Computerized Multistandard, Field-Convertible, Multiregional/Multiservice, Remote Controllable, Remote Programmable Mobile Two-Way Radio System With Digital Serial Bus Link, Built-in Programmer and Autodiagnostics

1. Cross Reference To Related Applications

The invention pertains to a computerized multistandard, field convertible, multiregional/multiservice, remote controllable, remote programmable mobile two-way radio system with digital serial bus link, built in programmer and autodiagnostics that is interrelated to the subject matter of the related copending patent applications entitled (1) Control System For Microprocessor And Software Enhanced Communications Equipment, U.S. application Ser. No. 031,004 filed Mar. 27, 1987 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,370; (2) Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface For Communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessor-Based Control and Transceiver Units of Two-Way Radio Communications Equipment, U.S. application Ser. No. 031,003 filed Mar. 27, 1987; (3) Audio Blanking Fill-In Method and Apparatus For Priority Multi-Channel Receivers, U.S. application Ser. No. 030,594 filed Mar. 27, 1987 which title was amended to, Interrupted Audio Fill-In System for Noise Reduction and Intelligibility Enhancement in Multi-Channel Scanning Receiver Applications and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,891; (4) Combined Phase And Frequency Modulator For Modulating An Information Signal, U.S. application Ser. No. 030,592 filed Mar. 27, 1987 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,288 ; (5) Variable Time Inversion Algorithm Controlled System For Multi-Level Speech Security, U.S. application Ser. No. 030,499 filed Mar. 27, 1987 and U.S. application Ser. No. 346,282 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,867, the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference.

2. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to mobile two-way radio equipment. It is intended to provide a new and better system for such equipment. The advantages include: the capability of such equipment to meet multiple international norms, allow field convertibility to different versions, allow a high degree of hierarchical control of the network by headquarters, allow operation over a wide area or multiple regions, provide the capability to accommodate multiple services, provide outstanding versatility for network growth and changing operational requirements, provide many facilities for the user and allow the addition of many useful peripheral devices. The system of the invention in addition allows remote takeover of mobile radio equipment, allows remote programming of mobile transceivers, provides autodiagnostics with alphanumeric indication, provides remote diagnostics, provides cloning of programs between equipment, provides selectable grouping of frequencies, provides multiple modes of operation, provides multiple levels of priority in manual as well as scan modes, provides one highest priority channel designation common to all channel groups, provides selective calling, allows the transmission and reception of messages including emergency status, provides a highly compact control system, provides the capability to control multiple transceivers in multiple bands through one control unit, allows front panel programming facility with double access security and other advantages.

3. Description of the Prior Art

The System of the invention was developed to meet a long existing need in the `high-end` land/mobile two-way radio domain. Relative to `high-end` transceivers, `low-end` radio equipment are typically designed for local, smaller or only city-wide networks. The `low-end` radios have less sophisticated capabilities relative to the `high-end` radio equipment that are used by demanding users such as public safety agencies.

Prior art `high-end` land/mobile radio equipment are characterized by higher performance, more capabilities, additional facilities and some versatility. They are typically designed to accommodate better control by headquarters and allow some changes in operational requirements. These characteristics are important for stringent and sophisticated users with large organizations, such as utilities and public safety agencies. Due to the inherent nature of such users, the radios must be able to operate over wide areas, including multiple radio coverage zones, and with the participation of multiple categories of users or services. Sometimes, those zones and services are interconnected through various large networks, such as microwave backbone systems, remote repeaters and various radio or telephone links. Sophisticated users often require other facilities such as `tactical` operation (low power car-to-car operation), selective calling, status reports, duplex operation, headquarters to mobile message capability, automatic identification, voice security, data transmission, acknowledgement of messages, resetting of messages, tone system for access to repeaters at remote sites, wide band operation, wide-spaced transmit and receive frequencies, phone patch capability, scanning with priority, voting and other facilities.

Over the years, wide-area multiple service two-way radio networks have typically developed from smaller systems that were designed for specific limited local requirements. Since these requirements were not all identical, integrating the smaller systems eventually into wide area (statewide or nationwide) networks incorporating multiple services has often required very versatile and sophisticated equipment. The problem has been further compounded considering the number of such large networks, each with the idiosyncracies of its component local systems and users. Thus, a prior art two-way land/mobile radio designed for one special large network and organization may not be fully suitable to meet the requirements of another large network that has evolved differently and where the needs of that organization are different. Added to this are the complications imposed on the `high-end` radio designer where the equipment is to meet the future growth requirements of the large organization along with versatility to cope with undefined future changes that may occur in operational requirements.

In the past, large network designers have often had to take into consideration the limitations of available equipment in engineering two-way radio networks. Where no existing equipment could meet the organization's special requirements, the user had to resort to specifying custom-engineered equipment. This caused delays due to the special engineering required and often added to the cost of the equipment. Also, being one-of-a-kind and custom-engineered, land/mobile transceivers sometimes have been plagued by the `teething` problems of the special design.

To the supplier catering to such customizing, the special engineering caused other problems. Special development diversions had often to be created to accommodate the customizing. The manufacturing process also tended to be more of the `batch processing` or `job shopping` variety rather than a smooth flow. This often resulted in irregular shipments with consequent irregular receivables.

Sometimes, no matter how willing a radio supplier would be to customize, the engineering tasks to meet the special requirements would be too extensive in the way of modifications or diversions. This would make the cost and deliveries prohibitive.

From an international perspective, there are also multiple international norms to be considered. Besides the FCC/EIA standards, there are many other international standards that apply to two-way land/mobile radio equipment. Expressed in simple terms, the different countries may be thought of as being `Anglophile` or `Francophile`. Thus, many countries adopt standards that may be close to or bear a resemblance to British or French norms. There are, however, other norms as well as many nuances of the basic three norms mentioned. Many developed nations have already established their specific standards. In developing nations, however, there are areas which have adopted one of the three basic systems mentioned above, adopted variations thereof, developed their own standards or remained undecided. This presents many problems to international consultants who try to anticipate future directions in undecided areas and do not want to be restrictive in specifying equipment.

In terms of hardware, the U.S. market has both low and high R.F. output power requirements and tends to favor high power equipment for `high-end` requirement. Thus, R.F. output requirements for stringent U.S. users can typically reach 100 Watts, while 15 or 25 Watts in Europe is quite common.

Yet another problem is related to whether `high-end` equipment is purchased in a dash or trunk-mount configuration. The issue is the adaptability of the equipment to future configuration requirements or to future vehicle limitations.

All these differences in norms present a problem for U.S. or international manufacturers of `high-end` two-way radio equipment.

Obviously, a totally new approach has long been required. The advent of increasingly powerful and affordable microprocessors, memory devices and digital techniques plus a novel design for accommodating field-convertibility of the equipment's configurations allows such a new approach. The result is the system of this invention, providing immense versatility for sophisticated users and large networks plus many new facilities and capabilities. In addition, this system allows the equipment to operate within all the parameters of the prevailing world-wide technical norms.

The disadvantage and limitations of prior art systems and two-way radio equipment are obviated by the invention which involves a new system for mobile two-way radio equipment so as to provide: multistandard operation, field convertibility into different versions, multiregional/multiservice operation, outstanding versatility, extensive software, remote takeover and remote programming capability, hierarchical operation for large organizations, one universal type of control cable for all applications, accommodation of many peripheral communications devices and extensive facilities for the user and the headquarters.

It is a further aspect of this invention to achieve the above and many other innovations and advantages through the special design developed for each of the three main elements of the mobile two-way radio. These are: (1) the Control Unit, (2) the Transceiver Unit and (3) the Digital Serial Interface/Link System between the Control and Transceiver Units.

The Control Unit of this invention is microprocessor-based and has a multipurpose and highly compact system of control buttons. It also has an alphanumeric display with annunciators and other indicators. It has an RS232C Interface Port for data applications as well as other special, multipurpose connectors. It has provisions for program cloning from one equipment to another. It is designed to mount in the dash of U.S., European and Japanese cars. It can also be mounted elsewhere, such as under the dash of vehicles. The Control Unit is designed to plug-in-connect with the Transceiver Unit to provide an integrated mobile radio. Alternately, it is designed to provide extended control of one or more Transceiver Units in the same or different bands which are typically mounted in the trunk of vehicles. The Control Unit is field adaptable to U.S., Japanese and European vehicle dashboards. It has other facilities and capabilities that are described in further detail in copending patent applications entitled (1) CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MICROPROCESSOR AND SOFTWARE ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT and (2) BIDIRECTIONAL DIGITAL SERIAL INTERFACE SYSTEM FOR COMMUNICATING DIGITAL SIGNALS INCLUDING DIGITIZED AUDIO BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR-BASED CONTROL AND TRANSCEIVER UNITS OF TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT U.S. application Ser. No. 031,003.

The Transceiver Unit is designed for multi-frequency bandwidth operation and with independent Transmit/Receive Synthesizers. The Transceiver Unit is field convertible from a low R.F. output version to a high R.F. output version. It is also designed for field conversion from simplex to duplex operation. The Transceiver Unit allows field conversion from a trunk-mounted version into a dash-mounted version and vice versa. Like the Control Unit, the Transceiver Unit is microprocessor-based and operates in coordination with the Control Unit. The Transceiver Unit too is provided with an RS232C Interface Port. The mounting system of the Transceiver Unit allows automatic coupling of the control and power connectors.

The Serial Interface/Link System acts as a `bridge` between the Control and Transceiver Units. The Interface portion resides partially in the Control Unit and partially in the Transceiver Unit, while the Link is the actual medium (or Control Cable) through which the Control and Transceiver Units communicate. The Interfaces comprises a Digital Serial Bus System using a TDM/PCM approach (Time Division Multiplex/Pulse Code Modulation). The Interface System is described in a separate patent application BIDIRECTIONAL DIGITAL SERIAL INTERFACE SYSTEM FOR COMMUNICATING DIGITAL SIGNALS INCLUDING DIGITIZED AUDIO BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR-BASED CONTROL AND TRANSCEIVER UNITS OF TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The path provided by the Interface System is two-way and accommodates digital signals and digitized audio which are grouped into channels. The channels are transmitted and received in frames by Control and Transceiver Units. This allows the use of one compact universal Control Cable between the Control and Transceiver Units for all applications, obviating bulky control cables with many conductors and multiple pin connectors at each end which are often custom made to meet specific requirements. This Interface System also allows the use of a non-radiating two-way compact optical fiber link control cable between the Control and Transceiver Units.

The design of the unique and advantageous system of this invention is the result of many years of experience in the high-end two-way radio domain, the recognition of the needs of stringent users in the U.S. and overseas, the design of the equipment for field-convertible configurations, the application of modern microprocessors and digital techniques, the use of software instead of custom hardware to provide versatility and the unique combination of several technologies and approaches in the design of the system.

The system of this invention provides many new and powerful tools to the users and designers of two-way land/mobile networks.

