Antimicrobial Composition Containing Quaternary Aliphatic Amine Polyglycidol Adducts

The invention relates to antimicrobial compositions, more particularly, the invention relates to antimicrobial compositions based on nonionic surfactants suitable for use in the cleaning and disinfecting of hard surfaces.

General purpose or all-purpose household cleaning compositions for hard surfaces such as metal, glass, ceramic, plastic and linoleum surfaces have been sold commercially in both powdered and liquid form. The powdered compositions consist mainly of builders and buffering salts such as phosphates, carbonates, silicates and the like and these compositions are diluted with water prior to use. While use concentrations of such compositions usually provide good inorganic soil removal, they tend to be deficient in removal of organic soils such as the greasy/fatty/oily soils typically found in the domestic environment. Further, such compositions tend not to be compatible with germicidal ingredients because of the presence of anionic detergents and high concentrations of builder salts.

One the other hand, all-purpose liquid cleaners have met with greater commercial acceptance because they have the advantage that they can be applied to hard surfaces in neat or concentrated form so that a relatively high level of surfactant material is delivered directly to the soils. Because of these advantages, much research and development effort has been expended on formulating all-purpose liquid cleaning compositions which are stable upon storage, have good physical properties and are effective in removing inorganic and organic soils.

Liquid hard surface cleaners generally have been classified into two types. The first type is a particulate aqueous suspension having water-soluble abrasive particles suspended therein, which particles are palpable. Some of the cleaners of this type suffer a stability problem and other cleaners of this type have received poor acceptance by consumers because of their "gritty" feel which causes many people to be reluctant to use then for fear of scratching the surface to be cleaned. The second type is the liquid detergent without suspended abrasive and, seemingly, this latter type is preferred by consumers. While this second type generally is a mixture of surfactant and builder salt in an aqueous medium, the product formulations in the market place have varied widely in composition.

One liquid product which achieved some success was based upon a mixture of soap, alkylbenzene sulfonate and fatty acid alkanolamide plus inorganic builder salts. This liquid product exhibited good temperature stability and a desirable viscosity, but tended to exhibit cleaning disadvantages when compared with another product based upon a mixture of alkylbenzene sulfonate and ethoxylated alkanol plus builder salts. However, the latter composition usually required a high concentration of a lower alkylbenzene sulfonate hydrotrope in order to achieve homogeneity in the presence of builder salt and the inclusion of hydrotrope resulted in lower viscosity and the need of thickening agents.

Other all-purpose liquid products have been prepared which incorporate a solvent such as a terpene. For example. German Pat. application No. 2,113,732 discloses the use of terpenes as antimicrobial agents in washing compositions. British Pat. No. 1,308,190 teaches the use of dipentenes in a thixotropic liquid detergent suspension based composition. German Pat. application No. 2,709,690 teaches the use of pine oil, a mixture of largely terpene alcohols, in liquid hard surface cleaning compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,128 teaches the use of terpenes with solvents of limited water solubility such as benzyl alcohol in all-purpose cleaning compositions. The terpenes are used to provide cleaning as well as to control sudsing. A similar composition is disclosed in European Pat. application No. 0080749 which comprises surfactant terpenes, butyl carbitol and builder salts. Again, the terpenes are included for cleaning and as suds regulators.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,395 describes a high foaming detergent composition suitable for use in dishwashing and in the cleaning and disinfecting of hard surfaces obtained by combing a quaternary ammonium compound having a formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl groups each having 9 to 11 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can each be an alkyl group, an alkylether group or a hydroxyalkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms, or a benzyl group; and X.sup.- is either Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-, NO.sub.3.sup.-, 1/2SO.sub.4.sup.2-, CH.sub.3 SO.sub.4.sup.-, C.sub.2 H.sub.5 SO.sub.4.sup.-, 1/2HPO.sub.4.sup.2-, or CH.sub.3 COO.sup.-, and a co-surfactant selected from the group consisting of short chain anionic surfactants having 3-8 carbon atoms in the hydrophobic groups, low alkoxylated nonionic surfactants having 0-4 ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide groups in the molecule, and mixtures thereof.

