ballast of claim 9 wherein said primary winding and said first and second secondary windings of said output transformer are adapted to provide a negative-going spike across said lamp.
11. The ballast of claim 9 wherein one end of each of said first and second secondary windings of said output transformer is coupled to a respective end of said lamp.
12. The ballast of claim 1 wherein said at least one lamp is a single high intensity discharge lamp.
13. A ballast for operating a high intensity discharge lamp in a dc mode, said ballast comprising: first and second direct current input terminals; pulse width modulator means coupled to said first and second direct current input terminals and including high frequency generating means and semiconductor switch means, said high frequency generating means developing a signal means for driving said semiconductor switch means; first transformer means having primary and secondary windings, said primary winding being coupled to said semiconductor switch means; rectifier and voltage multiplier means coupled to said secondary winding of said first transformer means for conversion of the secondary winding voltage to a direct current output voltage having a predetermined value; first energy storage means coupled to said rectifier and voltage multiplier means for storing energy for generating a high voltage spike sufficient for initiating a glow condition in said lamp; second transformer means coupled to said first energy storage means and adapted to apply across the lamp said high voltage spike in a negative-going direction with respect to said output voltage; second energy storage means coupled to said rectifier and voltage multiplier means for storing energy for application to said lamp, said second energy storage means being effective in causing a glow-to-arc transition in said lamp; and voltage and current sensing means for developing a control signal and means for coupling said control signal to said high frequency generating means.
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