The objects, innovations, features, capabilities, details and advantages of the invention will become more evident by reference to the Detailed Description and the following drawings in which:

FIG. 1(a) illustrates a recent prior art trunk-mount radio with separate control unit, separate transceiver unit typically permanently configured for `trunk-mount` application and a multiconductor cable connecting the two units where the number of conductors may have to vary to meet custom requirements;

FIG. 1(b) illustrates a block diagram of a recent prior art radio with multiconductor connection between the control unit and transceiver unit having separate analog audio, digital data and control paths;

FIG. 2 illustrates the simplified system block diagram of two-way land/mobile radios of the invention with only two physical paths needed in the communications medium between the microprocessor-based Control Unit and the microprocessor based Transceiver Unit;

FIG. 3 shows a further expanded general block diagram of two-way land/mobile radios of the invention including the Digital Serial Interface portion of the invention which provides a communications path between the Control and Transceiver Units of the invention, this path only requiring two linking mediums which do not need to be varied for custom application requirements;

FIG. 4 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a two-way radio illustrating a preferred organization of channels of the Digital Serial Interface portion of the invention wherein the serialized data is organized into Command, Status and Audio Channels which are collected into a serial form suitable for TDM, and are transmitted in frames over the linking medium in "Manchester II" format synchronous bidirectional (full duplex) mode;

FIG. 5 illustrates a field convertible and autocoupling embodiment of the electromechanical design attributes of the radio equipment of the invention allowing field conversions;

FIG. 6 illustrates serializer and deserializer sets employed in Control and Transceiver Units for the serializing and deserializing that occurs in the Control and Transceiver Units in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a frame format used in the Interface System of the invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a multiple unit interconnection of multiple Control and Transceiver Units of the invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a frame format - Token passing used for token passing for multiple unit interconnections;

FIG. 10(a) illustrates examples of command messages between Control and Transceiver Units;

FIG. 10(b) illustrates further examples of messages, such as diagnostics-related messages between Control and Transceiver Units;

FIGS. 11(a) and 11(b) illustrate Status Word examples in the form of Status messages between Control and Transceiver Units;

FIG. 12 illustrates function module fault signals for the autodiagnostics systems of the novel two-way radios that are used in the autodiagnostics routines;

FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of the autodiagnostics system of the invention, continuing from FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 illustrates a combination of features and capabilities of the novel microprocessor based Control Unit of the invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates a control panel for a mobile Control Unit for accessing the capabilities and facilities of the Control Unit;

FIG. 16 illustrates a combination of features and capabilities of the novel two-way radio microprocessor based Transceiver Unit;

FIG. 17 illustrates a functional design of a novel mobile two-way radio system of the invention;

FIG. 18 illustrates a detailed block diagram of the Control Unit of the invention;

FIG. 19 illustrates a detailed block diagram of the Transceiver Unit of the invention;

FIG. 20 and FIGS. 20A-20C illustrate a detailed block diagram of a radio system constructed in accordance with the invention including a Control Unit, Digital Serial Interface, and Transceiver Unit;

FIG. 21 illustrates the novel radio system using an Optical Fiber Linking Medium;

FIG. 22 illustrates a state diagram of a Control Unit computer program (software) as related to the Control Unit of the invention;

FIG. 23 illustrates a state diagram of a Transceiver Unit computer program (software) as related to the Transceiver Unit of the invention;

FIGS. 24, 25, 25A, 25B, 26, 26A, 26B, 26C, 27, 27A, 27B, 27C, 28, 28A, 28B, 28C, 29, 29A, 29B, 29C, 30, 31, 31A, 31B, 32, 32A, 32B, 32C, 32D, 32E, 33, 33A, 33B, 33C, 34, 35, 35A, 35B, 35C and 35D were originally filed as Appendix Items 8a through 81 and are schematic and mechanical drawings that may be utilized in the construction of novel radios of the invention.

APPENDIX 1: Appendix 1 provides a description and listing of programming/software that is related to the system of the invention. The following is a listing of the items included in Appendix 1:

APP. ITEM 1 illustrates a Software Module Header format that can be used to identify and describe each module of the software design.

APP. ITEMS 2a through 2g provide actual Control Unit Module Header samples that are used with the approach of FIGS. 22 and 23, and APP. ITEM I. These Module Headers relate to the Control Unit, including the Control Panel, Interrupt Function, RS232 Interrupt, CU PCM Interrupt and Power Up Modules.

APP. ITEMS 3a through 3e provide sample Transceiver Unit Module Headers. These Module Headers relate to the Transceiver Unit, including the Executive Module, Power Down Interrupt, Power Up initialization, Radio Function Interrupt and PCM Interrupt.

APP. ITEMS 4a through 4g provide actual software code examples based on the structure of FIGS. 22, 23 and ITEMS 1 through 4. These program codes relate to the Control Panel.

APP. ITEMS 5a through 5u provide sample Module Headers for the Digital Serial Interface Links of the Control and Transceiver Units of the invention.

APP. ITEMS 6a through 6u provide actual software code examples based on the Module Headers of APP. ITEMS 5a through 5u regarding the Digital Serial Interface Links of the Control and Transceiver Units of the invention.

APP. ITEM 7 is a comprehensive compilation of software Module Headers and sample program codes for the system of the invention.

UNPRINTED APPENDIX ITEMS include two boxes of computer program print-outs labelled "Control Unit" and "RF Unit" which are not printed as part of the patent but will be maintained as part of the application file.

Referring to FIG. 1(a), a typical prior art trunk-mount two-way installation in a vehicle is illustrated. The control portion of the radio is installed in the passenger compartment while the transceiver portion is installed in the trunk. A multiconductor control cable connects the two. For many custom requirements entailing custom modifications of the control and transceiver portions of the radio, custom cables too are usually necessary.

FIG. 1(b) depicts a recent prior art radio employing a microprocessor approach but using separate physical links between the control and radio frequency portions of the equipment for analog audio, digital data and control paths.

FIG. 2 illustrates the simplified block diagram of the two-way radio system of the invention which consists of a Control Unit, a Transceiver Unit and a Serial Interface System used as a communications medium between the two units. One subsystem of the Serial Interface System resides in the Control Unit and the other is in the Transceiver Unit. The actual physical linking medium between the two units can be a 2 wire control cable or a 2 `conductor` optical fiber connecting link.

FIG. 3 illustrates a further expanded block diagram of the two-way radio system of the invention. As shown, both Control and Transceiver Units are microprocessor-based. Also, the radio equipment is software-based, providing it with extensive capabilities and versatility. A vast number of applications that with prior art equipment would have required custom hardware and modification of the circuitry and control cable (and its connectors) can be accomplished through programming. The Serial Interface System allows the incorporation of all these modifications without requiring a modification of the linking medium (control cable).

The Serial Interface System performs the task of serializing all the digital signals, including the digitized audio, then organizing them into channel groups which are transmitted in frames in serial fashion. The process is bidirectional, i.e., the serialized signal reaching the Transceiver Unit are deserialized into the original component signals and all communication in the reverse direction is accomplished essentially in the same manner.

The Digital Serial Interface, the microprocessors, the extensive software, the novel control approach, the special Transceiver and the flexible mechanical/electrical design of the package all contribute to the many features, capabilities and versatility of the novel two-way radio system of the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of the invention similar to FIG. 3, but showing a preferred embodiment mainly with respect to the Digital Serial Interface. The interface in this embodiment employs three channel groups: Audio, Status and Command Channels. These are transmitted two to a frame using the Manchester II Code.

This allows for the transmission of both parametric and non-parametric data over the interface. The parameters of the parametric data pertain to the status, command and control functions of the Control Unit and Transceiver Unit. The non-parametric data pertains to all other digitized information including but not limited to digitized audio, digitized graphic information, encoded data or other desired information for transmittal.

Details of the Digital Serial Interface are provided in the copending application entitled Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface System For Communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessor-Based Control And Transceiver Units Of Two-Way Radio-Communication Equipment the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 5 illustrates the physical components of an embodiment of the invention. A mounting tray is provided for housing the Transceiver Unit. This tray can be trunk mounted or passenger compartment mounted such as under the dash, as heretofore illustrated and described. The Transceiver Unit is then slidably engaged with the tray. If the tray is mounted under the dash or otherwise accessible to the operator, the Control Unit is then also mounted to the tray as illustrated in FIG. 5. In the alternative, if the tray is trunk mounted, the Control Unit is provided with a separate mounting housing, as illustrated, for independent passenger compartment mounting. The standard low power Transceiver Unit can be upgraded or field converted with an additional cover which acts as a heat sink and contains the necessary circuitry for a high power amplifier or for a duplexer to allow for field conversion from low power to high power or from simplex to duplex respectively. It is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art to provide such circuitry as illustrated below in a modular form for plug-in implementation as illustrated in FIG. 5 as evidenced by the number of after market RF power amplifiers and duplexers available.

FIG. 6 illustrates the serializing and deserializing process in each subsystem of the preferred embodiment of the Digital Serial Interface System that provides a communications path between the Control Unit and the Transceiver Unit. As mentioned above, one subsystem of the Serial Interface System resides in the Control Unit, while the other resides in the Transceiver Unit. Each subsystem provides a serializing and deserializing function to allow two-way communications between the Control and Transceiver Units. Essentially, digital signals, including digitized audio, is organized into Command, Status and Digitized Audio Channels which are then transmitted in serial fashion in frames, using the Manchester II code and with each frame containing two of the channels mentioned.

This portion of the radio equipment system is described in detail in the copending application entitled: Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface System For Communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessor-Based Control And Transceiver Units Of Two-Way Radio Communications Equipment the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 7 illustrates the frame format used in the above Interface portion of the radio equipment system of the invention. This too is explained in detail in the copending application.

FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 illustrate one of the important capabilities of the system of the invention. The Control Unit portion of the system is capable of controlling multiple Transceiver Units in the same or different bands. Similarly, one Transceiver Unit may be controlled by multiple Control Units. In the first configuration which has also been discussed earlier, the advantage is to allow the user to interface with only one point of control as opposed to prior art solutions which have had to provide one Control Unit per Transceiver Unit. Thus, with prior art, if it were required to have one or more Transceiver Units to cover the VHF High Band and one or more to cover the UHF Band, each would require a Control Unit in the passenger compartment. The clutter would be quite unpractical, especially during high speed driving conditions and when the user would have to control, set and use each and every one of these Control Units! With the system of the invention, all that is necessary is to use one single Control Unit in the passenger compartment to conveniently control multiple Transceiver Units in the same or different bands. Furthermore, with the system of the invention, only one Transceiver Unit is required to cover the conventional VHF High Band and only one to cover the conventional UHF Band.

The second related advantage of the invention is the capability it allows to use multiple points of control for one Transceiver Unit. Thus, the radio equipment of the invention allows a trunk-mounted Transceiver Unit to be controlled from the front passenger area or the rear. The same applies to larger vehicles such as trucks or the like.

The technical approach used to achieve this makes use of the unique attributes of main building blocks of the radio equipment system described earlier. The Serial Digital Interface allows an approach which may be described as `token passing` and which is described in detail in the copending application related to the Digital Serial Interface with the title mentioned above. In essence, it is similar to the approach used for large LAN (Local Area Network) requirements. In this case, the system used is for a small `LAN` and FIG. 9 illustrates one frame format that can be used over the Serial Interface System to achieve the `token passing`!

FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) illustrate further examples of the messages (communications) between the Control Unit and the Transceiver Unit of the invention. The examples in FIG. 10(a) are command messages and relate to diagnostics, sequential tones (used for selective calling and other purposes) and group priority messages that relate to the designation of channels with different hierarchical priority ratings. FIG. 10(b) provides examples of status messages related to the diagnostics. From the top down, the first Status Word contains components related to CTCSS Fault (the subaudible tones available in the radio equipment system of the invention for accessing specific repeaters) which relates to the SITE Fault selection function. Continuing down, the RX Fault relates to receiver fault, RX SYN Fault relates to a receiver synthesizer fault, TX Fault relates to a transmitter fault, ANT Fault relates to a fault in the antenna system and the transmission line (or `feeder`), AUD Fault relates to a fault in the audio system and SEQ Fault relates to a fault in the sequential tone system (used for selective calling and other purposes).

The next word from top down shows VP Fault which is related to a fault in the voice privacy system of the equipment. Next, DTMF Fault relates to a fault in the touch tone system of the equipment (used for the phone patch operation and other requirements), FSK Fault relates to a fault to the frequency shift keying portion of the equipment which would be used for specific applications such as remote instructions to the equipment, RAM Fault relates to a fault in the `random access memory` system and ROM Fault relates to a fault in the `read only memory` system of the equipment. Three spare components of the second health status message are reserved for any possible future requirements, such as custom options that may be provided to a user for special requirements.

FIG. 11(a) illustrates yet further examples of messages from the Control Unit and the Transceiver Unit of the novel radio equipment system of the invention. 11(b) provides further examples of messages from the Transceiver to the Control Unit. This illustrates the powerful role played by the Digital Serial Interface System of the invention as one of its three main portions (the other two being the Control and Transceiver portions).

A further description of the types of messages follows:

Types of Commands, Command Channel/Word Messages: In a preferred embodiment, command channel/word type messages comprise a sequence of a variable number of such 8 bit command channel/words. The first of such words transmitted is a `SOH`, start of header word. The second word is an opcode, usually given in 2 symbol HEX (8 bits, 2 4-bit hex characters [ala Apple 2 - 6502 microprocessor notation or similar]) then a predetermined number of 8 bit words containing data to be transferred based on the specific OPCOPE. Lastly, a checksum word is transmitted at the end of a command message.

Examples of command messages are shown in FIG. 10(a).

Types of Status Words: In one preferred embodiment of the invention, there are two types of status words. A first RFU-to-CU status word and a second CU-to-RFU status word. The formats for each of these types of status words are given in FIG. 11(a) and 11(b).

FIG. 12 schematically illustrates the origins of the `health status` messages of the function modules and starting from top left and clockwise, relates directly to the diagnostics related message components shown in FIG. 10(b) as described above. The schematics shows these fault signals as originating from the vital function modules of the radio equipment of the invention. Physically, the function modules are circuit boards that plug-in and which are secured to a `mother board` which effects most of the interconnections between these modules. With the diagnostics information displayed on the control panel of the equipment, the user or technician can determine which module is defective. The defective module can then be removed and an appropriate replacement module is plugged in to affect an easy remedy.

FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of the autodiagnostics system of the invention, which is a subsystem of the overall system of the radio equipment of the invention.

The radio of the invention, in a preferred embodiment, performs an autodiagnostic `health` check periodically to detect any faults in the radio and its vital peripherals. The autodiagnostics check examines twelve functional modules for fault conditions periodically. These faults are listed below. Also, two other modules (the power supplies) signal fault conditions on a higher priority basis than the other twelve functional modules.

First, the autodiagnostics check for the twelve functional modules will be described. Each functional module (shown in FIG. 12) produces a fault signal when the module malfunctions.

As shown in FIG. 13, these digital logic fault signals are monitored periodically by the microprocessor located in the Transceiver Unit (9). The microprocessor in the Transceiver Unit (9) periodically sends the status of the digital logic fault signals to the microprocessor located in the Control Unit (2) over the Digital Serial Interface Bus (11). The status of the digital logic fault signals is examined by the microprocessor in the Control Unit (2) and some preprogrammed action is taken if there is a valid fault condition.

12: ANTENNA FAULT

13: CTCSS MODULE FAULT

14: RECEIVER FAULT

15: TRANSMITTER FAULT

16: RECEIVER SYNTHESIZER FAULT

17: TRANSMITTER SYNTHESIZER FAULT

18: SEQUENTIAL DATA MODULE FAULT

19: AUDIO MODULE FAULT

20: DUAL TONE MULTIPLE FREQUENCY (DTMF) MODULE FAULT

21: FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK) MODULE FAULT

22: VOICE PRIVACY (VP) MODULE FAULT

23: TRANSMIT MODULATOR FAULT

24: CONTROL UNIT POWER SUPPLY FAULT (HIGH PRIORITY)

25: TRANSCEIVER UNIT POWER SUPPLY FAULT (HIGH PRIORITY)

26: ANTENNA MODULE

27: CTCSS MODULE

28: RECEIVER MODULE

29: TRANSMITTER MODULE

30: RECEIVER SYNTHESIZER MODULE

31: TRANSMITTER SYNTHESIZER MODULE

32: SEQUENTIAL DATA MODULE

33: AUDIO MODULE

34: DTMF MODULE

35: FSK MODULE

36: VP MODULE

37: TRANSMIT MODULATOR MODULE.

The possible actions taken by the microprocessor in the Control Unit (2) are to store the detected fault in memory (5) to display the detected fault on the control panel display (4) to notify the microprocessor in the Transceiver Unit (9) to transmit a fault message during the next subsequent radio transmission, or to notify the microprocessor in the Transceiver Unit (9) to transmit a fault message automatically at a preprogrammed periodic interval.

These actions would be specified in the radio's preprogrammed software (6) located in the Control Unit. These transmissions would typically consist of a sequence of tones that could be decoded by a receiving radio to activate some kind of warning mechanism (3).

The two remaining modules: the Control Unit power supply (7) and the Transceiver Unit power supply (10) also can generate fault conditions. If a condition exists such that the power supply voltage becomes out of tolerance for a certain duration of time the power supply warns the microprocessor of an impending loss of power. The microprocessor must take immediate action to store the present status of the unit and then shut the power supply off. Both power supplies and microprocessors react the same way to these conditions.

If the Transceiver Unit shuts off, the Control Unit will attempt to communicate several times over the Digital Serial Interface Bus (11). If there is no response from the Transceiver Unit, the Control Unit will then shut off.

FIG. 14 illustrates the combination of features and capabilities of the microprocessor-based Control Unit of the invention which is one of the three main elements of the system of the invention. (Being so `smart` it was designated as `IQ 1000` by Teletec Corporation, Raleigh, N.C., where the system of the invention was developed.) Although the callouts of the drawing are self-explanatory, some additional details may assist in demonstrating the many advantageous innovations of this portion of the mobile two-way radio system of the invention. Items discussed in part earlier are included in the description of this FIG. 14 for a complete and integrated discussion of this important portion of the invention.

The Control Unit is the `brains` of the mobile two-way radio system. In many respects, the Transceiver Unit that it controls is a `slave` to it. The IQ 1000 has a powerful microprocessor and a vast amount of software. It carries out routine `housekeeping functions` (analogous to the human brain's autonomous control center), it `analyzes` a myriad of parameters, it responds to received external spurious and desired signals and it carries out the operator's deliberate commands.

The Control Unit of this invention is compact and designed to fit under the dashboard or elsewhere or in the dashboard of U.S., Japanese and European vehicles. It has special provisions that allow its adaptation in the field to all prevailing mounting requirements in the U.S. and overseas. It thus is truly designed for world-wide use and allows advantageous interchangeability between vehicles manufactured in different parts of the world. The IQ 1000 Control Unit is also designed to plug-in and connect with the Transceiver Unit wherever an integrated mobile radio is required. This versatility is a unique advantage as it allows the radio to be moved from vehicle to vehicle and adapt to changing fleet vehicle acquisitions and various installation requirements in the field.

The Control Unit is engineered to control one or more trunk-mount Transceiver Units in the same or different frequency bands. This is extremely advantageous for radio users in large networks where both VHF and UHF (or other frequencies and special bands) are used. This can even be accomplished in the field. It is easy to imagine how cluttered a vehicle interior would be with a multiplicity of control units and how difficult it is for the mobile user to cope with such multiple radio control units during driving conditions. Multiple radios also normally require multiple bulky control cables. All the aforementioned complications are obviated with the IQ 1000 Control Unit. All that is necessary in such cases is to install one single Control Unit which can then control multiple Transceiver Units in the trunk. The controls are designed for this and the Interface System of the IQ 1000 is engineered to accept very slim 2 or 4 conductor or optical fiber control cables. It is easy to visualize the powerful advantages of this capability.

The Control Unit is also designed to provide a very useful parallel control capability. In special systems, multiple Control Units may be used to control one Transceiver Unit. The additional Control Units may be located in the same vehicle or extended to other vehicles or even extended through the optical fiber link to a command post! This adaptation too is possible to accomplish in the field.

The Control Unit is provided with connectors for a wire connected or infrared linked microphone with connection provision on both sides to adapt to left-hand and right-hand drive vehicles. Other connector provisions are made for external programming, program cloning, RS232C interface, field conversion to integrated version, 2/4 wire Control Cable (with an easy to connect modular plug), optical fiber control cable, speaker, power and emergency reporting foot switch.

The front panel of the Control Unit consists of control push buttons and a negative contrast LCD display with a special filter to optimize daylight and night-time visibility. It is well known that while LED and fluorescent displays provide excellent visibility during low light conditions, they tend to `washout` under strong sunlight. LCD displays, on the other hand, fare very well in well-lit conditions but provide poor readability under low light conditions, even with backlighting. The display of this invention provides excellent visibility under both conditions. An electroluminiscent panel shines light `through` the display characters, while a special transparent but semi-reflective filter behind the characters reflects ambient light back and out `through` the characters. An automatic light sensor activates the lighting whenever required and is further provided with an over-ride control.

The push buttons of the Control Unit are illuminated and also provided with an automatic control and an over-ride. The buttons are designed for short travel and provide both tactile and audible feedback of contact operation. They are arranged with full color coordination and with careful human engineering to provide consistent and convenient operating protocols. The response characteristics of important buttons are programmable.

A new approach in the control system of the IQ 1000 Control Unit provides a large number of facilities and capabilities for the user in very compact form. This new control system is described in detail in a copending application entitled Control System For Microprocessor And Software Enhanced Communications Equipment the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The Control Unit is designed to provide four (expandable) discrete modes of operation. These are: Manual (manual channel selection), Manual with Priority (manual channel selection with revert to priority channels when signal is received on priority channels), Scan (where groups of frequencies are scanned for signals) and Scan with Priority (where over-ride is provided for priority channels during scan). A Voting Mode and other modes may be added for special requirements.

The Control Unit's unique channeling infrastructure is programmable. The standard infrastructure is designed to provide the user with up to 16 Groups of Frequencies (expandable). Each Group contains up to 32 channels (The number of channels are expandable and may be organized differently for special applications). The Groups may be used to denote regions or alternate bands of frequencies. The channels in each Group may be allocated to various services or users. The Groups may also be used to denote main groups of users while the channels within each group may denote the sub-services within that group. For example, in a multi-region/multi-service network for a public safety organization, each group may represent a region, whereas the channels may represent the various public safety services such as Law Enforcement, Mutual Aid, Narcotics, etc. that are in that region. In a different hypothetical example of the usage of Groups, one Group maybe `Army` while another can be `Navy`, etc. In this example, within a given Group, the channels may be assigned to subservices such as Infantry, Medical, etc. sub-groups. It is easy to recognize the manifold advantages of providing such a structured system for mobile radio systems used by large, statewide organizations.

The Control Unit provides three hierarchical levels (expandable) of priority within each Group. These priority levels may be programmed for any channel within each Group. In addition, a Supreme Priority Over-ride Channel is provided that is common to all groups and provides access to a mobile radio even if it is operating in the pure Manual Mode. This multiple hierarchical priorities and common over-ride channel provide very powerful capabilities in a network, especially when combined with the other capabilities such as the multi-regional/multi-service or multiple main groups/multiple sub-groups capabilities. This approach will allow independent hierarchical operations within regions or groups yet with full coordination capabilities.

All channels in one or more Groups may be programmed to be `voting`. The Control Unit can utilize a new dynamic voting protocol, Repetitive Scan Voting with Priority (or R.S.V.P.). Essentially, the channels being voted are initially scanned at a very fast rate. The first channel meeting the predetermined acceptable criteria is seized. However, the process continues in a manner similar to scanning for a priority channel, except that in this case a stronger signal attribute becomes the priority. As soon as a stronger signal is located, communication then resumes on the new frequency. This powerful capability will ensure that a vehicle in a fringe area will always be assured of receiving the best signal. The Supreme Over-Ride priority provision can still operate with the voting mode.

The display of the Control Unit is so designed as to allow alphabetic display of regions, groups or services, or a display with digits or a combination of digits and alphabetic characters. For example, for Charlotte region and Law Enforcement Agency it can show `CLT LEA` alphabetically or a combination of letters and numbers.

The IQ 1000 Control Unit allows front panel programmability. However, it is provided with a double security system to control access to the programming. One security system entails the requirement of dialing an access code. The second security system requires the insertion or presence of a custom electronic module. If both requirements are satisfied, programming can be advantageously utilized to custom adapt the equipment to the particular system.

The Control Unit may also be programmed through connection with an external programmer. In addition, the design allows the cloning (duplication) of the program of one Control Unit with one or more other Control Units. Remote programming over the phone or over the air is also possible. It is easy to visualize the advantages of having these quintuple programming capabilities that can allow such powerful versatility as to even allow programming remotely on a world-wide basis over phone circuits. (Further details on the cloning are provided in the copending application mentioned earlier related to the Digital Serial Interface System).

The novel Control Unit provides the user with an autodiagnostics system. This system not only provides the user with an indication that the radio requires service, but also indicates the specific problem for the technician. The fault is so displayed upon request that the main area of the fault is quickly identified in addition to the specific module involved. Thus, a less skilled technician may simply choose to replace a main part of the radio to restore service, while a more skilled technician can determine which plug-in module is causing the problem and then replace it. The diagnostics is carried out automatically, at the rate of millions of times per day. The Control Unit can be provided with the capability of storing transient fault indications, to automatically transmit fault information to headquarters or to respond to headquarters interrogations with diagnostics related information without even requiring the user's intervention or presence in the vehicle. When one considers the many parts of the world where a radio can be a `lifeline` and where service facilities are scarce, the immense advantages of these capabilities are quickly realized. A radio located overseas can be diagnosed by the factory located in another continent to determine the type of repairs required.

The Control Unit includes a phone facility that allows the user an access to the public telephone network in addition to communication with headquarters. This is a tremendous advantage in itself. However, the IQ 1000 also includes an RS232C Port and other provisions to allow the use of a wide range of communications/data devices over the phone link as well as throughout the radio network. These devices include printers, mobile data terminals, telex equipment, slow-scan TV, facsimile, etc.