Despite the extensive efforts in formulating all-purpose liquid cleaning compositions, there is still a need for a liquid product with both effective cleaning properties and disinfecting properties when applied neat, as well as at various concentrations when used in water. Also such products should be effective at varying water hardness levels, should have desirable foaming characteristics, and should have little or no spots or streaks whether rinsed or not. Further, the resultant product should be homogeneous at temperatures from about 5.degree. C. to about 49.degree. C. and should exhibit a desirable viscosity. In addition, such a product cannot be achieved by simply adding a germicidal quaternary ammonium compound to one of the liquid products discussed above because the quaternary compounds are rendered ineffective by the proportions of anionic detergent and/or builder salts present in those compositions.

The cleaners of the present invention can be formulated to exhibit desirable characteristics with regard to both physical properties and performance in use. As to physical properties, the composition may be formulated to be homogeneous, pourable, and free-flowing from the container as manufactured as well as after aging at various temperature. For example, they may be formulated to exhibit a high degree of stability upon storage at normal room temperature of about 24.degree. C. over a period of many months without any appreciable precipitation or formation of layers. Also, when subjected to elevated temperatures of about 38.degree. C. or cooled to about 5.degree. C., the liquid will remain in homogeneous form. As a result of this homogeneity, even when only very small quantities are dispensed, the components will be present in the correct proportions. Furthermore, the liquid may be packaged in any suitable container such as metal, plastic, or glass bottles, bags, cans or drums.

The cleaning compositions of the present invention comprise a liquid containing a surface active agent and an antimicrobial effective concentration of a compound represented by the formula: ##STR3## wherein R is an alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or an alkyl group having from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, X is Cl, Br, or I, and n and m are from 1 to about 6.

The liquid compositions of the present invention include as the cleaning agent, a wide selection of surfactants which can be anionic, nonionic or cationic, as well as mixtures or blends of nonionic surfactants with either anionic surfactants or with cationic surfactants.

Suitable anionic surfactants which may be employed in the cleaning compositions of the invention include alkylbenzene sulfonates or sulfates, alkyl esters of sulfuric acid or sulfonic acids, alkyl ethoxysulfates, phosphate esters, sulfosuccinates as well as sulfate esters of alkylphenol polyglycidol ethers.

Nonionic surfactants which may be used as cleaning agents include, for example, alkyl phenols, oxyalkylated alcohols, oxyalkylated fatty acids, and oxyalkylated amines where the oxyalkyl groups are, for example, oxyethyl or oxypropyl, alkylphenol polyglycidol ethers, and alkyl polysaccharides among others.

Cationic surfactants which may be used as the cleaning agents include for example, quaternary amine surfactants, alkanolamides, and amine oxides.

Of the three broad types of surfactants employed as cleaning agents only cationic surfactants are known to have antimicrobial properties and these appear to be limited to a selected molecular weight range.

Surprisingly, it has been found that antimicrobial properties in the composition of the present invention are provided by quaternary aliphatic amine-polyglycidol adducts represented by the formula: ##STR4## wherein R is an alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl or an alkyl group having from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, X is Cl, Br, or I, and n and m are from 1 to about 6.

The amine polyglycidol adducts represented by Formula I are comprised of a primary or secondary alkyl amine group and the selected number of glycidol groups. Suitable alkyl amines include homogeneous amine groups as well as mixtures such as those sold commercially as coco amines, soya amines, and tallow amines or mixed fatty amines. While the alkyl groups may be branched or linear, where improved biodegradability is desired, linear alkyl groups with minimal branching are preferred.

Amine glycidol adducts represented include those of Formula I in which R represents, for example, octyl, nonyl, decyl, hendecyl, dodecyl or coco or lauryl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl or stearyl (tallow or soya), and mixtures thereof.

Antimicrobial effective amounts of the amine glycidol compounds include those which inactivate or prevent the growth of organisms such as bacteria or fungi. In general cleaning formulations, the amine glycidol compound is present in molar ratios to the surfactant present as the cleaning agent of from about 10:1 to about 1:10, preferably at molar ratios of from about 7:1 to about 1:9, with molar ratios of from about 5:1 to about 1:5 being more preferred. The selection of molar ratios of the antimicrobial amine glycidol compound to surfactant is related to the application, institutional use, for example, in hospitals or commercial laundries, may employ compositions having higher molar ratios of the antimicrobial compound.

