Coating Substrates

The invention will now be described by way of example.

All the examples were performed on degreased mild steel substrates known as coupons, except where indicated. The coupons were flat 1 cm.times. 2 cm.

STEP A

An initial layer of zinc was deposited electrolytically by making the mild steel the cathode and a pure zinc rod the anode, and passing current for 5 minutes at 1.2 V (about 0.5 A) through a bath consisting of ZnSO.sub.4 .7H.sub.2 O (249 g dm.sup.-3), NH.sub.4 Cl (15 g dm.sup.-3) and Al.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3 .18H.sub.2 O (14.2 g dm.sup.-3). This resulted in a zinc coating weighing about 2 mg cm.sup.-2.

STEP B

Step A was followed by electrolytic oxidation of the zinc coating, which was made the anode, and a pure zinc rod the cathode. The electrolyte was 0.5M KOH conditioned by dissolving a small amount of zinc in it prior to use. Current was passed at 3.5 V (about 0.2 A) for 2 minutes at 20.degree. C. This formed a porous, black coating of a non-stoichiometric form of zinc oxide.

STEP C

The substrate was dipped in a solution of 20% poly(acrylic acid) (viscosity .times.1.8 poises) for 1 minute, and changed colour from black to grey.

STEP D

The substrate from Step C, having been removed from the acid, was cured by heating at 85.degree. C. and 100% relative humidity (e.g. steam curing) for 30 minutes.

Steps A, B, C and D were performed in order. Infra-red analysis showed the cured film to consist almost entirely of zinc polyacrylate. The film was glossy, resistant to cold water, showed good adhesion, and could be flexed through 180.degree. on a 6 mm mandrel without cracking, as in BS 3900 Part E1 of 1970.

Instead of the substrate being of mild steel, it was of aluminium, which was abraded with emery paper, degreased and then etched in 20% hydrochloric acid. Then Steps A, B, C and D were performed in order. The film was glossy, resistant to cold water, showed good adhesion, and could be flexed through 180.degree. on a 6 mm mandrel without cracking, as in BS 3900 Part E1 of 1970.

Steps A, C and D were performed in order. Thus, the poly(acrylic acid) coating was applied non-electrolytically to a substrate of pure zinc. This Example is therefore not according to the invention.

The cured film had good adhesion and could be flexed through 180.degree. and a 6 mm mandrel without cracking. The initial water resistance of the film was poor but improved somewhat after 1 week's ageing under room conditions.

Step A was performed, and followed by a Step C.sup.1, being a modification of Step C. In Step C.sup.1, poly(acrylic acid) was applied to the substrate electrolytically, according to the invention. The electrolytic bath contained a 0.5% solution of the half sodium salt of poly(acrylic acid). The substrate was made the anode and 0.2 A was allowed to flow for 30 seconds. (In a further experiment the 0.2 A was allowed to flow for only 15 seconds. The film quality was but slightly affected.)

Step D (85.degree. C. full-humidity curing) was omitted, the film being simply allowed to dry under room conditions. Although not glossy, the film was adequately hard, resistant to cold water, adhered well and could be flexed through 180.degree. on a 6 mm mandrel without cracking.

Step A was performed, followed by Step C.sup.1 (see Example 4) in which the 0.5% solution was however replaced by a 5% solution. Example 5 gave the same results as Example 4, except that the water resistance of the film was inferior, which could however by rectified by performing Step D. (Compare 31 May and 11 Oct. 1984 texts).

Steps A, B, and C.sup.1 were performed in order, with the Step C.sup.1 being tried in all four combinations (electrolysis 15 seconds/30 seconds; acid concentration 0.5%/5%). The resulting films were all satisfactory, but it was found that the longer times at higher currents (e.g. 0.5 A) were inferior.

Four variations were tried, all including steps A and D, with the modification that Step D was quadrupled in duration to 2 hours. The four variations differed in the processes applied between Steps A and D, thus: (i) Step C.sup.1 (15 seconds); (ii) C.sup.1 (acid strengthened to 5%; (iii) Step B (3 minutes) then (i); (iv) Step B (3 minutes) then (ii). The resulting films were all glossy and scratch-resistant, and resistant to both cold and boiling water. Apart from (iv), which failed the 6 mm mandrel bend test, all showed good adhesion and flexibility.

Metallic tin does not react with polyacrylic acid, but SnO does. Therefore a method of producing a suitably reactive SnO film was devised. Metallic tin was electrodeposited onto a standard mild steel coupon (the cathode) from a standard hot (85.degree. C.) stannate bath at 0.4 A. The bath contained 12.5 g/dm.sup.3 NaOH, 80 g/dm.sup.3 Na.sub.2 SnO.sub.3 and 0.4 g/dm.sup.3 Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 ; the anode was pure metallic tin. The electrodeposited tin was then oxidised by making it now the anode in a phosphate bath containing 100 g/dm.sup.3 Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4, 20 g/dm.sup.3 (preferably 50 g/dm.sup.3) B(OH).sub.3, at 0.4 A, using a stainless steel cathode. (Although a black SnO surface could be produced by anodising in a plain boiling phosphate bath for 5 minutes at 0.4 A on a 1.times.2 cm coupon, this when dip-coated in poly(acrylic acid) had no water stability, whether cured or uncured. As an additive in the phosphate bath, boric acid had the effect of beneficially increasing the reactivity of the SnO film). After steps C and D, the coating showed good water stability and was resistant to light scratching. The method was then tried on commercial tinplate and gave hard glossy water stable coatings on curing.