A description of the outstanding capabilities of the IQ 1000 Control Unit would not be complete without further mentioning the new, unique and powerful capability it provides in the way of remote access to its program and controls. The capabilities thus derived are very important. For example, in the case of a hostile entity taking possession of a vehicle, headquarters can remotely `dump` the entire memory of the radio and thus render it totally harmless. This capability has never been provided before. The remote access to the radio's program will also allow headquarters to provide special programs for temporary situations or changing operational requirements. For example, if a President visits a town in `anywhere` for two hours, all pertinent users with the novel radios of this invention can be issued special frequencies, tones, etc. on a temporary basis for coordination purposes during that important occasion. This can include local Police, Highway Patrol, Mutual Aid, Special Forces, etc. As soon as the President leaves, the program can be changed and all users then revert to their normal parameters. The principles behind this capability are detailed in the earlier mentioned copending application related to the Digital Serial Interface System. Essentially, a Remote Instruction Decoder at the receiver receives sequential tones, FSK (or other) encoded instruction signals. The decoder translates those signals to signals similar to and recognized by the Digital Serial Interface System as being command or programming signals. Since the novel radio of the invention includes both digital control protocols and built-in programming protocols, decoded signals, depending on the instruction, can produce control or programming remote takeover. Thus, not only is full remote programming of the radio possible but the novel radio has provisions for takeover of its controls. These powerful capabilities are phenomenal to say the least. Headquarters, for example, can call a car even if its squelch is set `tight` and `loosen` it to get through a car. If the operator is not in the car, headquarters can activate the public address capability of the Control Unit and use it to call the operator to the vehicle. As another example, during special police operations, headquarters can take over the controls of one or more cars and change settings of groups, channels, repeater access tones, squelch, etc. to allow the vehicle to operate in a new environment of network parameters. The police thus can concentrate on their prime responsibilities instead of having to look-up special network data with flip charts, etc. This becomes even more important during crisis situations such as during a 90 M.P.H. chase!

The vast software of the Control Unit performs many predetermined protocols. The operator has little to worry about, for such matters as setting the transmit channel during selective calling with scan as the microprocessor/software will perform such functions automatically, fast and accurately.

Other new and unique attributes of this Control Unit are too numerous to include here. They include such provisions as monitoring multiple telemetry signals for transmission by radio and the operation by radio of external devices connected to the Control Unit.

FIG. 15 illustrates the preferred front panel layout of the Control Unit. A new control system is provided allowing a multitude of capabilities in very compact form. The attributes of the control system, the many different ways the control buttons are used, its design rationale, its innovations and advantages are described in a copending application entitled: Control System For Microprocessor And Software Enhanced Communications Equipment.

A description of the basic operating protocols follows.

Referring to FIG. 15, the MOD (Mode) Button selects the operating mode. Successively depressing the MOD Button changes the operating mode from Manual to Manual Priority to Scan to Priority Scan and back to the Manual Mode in a cycle.

These modes have been described earlier. The MOD Button, therefore, essentially simulates the operation of a multi-position rotary knob with a turning angle of 360 degrees (full circle). The MOD Button is color coordinated with its respective annunciators in the display. The M annunciator confirms the Manual operating mode. Display of MP confirms the Manual with Priority. Display of S alone confirms that the radio is in the Scan Mode. Similarly, display of a PS indicates a Priority Scan operating Mode.

The SET (Set) Button provides many other facilities and capabilities for the user (Undesired facilities and functions may be inhibited through programming). Depressing SET followed by FON or AUX activates the Phone Facility and the Auxiliary Signalling (used to provide external indication of an incoming call). Upon activating the Phone Facility, the right side Function Keypad is used to dial phone numbers.

Depressing SET followed by PWR and 1, 2 or 3 (on the same keypad) selects the PWR as the function to be set and affects a Low, Medium or High R.F. Output Power setting respectively. The three vertical bar annunciators with the TX designation will confirm the settings.

Depressing the SET Button followed by SQ selects the Squelch Function which can be set anywhere within 32 digital steps (expandable or reducible) through simply dialing the level required. For example, SET+SQ+21 sets the squelch to Level 21.

Similarly, SET followed by the GRP, CODE, MSG, CH, SEL, PRI Functions, followed by a number will set the Channel Group Number, Code Number, Message Number, Channel Number, Selective Calling Address and Security (Privacy) Encryption level Setting, respectively. The `A` and `Lock` annunciators confirm the setting `on` of the Auxiliary and Privacy Functions. The main Alphanumeric Display confirms the other settings which remain displayed for about 5 seconds before reverting to Group and Channel information which is continuously displayed.

SET followed by PA followed by 1 (on the same Function keypad) will divert the received audio to the public address system. SET followed by PA followed by 2 will divert amplified microphone audio to the public address speaker. The speaker symbol annunciator indicates a PA 2 (microphone audio) setting of the public address system while the speaker-plus-RX annunciator denotes that received audio will be produced through the public address system.

Depressing SET followed by SIT followed by a number selects the fixed station Site Number (corresponding to CTCSS tones). Again, display confirms settings before reverting to displaying Group and Channel information. The Group number may be displayed as a two digit display preceded by G. Alternately, a region or other channel group name may be displayed by alphabetic characters. The Channel number may be represented by two digits preceded by a C or as a combination of alphabetic characters. The SEN (Send) Button transmits the radio's Automatic I.D. Number followed by its Status (Message Number) that has been set.

CAN (Cancel) followed by a Function button cancels the function activated.

The Volume and Squelch Up/Down Buttons are used to set these functions and are provided with 32 digital steps each (expandable or reducible). The button responses are programmable. In addition to providing a digital confirmation of the levels during setting, a bar graph for each of these settings provides an analog relative setting indication for instant reference.

The Channel Up/Down Buttons allow selection of the channel required and operate with a slewing response each time they are activated (slow at first then speed-up).

Depressing the Up/Down Volume, Channel and Squelch Buttons simultaneously provides a timed display of the current setting of these functions. Pressing any of the other Function buttons provides a timed display of the related current setting without altering the setting.

A light sensor next to the power button activates the lighting system of the control buttons and the display. Combinations of buttons are provided for manual over-ride of the automatic lighting.

The POWER Button provides an `On`/`Off` function. Its response is timed to prevent inadvertent operation.

The rectangular squares to the right and left of the T Logo provide a red light indicating `Transmission` and a flashing yellow light to indicate a `Busy Channel` condition.

The buttons are used in other ways during programming to set the other `unseen` radio parameters and channel attributes such as operating frequencies and priority levels. The protocols used are too extensive to be covered for the scope of this application. The display is used to prompt and assist with the programming.

The display is also advantageously used to provide diagnostic data and indicate messages from headquarters.

The Serial Digital Interface System (Bus) of the Control Unit is shown as part of FIG. 17 and will be explained with some additional details under the description of that figure. It is mentioned here since its elements are embedded in the Control Unit as well as the Transceiver Unit. The Serial Interface Bus includes a TDM/PCM (Time Division Multiplex/Pulse Code Modulation) System to serialize the digital signals, including digitized audio. The digital signals are grouped into channels, combinations of which are transmitted in frames to the Transceiver Unit. The Serial Bus is duplex and digital signals can flow both ways. The details of the Interface System are presented in a copending application entitled Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface System For communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessor-Based Control And Transceivers Units Of Two-Way Radio Communications Equipment along with the special capabilities provided. The most powerful and advantageous service performed by the Serial Interface System is to reduce the physical linking medium to a fixed 2 (or 4) conductor control cable or one with just 2 (or 4) optical fiber strands, no matter how complex or how different the data or configuration of the radio is. This is another phenomenal advantage, as mass producing the conventional multiconductor control cables carrying analog signals limits their flexibility, while custom manufacturing special cables is expensive, time-consuming, problematic and requires special engineering.

The other important advantage is the benefit of being able to use Optical Fiber Control Cables. Such cables are slim, non-corrodible and devoid of crosstalk problems, magnetic interference to vehicle electronics and immune to ignition and other noises. These properties, especially the non-interference with vehicle electronics, is becoming increasingly important. Modern vehicles are more and more utilizing sensitive electronic devices which are prone to cause serious problems to the safety and performance of the vehicle through interference induced problems. (Even the air conditioning system of expensive vehicles have been known to revert from cooling to heating during hot weather every time the two-way radio is operated).

The Digital Serial Interface System provides many new advantages described in the aforementioned patent application. One such advantage is that the digital stream produced by the Serial Bus can be easily manipulated by the software and microprocessor in different ways (such as algorithms) to produce speech and data encryption.

FIG. 16 illustrates the combination of features and capabilities of the Teletec Transceiver Unit which is one of three important elements of the system of the invention. Like its Control Unit, the Transceiver Unit includes a counterpart Digital Serial Interface Bus. This allows full communications between the two units.

The Transceiver Unit too includes a microprocessor and full provisions for control by the Control Unit. From FIG. 16 it can be observed that the Transceiver Unit takes full advantage of the powerful software and capabilities of the Control Unit.

The basic Transceiver Unit consists of a modern VHF or UHF Receiver and a 30 Watt VHF or UHF Transmitter. Surface Mount Technology and Plug-in Modular Design is used throughout the Transceiver Unit to allow many capabilities in compact form and for ease of maintenance.

The Transceiver Unit can provide 512 Channels and is capable of being expanded to 1024 or more programmable channels. Both the VHF and UHF versions can be controlled by the same type of Control Unit described earlier. Alternately, multiple Transceiver Units in multiple bands may be controlled by one single Control Unit.

The Transceiver Unit is designed for voice, many types of data and is provided with an RS232C Interface Port.

The transmitter and receiver are engineered with fast-lock independent synthesizers. This, combined with a wide band design, allows programming of operating channels with separate transmit and receive frequencies anywhere in the entire 26 MHz of the conventional VHF Band and 30 MHz of the coventional UHF Band. Switching bandwidths can even be adapted to wider requirements in special situations.

The Transceiver Unit has a very-fast scan and transmit rise time allowing instant capture of message preamble bursts and the transmission of digital data without partial loss or mutilation.

The Transceiver Unit is designed to meet all prevailing international norms and is, therefore, truly MULTISTANDARD. This was achieved through meticulous design of performance parameters for worst case requirements of all the prevailing norms. Such a design necessitated provisions for special testing, incorporation of special circuitry and the engineering of special shielding. The Multistandard design provides many advantages to both the user and the system consultants. Many areas of the world are yet undecided as to what norms are suitable or will be adopted. The novel Transceiver Unit overcomes this problem; it can be exported world-wide and freely incorporated into any design.

Teletec Corporation of Raleigh, N.C., named this novel transceiver as `OMNI`. The OMNI name is derived from the dictionary and means; `All, everywhere`. It truly described this versatile Transceiver Unit.

The OMNI Transceiver Unit is characterized with several unique and advantageous field convertibility capabilities designed to meet the multistandard requirements and to render it adaptable to different requirements in the field. The conversions provided have hitherto been very difficult or impossible to achieve through field modification of existing transceivers.

One field conversion that is available is from a Low Power Version (30 Watt) to a High Power Version (100 Watt). Each version is further provided with an adjustment for the R.F. Output Power as well as programmable, user selectable levels. The Auto Coupling Mounting Tray has internal circuit provisions allowing the conversion of the Transceiver for achieving linking through an Optical Fiber Control Cable.

Another field conversion available for the Transceiver Unit is the capability to convert from a Simplex Version to a Duplex Version. This is achieved essentially in the same manner as the conversion from a Low Power Version to a High Power Version by simply replacing the Transceiver Unit Cover with a special cover. The special cover in this case incorporates the duplexer that is used to combine transmitted and received signals for a single antenna.

The internal design of the Transceiver Unit has extensive provisions for the addition of special signalling devices, various data modems, speech encryption modules, various encoders/decoders, etc., adding to the powerful versatility of this unique transceiver. The addition of such devices does not need any modification of the control cable or the Control Unit thanks to the Serial Interface System, the versatile control system and the software flexibility. The space for those devices is possible through the extreme compactness achieved with the Surface Mount Technology utilized.

The Transceiver Unit is designed for easy assembly and conventional or computerized testing. All modules plug into a Master Connector Board which affects the connections between the modules. This Transceiver Unit is designed for autodiagnostics which can be displayed through the Control Unit, stored, automatically transmitted to headquarters or provided upon interrogation by headquarters.

The Transceiver Unit is ruggedized and designed to meet several MIL standards for shock, vibration and environment. All circuitry is housed in a sturdy aluminum chassis with special sealing provisions against dust and weather.

The Transceiver Unit is not only designed to be extremely versatile and perform all its capabilities but also to protect itself. For example, the transmitter is triple protected with voltage, current and temperature regulation. In inclement high temperature environments where normal limits are exceeded, the protection system automatically reduces the R.F. Output Power to a safe level to prevent `thermal runaway`. When the vehicle moves and air circulation is improved, the protection system will automatically increase the Output Power to a higher level. This continues until maximum output is reached.