The cleansing composition of the present invention may also include ingredients such as perfumes, colorants, and sequestering or chelating agents such as ethylenediamine polyacetic acids and their salts incorporated to improve the cleansing properties of the products in hard water.

The preferred form of the cleansing compositions of the present invention is a liquid in which the solvent is water, a water soluble, or a water miscible compound such as an alcohol, glycol or glycol ether. The antimicrobial composition may also be produced in many different forms such as dried granules, flakes, etc., which are well known in the cleansing products industry.

The novel antimicrobial amine polyglycidol adducts of the present invention may be used as a preservative in water-based functional fluids as well as in surface-coating compositions in which water is a major ingredient. In these and other applications, the amine glycidol compounds are useful in controlling the growth of bacteria and fungi as well as providing surfactant properties without adversely affecting the color, pH or other physical properties of the surface-coating composition. Suitable amounts of the amine polyglycidol adducts used as a preservative include, for example, those in the range from about 0.000001 to about 5% by weight.

The following examples serve to give specific illustrations of the practice of this invention, but they are not intended in any way to limit the scope of this invention.

A 1-liter, 3-necked round bottom flask containing a mechanical stirrer was fitted with a thermometer, water condenser, and N.sub.2 inlet. An oil bath and hot plate were placed under the reaction flask. Under an N.sub.2 atmosphere, a blend of Coco (C.sub.8 -C.sub.18) amines (Armeen.RTM. C, produced by Armark Chemicals), 328 g., 1.64 m was placed in the reaction flask and heated to 140.degree. C. To the hot amine, 364.47 g. (4.9 m) of glycidol were added at a rate of about 1.5 g. per minute. During the glycidol addition period, the reaction temperature was maintained between 140.degree.-150.degree. C. Upon completion of the glycidol addition, the mixture was post-reacted for an additional 70 minutes. After cooling, 692 g. of the viscous liquid product was recovered and determined to be a 3-mole glycidol adduct of the cocoamine.

In similar equipment, 42.2 g. (0.1 m) of the amine 3-mole glycidol was placed in a 500 ml flask along with a 4.2 g. isopropanol and 0.4 g. potassium iodide. After purging the system with nitrogen, the reaction mixture was heated to approximately 70.degree. C. Over a 75-minute period, 12.1 g. (0.1 m) benzyl chloride was added in 5 increments at 70.degree.-77.degree. C. The reaction mixture was post-reacted for an additional hour. Upon cooling the product, the benzyl chloride addition to C.sub.2 amine--3 m glycidol was collected as a viscous liquid and weighed 58 g. The product was referred to as "Coco diglycidyl(3) benzyl ammonium chloride".

The process of example 1 was repeated exactly using varying ratios of glycidol to the blend of cocoamines (Armeen.RTM. C). Reactant amounts and reaction conditions are given in Table I below.

The process of Example 1 was employed to react an octadecylamine (C.sub.18) blend (Armeen.RTM. 18D) with glycidol in ratios 1:4 and 1:12. The results are given in Table I below.

The process of Example 2 was repeated exactly except that 1-bromodecane and 1-bromododecane was substituted for benzyl chloride. The results are given in Table I below.

Surface and interfacial tensions (ASTM designation D1331-56) on each of the quaternary ammonium compounds were determined and listed in Table II. The surface tension of distilled water is approximately 72 dynes/cm.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MiC's) were determined on five of the quaternary comPounds and compared to N-alkyl (50% C.sub.14 ; 40% C.sub.12 ; 10% C.sub.16) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride antimicrobial compound. The results are shown in Table III. MIC tests indicated that three of these compounds possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activity.

While the invention has been described above with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it is apparent that many changes, modifications, and variations can be made without departing from the inventive concept disclosed herein. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such changes, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All patent applications, patents, and other publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.