The Transceiver Unit can provide a phone facility whenever this capability is required. This allows access for the operator to the world-wide telephone network, in addition to access to headquarters and other cars in the network. Furthermore, many types of communication devices that operate over telephone circuits can be advantageously utilized. This capability can be further enhanced through conversion to full duplex operation as described earlier. A DTMF module essentially provides the facility in conjuction with the keypad on the control panel of the Control Unit. At headquarters, a manual or automatic path effects the connection to the public telephone networks.

Part of the Serial Interface System of the mobile radio is embedded in the Transceiver Unit as a counterpart to the Serial Interface System in the Control Unit. It is similar in essence.

FIG. 17 illustrates the functional design, features and capabilities of the overall Two-Way Mobile Radio System of the invention, combining the three basic elements described earlier. Many of these attributes of the overall system have already been covered through description of the constituent basic elements. Accordingly, items already discussed will be referred to briefly while the balance will be described further. The listing is categorized for easier reference.

Starting with the Control Unit, the attributes include (but are not limited to):

Alphanumeric display, annunciators and push button controls with a new unique and advantageous combination.

Full display of Channel, Channel Group, Operating Mode, service information, functions being set, alphanumeric messages from headquarters and settings of functions.

Four distinct Operating Modes: Manual, Manual with Priority, Scan and Priority Scan.

Digital setting of squelch and volume in multiple steps. Additional analog bargraph representation of the settings.

Means of setting R.F. Output Power in multiple steps.

Front panel programmability through built-in provisions.

Automatic diagnostics system with display of diagnostic data.

Capability of program cloning between control units.

Capability of one control unit controlling multiple transceivers in the same or different bands.

Programmable inhibit/enable of all functions. Programmable key responses.

Capability of operating with an infrared linked microphone/controller. For communication over short distances around the vehicle, this eliminates the need for an extra portable transceiver, additional operating frequencies for same as well as a mobile repeater.

Phone patch capability that allows the use of telex terminals operating through the radio system and accessing any other telex on a world-wide base.

Same, but for mobile data terminals linked by audio.

Same, but for keyboards and printers.

Same, but for facsimile printers for world-wide transmission and reception of documents and drawings.

Same, but for other peripheral devices that can operate over phone networks, including fingerprint encoders and other devices.

DS (Digital Speech Security System) Encryption/Decryption System produced by software/microprocessor/other manipulation of the digital stream in and between the Control and Transceiver Units.

Capability to accommodate external controlling devices for even more capabilities.

Capability to accommodate peripheral devices that can be controlled over the radio path or through phone networks.

Capability to accommodate external data from external services, including telemetry signals.

RS232C Interface Port for data, special applications and for peripheral devices.

Convertibility attributes of System include (but are not limited to):

Field convertibility of Control Units for installation in dash board openings of U.S., Japanese and European cars.

Field adaptability to controlling multiple transceiver units.

Field convertibility from a Trunk-Mount to a Dash-Mount configuration. Also, convertible in reverse. Thus, system allows easy adaptations of the radio to meet changes in vehicles or requirements of mounting arrangements.

Field convertibility from a Low R.F. Power version to a High Power version. This allows the capability of meeting changing requirements. Also, in licensing operations, this attribute of the system allows the manufacturer to provide customers with field conversion kits to meet different international requirements. Reverse convertibility is also provided.

Field convertibility from simplex mode operation to duplex operation. Similar to the Low-High conversion, this simply requires the interchange of the regular cover with a cover to affect the field conversion. This prevents the equipment from being deemed obsolete should operating requirements change in the future. Reverse conversion capability is also provided.

Field convertibility for dual network access: normal, plus phone patch operation with full facilities including conversion from simplex to duplex operation per previous item.

Field convertibility for operation through multiple `parallel` Control Units. Reverse capability to reduce control to one Control Unit.

The system's Digital Serial Interface portion has been described in detail in a copending application entitled Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface for Communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessor-Based Control And Transceiver Units Of Two-Way Radio Communications Equipment U.S. application Ser. No. 031,003.

Provisions for special applications include, but are not limited to:

Capability to accommodate a Remote Instruction Decoder which will allow remote programming or takeover of the radio.

Facility for the addition of an encoder or decoder or encoder/decoder for phone facility.

Capability to accommodate a data modem for special data related applications.

Capability to accommodate a data encoder/command decoder to provide remote diagnostics of the radio.

Capability to accommodate encoders for external devices that are connected to the Control Unit.

Capability to accommodate various signalling devices and international selective calling systems, including many special requirements.

Capability to accommodate encryption/decryption devices made by others to provide multiple, hierarchical levels of voice/data security.

Main Channel Infrastructure design attributes include (but are not limited to):

16 Groups of Channels (Extendable or reducible).

32 Channels per Group (Extendable or reducible).

3 Levels of priority per Group (Extendable or reducible).

Supreme Priority Over-ride Channel common to all channels and channel groups. Other features and capabilities include (but are not limited to):

Programmable Selective Calling as required per system design.

Automatic Identification of callers. Also, automatic transmission of Status upon transmission of Automatic Identification.

Automatic Transponding capability in response to interrogation by headquarters.

Automatic Diagnostics of the Transceiver Unit.

Automatic Identification with High Priority Alarm through foot switch provision. This can be used to automatically leave microphone live for a timed period during emergencies.

Provision for operation with a portable `Lifeline` miniature transmitter that can be worn to signal companions in vehicle or headquarters of an emergency or need for back-up assistance. Can be activated by hand, level sensing switch (to indicate a fall) or metal sensor (to indicate that gun is drawn).

Provisions for remote disable, remote takeover of controls, remote programming and remote diagnostics of transceiver over a radio or telephone link.

Built-in Public Address System allowing the amplification of the vehicle radio operator's voice or the amplification of the received transmission. Basically, designed to provide the amplified audio to the exterior of the vehicle.

Built-in signaling facility to use external signaling devices (horn, for example) of an incoming call.

RS232C Interface Port for data applications and devices.

FIGS. 18 and 19 represent the detailed block diagrams of the Control Unit and the Transceiver Unit. To simplify the understanding of the interrelationships of the blocks of this extremely sophisticated system, the blocks are directly labeled and flow indicators added to allow direct viewing of the entire system, its component blocks, block interrelationships and flow configurations. The description of FIGS. 18, 19, 20 will start with a narrative style explanation and will follow with a description of the labeled blocks.

The novel mobile radio system is divided into two primary operational components, the Control Unit (CU) and the Transceiver Unit (RFU). All interfacing and communications between the two units is restricted to a full duplex serial data link. This link consists of hard wire in the integrated unit and may be an optional fiber optic cable in the remote RFU installation.

Both the CU and the RFU have independent power supplies that are controlled directly from the front panel power switch. This allows the use of a reliable low current rated switch compatible with membrane switch technology.

System control is exercised through front panel entries (keyboard) and instructions to the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU replies to the user through visual means by using an LCD and by aural means through a sounder to confirm all key entries. The CPU also communicates with the memory module to retrieve system instructions that have been previously programmed. These instructions may be entered by the mobile user or by the maintenance facility through an external data port.

All instructions to and replies from the subsystems are processed through a buffer and a multiplexer at both ends of the serial interface. In addition to control data and functions, microphone audio to the modulator and speaker audio from the receiver is also sent over this data link to provide a simplified installation and method for audio speaker. The audio amplifier is located in the CU, along with microphone circuits since the CU will always be located within a reasonable proximity of the user. This eliminates the requirement for a transformer coupled audio output stage and provides cleaner audio. To transform the audio signals into digital form for transmission over the data link, CODECs with on chip filters are utilized.

At the RFU end of the data link are all the RF and analog receiver functions. The heart of the RFU is a fast lock frequency synthesizer with 2 PPM accuracy. The agile performance of the synthesizer is achieved through adaptive loop dynamic controls to allow uninterrupted audio in the Scan with Priority mode of operation. Spectral purity is maintained by providing necessary static/electromagnetic shielding for all sensitive circuits and rigorous attention to design details, particularly in the areas of the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) and loop filter.

The synthesizer provides the RF excitation for the 30 Watt Power Amplifier (PA) and the control functions to ensure transmission does not occur until full phase lock has been established. Risetime controls have also been included in the PA to prevent large current transients during PA turnon. The PA incorporates a feedback loop for output power level control and protection of output devices under antenna mismatch conditions. The feedback loop also accepts CPU inputs to allow user or remote selection of three different power output levels. By attention to detail in the design of the transmitter and harmonic filter, output spurious and harmonies have been held to levels that ensure reliable communications. Careful attention to the sources of intermodulation distortion in the PA has resulted in performance levels better than 28 db.

Extensive use of integrated circuits has resulted in a receiver design offering sensitivity levels of under 0.25 uV and dynamic range >110 db. Use of a fixed tuned preselector that incorporates an RF amplifier and a doubly balanced mixer provides excellent performance when coupled with the modified single conversion receiver scheme. Selectivity is provided by careful integration of distributed off-the-shelf filter elements with optional bandwidths available for 12.5 KHz applications. These filters have also been selected for low group delay distortion to allow processing of various data formats and complete handshaking capabilities.

The receiver output is processed within the various squelch circuits to provide nuisance free reception of only valid signals. The capability to optionally install any of the popular squelch and signaling methods in addition to a standard noise squelch makes this receiver universal in nature. In addition to squelch methods, various data methods may also be selected and are provided in a plug-in format with companion software control. The output of both squelch and data circuit modules is sent to the CU for appropriate processing. For transmission of data or voice, the modulator accepts either microphone audio or tone formats in response to CPU control. The modulator is fully compatible with either phase or frequency modulation methods. The technique used completely eliminates overmodulation and emission of undesirable adjacent channel signals.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of the Control Unit of the invention.

The Control Unit makes up `one-half` of the radio equipment system of the invention. The Control Unit interfaced to the Transceiver RF Unit becomes a complete mobile radio system.

Functionally, the Control Unit provides the user with all the power and capability of the RF Transceiver Unit through its various user interfaces. The user controls the RFU through a multi-key keyboard located at the front of the Control Unit. The Control Unit provides feedback to the user through the custom liquid crystal display and an audible tone generator. Also, the speaker, microphone and auxiliary function control are provided by the Control Unit.

The Control Unit is housed in a two piece diecast aluminum housing. The housing provides mechanical integrity, Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference (EMI/RFI) control, and environmental protection. An injection molded plastic front panel mounts to the front of the aluminum housing to complete the Control Unit assembly. The front panel houses a silicon rubber keyboard. This keyboard and front panel offer advantages such as long-life, resistance to spills and quick replacement.

The Control Unit is made up of five major functional blocks. They are the User Interface Block, the Central Processing Unit, the Memory, the Audio/Power Supply, and the TDM/PCM Bus controller.

The User Interface Block consists of four subfunction blocks. They are the display, the keyboard, the beeper, and the ambient light sensor. The keyboard is scanned constantly by the Central Processing Unit using the keyboard control bus to detect key depressions. Also located on the keyboard are transmit and busy indicators. These indicators are controlled by the signal lines `TX LED ON` and `BSY LED ON` which originate with the Central Processing Unit. The display is controlled by the CPU through the display driver control bus. The tone generator labeled `Beeper` is controlled by the CPU over the signal line `Beeper ON`. The ambient light sensor turns the keyboard and display lighting on if the ambient light falls below a certain threshold. The keyboard and display lighting may be turned off manually through the keyboard as well. The control line for controlling the keyboard and display lighting is `Lights On`.

The Interface System includes a TDM/PCM system which serializes the digitized audio and digital signals. These are then organized into Audio, Command and Status Channels which are communicated to the Transceiver Unit in frames of two channels. The interface system operates in reverse when signals are communicated from the Transceiver Unit to the Control Unit. This is described in further detail in the copending application entitled Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface System For Communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessor-Based Control And Transceiver Units Of Two-Way Radio Communications Equipment.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of the Transceiver Unit. The Transceiver Unit will also be referred to as the Radio Frequency Unit or RFU.

The RFU is the business end of the overall radio system of the invention, in contrast to the control and program functions of the Control Unit. It consists of three separate but reasonably distinct circuit and hardware areas: the transmit related circuits, receive related circuits and control communications/house keeping functions.

During the transmit mode of operation, MIC (Microphone) audio is communicated to the RFU PCM modem via the custom Serial Digital Bus Link. This link may be implemented with dedicated wire, fiber optics or infrared. Since this received data link contains control functions as well as audio intelligence, the PCM modem sorts this information and routes audio to the CODEC and control data to the CPU. The audio data is converted to analog form and filtered to remove any clock sampling signals and distortion due to aliasing. The filtered audio is then applied directly to the optional voice privacy module or to the audio source select circuits on the Audio Module.

Since a number of analog modulation sources are possible in this sophisticated and versatile communications system, the specific source is activated and selected by the switching circuits on the audio module in response to control data from the CPU. These sources include direct MIC receiver audio for repeater applications, external audio, auxiliary audio and various optional modules such as DTMF, CTCSS, various forms of sequential data, voice privacy and a custom FSK modem. All inputs are scaled and adjustable with individual potentiometers on the audio module. Direct modulator inputs such as the external auxiliary input are limited and shaped to guarantee signal conditioning to the required modulation characteristics.

Depending on the source, pre-amplifications, limiting, pre-emphasis, filtering and output buffering are provided before any signals are applied to the unique modulator circuits. The modulation is actually part of the frequency synthesizer and performs frequency multiplication by a factor of 10 on the TX frequency synthesizer input prior to transmitter exitation, as well as modulation. The circuits capable of generating spurious signals have been moved to a separate pre-scaler p.c. board to preserve the high spectral purity of the modulator VCO output. The TX synthesizer is a low frequency phase-locked loop that responds to controls from the CPU via the control/data bus. It generates an output frequency at one-tenth the desired transmit frequency and through a synthesizer PTT signal, enables the modulator and pre-scaler to conserve power during the receive mode. Phase detector, lock detector and other fault conditions are communicated to the CPU through the synthesizer to provide real time health status.

The modulated RF signal at a level of +7 dBm is then applied to a 4 stage amplifier PC board which produces 30 watts nominally of RF output power. This transmitter is supplied directly with filtered 13.8 VDC and enabled in response to TX PTT (Press-to-talk) from the CPU. This PTT signal also is coupled through the co-ax link to the TR (Transmit) switch to enable the TX antenna path. The TR switch assembly also contains a directional coupler that senses various load and source conditions to provide output power control and fault status information to the CPU. After the TR switch, the signal is filtered to remove all spurious harmonics and provide a clean modulated signal to the antenna for transmission.

In the Receive mode, the absence of TX PTT connects the receiver preselector to the antenna through the antenna filter. The lack of SYN PTT turns off the TX synthesizer and allows normal receive operation. In some selected modes such as a loop-back test or full duplex operation, both transmit and receive functions may be operated simultaneously. In this case, the TR switch will be replaced with a duplexer. The antenna filter provides some help in protecting the receiver from image and other high frequency spurious inputs due to its low pass transfer function.

The pre-selector consists of two separate pc boards in a shielded cast assembly. These two boards contain first a high pass filter and pre-amplifier and then a passive low pass filter before the received signal is applied to the mixer. The combined pass band provides minimal attenuation to any signals in the required band and adequate rejection to allow conformance to all spurious input performance requirements.

The filtered and amplified signal is next applied directly to the mixer input port, multiplied by the local oscillator input from the synthesizer and converted to the IF (Intermediate Frequency). After several stages of amplification and further down converting to a Second IF, the received signal is applied to a discriminator to extract and process the received audio or data. The audio output from the receiver IF module is sent to the RCV audio source select module, Voice Privacy module if installed, or the TX audio source select if the repeater function is desired.

In addition to received audio signal, the IF module sets a squelch comparator level in response to input data from the CPU and provides an output SNSQ signal to indicate to the CPU that a valid signal has been detected. To further enhance the squelch function and signal detection during scan modes, a buffered output of the Second IF is sent to carrier detect circuits on the Audio Module. Here, a phase-locked loop is used to indicate the presence of coherent IF to interrupt scan routines.

The final operational output is a DC SSI signal which indicates received signal strength to the CPU. This is utilized in mobile voting schemes and allows searching multiple frequencies for best signal conditions. The receiver IF audio, or its VP decoded form, is next applied to the PCM for digitizing and synchronization to allow it to be communicated through the PCM modem to the Control Unit for further processing.

Support and control of the Receive and Transmit functions are performed by the CPU and associated circuits. The program instructions for managing the RF Unit functions are contained in an EPROM on the CPU card. Within the limitations of this instruction set, the CPU responds to control data from the Control Unit communicated to it via the PCM link and the PCM modem. Complete control and status information is carried by the link to perform all necessary functions such as scanning, transmission, reception, test, fault analysis, optional signaling control and others.

To support this activity, the CPU manages the PCM Modem and communicates to modules resident in the RF Unit over the dedicated control/data bus. This bus instructs all modules what to do, and when to do it. Such as determining which tone is to be sent by the CTCSS module, if VP is to be active, which frequency the receive synthesizer should tune to if the transmitter is to be on, what level the squelch comparator should recognize, etc. As part of the control/data bus, all optional modules are addressable with a dedicated enable line and also provide the CPU with information verifying whether or not they are installed.

Contained within the complex inter-module communications and control network is a series of health or performance monitors that continually measure vital system parameters. If a failure or problem is encountered, including those of peripheral devices such as the antenna, this condition is made known to the CPU and communicated to the control Unit and operator to alert of the problem. As part of this health status monitoring, a comprehensive voltage regulator/power supply link to the CPU is provided to detect transients or power failures and perform predictable and controllable initialization and termination of CPU activity. To provide further protection from transients and reverse voltage, the power supply contains protection networks for those conditions.

In addition to all required functions, the RF unit contains a host of optional 1/0 capabilities. Discrete functions such as external TX ON<PTT, AUX, MUTE and others allow integration of the RF unit into a diversity of complex system designs. An optional RS232C type interface link is available for programming, control, and communication with equipment such as printers, computers, etc. The applications flexibility of the Transceiver Unit is limited only by the creativity and ingenuity of the systems designer.

Referring again to FIG. 18, a description by block will be provided. The numbers correspond to callouts on the drawing.

100-Display: The display provides visual feedback to the user about the operational status of the radio. It is a custom, negative image, twisted nematic, 160 segment, biplexed, backlit liquid crystal display. This type of display is made by Hamlin, Crystaloid, and other LCD vendors. The backlighting is supplied by Luminescent Systems, Ball Engineering Corporation and others.

101-The Keyboard: The keyboard allows the user to control the operational status of the radio. It is a custom conductive silicon rubber keypad mated to a printed circuit board. The keypad is enclosed in an injection molded decorative bezel with injection molded keycaps. It is electrically composed of 26 key positions divided into two matrices. Matrix #1 is a 3.times.8 Martix. Matrix #2 is a redundant 1.times.1 Martix. The keyboard is backlit by LEDs. The silicon rubber keypad is provided by Shinitsu, EECO, Conductive Rubber Technology and others. The injection molded plastic is supplied by EECO, Durilith, and others. The LEDS are supplied by Stettner Electronics and Lumex Corporation.

102-The Beeper: The beeper is used to provide audio feedback to the user as a warning announcer and to acknowledge valid/invalid keystrokes. It is a piezoelectric sound transducer that emits an audible tone of 75 db. It is biased by a 4 khz HCMOS logic square wave generator. The sound transceiver is from Floyd Bell, Inc.

103-Ambient Light Sensor: The ambient light sensor is used to switch on or off the keyboard backlighting automatically when the proper lighting conditions exist. The sensor is basically a switch that is closed when no ambient light exists and open when ambient light does exist. It is manufactured by Centronics, Inc. and other vendors.

104-Logarithmic Digital to Analog Converter: The logdac allows the volume level of the speaker to be controlled digitally by the central processing unit. The logdac is an integrated circuit device that performs a digital to analog conversion according to a logarithmic scale. These parts are provided by analog devices and others.

105-Audio Mute: The audio mute circuit removes the received audio signal from the speaker amplifier. The audio mute circuit consists of a bipolar transistor switch to enable/disable the speaker amplifier. It consists of a transistor and discrete components only.

106-Audio Amplifier: The audio amplifier provides the power necessary to drive the speaker. It consists of an integrated circuit and several discrete components. The integrated circuit is made by Sanyo and others.

107-Digital Input/Output Ports: The input/output ports allow the microprocessor to interact with a large number of external functions by providing physical interface points to them. The functions can then be controlled by a common address/data bus. The input/output ports are integrated circuits by Harris Semiconductor, Intel and others.

108-Memory: The memory consists of erasable programmable read only memories (eproms) to store program code, electrically erasable programmable read only memories (eeproms) to store user defined attributes, and random access memories (rams) to use as a scratchpad for doing work by the microprocessor. The memory consists of 64 k eprom, 8 k ram, 24 k eeprom: The rams are built by S-mos. The eproms are built by Hitachi and the eeproms are built by General Instruments.

109-Codec: The audio encoder/decoder is used to convert audio to digital format to be communicated over the serial link. It is an integrated circuit consisting of an analog to digital converter and a digital to analog converter that converts data accordingly to the Mu-law 255 algorithm. The integrated circuit is built by Harris semiconductor and others.

110-PCM Modem: The pulse code modulation modulator/demodulator is used to transmit and receive voice and data information over a serial link in digital format. The PCM modem consists of HCMOS logic devices, digital input/output ports and a Manchester encoder integrated circuit. The HCMOS logic is built by Motorola and Signetics. The digital input/output ports are built by Intel and Harris Corporations. The Manchester encoder integrated circuit is built by Harris Semiconductor Corporation.

111-CPU: The central processing unit serves as the master controller for the entire radio. It controls the activities of all the radio's function modules. It is an integrated circuit by Intel Corporation. This integrated circuit is supported by HCMOS devices from Motorola and Signetics.

112-V.REG P/S: The power supply supplies power to all circuits in the Control Unit. It also monitors the power circuits for faults as well as controlling the radio's start-up and shutdown processes. It consists mainly of voltage regulator integrated circuits and HCMOS supervisory logic. Both are built by Motorola.

The Control Panel: The Control Panel serves as the user's interface to the radio. It consists of the display, the keyboard, the beeper and the ambient light sensor. Together the functions allow the user to have access to all the radio's capabilities.

The Digital Serial Interface Bus: The Digital Serial Interface Bus transmits commands and microphone audio to the Transceiver Unit over the Serial Link. Also the Serial Bus receives status and received audio from the Transceiver Unit. The Serial Interface Bus is made up of the Codec and the PCM Modem.

The Central Processing Unit: The Central Processing Unit serves as the master controller for the radio. It responds to commands from the user via the keypad or software and controls the operation of the Transceiver Unit over the Serial Interface Bus. It consists of the input/output block, the memory and the CPU block.

The Audio Circuits: The audio circuits control the volume level of the external speaker. They consist of the logdac, the mute function and the audio amplifier.

Referring again to FIG. 19, a description by block will be provided. The numbers correspond to the callouts on the drawing.

200-Codec: The audio encoder/decoder is used to convert audio to digital format to be communicated over the serial link. It is an integrated circuit consisting of an analog to digital converter and a digital to analog converter that converts data according to the Mu-Law 255 algorithm. This integrated circuit is built by Harris Semiconductor and others.

201-PCM Modem: The pulse code modulation modulator/demodulator is used to transmit and receive voice and data information over a serial link in digital format. The PCM modem consists of HCMOS logic devices, digital input/output ports and a Manchester encoder integrated circuit. The HCMOS logic is built by Motorola and Signetics. The digital input/output ports are built by Intel and Harris Corporations. The Manchester encoder integrated is built by Harris Semiconductor Corporation.

202-CPU: The Central Processing Unit serves as the slave controller for the Transceiver Unit. It accepts commands from the master controller in the Control Unit and controls the activities of the Transceiver function modules. It is an integrated circuit by Intel Corporation. This integrated circuit is supported by HCMOS devices from Motorola and Signetics.

203-V.REG Power Supply: The Power Supply supplies power to all circuits in the Transceiver Unit. It monitors the power circuit for faults as well as controlling the radio's start-up and shutdown processes. It consists mainly of voltage regulator integrated circuits and HCMOS supervisory logic. Both are built by Motorola.

204-Line Filter/Transient Supervisor: The Line Filter/Transient Supervisor provides protection for the Transceiver Unit voltage regulator circuits from transient surges and motor generated noise. This circuit consists of discrete components built by Motorola.

211-Input/Output Ports: The input/output ports allow the microprocessor to interact with a large number of external functions by providing physical interface points to them. The functions can then be controlled by a common address/data bus. The input/output ports are integrated circuits by Harris Semiconductor, Intel and others. The input/output ports are designed to accomodate plug-in data modems available from Rockwell, AMD and others, as well as other modules such as FSK and DTMF which essentially include `data modem` functions. These will be described hereinafter in greater detail.

The Digital Serial Interface Bus: The Digital Serial Interface Bus receives commands and microphone audio from the Control Unit over the Serial Link. Also, the Serial Bus transmits status and received audio to the Control Unit. The Serial Interface Bus is made up of the Codec and the PCM modem.

The Central Processing Unit: The Central Processing Unit serves as the slave controller for the Transceiver Unit. It accepts commands from the master controller located in the Control Unit and controls the operation of the function modules in the Transceiver Unit. It consists of the input/output block and the Central Processing Unit.

206-FSK Module: The FSK Module is a custom design incorporating readily available integrated circuit devices in a format to convert incoming digital formats to an analog signal compatible with the restricted transmission bandwidth of the FM spectrum. It is also capable of receiving such incoming analog data and converting this to the output digital format. Primary communications use of this module is to allow external compatible digital products to communicate via the RF link provided by the OMNI system. The specific conversion format is flexible depending upon the application.

207-Sequential Data Module: The sequential module provides signal encoding and decoding capabilities per any of the defined available formats such as ZVEI, DZVEI, etc. Functions provided are limited to a 5 or 7 bit sequential message in essentially a base-10 format under direct control of the CPU (202). The module uses an off-the-shelf SSI integrated circuit for tone generation and decoding, available from vendors such as MX-Com and is well known in the industry.

208-DTMF Module: The DTMF module is an industry standard interface relying on off-the-shelf integrated circuits from any number of available vendors such as Motorola, Texas Instruments, etc. Its purpose is to provide dual-tone encoding capability such that the resident microprocessor in the CPU (202) can generate tones in any of the Bell or CCITT signalling formats and allow radio communication with a standard telephone network.

209-CTCSS Module: The CTCSS module relies on commercially available integrated circuits to encode and decode a sub-audible tone set for squelch control and signal identification. The tone selection for transmission and reception is determined by the CPU (202) per internationally defined formats and specifications. An SSI integrated circuit readily available from MX-Com is used to provide tone generation and decoding. This device relies on techniques known in the art, such as digital filters, comparators, analog switches, etc. In addition, several peripheral devices such as data buffers and logic gates of CMOS type are used. These are available from most major integrated circuit manufacturers.

210-Voice Privacy Module: The Voice Privacy Module utilizes commercially available systems from manufacturers such as Racal and Ferritronics to convert the analog audio information to a converted analog or digital format compatible with the restrictions of the allocated spectrum. Its purpose is to provide communications privacy to the user at a modest cost. A variety Of methods may be incorporated including techniques such as frequency inversion of the audio in the audio band, time division multiplexing, true digital encoding and decoding, or a mixture of these. This capability will be supplemented with a custom voice privacy method which may be best defined as a Variable Time Inversion Algorithm Controlled Encryption.

212-TX Audio Source Selector: This block consists of a combination of readily available CMOS and supplemental circuits available from most major integrated circuit manufacturers to function as a multiple input to one output signal selector or multiplexer. Its function is to apply selected signals to the modulator (214) for transmission. The signal selection is under control of the CPU (202) and responsive to operating modes.

213-Pre-Amplifier/Limiter and Pre-Emphasis/Filter: This module utilizes available generic integrated circuits such as operational amplifiers and CMOS gates, etc., to provide signal conditioning required by the transmission specifications. The circuits consist of active filters of both high and low pass variety, limiters, buffer amplifiers and analog gates.

214-Modulator: The Modulator provides the circuit function of electrically deviating the phase and instantaneous frequency of the transmitted carrier frequency. It included known circuit devices such as multipliers, analog amplifiers, flip-flops, etc. to generate a narrow band angle modulated spectrum for application to the Transmitter (217). It further incorporates a conventional phase locked loop comprised of a frequency divider, phase detector, voltage controlled oscillator and analog integrated circuit filter for purposes of frequency multiplication from the lower Transmit Synthesizer (215) input frequency to the higher Transmitter (217) frequency. A part of this phase locked loop consists of the Pre-Scaler (218). All circuit devices are readily available from manufacturers such as Motorola, Signetics, National Semiconductor, etc.

215-Transmit Synthesizer: This module utilizes off-the-shelf integrated circuits from such companies as Motorola to generate a controlled output frequency in the HF band that is mathematically one-tenth of the transmitted frequency. It is used as an exitation frequency for the Modulator (214) for purposes described there. The frequency is selected by the CPU (202) via a data bus structure and generated by phase locked loop means. It includes known circuits such as digital frequency dividers, a digital phase detector of a charge-pump variety, an analog integrated circuit loop filter, and a voltage variable oscillator.

216-Receiver Synthesizer: This module consists of commercially available digital and analog integrated circuits utilized in known applications such as frequency counters, phase detectors, oscillators, etc. It further includes an off-the-shelf high stability TCXO as a master reference oscillator for use by both Receive and Transmit Synthesizers (215 and 216). The Receive Synthesizer is further under CPU (202) control via a control data bus. Its output is applied to the Receiver IF module (219) and serves as a local oscillator.

217-Transmitter: The Transmitter uses commercially available RF power transistors available from Motorola and other companies in a broad band amplifier application to provide power gain for the low level input from the Transmit Frequency Synthesizer (215). It further utilizes common integrated circuits such as operational amplifiers for power level control and protection circuits. The high level RF output is then applied to the antenna coupler consisting of a TR Switch (221) and Antenna Filter (22).

218-Pre-Scaler: The Pre-Scaler provides broad band signal amplification for the input received from the Modulator (214) and applies it to a phase detector. The phase detector output is filtered and returned to the Modulator (214) for VCO control functions. The other input to the phase detector originates at the VCO and is divided by 40 to provide correct proportionality with the Modulator (214) output. The integrated circuits used are from Motorola and are of the ECL logic variety.

219-Receiver IF Module: This module provides mixing, gain, filtering and demodulation of the incoming received signal and provides the base-band output for speaker, data or other audio means. In addition, it performs functions of signal level measurement and signal quality determination for squelch, scanning and voting functions. It includes active integrated circuits from RCA, Motorola and Signetics in addition to a double balanced diode ring mixer from MA-Comm and custom crystal filters available from sources such as PTI, Sokol, etc.

220-Carrier Detect Circuit: This block performs the function of carrier recognition. It extracts a coherent signal from the receiver noise to determine if, in fact, a coherent signal exists. This is required for the complex squelch, scan and voting functions performed by the OMNI transceiver. It utilizes a phase locked loop from EXAR and an analog multiplier from Motorola to extract and determine the validity of the signal.

221-Antenna Switch: The antenna switch incorporates PIN diodes available from companies such as Microwave Associates in a solid state, quarter wave switch configuration. Its purpose is to provide coupling of the antenna to either the receiver Pre-Selector (223 and 224) or the Transmitter (217).

222-Antenna Filter: The antenna filter is a passive electronic device utilizing capacitors and inductors in a four pole band-pass configuration. The purpose of this circuit is to prevent out-of-band emissions, generally the harmonics of the transmitted frequency, from being emitted into the environment and to aid in preventing out-of-band received energy and signals of undesired origin from entering the receiver Pre-Selector (223 and 224).

223-Receiver Pre-Selector Low-Pass Filter: This circuit is a passive block including capacitors and inductors to provide a low-pass functional block as part of the Pre-Selector (223 and 224).

224-Receiver Pre-Selector High-Pass Filter: This circuit consists of passive elements in the form of a high-pass filter and one transistor readily available from manufacturers such as Motorola and other companies. Its purpose is to provide rejection for unwanted frequencies and some gain to enhance the reception sensitivity. The amplifier is of the common emitter type.

Frequency Generation: To generate the various frequencies required for transmit and receive functions, the Transceiver Unit incorporates two independent frequency synthesizers to permit full duplex operation. They consist of the Receive Synthesizer (216), and the Pre-Scaler (218). These modules provide functions of receiver mixer exitation (local oscillator), transmitter exitation, and angle modulation of the transmitted signal. All frequency choices are in response to input data from the CPU (202) via the Control/Data Bus and several discrete functions such as SYN PTT.

Transmission: The transmit function consists of several modules providing signal selection, amplification and conditioning for the output of the Modulator (214). They consist of the Transmit Audio Source Selector (212), the Transmitter (217), the TR Switch (221), and the Antenna Filter (222). These blocks combine to provide the final antenna output of the OMNI Transceiver.

Reception: To receive and demodulate incoming signals, the Receiver IF (219), the Receiver Pre-Selector Low-Pass Filter (223), the Receiver Pre-Selector High-Pass (224), and the Carrier Detect Circuit (220) operate in concert. They accept incoming RF energy, convert it to lower intermediate frequencies, provide critical filtering and signal recognition, as well as demodulation of the intelligence or audio. The audio or data is then passed on to one of the signaling modules or to the speaker amplifier in the control head for amplification.

Signaling: There are various forms of signaling and encryption that may be provided in the Transceiver Unit. They perform functions of squelch or signal control, voice encryption and data conversion. These modules include the FSK Module (206), the Sequential Data Module (207), the DTMF Module (208), the CTCSS Module (209), and the Voice Privacy Module (210). They all, exclusive of the DTMF Module (208), perform both encoding and decoding functions, receiving instructions via the Control/Data Bus from the CPU (202) and returning data to the CPU (202) via that same bus. In the case of audio encryption, inputs are provided from the microphone via the PCM link, or directly from the Receiver IF Module (216) for repeater applications.

FIG. 20 is a detailed block diagram of the electronics of the radio system of the invention. It compiles FIGS. 18 and 19 which have already been individually and fully explained. It is provided to allow a complete viewing of the detailed block diagrams of the main elements.

FIG. 21 depicts the basic block diagram of the system of the invention with an optical fiber linking medium between the Control Unit and the Transceiver Unit. An encoder at the Control Unit interface translates the digital signals into light signals. These are then translated back into the original digital signals through a decoder at the Transceiver Unit interface. The same process occurs for signals being communicated over the optical `path` from the Transceiver Unit to a Control Unit through an encoder at the Transceiver Unit and a corresponding decoder at the Control Unit. The optical fiber and other elements used in the linking are readily available from multiple electronics and optical fiber suppliers in the U.S. and overseas. For example, the electronic elements are available from Motorola. The fiber can be plastic or other suitable type. For example, a 1000 micron plastic optical fiber can be used and is available from Belden and Alpha in the U.S. The Digital Serial Interface that accommodates this type of linking is described in detail in the copending application entitled: Bidirectional Digital Serial Interface System For Communicating Digital Signals Including Digitized Audio Between Microprocessors-Based Control And Transceiver Units Of Two-Way Radio Communications Equipment.

FIGS. 22 and 23 and Appendix items 1 through 4 are used to describe the different facets of the software of the novel mobile radio of the invention. The description that follows describes one approach to the software. Other approaches are possible and within the spirit and scope of this invention. Such other approaches may include other programming language and programming configurations. They are possible, among other things, because of the inherent versatility of modern microprocessors and the overall attributes of the system of the invention, such as the Serial Interface. The information here provided can be used for one skilled in the art to develop full software with the desired variations, derivatives, permutations, etc. that can be advantageously used with the system of the invention.

It must be clarified that `software` here being described is the programming software of the microprocessor as opposed to the programming carried out by the user. Thus, the SOFTWARE shown in previous drawings in the Control Unit portion is actually a combination of the microprocessor programming that defines the general characteristics, overall infrastructure and general capabilities which are typically imparted to the radio before the user acquires it, plus the programming by the user (or for the user) that imparts the particular characteristics desired for the specific application, such as channel nomenclature versus frequencies, enable and disable of various functions, etc. within the predetermined infrastructure. As discussed earlier, the infrastructure itself can be changed for specific requirements providing a very powerful versatility.

The user alterable programming (as opposed to the `resident` microprocessor programming to be here described) can be thought of as a capability whose characteristics are defined and designed in the `resident` software of the microprocessor. Thus, the programming prompts, programming protocols that can be employed by the user, etc. are all defined and are part of the design of the software or programming that resides in the unit before the user acquires it.

The reference to software in the Transceiver Unit does not imply (or is not intended to imply) providing user programming. Rather, it is the programming of the microprocessor residing within the Transceiver Unit. The unique Digital Serial Interface portion of the system of the invention allows two-way communications between the microprocessors/softwares in the Control Unit and Transceiver Unit. It accommodates/tolerates both the user programming changes as well as microprocessor infrastructural modifications.

The approach of describing the software facets of the invention in conjunction with FIGS. 22 and 23 and APPENDIX I, ITEMS 1 through 7 will include the following:

(1) A general system overview that will cover the program development process, the tools and computers used in the development process and a high level discussion of the software architecture.

(2) System block diagrams (Ref. FIGS. 22 and 23) and explanations that will cover in more detail how the software works and which sub-modules support the major modules.

(3) Software module headers (Ref. APP. ITEMS 1 and 2) that are the actual headers used to identify and describe various modules of the software design for the front panel control system of the Control and Transceiver Units.

(4) Software code examples (Ref. APP. ITEM 3) that are actual assembly language listings of the primary modules used to support the front panel control system of the Control and Transceiver Units.

(5) Software module headers (Ref. APP. ITEMS 4 and 5) that are the actual headers used to identify and describe various modules of the software design of the Digital Serial Interface Link of the Control and Transceiver Units.

(6) Software code examples (Ref. APP. ITEM. 6) that are actual assembly language listings of the primary modules used to support the Digital Serial Interface Links of the Control and Transceiver Units.

(7) Software module headers and software code examples that are the actual headers and actual assembly language, respectively, of the entire system of the invention.

General Software System Overview: There are two interrelated computer programs in the Mobile Radio System; one program for the Control Unit and one program for the Transceiver Unit. Both programs use similar architectures to perform their different functions. The two programs communicate to each other over the bidirectional PCM communications link which the software controls. The Control Unit program basically handles management of the LCD display, front panel keyboard and radio database. The Transceiver Unit program basically handles controlling the various hardware modules in the Transceiver Unit based on the command information sent to it from the Control Unit program.

The preferred approach taken on this design was to use state driven software in order to reduce complexity and to make the software easy to modify and test. The basic concept is to have an interrupt function that updates a system state table in memory based on changes in the system. State change flags are used to show that a particular state variable has changed. There will be a circular executive module that will monitor the state change flags and will execute the appropriate module to perform any action that the state change requires. The combination of state driven modules with a circular exec allows for a straight forward implementation of a multitasking software system. All basic functions of the radio will be handled this way. This includes the Control Unit updates as well as Transceiver module update functions.

Software Development Process: The software development process used was "top down design". This process is a standard software technique used to develop code from the general requirements or top level downward toward the specific implementation. The software development process included several major phases.

The first phase was the requirements definition phase. During this phase all requirements for the software were identified and documented. The second phase was the design phase. The first step of the design phase was to examine the software requirements and define the basic system architecture needed to meet the requirements. After the basic architecture was defined the next step was to complete the high level design of the software modules shown in the basic architecture. The next step was to complete program development language (PDL) or pseudo code for each of the modules. After the PDL was complete the source code for each module was written and each module was assembled. After many modules were coded and assembled the individual modules were linked together to form one large program. Once the modules were linked together then the debug phase took place.

To debug the code two methods were used. In one method a software simulator was used in the development environment to run the code. This process simulates execution of each instruction of the program in a controlled situation to allow analysis by the programmer. The second method of debug was the use of an in target system under control of the emulator. In both methods of debug, basic operation of the code along with overall program flow is verified.

The last phase in the development was testing. In this phase correct interaction of the program with the hardware was verified. This was accomplished by using oscilloscopes, logic analyzers and RF signal generators on the target system to verify each of the requirements defined in the first stage of development.

Computers and Development Tools: MS-DOS compatible microcomputers were used as the development environment to run the cross assembler, the editors, the simulator and the emulator. The programming language used was Intel 8051 Assembly Language. The following text editors were used for source code development: Wordstar Professional, IBM Professional Editor 11, UnderWare Inc. Brief Editing Facility and Custom Software Systems PC/VI. The assembler and linker used for program development was the Microtec Research Paragon ASM51 Cross Assembler and Linker. The software simulator used was the Avocet AVSIM 8051. The in circuit emulator (ICE) used to debug the code was the Metalink MetaICE-32.

Software Design Description: The system block diagrams and explanations will cover in more detail how the software works and which sub-modules support the major modules.

Control Unit Program: The Control Unit Program is represented in FIG. 22 and is divided into several subprograms as shown in the diagram. The division is based on functionality and is accomplished in the program by using interrupt levels. The Control Unit interrupt structure is such that the executive module (CEXEC) is the foreground or non-interrupt level. The other subprograms have been allocated a dedicated interrupt. Each of these subprograms can interrupt the executive level. No interrupt routine may interrupt another except for the PCM communication interrupt (CINTZERO). The PCM communication interrupt may interrupt all other levels of the program.

Referring again to FIG. 22, the Control Unit Executive module (CEXEC) is the main controlling routine in the Control Unit Program. Structurally this module is circular in fashion. This means that once execution of this routine begins it will continue in an endless loop until power down occurs. While executing in the loop the routine will constantly check several state change flags to determine if an action is required. Should a flag indicate that a change in the system has occurred then the executive routine will execute the appropriate action routine. The following sub-modules support the Control Unit Executive routine:

The Power Up Initialization module (CPWRUP) executes once for every power up reset to the system and performs most of the action required to prepare the Control Unit for operation. This includes performing diagnostics, initializing 1/0 ports, initializing the system state table, initializing the timers and starting the interrupts. Once initialization is complete, program control is passed to the Control Unit Executive routine. The following sub-modules support the power up initialization function:

The PCM Communications Interrupt (CINTZERO) routine handles the transmitting and receiving of data to and from the Transceiver Unit. This routine must first determine the source of the interrupt (transmit or receive). Once the source is determined then data is either transmitted from a previously prepared buffer or received and stored in another buffer for later use by the Control Unit program. The data is transmitted and received in a specific message format that includes start of header, opcode, message checksum and data. Once a data transmission is initiated, one byte of data will be transmitted every 250 usec until all bytes have been transmitted. The following sub-modules support the PCM Communications Interrupt routine:

The Radio Function Interrupt (CRADIO) is a realtime timer interrupt used to monitor radio functions that require realtime response. This timer interrupt is generated once every 250 usec and is divided into four operational states. Each state handles different functions and the states are changed such that each function is processed once every 1 msec. Radio functions that are handled by this interrupt level are: microphone push to talk debounce, microphone hook switch debounce, audio and speaker control, transmit light control, busy light control, auxiliary function, and push to talk timeouts. The status of these radio functions are communicated to and from the Transceiver Unit by the PCM Single Bit Status Signals.

The RS-232 Communications Interrupt (CP2321NT) routine handles the transmitting and receiving of data through the microprocessor's onboard USART. This routine must first determine the source of the interrupt (transmit or receive). Once the source is determined then data is either transmitted from a previously prepared buffer or received and stored in another buffer for later use by the Control Unit program. The data is transmitted and received in a message format specific to the application of the USART. The USART can be used to program the radio's database, control the radio remotely or to interface external peripheral equipment.

The Keyboard and Power Interrupt module (CKEYINT) handles determining the source of interrupt and dispatch to the appropriate handler. Possible interrupt sources are a power button actuation, a power monitor alert or a front panel keyboard actuation. If either power interrupt occurs CKEYINT will request a power down of the system. The #EXEC module will handle the power down action request. If a front panel key has been actuated then CKEYINT will start the Keytimer and enable the Keytimer Interrupt.

The Keytimer Interrupt (CKEYTIME) routine handles debounce and dispatch of all front panel keyboard support routines. These routines form the primary control system for the OMNI Transceiver Radio System. During normal system operation there are no Keytimer interrupts until a key sequence is initiated. Once the first key of key sequence in initiated and CKEYINT has passed program control to the CKEYTIME module, then Keytimer interrupts will begin occurring on a regular basis to handle the key sequence. The Keytimer module and sub-modules handle each key sequence in a state driven manner such that each key in a sequence is a finite state. Each time the Keytimer interrupt occurs in a key sequence program, control will be vectored to a sub-module to handle the current state. This continues until the key sequence is completed. The following submodules support the Keytimer Interrupt routine:

The Transceiver Unit Program is illustrated in FIG. 23. It is divided into several subprograms as shown in the diagram. The division is based on functionality and is accomplished in the program by using interrupt levels. The Transceiver Unit interrupt structure is such that the executive module (REXEC) is the foreground or non-interrupt level. The other subprograms have been allocated a dedicated interrupt. EAch of these subprograms can interrupt the executive level. No interrupt routine may interrupt another except for the PCM communication interrupt (RPCMINT). The PCM communication interrupt may interrupt all other levels of the program.

The Transceiver Unit Executive module (REXEC) is the main controlling routine in the Transceiver Unit Program. Structurally, this module is circular in fashion. This means that once execution of this routine begins it will continue in an endless loop until power down occurs. While executing in the loop the routine will constantly check several state change flags to determine if an action is required. Should a flag indicate that a change in the system has occurred then the executive routine will execute the appropriate action routine. The following sub-modules support the Transceiver Unit Executive routine:

The Power Up Initialization module (RPWRUP) executes once for every power up reset to the system and performs most of the action required to prepare the Transceiver Unit for operation. This includes performing diagnostics, initializing 1/0 ports, initializing the system state table, initializing the timers and starting the interrupts. Once initialization is complete, program control is passed to the Transceiver Unit Executive routine. The following submodules support the power up initialization function:

The Radio Function Interrupt (RRADIO) is a realtime timer interrupt used to monitor radio functions that require realtime response. This timer interrupt is generated once every 1 msec. Radio functions that are handled by this interrupt level are: audio and speaker control, PTT functions, the busy function, and push to talk timeouts. The status of these radio functions is communicated to and from the Control Unit by the PCM Single Bit Status Signals.

The Power Down Interrupt (RPWRDN) routine handles initiating a controlled power down of the Transceiver Unit should the Power Monitor Interrupt become active. If the Power Monitor Interrupt occurs, RPWRDN will request a power down of the system. The R[XEC module will handle power down action request.

The PCM Communications Interrupt (RPCMINT) routine handles the transmitting and receiving of data to and from the Control Unit. This routine must first determine the source of the interrupt (transmit or receive). Once the source is determined then data is either transmitted from a previously prepared buffer or received and stored in another buffer for later use by the Transceiver Unit program. The data is transmitted and received in a specific message format that includes start of header, opcode, message checksum and data. Once a data transmission is initiated, one byte of data will be transmitted every 250 usec until all bytes have been transmitted. The following sub-modules support the PCM Communications Interrupt routine:

Software Code Examples: The software code examples are the actual assembly language listings of the primary modules used to support the front panel control system. The modules included are listed below:

APPENDIX ITEM 1 illustrates the Software Module Header Format that can be used with the novel radio of the invention.

The software module headers are the actual headers used to identify and describe each module of the software design. The headers are used by those skilled in the art to develop the specific program details required to impart specific required operating characteristics, various attributes and capabilities for the radio system of the invention.

APPENDIX ITEMS 2a through 2g provide actual module header samples for the software of the Control Unit of the invention using the approach described above and in FIGS. 22, 23 and APPENDIX ITEM 1. The headers relate to the Control Panel, Interrupt Function, RS232 Interrupt, the Control Unit PCM Interrupt and Power Up. The full range of headers will depend on the actual operating characteristics, attributes and capabilities that are required to be imparted to a given radio employing the system of the invention. The format of APPENDIX ITEM 1 and the actual samples of the module headers in APPENDIX ITEM 2 are provided to allow one skilled in the art to develop similar modules to meet the overall specific requirements within the system of the program diagrams as described in FIGS. 22 and 23 and the related texts.

Similarly, APPENDIX ITEM 3a through 3e provide further illustrative samples of program module headers as related to the Transceiver Unit. The Headers include the Executive Module, Power Down Interrupt, Power Up Initialization, Radio Function Interrupt and PCM Interrupt.

APPENDIX ITEMS 4a through 4g illustrate actual program codes that are based on headers such as shown in APPENDIX ITEMS 2 and 3 and per format of APPENDIX ITEM 1 within the overall software infrastructure/approach described in FIGS. 22 and 23.

Appendix Items 5a through 5u illustrate sample software module headers for the Digital Serial Interface portion of the invention.

Appendix Items 6a through 6u illustrate sample program codes derived from the module headers of Appendix Item 5.

Appendix Item 7 is a comprehensive compilation of module headers and sample program codes derived from module headers as related to the radio system of the invention.

NOTE: The Program Description Language (PDL) that is used in module headers is a pseudo code which constitutes an actual flow chart from which anyone skilled in the art can derive the actual related program code in any language.

Appendix Items 8a through 8l provide further sample drawings illustrating the types of approaches used in the actual implementation of other mechanical and circuitry details of the novel radio of the invention.

By virtue of its very design objectives, the system of this invention is inherently extremely versatile. It accommodates fixed station, VHF, UHF and many configurations, variations, expansions and reductions of its basic design parameters. Thus, the above-described designs and arrangements are merely one illustration of the applications of the principles and ideas that are the essence of the present invention. Other configurations, arrangements and derivatives may be utilized by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. To illustrate, the expandable and high channel programmability, the fast scan-lock capability, the software controllable channel infrastructuring and attributes, the Digital Serial Interface, etc. of this invention can be utilized to provide a derivative, modern, high level frequency-hopping encryption/decryption capability within the same basic elements of the invention. ##SPC1##